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Magnetic Resonance (MRI) Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is an MRI?
An MR or MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, which uses a magnetic field and radio waves to generate cross sectional pictures of your body to show the existence of injury, disease, or atypical conditions of the body. It is a painless and extremely safe procedure because no radiation is used. Aided by a computer, MRI is able to produce an image of bone and soft tissue from many different body angles or planes. This enables our physicians to quickly and precisely diagnose a wide variety of conditions.
How does an MRI work?
Using magnetic fields instead of radiation, images are obtained by surrounding the area of the body the doctor wishes to study with a magnet, which causes water molecules inside your body to move. In some cases, contrast may be used to provide a more detailed study. The computer will pick up on the movement and convert it into images for your radiologist to examine and interpret.
How is an MRI different than other imaging?
CT scans use x-rays to make pictures and therefore small amounts of ionizing radiation, MRIs are completed using no radiation and therefore a good alternative for patients who cannot tolerate or do not wish to be exposed to radiation. Because radiation is not used, there is no risk of exposure to ionizing radiation during an MRI procedure.
What are MRIs typically used for?
MRIs may be used to examine many different parts of the body including, the brain, spine, joints, abdomen, pelvis, breast and vascular system. MRIs are sometimes used in the diagnosis of carotid artery disease, screening for intracranial aneurysms, and screening for renal artery stenosis.
Is MRI a safe option for me?
Due to the strong magnetic force, patients with implanted pacemakers may not have an MRI. Additional devices which should not be used in combination with an MRI include: some older intracranial aneurysm clips, cochlear implants, certain prosthetic devices, implanted drug infusion pumps, neurostimulators, bone-growth stimulators, certain intrauterine contraceptive devices, or any other type of iron-based metal implants. Some of the contrast dye used in some MRI may cause an allergic reaction, please notify your physician if you are sensitive to medications. You should also notify him/her if you have a history of kidney disease, kidney failure, kidney transplant, liver disease, or you are on dialysis.
How do I prepare for the test?
You should limit the amount of metal on your clothing, hair, and be prepared to remove all hearing aids, jewelry, and removable dental work. Tell your doctor if you are afraid of close spaces (have claustrophobia). Your physician may prescribe medication to help you feel sleepy and less anxious, or your doctor may suggest an “open” MRI, in which the sides of the machine are open and not as close to your body.
What can I expect?
Exam times vary depending upon the area being scanned, however, most exams will be between 30-60 minutes. In order to obtain quality images you will be required to remain completely still during your exam. You will be met by our MR technologist who will be performing the examination. The technologist has completed a rigorous course of education and training, and they work under close supervision of the radiologist to assure the most accurate results from your examination. The technologist will position and secure you on the imaging table. The slightest movement during the exam can blur the image and result in the need for repeated images. During the scan you will hear loud noises. The technologist will provide ear plugs or headphones to protect your hearing. The technologist will not be in the room during the procedure, but will communicate through an intercom and will observe you at all times through a window. Occasionally, you may feel a warming sensation. If it becomes uncomfortable, please inform the technologist.
When will I know my results?
The radiologist will study your films and report the findings to the referring physician within 24 hours. Your referring physician will discuss the MRI results with you.
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Comparative studies of ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) and black pepper (<i>Piper guinenses</i>) extracts at different concentrations on the microbial quality of soymilk and kunuzaki
TC Odom
EA Udensi
CO Dike
CA Ogbuji
AM Kanu
RU Aji
Abstract
Extracts of two spices namely ginger (Zingiber officinale) and black pepper (Piper guinenses) were prepared in 0.4, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6% concentrations. Soymilk and kunuzaki, were treated, respectively with the different concentrations and stored at ambient temperature for 5 days. The microbial load and identification were determined every day of storage until samples were adjudged spoiled. On the first day, 0.4% ginger extract in soymilk and kunuzaki had a microbial load of 7.77 × 106b and 5.17 × 106b, respectively. 3.6% ginger extract in soymilk and kunzakki recorded 3.73 × 106b and 3.30 × 106 each. 0.4% black pepper extract in soymilk had 6.273 × 106b and recorded 4.63 × 106b in kunuzaki. 3.6% black pepper extract in soymilk and kunuzaki had a microbial load of 3.20 × 106d and 2.90 × 106c, respectively. On the 3rd day, the microbial load increased for both ginger and black pepper extract. Ginger extract recorded 9.13 × 106b in soymilk and 5.60 × 106b in kunuzaki at 0.4% concentration. Black pepper extracts recorded 7.43 × 106b in soymilk and 3.27 × 106b in kunuzaki also at 0.4% extract. 3.6% black pepper extract recorded 4.10 × 106a in soymilk and 2.20 × 106c in kunuzaki. There was linear reduction of microbial load as spice concentration increases. Black pepper recorded lower microbial load, thus has more anti microbial activity and may be preferred to be used as national anti microbial preservatives to extend the shelf-life of food.
Keywords: Zingiber officinale, Piper guinenses, soymilk, kunzakki | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Project Information
Project Title:
The impact of soluble TLR2 and other immunomodulatory factors in breast milk on the development of allergic disease: translational research in pre-clinical models and the CHILD birth cohort
Principal Investigator(s):
Azad, Meghan; Marshall, Jean S
Institution Paid:
University of Manitoba
Research Institution:
University of Manitoba
Department:
Pediatrics and Child Health
Program:
Project Grant
Competition(Year/Month):
201709
Assigned Peer Review Committee:
NUT Nutrition, Food & Health
Primary Institute:
Nutrition, Metabolism and Diabetes
Primary Theme:
Biomedical
Term (Yrs/Mths):
4 yrs 0 mth
CIHR Contribution:
$742,052
Keywords:
BIRTH COHORT; BREAST MILK; BREASTFEEDING; DOHAD; FOOD ALLERGY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY; NUTRITION; PRE-CLINICAL MODEL
Abstract:
It is well recognized that breast feeding is beneficial for the future health of children. Breastfed babies may have a lower risk of allergies later in life, but research on this topic has been inconsistent. There are a number of factors in breast milk that help shape immune development, including beneficial bacteria and proteins that regulate the immune system, called cytokines. Recently it has become recognized that breast milk also contains a protein known as “soluble Toll-like receptor 2” (sTLR2). This protein can alter the way the body responds to bacteria and fungi in the environment, and we suspect that sTLR2 may also help prevent the development of allergies. In our studies we will examine sTLR2, beneficial bacteria and other immune regulators in breast milk and determine the relationship between these factors and the development of allergic diseases in a large cohort of Canadian children from the national CHILD Study. We will also directly examine the importance of sTLR2 in milk for preventing food allergy in mice. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
L. MASINI, Appellant, v. ANGELO QUILICI and LOUISE QUILICI, Respondents.
No. 3588
May 26, 1950.
218 P.2d 946.
Andrew L. Haight, of Fallon, and Leslie A. Leggett, of Reno, for Appellant.'
John R. Ross, of Carson City, for Respondents.
OPINION
By the Court,
Horsey, C. J.:
The appellant, L.' Masini, has appealed to this court from the judgment made and entered by the First judicial district court of the State of Nevada, in and for the county of Lyon, on the 4th day of May, 1949, and from the order denying appellant’s motion for a new trial.
Some of the essential facts, concerning which there is no controversy, may be stated, in effect, from the evidence, as follows:
In the latter part of October and the first part of November, 1945, the respondents, Angelo Quilici and Louise Quilici, who were husband and wife, decided .to gell what was, and is, known as the Quilici Ranch, located about one mile south of the city of Yerington, county of Lyon, State of Nevada. Soon thereafter, the respondents inserted an advertisement in a newspaper, the Reno Evening Gazette, offering to sell said ranch. The appellant, Masini, and the respondents, the Quilicis, had known each other for a long time, and on one occasion, after such advertisement had been inserted in such newspaper, Louise Quilici, upon making a trip to Hawthorne, Nevada, visited Masini’s store; there she delivered some chickens, and upon that occasion Masini mentioned that he was much interested in land and ranch property and their values. Shortly thereafter, Angelo Quilici told L. Masini that respondents would be willing to sell their said ranch.
The appellant, on the 22d day of November, 1945, visited the respondents at the said Quilici Ranch. While at the ranch, appellant personally inspected the said ranch during that morning, and they discussed the terms of sale. Masini made an inventory of all the crops, tools, equipment, improvements and other personal property located and situated upon the said ranch. They discussed the price, Masini suggesting $35,000, and Angelo Quilici insisting upon $40,000. And, finally, an oral agreement for the sum of $40,000 was mutually determined upon and tentatively accepted, to be followed by the drafting of a written agreement. Mr. P. H. Koehler, an attorney at Yerington, Nevada, was requested to perform such service. It is not certain whether Masini alone, after such oral agreement at the ranch, first contacted Mr. Koehler, requesting him to act, later that same day, or whether both Angelo Quilici and Masini came to Mr. Koehler’s office; but, in any event, later on that afternoon Masini, Angelo Quilici and Louise Quilici all came to Mr. Koehler. All the parties executed the written agreement in the said attorney’s residence that afternoon, about, or shortly after, 4 p. m., on said November 22, 1945, the actual drafting being by Mr. Koehler. The testimony does not disclose definitely whether it was understood Mr. Koehler was acting as attorney for Masini or for all of the parties, which is probably immaterial. It was indicated by all the parties that the agreement was to be held by Mr. Koehler and deposited, the next morning, at the bank at Yerington, Nevada. The written agreement above mentioned was as follows:
“Memorandum of Agreement.
“1. L. Masini buyer—
“2. Angelo Quilici & Louise Quilici, sellers—
“3. Buyer agrees to buy and sellers to sell 200 acres of land more or less owned by them and located about one mile south of Yerington, Nevada plus all cattle, machinery, crops, buildings, pigs, chickens, hay, grain, potatoes, turkeys and all other farm crops, materials and supplies on the ranch on this date, estimated to be
73 head of cattle 70 — head of hogs
300 ton of hay 100 turkeys
50 ton of spuds 125 chickens
1 truck Chev. 600 sacks of barley
1 tractor case 1 power mower
1 hay-bailer 3 or 4 plows
8 horses 1 side delivery rake
grain drill 2 horse mowers
Misc. small tools and household goods.
“4. Sellers retain personal belongings, wine, canned goods, piano, blankets, Willis property stored in attic, 3 or 4 rocking chairs and 4 or 5 other chairs.
“5. Full purchase price $40,000.00 payable $5,000.00 upon execution of this agreement and $35,000.00 upon transfer of good title to buyer.
“6. Title insurance at buyers cost.
“7. Deeds, stamps, bill of sale at sellers cost.
“8. FH Koehler is hereby authorized to order title search and insurance, make deeds, and bill of sale and procure revenue stamps.
“9. Taxes to be prorated as of today. Insurance on place goes with deal.
“10. All water and ditch rights included in property sold.
“Dated November 22, 1945 Louise Quilici
Angelo Quilici
“Witness — F. H. Koehler L. Masini”
The agreement discloses that the buyer was L. Masini, and the sellers were Angelo Quilici and Louise Quilici. It is recited, in paragraph 3 of the agreement, that: “Buyer agrees to buy and sellers to sell 200 acres of land more or less owned by them," (that is, in effect, by the Quilicis), and, referring to the testimony of L. Masini, there was no reference or mention made by any of the said parties at the time of the execution of the agreement, or prior thereto, as to the fact that Mary Scossa, an incompetent sister of Louise Quilici, owned an interest in said ranch. (Italics ours.) Masini’s testimony, at one point, was clear to the effect that he was perspiring, and that as soon as the agreement had been signed, he, Masini, went out on the porch at the Koehler residence, and, after a few minutes, he returned, and that he then and there casually overheard a conversation between Louise Quilici and Koehler, and in which she said, in effect, that she, Louise Quilici, was trustee for said Mary Scossa, and that she could sell the property, and that this was the first intimation the appellant had received that the respondents did not own the property; that Masini did not hear Louise Quilici say anything at that time in regard to it being necessary to have any approval of the court in order to sell, as guardian, Mary Scossa’s one-half interest in the ranch. Such statement of Masini is supported, it is believed, by certain of the statements of Louise Quilici in the respondents’ answer and cross-complaint, filed June 22, 1946, which she verified, and in which she stated, in paragraph IV of respondents’ separate, second and distinct defense, the following: “That on the 14th day of December, 1945, the defendant, Louise Quilici, as guardian of the person and estate of Mary Scossa, an incompetent person, first learning that she could not sell and convey the undivided interest of her ward in and to the real property referred to in the agreement of sale, filed her petition in the above entitled Court praying for an order to sell all of the right, title and interest of the said Mary Scossa in the real and personal property referred to in the agreement of sale.” (Italics ours.)
We are mentioning that important statement on the part of Louise Quilici in order to bring out clearly that, if she was then truthful in her testimony, she first learned on December 14, 1945, that as guardian she, by her own action, could not sell such interest, and, therefore, it became necessary for her, in the above-mentioned petition, to petition “for an order to sell all of the right, title and interest of the said Mary Scossa.”
Furthermore, none of Louise Quilici’s allegations in her answer and cross-complaint state more than to indicate or contend, in effect, that because she fully believed she had the right to sell such interest, as guardian, there was no occasion for her' to inform Masini before the agreement was executed, on November 22, 1945, that approval of the court was essential, and, in fact, she could not have done so, not knowing it herself until December 14, 1945, at which time she first learned of same. There is no statement, therefore, at all alleging in said answer and cross-complaint that the other respondent, Angelo Quilici, was informed, on November 22, 1945, or at any time prior to the time when such petition to sell the interest of Mary Scossa was filed, December 14, 1945, that Louise Quilici was required to obtain from the court an order to approve the sale as such guardian in the matter of the guardianship of Mary Scossa.
And, as we view the theory of the respondents’ allegations in their answer and cross-complaint, they had no intention or thought at that time of contending otherwise than set forth, generally, therein to the effect that Louise Quilici was not informed prior to December 14, 1945, as to approval of the court being necessary, or it may be said, she was ignorant or mistaken in law or fact, or both, as to such matter, and that, being surprised and first learning of such requirement, she promptly thereafter proceeded to obtain such order to sell such incompetent sister’s interest. By such further allegation in said above-mentioned paragraph IV it was alleged, however, that for the reasons set forth in the last sentence of said last-mentioned paragraph: “That after said petition was duly noticed the same was heard on the 30th day of January, 1946, at which time the Court entered its order denying to the guardian, Louise Quilici, one of the defendants herein, the authority to sell the interest of the incompetent in the real and personal property to the plaintiff.”
As to that subject, and particularly the allegations contained in the “Petition for authority to sell ward’s estate and for order of sale,” and the alleged statements or reasons whereby such petition was denied (same being “Order denying petition for sale of real property,” filed February 13, 1946), same will be further referred to and discussed in this opinion, in relation to the question of the good faith or the bad faith and fraud of the respondents as to the alleged guardianship proceedings and the result thereof. But as to the present reference or mention in relation to respondents’ answer and cross-complaint and the facts alleged therein and the theories presented, we apprehend that the gist and substance of respondents’ contentions may be summarized as follows:
1. Louise Quilici failed to inform said Masini at the time of or prior to the execution of the agreement, November 22, 1945, that the sale of Mary Scossa’s interest must be sanctioned and approved by the court, because she only learned (as stated in the answer and cross-complaint) of same long subsequent to that date, and not until December 14, 1945, and that, therefore, she was perhaps mistaken in believing that she could act alone and make the sale, but that such failure on her part thus to disclose such fact was not intentional, and, hence, she should, in equity, be excused, upon the basis of her misconception or mistake of fact or law, or both, there being no fraudulent misrepresentation in that respect.
2. That, there being no actual or constructive fraud, respondents should be excused by reason of the fact that upon the petition for order to sell Mary Scossa’s interest the proper statements were presented by respondents or their attorney, but due to reasons and causes inherent in the situation, the court declined to order such sale, were justified in so doing, and that, without any misrepresentation on the part of the respondents, the carrying through of such sale became, was, and is, impossible.
3. And, based upon such alleged inability of performance, and upon the denial of such order to sell, the respondents, on February 13, 1946, were entitled to consider the agreement at an end, and, upon returning to the appellant, Masini, the sum of $4,000 ($5,000 paid by Masini to the Quilicis upon the purchase price, less $1,000, which as to certain hay, had been paid back to Masini, leaving a net of $4,000), and its receipt by Masini, that respondents were entitled to have the agreement rescinded.
In that connection, it appears that on February 7, 1946, a letter was written, registered and mailed in the United States post office at Carson City, Nevada, by John R. Ross, Esq., attorney for respondents (plaintiff’s exhibit A in case No. 3274 in the First judicial district court of the State of Nevada, in and for Lyon County), said letter being incorporated in this opinion, and being in words and figures as follows:
“John R. Ross
“Attorney at Law
“Sweetland Building
“Carson City, Nevada
“February 7, 1946
“Registered Return Receipt Requested.
“Lawrence Masini
“Hawthorne, Nevada
“Re: Quilici-Masini
“Dear Lawrence:
“Enclosed herewith find check dated January 30th, drawn to your favor by Louise Quilici in the amount of $4,000.00. This is repayment to you of the deposit you made with Louise on November 22, 1945. The deposit was in the amount of $5,000.00, but I understand that you have already received $1,000.00.
“You are informed that inasmuch as the agreement of November 22nd was predicated upon the proposition that the property was to be sold in its entirety, which can not be done by reason of the Court refusing to permit the sale of the incompetent’s undivided one-half interest on the basis- of your offer, Louise Quilici considers the agreement of no legal force or effect.
“Yours sincerely
“/s/ John R. Ross “John R. Ross
“JRR/m “end 1”
The letter to Masini by John R. Ross, Esq., discloses that the inclosed check was intended as a repayment, in the amount of $4,000, to the appellant, Masini, of the part payment of $5,000 to respondent Louise Quilici, on November 22, 1945, by Masini, upon the execution of the agreement of that date (the respondents’ understanding being that the $4,000 check, instead of a check of $5,000, was because of the fact that $1,000 had been repaid to Masini by the Quilicis in regard to the transaction as to certain hay), and which agreement, according to said letter, Louise Quilici considered of no legal force or effect.
Suffice it to say that it appears from the testimony that the Quilicis tendered the said $4,000 check, by means of the said letter from Mr. Ross to Masini, but that the return of such sum was refused by Masini, and by him returned to the Quilicis, due to the contention of said appellant that such return to Masini would have operated to make effective the unlawful alleged repudiation by the respondents of their agreement.
In further consideration of the allegations of respondents’ answer and cross-complaint, and particularly referring to paragraph VI of same, the allegations of said paragraph VI are as follows: “Defendants admit all of paragraph VI of the complaint, except that they specifically deny that they ‘did fraudulently and in bad faith then and there suppress and conceal from the plaintiff the fact that they were not the owners of the entire interest in the real estate and that the said Mary Scossa owned an interest therein.’ In this connection defendants believed that they, and particularly the defendant Louise Quilici, could sell and convey the undivided interest and estate of the incompetent, Mary Scossa, under her general powers as guardian of the person and estate of the incompetent, being required only to thereafter report her action to the Court and to pay over and into the estate of the incompetent one-half of the purchase price of the real and personal property referred to in the agreement of sale.”
The meaning and effect of said allegations make clear that, in denying the statement embraced therein in which the appellant, in his complaint, had stated that respondents “did fraudulently and in bad faith then and there suppress and conceal from the plaintiff the fact that they were not the owners of the entire interest in the real estate and that the said Mary Scossa owned an interest therein,” the respondents made such denial in the form and effect that would negative same as an entire allegation, containing the two essential propositions included in the clause, that, (1) there was suppression and concealment to the effect that they were not the owners of the entire interest, and, (2) that they did so (suppress and conceal same) fraudulently. Obviously, the respondents were fully conversant with the effect of pleading negative allegations in such a manner. Such a form of allegation is, in pleading, considered elementary. The reason of such form of allegation, therefore, was clearly apparent, as shown by the second sentence of said paragraph VI, namely: “In this connection defendants believe that they, and particularly the defendant Louise Quilici, could sell and convey the undivided interest and estate of the incompetent, Mary Scossa, under her general powers as guardian of the person and estate of the incompetent, being required only to thereafter report her action to the Court and to pay over and into the estate of the incompetent one-half of the purchase price of the real and personal property referred to in the agreement of sale.”
From the facts and circumstances shown in the pleadings, it has been contended repeatedly, particularly by Louise Quilici, that she, Louise Quilici, fully believed that she could convey the one-half interest of her sister in the real estate, and that on first learning she could not do so, she, therefore, petitioned for a sale, as guardian of Mary Scossa, necessitating the approval of the court.
As hereinbefore stated, she alleged in said second sentence of paragraph VI, in effect, that she should be excused because of her misconception or mistake; that, in effect, she impliedly, if not expressly, conceded such mistaken viewpoint, and that, therefore, of course, as she contended, she failed to disclose a situation of which she was actually unaware until she first learned differently, and that then, upon first learning what was required, that is, that the approval of the court was necessary, she promptly proceeded accordingly. Necessarily, in order to show good faith, she was, therefore, impelled to rely, in effect, upon her misconception or mistake, as her excuse therefor. Same is in the nature of confession and avoidance, that is, that she did not disclose Mary Scossa’s interest because she believed it unnecessary. Relying upon her contention in that regard, it could not well have been otherwise. Hence in said answer of respondents they alleged “defendants believed that they * * That is to say, she thus “suppressed and concealed,” but did so honestly, in failing to disclose such necessity of disclosing Mary Scossa’s interest. The respondent, Louise Quilici, thus, by denying the two propositions as a single negative, admitted the “suppressing and concealment,” which, under the facts, she could not well or truly deny, but did deny the other of the negative propositions, namely, that she did so fraudulently and in bad faith. This allegation in said paragraph VI of the answer and cross-complaint remains respondents’ contention. In respondents’ “Separate, Second and Distinct Defense Defendants Allege,” and in paragraph III thereof, the said defendants (respondents) again reiterated such belief on her part to the effect that she believed that, “under her general powers as guardian of the person and estate of Mary Scossa, an incompetent person, she could contract for the sale of and sell and convey all of the undivided interest of her ward in and to the real and personal property referred to in the agreement of sale. The defendants believing such to be the law and the fact, entered into said agreement of sale with the plaintiff.”
We should bear in mind that it was not on November 22, 1945, upon which date the agreement was executed, but was on the later date, namely, December 14, 1945, upon which Louise Quilici first learned that she could not sell and convey such interest of her ward. The important dates involved are significant. In each and all of the remaining “Separate and Distinct Defenses” of respondents, the basic conception and theory of respondents was, and continued to be, that Louise Quilici, not having the slightest idea at the time of the execution of the agreement, November 22,1945, that she was required to do other than to convey the said interest as the guardian of her incompetent sister, she continued so to believe until the said petition in the matter of the guardianship, petitioning for authority to make such sale, was, or was about to be, formulated, presumably by reason of the advice of her attorney, John R. Ross, Esq. It was that petition, as above stated, and which Louise Quilici verified and filed on. December 14,1945, and the conversation and discussion which occurred, presumably, between Mrs. Louise Quilici and Mr. Ross, which served to apprise or inform her that, in effect, she had been under the misconception that she, as such guardian of Mary Scossa’s said interest in said property, could sell and convey same, but she thus had ascertained that, instead, it would be, and had then become, and was necessary that she present such petition and such proceedings as were essential and proper. As hereinbefore set forth, she stated in her said answer and cross-complaint, June 20, 1946, filed June 22, 1946, exactly seven months after the conversation in connection with the preparation and execution of the agreement at Mr. Koehler’s residence on November 22, 1945, and has repeatedly alleged, the same theory and conception of fact.
The several defenses of the answer and cross-complaint were largely affirmative defenses, and, in their nature, were by way of confession and avoidance. Such defenses, which commence with the first thereof and include the second, third, fourth and fifth of such separate and distinct defenses, did not depart from or change such original theory as alleged in paragraph VI of the first defense. The substance of the pleading was, consistently, that Louise Quilici did not conceive that she was required to seek approval of the court to make the sale, that it had not even occurred to her, because she had the belief in her mind that, as guardian, she could herself make the sale and convey the interest to Masini, and that, so believing, she did not conceive any reason or need to mention the matter to him. Her testimony, adduced by her thereafter at the trial, as shown by volume II of the bill of exceptions, did not occur until April 28, 1948, about two years and five months after the conversation and execution of the agreement, November 22, 1945, and one year and about ten months after the date the answer and cross-complaint was filed, namely, June 22, 1946.
Masini, in his earlier testimony at the trial, on February 2, 1948, and in his further testimony on April 28, 1948, had stated that he did not recollect or remember that in her conversation Louise Quilici had made any statement to the effect that Mary Scossa had or owned any interest in the ranch, but during the recess, on April 28, in refreshing his memory, he recalled, in substance and effect, that on November 22, 1945, after the agreement had been signed and he had gone out on the porch, and had returned, that he then overheard her say, in the conversation between Mr. Koehler and Mrs. Quilici, that her sister, Mary Scossa, had an interest in the ranch. In cross-examination, Mr. Ross definitely questioned Masini upon that point, and Masini admitted he had formerly said that Mrs. Quilici had not mentioned the fact that Mary Scossa had an interest in the ranch, but Masini then admitted that he had remembered, after thinking the matter over, that she had so stated. Masini, in his testimony, stated and reiterated, both in direct and cross-examination, that he had not at any time heard Mrs. Quilici state, before the agreement or at any prior time, at the ranch, that Mary Scossa owned any interest therein; but the only mention she had made in regard to such fact was the one statement above mentioned, which was after the agreement was signed. Masini emphatically stated in his testimony that neither Louise Quilici nor Angelo Quilici nor Joseph Bednar had stated anything to that effect at the ranch prior to the trip to Koehler’s residence. Masini also stated that neither Louise Quilici nor Angelo Quilici stated anything on that day, in the presénce of Koehler or at all, indicating or to the effect that any court proceeding or approval was or would be required to sell or convey Mary Scossa’s interest, the only reference at all as to the interest of Mary Scossa being the mention made by Louise Quilici that her sister, Mary Scossa, owned an interest in the ranch, as above mentioned. The fact as testified to at the trial by Masini was, in effect, the same as that which he overheard on that afternoon of November 22, 1945, which, if correctly stated by Louise Quilici, was in accord with the factual situation as alleged repeatedly in the statements of fact and the theory expressed in the allegations of the answer and cross-complaint. This is stated without emphasizing the precise time when Louise Quilici then and there stated such fact to Mr. Koehler, either before or after the agreement was signed. This court is not so much concerned as to whether that statement was made by Louise Quilici and overheard by Masini on that occasion, before or after the signing of the agreement. The agreement was in the hands of Mr. Koehler, probably by the sanction of both parties without regard to whether or not Koehler was technically to be considered as attorney for Masini or for both parties. Doubtless, the execution of the agreement, and also its delivery, it is believed, may probably have been deemed uncompleted in accordance with the implied, or even the express, intention of the parties. This is presumed to be so in view of the fact that such a transaction should be considered as finally completed and delivered in accordance with the reasonably expressed or implied intention of the parties, and until the negotiations thereon could reasonably be considered terminated, the delivery should be deemed tentative only, and subject to be countermanded or recalled, or further revised or modified.
The question, however, in view, particularly,- of the pleadings and the answer and cross-complaint, is as to whether or not Louise Quilici, in view of the allegations of her answer to the effect that on or about December 14, 1945, she first learned that she could not sell or convey the interest of Mary Scossa, but had theretofore believed she could, as guardian, sell and convey the same, and, in view of her entire ignorance of the fact that she could not do so she had no reason to conceive it necessary to consider taking steps in such guardianship proceeding to obtain the approval of the court of such sale, she, nevertheless, did, in her testimony at the trial, on April 28, 1948, testify, in effect, that in discussing the matter with Koehler in the presence of Masini (who, as she testified, was sitting on the Chesterfield in the room, and within hearing distance), that she first learned of the necessity of the approval, during the afternoon of November 22, 1945. If she had ascertained same November 22, 1945, in discussing the matter with Mr. Koehler and when Masini was present, she certainly could not truthfully have said, in her verified answer seven months later, June 22,1946, that she first learned of same on or about December 14, 1945, which was about three weeks after November 22, 1945. Mrs. Quilici, in connection with her verified answer and in her testimony has, in effect, placed herself in the unenviable position of indulging in highly contradictory and inconsistent statements, and which could not both be true. It appears imperative that we present herein a few of the many statements which are contained in the transcript of the testimony. Some of these are also incorporated on pages 41 and 42 of “Appellant’s Opening Brief on Appeal,” and are as follows:
“* * * I said, ‘Now, my sister owns half of this ranch here. I don’t own it all and it has to go through court because she is an incompetent. I was appointed her guardian.’ And Mr. Koehler, then he explained us the procedure, ivhich I was surprised. I didn’t know we had to have the appraisers to appraise the value of the property and a lot of other things; that it had to be published in the paper; that it would take such a long time to make this sale go through. At that time I didn’t know a thing about it until Mr. Koehler explained it to us.” (Italics by appellant’s counsel.) (Transcript of testimony, vol. II, p. 261, lines 3-12.)
Louise Quilici, in another portion of her testimony (see appellant’s opening brief, p. 42), testified as follows:
“Q. What was your belief at that time as to your right to sell the undivided one-half interest of Mary Scossa? * Hs H* *
“A. I thought I had the authority to sell Mary’s— my sister’s property because I was appointed her guardian and I thought that the Court wouldn’t turn it down either; that I was just capable of doing it.
“Mr. Ross: (Q.) You felt that by virtue of your appointment as guardian you had the unqualified right to sell or dispose of the incompetent’s share of the estate? A. Yes.
“Q. When did you learn that such was not truth? A. November the 22nd, 19^5 at Koehler’s house.
“Q. In Koehler’s house? A. Yes.” (Italics by appellant’s counsel.) (Transcript of testimony, vol. II, p. 265, lines 22-30, and p. 266, lines 1-8.)
We have not undertaken here to detail this evidence further, but have carefully read all of same, including the testimony of respondent, Angelo Quilici, and of the witness Joseph Bednar.
It is sufficient to state that if the testimony of Angelo Quilici had been as stated by him, to the effect that at the ranch during the morning of November 22, 1945, Louise Quilici stated to Masini, in Angelo’s presence, that “it has to be approved by the court before it can be sold,” she certainly would have known about it, in order for her to have so stated. But she alleged in her verified answer that she first learned of it on or about December 14, 1945. If prior to December 14, 1945, she did not know it was necessary to petition for approval of the sale, she could not, of course, have informed Angelo Quilici of that which she did not know herself, namely, “that it has to be approved by the court before it can be sold.” And it is very improbable that Angelo Quilici knew what she swore in her answer, that she did not know, or that he would have ascertained and testified to such fact. Bednar’s testimony, in which he stated, in effect, that she made such statement at the ranch in the morning of November 22,1945, in view of the allegations of the answer as to her lack of any such knowledge or any such conception also is most improbable.
District Judge Hatton, in his carefully written opinion filed November 20, 1948, in case No. 3274, in the First judicial district court of the State of Nevada, in and for the county of Lyon, among other statements made therein, stated, commencing on page 37, line 23, vol. I of the bill of exceptions, the following:
“On Thanksgiving Day, November 22nd, 1945, the plaintiff visited the defendants at the said ranch property and made them an offer of $35,000.00 for the real and personal property. After some discussion, the price demanded by the defendants, of $40,000.00, was agreed upon. The defendants testified that, during the said discussion they informed the plaintiff that Mary Scossa owned a half interest in the ranch and that the sale of her interest would have to receive the approval of the Court in the guardianship proceeding. The testimony of the defendants was corroborated, on its face, by the testimony of Joseph Bednar, who testified that he was engaged in plumbing work in the bathroom adjoining the kitchen and overheard a portion of the conversation. Later, on the same day, the plaintiff and the defendant Angelo Quilici went to the office of Franklin Koehler, a practicing attorney at law, in .Yerington, where Mr. Koehler prepared, in his handwriting the agreement referred to. In the afternoon of that day, the plaintiff and the defendants went to the residence of Mr. Koehler where a conversation was had between them and Mr. Koehler relative to the agreement, and the same was signed by the three parties. The defendants testified that, before the signing of the agreement, and in the conversation mentioned, the plaintiff was again informed as to the interest of Mary Scossa and that the sale would require the approval of the Court. The plaintiff, on the other hand, testified that, on the occasion mentioned and after the signing of the agreement, Mrs. Quilici stated that she was a trustee for Mary Scossa and that she, Mrs. Quilici, could sell the property, and that this statement was the first information he received relative to the interest of Mary Scossa. The agreement was made in- November, 1945, and this suit was commenced in June, 1946.
“As impeaching the testimony of the defendants and Bednar, the plaintiff directs attention to certain allegations in the defendants’ answer and cross-complaint. At page 3, in paragraph VI, defendants allege that, at the time of making the agreement, they believed Mrs. Quilici could convey the interest of Mary Scossa, being only required thereafter to report to the Court and pay over to the estate of her sister one-half of the purchase price. This allegation, in substance, is repeated in paragraph II, page 4, in paragraph II, page 6 and in paragraph IV, page 8. In paragraph IV, page 5, it is alleged that on December 14th, 1945, she first learned that, as such guardian, she had no authority to convey her sister’s interest except on approval of the Court. In paragraph II, page 6, it is alleged that the plaintiff assumed and believed that the entire title to the Scossa ranch was vested in the defendants. These allegations are all in conflict with the testimony of the defendants that, prior to entering into the agreement, the plaintiff was informed as to the interest of Mary Scossa and the necessity for Court approval on the sale of her interest.
“The affirmative defenses set up by the defendants involve a different theory from that on which they presented their defense on the trial. At the trial, their testimony was directed to an attempt to establish an oral condition precedent, namely, that it was understood and agreed that the sale contract should not be effective until it had been approved by the Court. This latter affirmative defense was not pleaded. The allegations of the verified answer and cross-complaint are so at variance with the testimony given by the defendants at the trial as to leave no basis for the supposed condition precedent. Under the condition of the pleadings, it may be doubted if a finding of such a condition could be made even if the proofs justified it.”
The plain and very apparent contradictions and inconsistencies appearing clearly before us in our consideration of the sworn allegations of fact in the answer of respondents, as compared to many of the statements of the respondents appearing in the record, impel us to state what seems to us to be, to say the least, a far departure from the essentials of honesty and truthfulness. We can do no less than has Judge Hatton in that we are unable to attach credence to the testimony of the respondents, in so far as the statements of fact contained in the testimony are not supported by any facts or circumstances existent in the answer or cross-complaint of the respondents.
We subscribe wholeheartedly to all that the learned district judge has stated in his opinion, commencing on page 37 of volume I of the record on appeal, at line 23, to and including line 30 of said page 37, also page 38 in its entirety, and, also, page 39, line 1 to and including line 23. Such original opinion not being a part of the record on appeal in this court, we refer, also, to the pages and lines of the original opinion as they appear in the file in the said district court, same being No. 3274.
Immediately following the last sentence of the portion of Judge Hatton’s opinion to which reference is hereby made, the learned jurist has stated: “There is left, for the Court to consider, the issue of fraud raised by the allegations of the complaint and the denials of the answer, and the Court therefore has examined the evidence to see if, notwithstanding the contradictions between the defendants’ pleading and their testimony, the plaintiff has established the allegation of fraud.” (Italics ours.)
We agree with Judge Hatton’s statement just above quoted in that respect, and shall, in our present opinion, disregard all of the above-mentioned inconsistent and contradictory statements referred to by him, and shall consider further, and confine ourselves solely and exclusively to, matters alleged in the complaint and the denials of the answer and cross-complaint merely leaving for our consideration the issue of fraud.
Referring again to respondents’ answer, paragraph VI, we have hereinbefore pointed out what we have characterized as a “negative pregnant.” In other words, respondents, as we now interpret same in accordance with properly pleading the allegations of said paragraph VI, they have, in effect, alleged that the respondents did, impliedly, “* * * suppress and conceal from the plaintiff the fact that they were not the owners of the entire interest in the real estate and that the said Mary Scossa owned an interest therein,” but that they have denied 'specifically that they did so fraudulently and in bad faith. Under certain circumstances, we might feel inclined, perhaps, to characterize the term “suppression and concealment” to mean that the literal meaning of same might be mitigated or ameliorated in its severity and harshness to the extent that no conscious or intentional concealment was intended. By way of attempting, in equity at least, to mitigate or excuse the alleged suppression and concealment, the respondents, and particularly the respondent, Louise Quilici, in said paragraph VI, have stated that they believed that “the defendant Louise Quilici, could sell and convey the undivided interest and estate of the incompetent, Mary Scossa, under her general powers as guardian of the person and estate of the incompetent, being required only to thereafter report her action to the Court and to pay over and into the estate of the incompetent one-half of the purchase price of the real and personal property referred to in the agreement of sale.”
In view, however, of all of the matters which appear in the record, and particularly the facts and circumstances which we shall hereafter discuss, in relation to the respondents’ “Petition for Authority to Sell Ward’s Estate and for Order of Sale,” and the “Order Denying Petition for Sale of Real Property,” we feel impelled seriously to analyze and carefully consider whether or not there was intentional concealment and suppression that should be deemed actually and intentionally fraudulent, or that there was only constructive fraud, or whether there was any fraud or bad faith at all.
On the second page of his opinion (Bill of Exceptions, vol. I, p. 34), Judge Hatton has stated: “The defendants, in their answer, deny and place in issue all of the allegations of. the complaint relative to fraud and bad faith. They set up, as separate and distinct defenses, impossibility to convey the property to plaintiff, mutual mistake of the parties and nonexistence of the subject matter of the agreement. For a fifth and distinct defense and by way of cross-complaint, they allege a unilateral mistake of the defendants respecting their power to convey, upon which they seek the cancellation of the agreement. The Court has concluded that neither of these affirmative defenses, nor the cross-complaint, has been established by the proofs. While impossibility to convey is shown, such impossibility, standing alone, would not, as I view it, constitute a defense to plaintiff’s claim.” (Italics ours.)
It may be mentioned that “mutual mistake” as pleaded in the respondents’ “Separate, Second and Distinct Defense” is entirely untenable. Masini was not informed, at the time of the transaction, November 22, 1945, that there was any serious doubt but that Louise Quilici, as she represented at the Koehler residence immediately subsequent to signing the agreement, would be enabled to convey the Mary Scossa interest. Certainly, in view of her representation at that time, she fully believed that she would be able to do so.
Even as to unilateral mistake, it is seriously questionable whether Louise Quilici had any reasonable right to believe that she, merely by her own action, would have the right to sell and convey her sister’s one-half interest in the property. She must have known for about ten years, or at least had some idea, as guardian, that important proceedings must be authorized and sanctioned in such guardianship proceedings, and must be approved by the district court. She, doubtless, knew that, since she commenced the guardianship proceedings back in 1936 and participated therein, all necessary papers and proceedings which had been filed, considered and action taken thereon had been approved by the court. Having even as much experience as she had in connection with Mary Scossa’s interest, it would appear that she must have realized that an important sale such as the conveyance of property, particularly real estate, would require her attorney’s services. It is incredible to believe that she did not entertain some degree of realization that, before completing such an agreement as the transaction with Masini, she should have sought the advice and counsel of her attorney, who had theretofore acted for her in other matters. Persons, very generally, understand and realize that they are required, for their own best interests in such matters, to seek counsel. This is accentuated by the fact that she had done so in the past. It has been so customary to realize, for example, in case one is ill, that the services of a skilled physician are essential to render necessary professional services, and. in case of a transaction involving legal matters that the advise of a competent and reliable attorney is necessary to enable one to protect his affairs, property and other interests, that it is difficult to believe that Louise Quilici was entirely ignorant in understanding that in such circumstances she should have contacted her attorney, and taken another day, or a few days if expedient or necessary, before relying upon her own judgment, and without, as it appears from the evidence, at least stating to Masini that she owned only a one-half interest in the property and the other one half was the property of her afflicted and incompetent sister. There is no substantial evidence, in our view, that, before the agreement was signed, at least, she even mentioned the interest of Mary Scossa.. Furthermore, Mr. Koehler apparently had acted merely in the one transaction, and there is no testimony that Louise Quilici engaged or retained Mr. Koehler as her attorney. It is more probable that Mr. Koehler acted merely at the mutual request of the parties, in drafting the agreement, and there is no substantial evidence that Louise Quilici even informed Mr. Koehler as to the matter of her sister Mary owning such interest, until after the agreement was executed. And, particularly in view of the pleadings and in view of the evidence, certainly there is, or can be found, no justification for any conclusion to the effect that Louise Quilici was misinformed as to her rights, nor it is reasonable to believe that she stated anything in Masini’s presence that would have enabled him to have protected himself before entering into the transaction in question.
Judge Hatton, in his scholarly opinion, has referred to the subject of “Vendor and Purchaser,” 55 Am.Jur., in sec. 555, page 949, after stating what is designated as the “benefit-of-bargain rule.” As applied to executory contracts for the sale of lands, the text continues: “This is very generally recognized where the vendor cannot be said to have acted in good faith, as where, after the making of the contract, he disables himself by his own act or neglect from being able to convey, or where, having the ability to do so, he refuses to convey because of an advance in the value of the land or otherwise, or where he had knowledge of his want of or the defects in his title. When, however, the vendor has acted in good faith but is unable to carry out the contract because of some defect in the title, recovery by the purchaser for loss of his bargain is denied by the weight of authority.”
Then Judge Hatton has referred to and quoted the “good faith rule,” in sec. 557, at page 951, of 55 Am.Jur., as follows: “In many jurisdictions a distinction is made as regards the general damages recoverable by the purchaser under a land contract when the vendor is unable to convey between cases where the vendor acts in good faith in entering into the contract and those in which good faith is wanting. While it is generally recognized that the purchaser is entitled to recover the difference between the value of the land and the agreed price, to recover for the loss of his bargain, where the vendor cannot be said to have acted in good faith, it is held, in cases where the vendor does act in good faith, that the measure of damages is the amount of the purchase money-paid, with interest, thereby denying to the purchaser any recovery for the loss of his bargain. This is the rule laid down in the early English case of Flureau v. Thornhill, 2 W.Bl. 1078, 96 Eng.Reprint 635, decided in 1776 and subsequently followed in that country, and adopted in a majority' of jurisdictions in this country and in Canada.”
And the learned jurist has further referred to note 19, under the above text, under which supporting cases are cited, and also referred to 48 A.L.R. 19.
Also, Judge Hatton has considered and quoted the concluding portion of sec. 558, at p. 953, in 55 Am.Jur., as follows: “It is a difficult thing to ascertain whether or not a vendor is actuated by good faith in his refusal to convey. There can easily be frauds and deceits about it. The vendor is strongly tempted to avoid his agreement where there has been a rise in the value of the property. The purchaser, by making the contract, may lose other opportunities of making profitable investments. The vendor knows, when he contracts, his ability to convey a title, and the purchaser ordinarily does not. The vendor can provide in his contract against such a contingency as an unexpected inability to convey. He can also liquidate the damages by agreement. The measure of relief afforded by this rule is a fixed and definite thing. The other rule is not easily applied to all cases, and the books are burdened with discussions and refinements in relation to the modifications and restrictions and qualifications which, in different jurisdictions, have been annexed to it.”
And in Crenshaw v. Williams, 191 Ky. 559, 231 S.W. 45, reported in 48 A.L.R., commencing at page 5, the decision is summarized in the syllabus as follows:
“1. A vendee of real estate is not entitled to damages for loss of his bargain upon inability of the vendor to make good title, where the vendor acted in good faith and was guilty of no positive or active fraud in the transaction.
“2. Mere failure of a vendor of real estate to refer the vendee to his record muniments of title, or the judicial decisions bearing upon it, is not such fraud as to deprive him of the benefit of the rule that damages for loss of bargain will not be awarded against a good-faith vendor who is unable to convey a good title.”
But, bearing in mind that, in this court’s view, the crucial question is not so much the principle of the “benefit-of-bargain rule,” or the “good faith rule,” as is the application of those rules to the question now confronting us as to whether respondents have acted in good faith or in bad faith in respect to the actual facts and circumstances in the instant case, and particularly the question of law involved as to whether, in our determination and conclusion of the matter, the respondents acted in good faith, or in bad faith.
In that connection, we shall refer to the article upon the subject “Fraud and Deceit,” 23 Am.Jur., sec. 80, pp. 857-858, as follows:
“Sec. 80. — Superior Knowledge or Means of Knowledge. — Knowledge that the other party to a contemplated transaction is acting under a mistaken belief as to certain facts is a factor in determining that a duty of disclosure is owing. There is much authority to the effect that if one party to a contract or transaction has superior knowledge, or knowledge which is not within the fair and reasonable reach of the other party and which he could not discover by the exercise of reasonable diligence, or means of knowledge which are not open to both parties alike, he is under a legal obligation to speak, and his silence constitutes fraud, especially when the other party relies upon him to communicate to him the true state of facts to enable him to judge of the expediency of the bargain.
“Some courts have gone so far as to hold that each party is bound in every case to communicate to the other his knowledge of material facts, provided he knows the other to be ignorant of them and they are not open and naked or equally within the reach of his observation, unless they are open to common observation, are apparent on inspection, are such as are not discoverable at first view, or are not visible to the eye. It has also been held that if a vendor of property knows, or has reasonable ground to believe, that unless he does make the disclosure the purchaser will be liable to be misled to his injury, then it is his duty in good conscience to make it; and if he does not make it, he is liable to the purchaser for the damages which the latter sustains.”
It is very apparent that the respondents, in their dealings in regard to the transaction in question, acted with superior knowledge, which was not within the reasonable and fair reach of the other party, and which he could not discover by the exercise of reasonable diligence. In the instant case, Masini’s means of knowledge being inferior, or the material facts not being equally within the reach of his observation, the respondents were under a serious obligation to speak. Their failure to do so “constitutes fraud, especially when the other party relies upon him to communicate to him the true state of facts to enable him to judge of the expediency of the bargain.”
We refer, also, to Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, fourth edition, vol. 2, upon the subject of “Actual Fraud,” and that of “Constructive Fraud,” commencing in sec. 872, on page 1800, and concluding with sec. 974, on page 2115. Reference now is made, particularly, to sec. 900, to and including section 902, pages 1870 to and including 1877. The writer of this opinion has, for many years, referred often to that very excellent and standard textbook, in regard, especially, to principles of equity in relation to fraud, both actual and constructive, mistake, impossibility of performance, and other kindred subjects.
Many indications appear from the testimony, and in certain matters appearing in the record, that the respondents did not exercise that consideration and solicitude for the appellant’s interest as the appellant had the right to believe that they reasonably could have done, nor such, in honesty and fair dealing, they were required, at least in equity, to do. They were so extremely negligent, in fact, especially as to Mrs. Quilici in concealing, or, at least, in failing to disclose fully the interest of her afflicted sister, Mary Scossa, that we wonder what any or all of the factors surrounding such relationship and that of her husband, Angelo Quilici, might have disclosed.
We are very much impressed, in view of the entire situation as same appears in the record, that the silence of respondents and their failure to disclose what Louise Quilici must have known, or could easily have determined by inquiring of her attorney, was not altogether inadvertent. Soon thereafter, Angelo Quilici stated to Masini that Louise Quilici had, in effect, changed her mind — that she did not wish to sell, and intended to return to Masini his money (the check for $5,000 Masini had paid to them, less the sum of $1,000 involved in a certain hay transaction, leaving $4,000). It may well be true that the reason of the concealment of the respondents was that they were not too sure whether or not they wished to carry through the transaction; that they might later wish to be excused, and might undertake to rescind same. Their vacillation was indicated by the fact that very soon thereafter Angelo said Louise did not wish to sell and convey the property. It is not at all improbable that they, or one of them, at least, may have been conscious of a mental reservation to the effect that Louise intended, therefore, not to make diligent effort to expedite, by proper legal proceedings, the sale of the interest of her sister, Mary Scossa, or, at least, that she might have preferred to leave the matter in abeyance as to commencing any proceedings to sell and convey Mary Scossa’s interest, at least until she had further time and opportunity to make up her mind. So, her silence as to that phase of the matter may have been intentional throughout. Also, Angelo Quilici’s disclosure that she did not wish to sell may have accentuated her inclination not to sell such undivided one-half interest. Perhaps, as often comes to mind in dealing with such questions, the old-time figure of speech of “one wishing to have his cake and also to eat it too,” occurs as appropriate.
So, before stating any definite determination as to the question of fraud, whether actual or constructive, we must analyze to a reasonable extent, and discuss, the matter of the application or “Petition for Authority to Sell Ward’s Estate and for Order of Sale,” subscribed and sworn to before John R. Ross, notary public, and filed the 14th day of December, 1945, and the “Order Denying Petition for Sale of Real Property,” signed by the Honorable Clark J. Guild, district judge, and filed the 13th day of February, 1946.
The petition above mentioned presents to us, in our consideration of this case, a rather unusual situation, and especially so when we bear in mind that Angelo Quilici stated to Masini, upon the occasion of Masini’s calling to see Quilici a few days after the agreement was signed, that Louise had said, in effect, that she had changed her mind and did not wish to sell the ranch, and intended or hoped soon to return the money to Masini which appellant had paid when the agreement was signed.
On page 133 of the transcript, vol. II, folio 397, Mr. Ross, attorney for respondents, asked Masini, on cross-examination (February 2, 1948, at the trial) :
“Q. (By Mr. Ross) And what did I say had to be done? A.
“Q. (Ross) Now, was that the first time that you knew about Mary’s interest in the property? A. (Masini) No, I knew of it before that. I knew a few weeks afterwards — a few days. I kept going to the Ranch and Angelo told me to take my money back and Louise don’t want to sell and anyhow I think it was they finally say on account of Mary’s being in there they couldn’t sell anyhow.”
In that connection we will mention the observation of Judge Hatton, in his opinion above mentioned, on page 40, folios 119-121, of the record on appeal, vol. I:
“It has been held that a- vendor may not speculate on his contract of sale, proceeding on it if found to be profitable and repudiating it if unprofitable. The plaintiff testified that after the agreement was made and on his calling at the ranch, Mr. Quilici stated, in effect, that his wife had decided she did not wish to sell. It could well be that the defendants had learned that they had made a bad bargain, as indicated by the proofs, and that their desire to withdraw from the agreement was shown by statements made by Mr. Quilici. The evidence, however, does not indicate an attempt by defendants to repudiate the sale. There xuas an inability to sell, independent of any toish on the part of the defendants.
“An application was made in the guardianship matter to obtain the approval of the attempted sale. In view of the law on the subject (Stats.1945), that proceeding was futile, and, so far as the sale involved here is concerned, it would have been futile if the petition and the procedure thereon had been regular and had resulted in an order to sell the interest of Mary Scossa. The plaintiff was under no duty or obligation to bid at such a sale. The Court does not consider that the proceeding in the guardianship matter bears evidence of bad faith.” (Italics ours.)
Those expressions by the learned judge present, to our minds, the crux of the matter. Was there fraud or bad faith on the part of the respondents in changing their minds as to the sale and creating a situation indicating impossibility to sell, or was their action entirely in good faith, irrespective of the fact that, in Judge Hatton’s language, “it has been held that a vendor may not speculate on his contract of sale, proceeding on it if found to be profitable and repudiating it if unprofitable; and irrespective of the fact that “it could well be that the defendants had learned that they had made a bad bargain, as indicated by the proofs, and that their desire to withdraw from the agreement was shown by statements made by Mr. Quilici." (Italics ours.)
We have a very high regard for Judge Hatton’s views in such matters, and, to be entirely fair, reiterate the expression by the learned jurist that:
“The evidence, however, does not indicate an attempt by defendants to repudiate the sale. There was an inability to sell, independent of any wish on the part of the defendants.
“An application was made in the guardianship matter to obtain the approval of the attempted sale. In view of the law on the subject (Stats. 1945), that proceeding was futile, and, so far as the sale involved here is concerned, it would have been futile if the petition and the procedure thereon had been regular and had resulted in an order to sell the interest of Mary Scossa.” (Italics ours.)
The learned judge’s above-mentioned conclusions are not facts, but, necessarily, constitute merely his honest convictions and conclusions, predicated largely of course, upon the theory urged by respondents’ counsel. Much as we feel reluctant to do so, we are impelled to disagree with both the view and the conclusion that respondents took such steps, reasonably and with diligent effort, to have prepared sufficiently the proffered petition to sell the interest of the ward in the property mentioned, and to have diligently presented the necessary facts to have supported it.
We are impressed with the detailed presentation and arguments of appellant’s counsel in appellant’s opening brief. In their written argument II, B, 5, under the caption, “Respondents abortive attempt to mitigate bad faith and fraud,” appellant has ably and, as appears to us, clearly, stated the facts disclosing the attempted effort to place before the district judge, the Honorable Clark J. Guild, the alleged “Petition for Authority to Sell Ward’s Estate and for Order of Sale,” and the “Order Denying Petition for Sale of Real Property,” and the facts and reasons which caused the attempted order of sale to be denied. The contentions of counsel for appellant, in their argument in said brief, stating the alleged facts and descriptive acts and the steps alleged to have been taken by respondents,' appear strongly indicative of a preconceived plan and intention on the part of the respondents to create, or bring about, a situátion making futile and impossible the carrying out of the agreement of sale between the appellant and respondents as to the property, ostensibly owned by respondents, and which, it had been disclosed, upon or after the signing of such agreement, was equally owned by Mary Scossa, and which could not, due to Mary Scossa’s incompetency, be disposed of or sold, because Louise Quilici, in view of the existing facts, could not, as guardian, convey the one-half interest of Mary Scossa in the property to L. Masini. On pages 49 to 53 of their opening brief, counsel for appellant have analyzed the matter very fully, and, we believe, clearly disclosed why certain usual facts necessary to show sufficient grounds for such sale of the interest of a ward in guardianship proceedings as would justify the court to order such sale, could properly have been stated,' but were patently omitted, notwithstanding the fact that, in drafting such a petition, an attorney with the usual or ordinary amount of ability could readily, we believe, have sensed the necessity of showing such necessary grounds for the petition.
For instance, in the petition mentioned, the respondents’ attorney, when requesting authority to carry through, in compliance with the Statutes of 1945, c. 57, the alleged sale, could, and should, we believe, have set forth the facts essential to have established that “it would be necessary or for the best interests of the ward to sell the real estate of the ward, in that the income from the ward’s estate was insufficient to support and maintain the ward, or that it would be to the ward’s benefit to reinvest the proceeds from the sale.” It has not been shown that at the time of the hearing before Judge Guild and from which the order denying the sale of the ward’s interest resulted, any facts were presented as to why the proposed sale to Masini of the ward’s one-half interest was, in proportion, below the price of $40,000 determined in the agreement. In fact, it was there set forth that the appraisers had appraised the ward’s interest at $20,000, and, also, that Mrs. Katie D’Andrea, a sister of Mary Scossa, the incompetent, “appeared and objected * * * and her testimony” (contained in the “Order Denying Petition for Sale of Real Property”) “was taken in support of her objections which were based on the fact that the $12,500.00 that would be received by the estate of the incompetent on the basis of the Masini offer was far below the true value of the incompetent’s interest in the premises which she testified to be worth at least $20,000.00.” (Italics ours.)
It should be emphasized that it was not the full price of $20,000 for Mary Scossa’s interest to which there was any objection, but because the respondents, by their own action not sufficiently explained in the petition, assumed, by their allegations or statements in the petition, to separate the value of the ranch, priced by the agreement at $40,000 for the entire property, including both the real property and the personal property, to provide that the land should be apportioned at the price of $25,000, and the personal property, including the machinery, equipment, livestock and crops, should be apportioned at $15,000, leaving the total value of the ward’s estate at only $12,500, instead of the amount of $20,000 as appraised. The amount of $12,500 for the ward’s interest, being considerably less than even two-thirds of the total value of the one-half interest in the entire ranch, which would have been $13,333.33, Mary Scossa’s interest on such basis of only $12,500 would have been $833.33 less than two thirds of the appraised value. Consequently, the order of sale was denied. “How easy it would have been” (in the words of appellant’s counsel, on page 52 of their opening brief) “for the Quilicis to have increased their offer by $833.33 to bring it within the requirements of the statute if they had desired to even put the court in a position to act formally on their petition!”
It appears necessary to include herein the statements made by Louise Quilici in her said petition (page 26 of the copy of “Petition for Authority to Sell Ward’s Estate and for Order of Sale,” in line 26, to and including page 28, line 14, same being folio 723, line 26, to and including folio 728, line 14, vol. II record on appeal, pp. 242-244) :
“That the entire estate of the incompetent consists of an undivided one-half interest in and to the Scossa Home Ranch, formerly known as the ‘Herbold Ranch’; that there is no personal property and/or money belonging to the incompetent at the present time; that the sole income of the incompetent has been, and is, the rental your petitioner has paid to the estate for the use of her undivided one-half interest in said ranch.
“By way of explanation, petitioner points out- to the Court that she is the owner of the other undivided one-half interest in the ranch referred to, and that petitioner and her husband have been in possession of, and have farmed the same, for more than ten years past; that all of the personal property on said ranch including machinery, livestock and crops is the separate property of petitioner and husband; that petitioner has filed her ‘first account and report of guardian’ which account and report will show the Court in détail the moneys received and disbursed by petitioner for and on account of the incompetent.
“That on or about the 22nd day of November, 1945, one Lawrence Masini entered into an agreement with petitioner to purchase the ranch owned by petitioner and Mary Scossa, the incompetent, as tenants in common. A true copy of the agreement is attached hereto, marked ‘Exhibit A’ and made a part hereof by reference. By virtue of said agreement the said Lawrence Masini agreed to pay the sum of $40,000.00 as full purchase price for said ranch together with all personal property, machinery, equipment, livestock and crops thereon. That such offer was on the basis of $25,000.00 for the real property and $15,000.00 for the personal property, machinery, equipment, livestock, and crops then on the ranch belonging- solely to petitioner and her husband; that on the basis of said offer the amount of money coming to the incompetent would be the sum of $12,-500.00.
“That the facts and circumstances upon which this petition is based are as follows: That as hereinabove stated, the entire estate of the incompetent consists of an undivided one-half interest in and to the Scossa Home Ranch of approximately 200 acres of land together with water rights, situate about one mile south of the City of Yerington, in Lyon County, Nevada; That petitioner is the owner of the other undivided one-half interest in said ranch; that petitioner and her husband are sole owners of all of the personal property on said ranch including machinery, equipment, livestock,• and crops; that petitioner and her husband have for the past ten years farmed and operated said ranch paying rental to the incompetent for her share of the premises; that petitioner has accepted a payment of $5,000.00 from Masini and the balance of the purchase price is to be paid upon approval of the Court of the sale of the incompetent’s interest; that the $12,500.00 which will be the incompetent’s share of the purchase price can be invested and used for the support' and maintenance of the incompetent.”
The foregoing allegations and statements in the petition are self-evident, and further elucidation and comment seem superfluous.
Obviously, Mary Scossa’s interest as to the personal property, including livestock, machinery and other things personal, could not be frittered away or confiscated or simply “taken” by the respondents, apparently without any legal action or any proceedings which are disclosed by any statements in the petition.
On page 27 of the petition, respondents, referring to Mary Scossa, lines 13 to 16, inc., stated, as above quoted: “That on or about the 22nd day of November, 1945, one Lawrence Masini entered into an agreement with petitioner to purchase the ranch owned by petitioner and Mary Scossa, the incompetent, as tenants in common. A true copy of the agreement is attached hereto, marked ‘Exhibit A’ and made a part hereof by reference.”
Under such facts and in view of the other unexplained portions of such petition to sell, it nowhere appears how the ownership or title of Mary Scossa’s one-half interest as co-owner or tenant in common of the ranch, including the personal property, was, by any lawful or justifiable action, dispossessed from her, and had become, as to such personal property, possessed by Louise Quilici and her husband.
Admittedly, on page 27 of the petition, respondent, Louise Quilici, in lines 1 to 9, “points out to the court that she is the owner of the other undivided one-half interest in the ranch referred to, and that petitioner and her husband have been in possession of, and have farmed the same, for more than ten years past;” (Louise Quilici as a tenant in common, assisted by her husband, Angelo Quilici, apparently referring to Louise as tenant in common, the other co-tenant being Mary Scossa) “that all of the personal property on said ranch including machinery, livestock and crops is the separate property of petitioner and husband.” And then it is stated, on pages 26-27, “that the sole income of the incompetent has been, and is, the rental your petitioner has paid to the estate for the use of her undivided one-half interest in said ranch.”
By what means or method, in the absence of explanation, did “all of the personal property on said ranch including machinery, livestock and crops” become “the separate property of petitioner and husband”?
We are always solicitous that the interests of one under disability be carefully safeguarded. Undoubtedly this could, and should, have been done by respondents, fully and completely. We believe, however, that if a sincere endeavor to accomplish such safeguarding had been diligently prosecuted by, or on behalf of, respondents, a proper adjustment could have been had, which undoubtedly would have preserved Mary Scossa’s interest intact, without defeating the Masini agreement. A proper accounting, we believe, could have been had, which would have properly protected both the Quilicis and the ward, Mary Scossa. Furthermore, we have not been able to find from the evidence in the record any facts or any basis to establish that: “By virtue of said agreement the said Lawrence Masini agreed to pay the sum of $40,000.00 as full purchase price for said ranch together with all personal property, machinery, equipment, livestock and crops thereon. That such offer was on the basis of $25,000.00 for the real property and $15,000.00 for the personal property, machinery, equipment, livestock, and crops then on the ranch belonging solely to petitioner and her husband; that on the basis of said offer the amount of money coming to the incompetent would be the sum of $12,500.00.”
Upon as full a consideration of the entire record as I have been able to give it, and I have studied same with due care and the desire to reach a correct determination and solution of the entire situation as appears in the record, I have been unable to discover or find that there is, or has been, good faith on the part of respondents, or that there has been an absence of fraud on their part.
As to respondents’ theory, so strongly urged when Louise Quilici made oath to her answer and cross-complaint, June 20, 1946, to the effect that on or about December 14, 1945, first learning that she could not sell and convey the undivided interest of her ward filed her petition praying for an order to sell all of the right, title and interest of the said Mary Scossa, this court, it is believed, would have been much more willing to have believed and determined, in our opinion and decision, that there was an absence, at least of actual fraud and bad faith, were we not required to investigate the petition and proceedings in connection with the guardianship matter.
Judge Hatton, at the time of the trial, February 2, 1948, had before him, and considered, a copy of the proceedings in Judge Guild’s court in relation to the petition to sell the ward’s interest and the court denying such order of sale, and, notwithstanding the learned judge’s opinion following the trial in the First judicial district court, in and for the county of Lyon, No. 3274, in which he referred to the clearly obvious contradictions and inconsistencies plainly apparent as between the allegations of said answer and cross-complaint to the effect that there was “suppression and concealment,” in comparison to the very different theory advanced, for the first time at the trial, by the respondents, to the effect that the appellant, Masini, was repeatedly informed, by respondents and by the witness Bednar, that before a sale could be had the approval of the court was necessary, nevertheless, the learned jurist, confining the issues to the complaint of appellant and the denials of the answer and cross-complaint of respondents, stated, in said opinion, “there remains for the Court to consider, the issue of fraud.” The able jurist, as to the question of fraud, failed to find fraud or bad faith. Referring to the fact that Judge Hatton discussed, as we have heretofore pointed out, that it was futile, or would have been, in view of the situation as shown by the facts of the petition and the order denying the petition to sell, and the difficulties involved, for the respondents to have accomplished the carrying through of the transaction •between the appellant and respondents, the judge stated: “The Court does not consider that the proceedings in the guardianship matter bear evidence of bad faith.” And, under the circumstances, that court, in effect, considered it impossible to carry out the agreement. On the other hand, we believe that there was, in our judgment, no such impossibility of performance as may have appeared. At least, it is our belief that if the respondents and their able attorney had, earnestly and in good faith (notwithstanding that Louise Quilici had told her husband and he had informed Masini that she did not wish to sell but would return Masini’s money to him), seen fit to have endeavored, with reasonable and due diligence, honestly and fairly to have accomplished the sale of Mary Scossa’s interest, we can see no good and legitimate reason why it could not have been accomplished. We believe the paramount and only real difficulty which prevented the carrying out of the agreement was respondents’ designed and clearly conceived intention not to do so.
It is believed that (in common parlance, if it may be so stated) the respondents determined, fraudulently and in bad faith, to “sabotage” the agreement, and thereby, intentionally and designedly, to make the carrying through of the agreement impossible of performance. Such impossibility, we believe, was of their own wrongful volition and action, and for purely selfish purposes, and was, therefore, fraudulent. Reversal is, therefore, inevitable.
The question remaining is, to what extent this court may properly indicate, upon sending the case back for a new trial, the disposition which should be made of it by the lower court. We find that there was no repudiation on the part of appellant, in his failure to accept the receipt by him of the check drawn in favor of Louise Quilici in the amount of $4,000, on or about November 22, 1945, and later returned, addressed by her to L. Masini, and inclosed in the envelope mailed by John R. Ross, Esq., attorney for respondents, with a letter on his letterhead, dated February 7, 1946, nor do we find any repudiation in the declination to accept the check, under the facts which we have fully considered nor in any of his acts in returning the said check to Louise Quilici, and which has been admitted for the purpose of the instant case.
This court should, we believe, upon returning the case, and all exhibits and all matters constituting the files thereof, to the court below, indicate to the court that, in view of the changing conditions which time has necessarily wrought, and in view of the practical and legal situation which the respective attorneys have impliedly, if not expressly, indicated, it is our considered opinion that only the issue of damages should be considered and determined by the district court of the said First judicial district, in and for the county of Lyon. We have no desire, nor would we consider it proper, to indicate, in any degree, what the court should do as to the nature, or kind, of such proposed damages, nor what the extent or amount thereof should be. It may be that the court below may determine that the evidence before that court and in the record, in relation to damages, may, in that court’s view, prove to be sufficient to enable such damages to be ascertained and determined, without trying the facts anew; or, on the other hand, the attorneys for one or both of the parties may desire further and additional evidence upon the question of damages, or some phase thereof, if the district court should so determine. That matter should and will be left entirely within the discretion of the court below, as will be, also, the matter of costs.
Upon the conclusion of a new trial in the lower court, and its findings and judgment, proper provision to the effect that the amount of $4,000 still in the hands of the respondents, and lawful interest at the rate of 7% per annum, from such time as that court shall determine, upon such principal amount, to be paid to the appellant should, of course, be included in the judgment, and, upon such judgment, interest and costs being hereafter fully paid by the respondents to the appellant, that such agreement of sale made and executed November 22,1945, may be, if the lower court so finds, rescinded.
It is ordered, therefore, that the judgment of the First judicial district court of the State of Nevada, in and for the county of Lyon, and that court’s order denying appellant’s motion for a new trial, be, and are hereby, reversed, and that a new trial in the said district court be had, in accordance herewith.
Badt and Eather, Justices
(concurring specially).
We concur in the order of reversal and remand for new trial, limited to the issue of damages. The trial court found in effect that there had been a concealment by the Quilicis of the fact of Mrs. Scossa’s interest in the real estate (the record does not disclose that she owned any interest in the personalty) but that such concealment was not with fraudulent intent, and based its judgment for the defendants upon the one ground of impossibility of performance of■ the contract. That there had been no reasonable and good faith efforts to perform on the part of the defendants is clear from the analysis in the foregoing opinion, of the proceedings had in the guardianship court (insofar as the real estate is concerned) and from a consideration of the applicable provisions of the code governing proceedings in the matter of guardians’ sales. Our concurrence therefore is upon the sole ground that the court’s sustaining of the defense of impossibility of performance was error.
July 25, 1950.
On Petition for Rehearing
Per Curiam:
Rehearing denied. | CASELAW |
The ATP Sites of AAA+ Clamp Loaders Work Together as a Switch to Assemble Clamps on DNA [Enzymology]
January 16th, 2014 by Marzahn, M. R., Hayner, J. N., Finkelstein, J., O'Donnell, M., Bloom, L. B.
Clamp loaders belong to a family of proteins known as AAA+ ATPases. These proteins utilize the energy from ATP binding and hydrolysis to perform cellular functions. The clamp loader is required to load the clamp onto DNA for use by DNA polymerases to increase processivity. ATP binding and hydrolysis are coordinated by several key residues, including a conserved Lys located within the Walker A motif (or P-loop). This residue is required for each subunit to bind ATP. The specific function of each ATP molecule bound to the S. cerevisiae clamp loader is unknown. A series of point mutants, each lacking a single Walker A Lys residue, was generated to study the effects of abolishing ATP binding in individual clamp loader subunits. A variety of biochemical assays were used to analyze the function of ATP binding during discrete steps of the clamp loading reaction. All reduced clamp binding/opening to different degrees. Decreased clamp binding activity was generally correlated with decreases in the population of open clamps suggesting that differences in the binding affinities of Walker A mutants stem from differences in stabilization of PCNA in an open conformation. Walker A mutations had a smaller effect on DNA binding than clamp binding/opening. Our data do not support a model in which ATP binding to individual sites is coupled to specific steps in the clamp loading reaction to coordinate these steps, but instead that the sites work together to promote conformational changes that drive clamp loading. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
I Am Having A Cold – Can I Do Something About It?
A cold is an infection of the airways, especially the throat, nose and sinuses. Most colds are accompanied by a runny nose, cough, sore throat and a headache. It can cause a runny and stuffy nose and a sore throat. A cold can sometimes hold on for a few weeks. There are no medicines to prevent it. However, there are several products available from chemists and pharmacies for getting rid of this disease faster.
If you have a chronic cold, it may indicate a reduced resistance, an allergy or an asthmatic condition. When there are other symptoms, such as a persistent fever of 5 days or longer, it is better to ask a doctor for advice.
What causes colds?
Colds are caused by a virus and are highly infectious. The cold virus can be transmitted through the air (coughing, sneezing) or by skin contact (shaking hands, kissing). It is easily transmitted in places where many people are close together and where the fresh air is limited. Think of a crowded train or bus or a well-stocked classroom.
The period from infection until the first symptoms arises from 2 to 3 days. Colds often start with a sore throat. This is usually followed by sneezing, coughing, headache and runny nose.
But what exactly happens inside your body? A cold virus causes inflammation of the mucosa, causing a decrease of the protective effect of the membrane. The inflamed mucous membrane swells and produces a lot of mucus. This will cause a stuffy and runny nose. Because the inflammation irritates the mucous membrane, it causes tickling. This will result in a sneeze in the nose and a cough in the throat. A sore throat can be caused by an inflammation of the throat and hoarseness by mucosal inflammation of the vocal cords.
Especially if your resistance is low, the cold virus can easily get a hold over you. Because the resistance of small children is not yet fully developed, they have more colds than adults. Also, elderly and sick people have more colds due to a low resistance. You can get a better resistance from:
• No smoking
• Move a lot
• Healthy eating and drinking
• Go out every day
What are the symptoms?
Cold symptoms include: a stuffy or runny nose, watery eyes, Coughing, a sore throat, headache and a loss of smell and taste. Adults have colds from 2 to 5 times a year and children have colds from 6 to 10 times a year. The symptoms usually occur 2-3 days after infection with the cold virus. A cold is not the same as the flu. If you have a cold you may feel feverish, but a real flu often begins suddenly and has more symptoms such as chills, fever and muscle aches.
Treatment of colds
There are no medicines to prevent a cold. Also, you don’t have to go to the doctor for a cold. This is only required if a cold has other symptoms such as:
• drowsiness
• wheezing
• shortness of breath
• long lasting fever (longer than five days) or recurrent fever.
Do you have a cold right now? Don’t worry; it will probably go away in a few days. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Fraternity Life
Fraternity Life is a reality television show that aired on MTV from February 26, 2003 to November 19, 2003. The show consisted of college boys pledging to become part of a fraternity. The show was a spin-off of Sorority Life.
First season
The first season occurred at the University at Buffalo. It followed college students pledging for the Sigma Chi Omega fraternity. The fraternity ended up getting in trouble for illegal hazing and breaking into the Buffalo Zoo. The fraternity has subsequently regained "on campus" status and is currently in "normal" standing with the university.
Second season
The second season occurred at the University of California, Santa Cruz. It followed college students pledging the Delta Omega Chi fraternity. Once again, the show got in trouble with the university. Two frat brothers stole a koi named Midas from a pond on campus and barbecued it and ate it. This led to protests and eventually the revoking of the fraternity's charter by the university.
The second season was also notable for featuring the first openly gay person, Keldon Clegg, to appear on either the Fraternity Life or Sorority Life series. | WIKI |
Survey research and design in psychology/Assessment/Lab report/Marking
* 1) Lab reports will be evaluated according to the general and detailed marking criteria.
* 2) For reports submitted by the original due date, marks and feedback should be available three weeks of submission. Marking of reports submitted late or with extension may take longer than three weeks from the date of submission.
* 3) Availability of marks and feedback will be notified via. | WIKI |
UPDATE 2-Super Rugby summaries
22 AM / Updated 33 minutes ago UPDATE 2-Super Rugby summaries Reuters Staff 1 Min Read Apr 21 (OPTA) - summaries from the Super Rugby matches on Saturday Crusaders (14) 33 Tries: Crotty (0,56), Todd (8), Mataele (61), Stratton (79) Conversions: Delany (2,9,57), Hunt (81) Sunwolves (5) 11 Tries: Little (13) Penalties: Parker (42,50) Referee: Brendon Pickerill Reds (0) 12 Tries: Kerevi (47,74) Conversions: Lance (48) Chiefs (24) 36 Tries: Ardron (12), Ngatai (16), Retallick (28), Polwart (42), Taukei'aho (84) Conversions: McKenzie (13,17), McKenzie (29,43) Penalties: McKenzie (6) Referee: Jaco Peyper Sunday, April 22 fixtures (GMT) Brumbies v Jaguares (05:05) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Italian Brazilians
Original Research
Hello. I put the following tags to the page: Original research, Refimprove because the article as a whole has just six references and most of the sections have no reference at all. I don't know who originally provided the information, but if that user reaches this page could you please be kind enough and add those references to the article? Cheers. --Mhsb (talk) 05:47, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
Italian Brazilians?!
The title of this article is politically incorrect, as it implies that those people are foreigners, or are so considered by themselves or by other Brazilians. The correct way to refer to them - especially for people who are not Brazilian - is "Brazilians of Italian descent". Ninguém (talk) 14:40, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
I undid Opinoso's removal of what he thinks is "vandalism". There is absolutely no conection between the introduction of coffee plantations and immigration. Coffee had been a major culture in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro much before abolition, and slaves were used in coffee plantations in large numbers. In fact, the 11 representatives that voted against abolition in 1888 were from the coffee plantation area of Rio de Janeiro. So it is not true that "coffee demanded better trained workers" when compared to cotton or sugarcane.
A good read about the subject is Paula Beiguelman's " A FORMAÇÃO DO POVO NO COMPLEXO CAFEEIRO". Ninguém (talk) 14:40, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
* Are you really serious? The immigration boom in Brazil occured because, since 1850, slave traffic in Brazil was fordibben, and since then, there were few workers in the coffe platantions, which represented 30% of Brazil's exports in that time.
Nobody is saying slaves did not work in coffee plantations, the article does say that, but after the end of slave traffic (1850) and slavery (1888), the immigration of Italians took place to replace the Africans.
With the arrival of the Italians, coffee reached 60% of Brazil's exports.
I am sorry, but you know nothing about Brazilian History.
Please, stop vandalism in this article. Opinoso (talk) 15:00, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
* This encyclopedia is in English, and in English they use more Italian Brazilian than "Brazilians of Italian descent". As they also use Italian American.
If you know any Portuguese, read this article: Fim da escravidão gera medidas de apoio a imigração no Brasil
Opinoso (talk) 15:07, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
* If you continue to change this article with no sources and erase informations, I will report this as vandalism and you will probably be blocked from Wikipedia. Opinoso (talk) 15:09, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
* The correct way is Italian Brazilian (Ítalo-brasileiro; Italo-brasiliani) .. ex: Italian American, Italian Canadians, Italian Argentine. Limongi (talk) 03:00, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
Whitening project
I know very little of this subject, but it appears to me this entire section is WP:OR and WP:POV. Also, the phrase "In Brazil, 65% of the Italian immigrants came from Northern Italy" is unsupported. A simple addition of the regions in the list below it prove it to be about 50-50, similar to Argentina. I also removed the very unbalanced POV comments that followed that sentence. It purported to have a citation, which tho' quite long, I skimmed through and found it makes no such statement. Simply put, the comment was bullshit. Dionix (talk) 23:22, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
* Actually, that list does not count Northern Italian immigrants who came from regions such as Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Aosta Valley. Many of the immigrants came to Brazil from these Northern Italian regions, but they are not even listed there.
* All the sources say most immigrants in Brazil came from Northern Italy. There's a source about Brazilians with Italian nationality, and most of them got Italian nationaly from Northern Italian ancestors, a second place to Central and a only third place to South. By the way, that list stops in 1920, and many more Italians arrived in Brazil from 1920 to 1960, mostly from Northern Italy. Opinoso (talk) 03:38, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
A lot seems to depend on if you slice Italy in two (north, south) or three (north, central, south). Even your source says that after the Venetians (30% of the total) the largest groups came from Campania and Calabria (both south no matter how you slice it). And to say the list doesn't include the three regions you list are misleading because two of them were part of Veneto or Austria prior to WW2, and thus denominated as such, and any numbers from Aosta would be very small anyways. Also, I don't think you are correct in saying after 1920 most were still from the north. This source, among many others, says the opposite. Finally, I added the following to User:Opinoso's talk page: Regarding Brazil, you are correct in that I had removed the reference, but I'm still not sure it supports the statement you are making. My understanding of Portuguese is limited, but "os imigrantes do sul eram morenos" does not imply the Venetians are not (many are); and it doesn't support the statement that Northern Italians were preferred under the "Whitening project". Am I missing something in the translation? Dionix (talk) 00:02, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
* Dionix, you are right. Absolutely. The reference does not support the statement that Northern Italians were preferred under the "Whitening project". This is just Opinoso´s stubornness.
--Quissamã (talk) 02:10, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
Other Influences
The article says: "A bunch of loan words (italianisms), such as ravióli, espaguete, macarrão, nhoque, pizza, lasanha, panetone, esquifoso, feltro, pivete, bisonho, cicerone, and many others." This interpretation is fundamentally flawed. For one thing, "loan word" does not equal "Italianism." Second, the examples cited here are Luso-fied pronunciations of actual Italian words--approximated pronunciations of Italian foods, not "Italianisms." In the United States, the words "lasagna" or "spaghetti" don't count as "loan words," regardless of whether or not the spelling of the original Italian is modified (gnocchi vs. "nhoque," etc). "Chow mein" in Chinese-American cuisine is not a loan word, as there are not loan words. They are the titles of various Italian foods, nothing more. A true "Italianism" would be actual Italian usage working its way into local vocabularies, as in the Argentine "manyar" or "laburar." These claims need to be modified. --Lulletc (talk) 16:39, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
* I agree. Very few Italian words came to Portuguese thru immigrants, most of them are, actually, Italian words used in Portugal for centuries. There are exceptions, such as "Brócoli" or "Cantina", which in fact came with the immigrants.
However, there's a strong influence from the Italian dialects in the spoken Portuguese of São Paulo and in some other areas of Southern Brazil; these influences are stronger in people's accent than in their vocabulary. Opinoso (talk) 16:40, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
Some of the words referred in the article did not come from Italian through immigrants. For instance, compare "ciao", which indeed came through immigrants, an is pronounced (and often even written) "tchau", to "cicerone" which is always pronounced "sisserone" (because it was imported via written Italian) instead of "tchitcherone" (as it would be the case if it had been imported through oral Italian). Ninguém (talk) 14:41, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
Other issue is the suppposed influence of Italian pronunciation on Portuguese spoken in São Paulo. The differences between the pronunciation in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro do not seem to match what would be expected if they were caused by Italian influence. For an Italian speaker, it is very difficult to pronounce Portuguese nasal diphtongs, or to distinguish the different Portuguese vowels "ê" and "é", or "ô" and "ó". However, Portuguese spoken in São Paulo city does not have a different pronunciation of these phonems, when compared to Rio de Janeiro - or, when they do, such as is the case of stressed vowels, which tend to become elongated, and even diphtongated in São Paulo city, it is hard to correlate this with Italian influence. It is true that the pronounce of post-vocalic /s/ and /r/ in São Paulo city does seem closer to the Italian pronounce, as the /s/ is not palatalized, and the /r/ is not gutural, but this would also be the usual pronounciation in many parts of Portugal, where Italian influence is minimal. Ninguém (talk) 14:41, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
Causes of Italian Immigration
There is no connection between Slave Emancipation and the booming immigration despite they were simultaneous events. Lack of labor was the only cause as ever. Freed slaves continued to work hardly in plantations. Just think about it!
It is wrong and has a touch of racism to mention the Slave Emancipation as the cause of the booming immigration.
--Quissamã (talk) 19:06, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
Dear Opinoso.
Read the referenced sources. The erased information are not provided by the referenced source. I rewrote to keep the information that is in the referenced source, although a high-school text is not exactly a reliable source.
Also, the erased text has a racist bias. It gives the wrong notion that Slave Emancipation was the cause of the lack of labor in coffee plantations. Certainly, who wrote this text believes that black people is lazy and fled the plantations work as soon as they were allowed to do so. Most of them remained in the plantations receiving small wages as freed men.
Indeed, all the coffee was gathered in 1888 despite the fear of the former slaves masters. (My source: Stanley Stein. Vassouras, a Coffee Country).
You need to read a book. Any book.
--Quissamã (talk) 21:41, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
It is astonishing how some racist bias and lack of historical knowledge can provide some garbage in Wikipedia, specially in the Italian Brazilian topic, like these:
For this reason, immigrants from Northern Italy were most desired by the Brazilian government, since their physical characteristics would bring desired results to the "whitening project" of the Brazilian people.
After 1888, when the slavery was finally abolished by a decree of the Imperial government, the number of farm workers fell drastically in Brazil, due to the fact that most black (former) slaves, with no lands of their own and no money to buy them, moved mostly to urban areas
Just POV garbage. And racist POV.
PS: A decree is different from a law. The name was Lei Áurea, a law proposed (by João Alfredo) and voted by Congressmen; it was not an imperial decree, proposed by the Emperor or the Regent-Princess.
I´ll be back
--Quissamã (talk) 01:56, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
Blah-Blah-blah
The following text is totally unnecessary. It´s better move it to Adoniran Barbosa biography. An English speaker will never distinguish the Italian and Portuguese words of this lyrics. For him/her, they look the same.
By the way, it was a pidgin or a dialect. People should know the difference before write such nonsense.
''Brazilian samba singer Adoniran Barbosa (stage name of João Rubinato), the son of Italian immigrants, was born in the town of Valinhos, São Paulo. Barbosa was known as the composer to the lower classes of São Paulo, particularly the poor Italian immigrants living in the quarters of Bexiga (Bela Vista) and Brás, as well as the poor who lived in the city's many shanties and cortiços (degraded multifamily row houses). He knew well the pidgin Italian-Portuguese dialect spoken in the streets of São Paulo, mostly in the sections of Mooca, Brás and Bexiga. In 1965, Barbosa wrote Samba Italiano (Italian Samba), a song that emphasized the influence of the Italian in São Paulo's spoken language.
--Quissamã (talk) 02:34, 3 September 2008 (UTC) ''
I moved the text above to Adoniran Barbosa article. I believe it is better now.
--Quissamã (talk) 04:36, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
Italian dialects, pidgin and accent in São Paulo
Although not clear, complete or precise, the Wikipedia definitions can help.
A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, in situations such as trade.
A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers.[1] The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class.[2] A dialect is a complete system of verbal communication (oral or signed, but not necessarily written) with its own vocabulary and grammar.
A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where a distinction can be made only in terms of pronunciation, the term accent is appropriate, not dialect (although in common usage, "dialect" and "accent" are usually synonymous). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Quissamã (talk • contribs) 05:14, 3 September 2008 (UTC)
I made some changes to that section. It used to give the impression that the language spoken in São Paulo is some kind of mixture of Portuguese and Italian, which is false. Portuguese of São Paulo is Brazilian Portuguese, with very small variation from Brazilian Portuguese spoken elsewhere. There is a characteristic "paulistano" (ie, from São Paulo city) accent, which can perhaps be attributed to Italian influence, but no signs of Portuguese-Italian pidginisation or creolisation, much less "dialects". In São Paulo hinterland, the "caipira" accent still predominates. The Talian dialect of Rio Grande do Sul, on the other hand, is a modified Venetian dialect, also not a Portuguese-Italian mixture. Ninguém (talk) 14:42, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
Also, it must be noted that colloquial Portuguese spoken in São Paulo city is much closer to both Standard Brazilian Portuguese and colloquial Portuguese spoken in other areas of Brazil than colloquial Portuguese spoken in São Paulo hinterland. Ninguém (talk) 14:42, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
English language citations
Can anybody please help with finding English language citations and inserting them in the article in place of the foreign language ones? Thank you, --Tom 23:43, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
Number of "Italian Brazilians"/Difference between "Italian Brazilians" and "Brazilians of Italian descent"
Ninguem,
I just saw your recent change in the Italian Brazilian article, I don’t agree with your numbers, I do understand your point that the vast majority of people with Italian ancestry have lost their Italian identity, however, I have to point out that the same can be said of Italian Argentineans and Italian Americans, still, all articles at Wikipedia gives the total population number with Italian ancestry, and not cultural connection. I suggest a compromise here, he have to put in the box the 25 million and make a note. As quality of sources go, the Italian government is more reliable than Miguel Angel Garcia, I checked this author, he is not let’s say a real ‘demographer’ he is more like a sociologist that used very ‘unusual’ ways of research for this paper. We can use his data on the note, but not as the official number, it would be unfair and I believe against the rules of Wikipedia. Regards, Paulista01 (talk) 14:59, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
* I beg to disagree. I don't know if the "Italian Argentines" or "Italian Americans" are correctly reported, and I won't mess with those articles, as I haven't the necessary knowledge to do it. But there are by absolutely no means 25 million "Italian Brazilians" in Brazil. There aren't even 25 million people of Italian descent in Brazil. The Italian government figures are totally unreliable, and are nowhere explained. They do not count people in Brazil, and they haven't shown any calculations that could lead to the 25 million figure. It is also well known that in the past they have greately inflated their statistics on "Italian Brazilians". Their figures may be "official", but "official" does not substitute for "reliable", "verifiable", or "true". The 1998 July PME showed very clearly that this figure is fantastic. Counting people in six metropolitan regions, including two that have huge concentrations of people of Italian descent, São Paulo and Porto Alegre, it found people of Italian descent to be around 10.5% of the population. It is quite clear that this percent could only be lower if the total population of Brazil as a whole was counted. And 10.5% of the population is around 18 million people, not 25 million. The data on immigration to Brazil also show the 25 million people figure is impossible. As Judicael Clevelário has demonstrated (and he would be not only reliable and verifiable, but "official" too, as he is - or was, when he wrote - IBGE), the whole population of immigrant origin, including those of German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, etc, origin, is of about 25% the population of Brazil, or some 45 million people. And the Italian immigrants were about 1/3 of the immigrants to Brazil, not more than 1/2.
* And, of course, not all Brazilians of Italian descent are "Italian Brazilians". Indeed, we don't even use such terminology, which is already a huge concession to the American tastes. We consider ourselves "descendentes de italiano" and "brasileiros", not "ítalo-brasileiros", and much less "italianos brasileiros" (which we would consider contradictory and ridiculous, perhaps even offensive, but is the literal translation of "Italian Brazilian"). And eventual Italian "influences" on Brazilian culture haven't to do with Brazilians of Italian descent: most Brazilians who like pizza aren't descended from Italians - and the truth is, Brazil is not a "multicultural society", as it is often written in these articles. On the contrary, it is pretty much "unicultural"; what we have is the opposite thing: an "open culture" that welcomes contributions from everywhere (and then improves on them, to the point of making them almost unrecognisable to the original source of the contribution: what Italian would imagine pizza with banana and cinammon?) but abhors ghettos. "Multicultural" are the United States (or at least the image they project of themselves, I don't know), where each huge city has dozens of different, incommunicable and mutually exclusive cultures.
* What I can suggest as a compromise is the opposite: reporting the correct figure (about 2-3 million Italian Brazilians) and, secondarily, the figure for Brazilians of Italian descent (about 18 million). Perhaps we should even have a separate article for Brazilians of Italian descent, focused on Brazilians who have Italian ancestors, instead of Brazilians who are culturally Italian or semi-Italian, but this, I suppose, is another discussion. Ninguém (talk) 16:35, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
Ninguem,
You may be correct that Brazil does not have 25 million people of Italian descent, however, we are not supposed to argue about this here, as an encyclopedia we have to do our best to use sources, good sources, to totally disqualify the Italian government is not correct, and to tell you the truth from my point of view it is a little offensive. Regarding Brazil being ‘unicultural’, I disagree. Brazil has different cultures, especially regional differences, I do not want to start an argument about this though since I believe it is irrelevant and neither I nor any other editor should use this as a basis to write articles here. I agree that the Brazilian government has usually pushed towards a ‘unicultural’ environment, were they successful? I have my doubts. I have hundreds of examples that show the contrary. It is very undemocratic for a government or anybody to tell other people what they are and what they are not. If not, we may fall into the same trap that some of our fellow editors did, I believe you know the editor I am talking about. Personal opinion and agendas are clearly against the rules of this encyclopedia. So my solution is: let’s stick to the rules, report the 25 million and make a note about other figures or add something directly after the 25 million. This way we are respecting the different points of view that we are required to represent and we are being neutral. One thing we cannot do is simply delete a figure or a number, especially a government figure. Regards, Paulista01 (talk) 18:13, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
* I don't think it is wrong or disrespectful to say that the Italian (or any other) government is wrong, on whatever issue, when they are wrong. I also don't think governments are usually good sources; they are political entities, and politics requires placing interests above truth. The quality of sources can only be assessed by the critical comparison between them. In this case, the Italian government data are incompatible with at least three other sources: 1) The IBGE's 1998 July PME, that points that people of Italian descent are about 10% of the Brazilian population, not 15%; 2) the available data about Italian immigration to Brazil, which, according to Judicael Clevelário, points to the whole population of immigrant descent in Brazil being 25% of the total, or about 45 million - the Italian immmigrants being about 1/3 of the total would point to about 15 million people; 3) the data about "Italian Americans", that point to 17 million people - when the US received 5 million Italian immigrants, as compared to 1.5 million Italian immigrants to Brazil. In short, the 25 million figure is only possible if people of Italian descent in Brazil have an abnormal prolificity compared to other Brazilian (and to people of Italian descent both in Argentina and the United States). To put it shortly, these "data" are false.
* As to Brazilian cultural diversity, yes, we do have a diverse culture, which is completely different from having many "cultures" - which is what "multicultural" denotes. And yes, our cultural diversity is related to regional differences - and quite not to imagined hyphenated identinties, with the obvious exceptions of the German-Brazilian and Venetian-Brazilian enclaves and the Amerindian cultures.
* About "the editor we are talking about", his problem was not to believe that governments should tell people what they are or are not, but to completely misread sources, imagining that they are saying "Afro-Brazilian" where they clearly say "Negros", that they decree that people "are" of African descent when they declare that they should be treated with the same preferences as those who are of African descent, etc. (and it is a long list of etc.)
* Personal opinions and agendas are against Wikipedia's rules. So are State opinions and agendas. We must stick to reliable sources; sources that have direct interests in the subject are, to the least, suspect. We can, and - perhaps - should report that the Italian government (mis)believes there are 25 million people of Italian descent in Brazil; but we must make clear that this is wrong, because it is incompatible with whatever else we know about Italian immigration to Brazil. We also cannot mix up things: the Italian government says there are 25 million people of Italian descent in Brazil. It does not say there are 25 million "Italian Brazilians", which is a very different thing. We must not only chose carefully our sources, but also report correctly the sources we chose. I think the Italian government is not a reliable source in this matter, but even if we conclude otherwise, we cannot report them as a source for something they don't say, such as "25 million Italian Brazilians". Ninguém (talk) 18:44, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
* Another thing: this is the official Italian source that reports the 25 million figure. But let's see what it actually says:
* Stime pubblicate da fonti accreditate14 oscillano tra 23 e 25 milioni di oriundi, una proporzione del 15% sulla popolazione totale del Paese.
* So it is not saying that there are 25 million people of Italian descent in Brazil. It is saying that "credible sources" (to be described in note 14) report the existence of 23-25 million people of Italian descent in Brazil. And what fonti accreditate report such figure?
* (note 14) Raffaele di Luca, Presidente della Camara de Comercio Italo Brasileira do Rio de Janeiro, “Brasile: ottimo mercato per gli imprenditori italiani”, News Italia Press, 26 sett. 2003: “il Brasile ha almeno 25 milioni di discendenti italiani”. Francesco Lazzari, Italiani del Brasile e Sistema Italia tra sfide e opportunità”, in Affari Sociali Internazionali, XXVII, 4, 1999, p. 67: “oggi risiedono in questo gigante dell’America Latina circa 22.750.000 oriundi.”. Giulia Barbieri Farfoglia (Comites di S. Paolo), in Atti della Prima Conferenza degli Italiani nel mondo”(ADN Kronos Libri, 2001, p. 468): “su questo sottofondo fisico e pluriculturale convivono circa 25 milioni di Italiani e loro discendenti, che si sono inseriti nella società brasiliana”.
* So it is the reliability of these three sources, Raffaele di Luca/Italian-Brazilian Commerce Chamber, Francesco Lazzari/Affari Sociali Internazionali, and Giulia Barbieri Farfoglia/Comites di San Paolo that is at stake, not that of the Italian government. Ninguém (talk) 21:38, 17 May 2010 (UTC)
Yes, the Italian government has used this number more than once, you can see it even on the website of the Italian Embassy in Brasilia, I have seen this number once in the website of the Italian foreign relations ministry. Now, it always says circa 25,000,000. To me it looks like you are making a big deal out of this. I don’t believe you have an anti Italian view, but I can not understand why the strong push on this. We have very different points of view on this, it is okay we are not expected to agree on everything, I believe you are a good editor and you have a lot to contribute. I think we can resolve this easily, I also believe we both should not waste time on this issue. We have a lot of articles that we can work. Using both the sources you suggested and the sources already in the article, here is what I suggest, following the rules, this is how it should look - all based on government info, either Brazil or Italy:
c. 17,000,000 - 25,000,000 (note) of whom
c. 300,000 are Italian citizens
c. 500,000 have requested Italian citizenship
(note – Estimates for people with Italian ancestry: 17,000,000 or 10% of the Brazilian population in 1998 according to IBGE (Brazilian government), 25,000,000 according to the Italian government in 2004).
Can you give me the data from IBGE? I need it to add to the sources.
Regards, Paulista01 (talk) 00:43, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
* The results of the 1998 July PME are discussed here, with appropriate tables. Another analysis can be found in José Luiz Petrucelli, A Cor Denominada, but unhappily it isn't available online.
* The IBGE data aren't merely "Brazilian government"; they are data from a demographic agency, and based on actual counts on the ground, so I oppose presenting this as a government vs government issue.
* But perhaps the best thing to do is to discuss the figures in the article, showing where they are compatible or incompatible with each other and the other available knowledge about immigration to Brazil and Brazilian demography. Ninguém (talk) 13:04, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
* Ninguem,
* No problem, we can discuss it in the article. Thanks for the link I will take a look today. I have been busy in the last few days and had no time to answer, I apologize. It is nice that we could work something out.
http://www.italiaoggi.com.br/migrazioni/noticias/migra_20061020a.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by Theuser777 (talk • contribs) 17:14, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
* Regards, Paulista01 (talk) 14:50, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
Section 'Prosperity' copyedited
Richard asr (talk) 10:33, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
Sources?
What exactly are the sources that support the lead of this article?
It says:
* An Italian Brazilian (Italo-Brasiliano, Ítalo-Brasileiro) is a person born in Brazil of Italian ancestry.
A google search shows that this phrase isn't used in such sense, except in Wikipedia and its mirrors. English dictionaries do not list the phrase. The article also gives "ítalo-brasileiro" as the translation of "Italian Brazilian". A google search shows that "ítalo-brasileiro" is also not used in this sense, except in... Wikipedia and its mirrors. Portuguese dictionaries, while they do list "ítalo-brasileiro", do not define it as "a person born in Brazil of Italian ancestry"; they list it only as an adjective, and define it as "relating to Italy and Brazil".
So I am proposing that this article is renamed to something that can actually be supported (as, for instance, "Brazilians of Italian descent"/"descendentes de italianos"). Objections, please? Ninguém (talk) 15:14, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
* The article name Italian Brazilian is fine. There are Italian American and Italian Australian articles as well. Noboy needs to be "conected" to Italy to be Italian Brazilian. It's only an ancestry. Many native "Italians" are not very conected to Italy either, like the German-speaking minority in the extreme North (more related to Austrians). They are "Italians" anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:50, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
So there are no sources supporting the existence of a social phenomenon called "Italian Brazilians". Your analogies are very poor. It is quite obvious that there is something called "Italian Americans": a google search will reveal many uses of such phrase exactly in the sence it is used in Italian American. A google search for "Italian Brazilian" or "ítalo-brasileiro" shows the opposite: it is not used, except in Wikipedia. It is not notable, it has no real life relevance. Your speculation about Northern Italians being more related to Austria seems another invention (where is the source for that?), but is completely irrelevant anyway: they are "Italians" because they are Italian citizens; "Italian Brazilians" are nor Italians neither Italian citizens.
Where is the source for the lead? Ninguém (talk) 18:59, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
* I strongly oppose. There are hundreds of Portuguese language sources that use the term "Ítalo-Brasileiro", for example: Mão biônica funciona com sucesso em ítalo-brasileiro, Centro Cultural Italo-Brasileiro de São Carlos, Círculo Ítalo-Brasileiro de Santa Catarina, Grupo Folclórico Ítalo-Brasileiro Santa Felicidade, UFMG: Curso ítalo-brasileiro em Direito do Trabalho, Colegio Ítalo Brasileiro, etc. It is the same as Italian American, Italian Argentine, Italian Canadians, Italian Chilean, Italian Peruvian, Italo-Venezuelans, Italian Lebanese, Italian Australian, Italian Egyptians, etc. It makes no sense renaming this article or changing the lead. Limongi (talk) 19:13, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
Of the sources you cite, only one (Mão biônica funciona com sucesso em ítalo-brasileiro) uses the term in a similar way - probably because it is a translation from Italian. And it certainly isn't an article about "Italian Brazilians"; it is an article about bionics. The "Italian Brazilian" in question, anyway, seems to live in Italy, which would mean he is quite connected to Italy, if not to Italian culture. The other sources have nothing to do with "Italian Brazilians"; they use "ítalo-brasileiro" as an adjective that applies to colleges, conferences, symposions, schools, relations, etc - not as a substantive that designates a set of people, like in this article. This is the way the word is used in Brazil, completely different of its use in the United States. We shouldn't be using analogies to other Wikipedia articles (which aren't reliable sources anyway). Half of these seem to me outright inventions ("Italian Peruvian", "Italo-Venezuelans", "Italian Lebanese", "Italian Egyptians", which I very much doubt refer to any real demographic phenomenon). If there is any reliable source about the set of people described in this article that calls them "Italian Brazilian" or "ítalo-brasileiros", then I agree it should stay as it is. But it is quite unlikely. Ninguém (talk) 20:11, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
* This article is in English, not in Portuguese. They use Italian American, and Italian Brazilian as well. Many Italian Americans are not connected to Italy either. It only refers to ancestry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:37, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
If it only refers to ancestry, what is the problem with "Brazilians of Italian descent"?
There are still no sources for the lead statement. Provide one, the discussion ends. Ninguém (talk) 02:52, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
And, of course, it is easy to prove that it is not "just ancestry". Here is what Italian American says:
* Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
So, at least for Wikipedia, Italian Americans are an ethnic group - not "just an ancestry". If this article talks about something that is "just ancestry", why does it strive to clonate an article about an ethnic group? Ninguém (talk) 15:56, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
I strongly oppose I am not going to waste my time with this discussion again, the editor Ninguem is constantly trying to sabotage this article.. The term is widely used, and he knows it, he is playing games again. Ciao. Paulista01 (talk) 14:40, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* I have found hundreds of sources with the term Italian-Brazilian, here are a few:
* Revisioning Italy: national identity and global culture By Beverly Allen, Mary J. Russo
* The Rough guide to Brazil
* The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature: Brazilian literature ... By Roberto González Echevarría, Enrique Pupo-Walker —Preceding unsigned comment added by Paulista01 (talk • contribs) 14:49, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* I agree with you, Paulista01. The sources you provided clearly reference Italian Brazilian. Furthermore, there are a good number of Portuguese language sources that use the term "Italo-Brasileiro" or "Italobrasileiro". As I pointed out above, similar terms are widely used throughout Wikipedia (Italian Argentine, Italian Australian, etc). There is no point whatsoever in this discussion. Ninguém has claimed ownership of the article and has continuously erased and reverted the contributions of other editors. If this attitude continues, I will request admin intervention. Limongi (talk) 16:17, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
The point is not to find sources that have the phrase "Italian Brazilian", but sources that say, or strongly imply, this:
* An Italian Brazilian is a person born in Brazil of Italian ancestry.
Do any of the above say something similar? Ninguém (talk) 15:47, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
Let's see the first of the sources cited above:
Revisioning Italy: national identity and global culture By Beverly Allen, Mary J. Russo
It uses the expression "Italian Brazilian" three times. The first (page 214) and the third (page 229) fall into pages that are not actually accessible to the reader; very short, and perhaps uncontextual cites are provided. Here is the first:
* ''... in an Italian-Brazilian household in São Paulo in the early twentieth century, as a central text, this essay explores ideas about national definition, ...
It mentions an "Italian-Brazilian" household; for what I can grasp from the rest of the book, this would be the household in which Zelia Gattai lived when a child, with her parents, both of them children of Italian immigrants. I don't think this makes the case that all Brazilians of Italian descent constitute a group called "Italian Brazilians".
The third one goes like this:
* ''It is within this context that eight-year-old, third-generation, Italian-Brazilian Zelia Gattai proclaimed, "we felt ourselves to be wholly Brazilian ...
So this sentence directly classifies an eight-year-old grandaughter of Italian immigrants, living within what this book calls an "Italian community", an "Italian-Brazilian". Which, while isn't a clear statement that all Brazilians of Italian descent are "Italian Brazilian", could be taken as some indication that the author reasons within this conceptual frame. But, what if Zelia Gattai was fifth, not third generation? Or if she descended from Italian immigrants on one side, but not on the other? Would she be "Italian Brazilian" in the opinion of this author? The answer is, we don't know, and this book does not allow us to determine it. How is it going to be used as a source to support the idea expressed in the lead of this article?
On the other hand, the author is directly contradicted by the "subject" of her study, who claims "we" (she and her sister) "felt ourselves to be wholly Brazilian". Which seems to imply that at least some (unmixed third generation, i.e., very close to original immigrants) Brazilians of Italian descent do not consider themselves "Italian Brazilians". Who is right here?
The second, and only that can be actually read in its context (page 227), is the following:
* Zelia writes that for her the early part of the evenings (in anarchist meetings at Classes Laboriosas, a working class club in São Paulo - my note) was the most exciting because the children wre employed to hack the new issues of newspapers and journals, such as La Laterna, an anticlerical journal, or La Difesa, a socialist journal, and there were raffles for prizes and books to support the publications and to pay for the rent of the hall. "(My sister) Vera and I were part of the group of vendors. There were two competing groups for sales and artistic participation: that of the Italian girls, and that of the Spanish. We, logically, were part of the first group, despite the fact that we felt ourselves wholly Brazilian (embora nos sentíssemos completamente brasileiras). But this is how we were designated."
* That Zelia should identify herself as "wholly Brazilian" indicates her generational location in the Da Col-Gattai family. By the time she was participating in the cultural congresses, her family was prospering, and had an established place in the Italian-Brazilian community. Her identification as Brazilian also reflected her schooling: whereas the earlier generation of immigrants and their firstborn children rarely attained more than a rudimentary education, Zelia was not onli in school but in a Brazilian school.
So "Italian-Brazilian" is used here in relation to a "community", not in relation to individual people. That such "community" - as long as we can talk of a Gemeinschaft in a bourgeoning capitalist society - was "Italian-Brazilian" is beyond doubt, as it was composed of Italian citizens living in Brazil, Italian-born Brazilian citizens, and children born to the former categories. That the individuals in such community were "Italian Brazilians" is a different issue, that the text does not make clear. What it makes clear is that this is not the "identity" chosen by Zelia and Vera Gattai (and so, again, that not all Brazilians of Italian descent consider themselves "Italian-Brazilian").
The other two sources you mention barely deserve an appreciation. The Rough guide to Brazil uses the phrase "Italian-Brazilian" only once, to tell us that an expensive restaurant in Rio de Janeiro, Marius Crustáceos, serves "Italian-Brazilian" cuisine (The menu is varied, though "Italian-Brazilian" styles dominate). Nothing about "Italian Brazilians" as a collective name for all Brazilians of Italian ancestry.
[http://books.google.com/books?id=97NoYRx96ZAC&pg=PA281&dq=%22Italian+Brazilian%22&hl=en&ei=gsa1TJSOIdXnnQf7xsAn&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=%22Italian%20Brazilian%22&f=false The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature: Brazilian literature ... By Roberto González Echevarría, Enrique Pupo-Walker] also uses the phrase "Italian-Brazilian" only once, to describe a person:
* Created in 1948 by the Italian-Brazilian industrialist Franco Zampari (1898-1966), the TBC (Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, my note) confirmed what was becoming clear ever since the success of the Teatro de Brinquedo and the Teatro do Estudante do Brasil: that the ailing commercial theatre would be savaged by the new ideas and talent of the amateur groups.
So here we have one individual being called "Italian-Brazilian". But there is absolutely no attempt to define this category; it sounds like a nonce-word, something shorter to say than "Italian-born Brazilian industrialist Franco Zampari" or "industrialist Franco Zampari, an Italian immigrant in Brazil". Besides the obvious fact that Zampari himself was an immigrant, born in Italy, and as such an Italian citizen at least until naturalisation - not a Brazilian-born Brazilian citizen of distant, or non-exclusive, Italian descent - I don't see how this can be in any way construed as a statement that "An Italian Brazilian is a person born in Brazil of Italian ancestry". Ninguém (talk) 17:36, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
* The book 'A game of mirrors: the changing face of ethno-racial constructs and language in the Americas' clearly defines the term Italian-Brazilian: "Italo-Brasileiro (Italian-Brazilian, Brazilian of Italian ancestry)". Limongi (talk) 19:12, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
Well, then source the sentence with this citation. Ninguém (talk) 20:20, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
Post world-war II immigration
This article gives most of its focus to immigration around 1900 because thats when most of the immigration happened. However, tens of thousands of italians immigrated to Brazil after WWII in programs that the Italian government agreed to to ease tensions after the war. (Im getting my info from Italians in Brazil: The Post World War II Experience by Gloria La Cavaz). Doesn't this deserve mentioning? NealJMD (talk) 23:25, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
External links modified
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Worker in Germany
In Germany many Italian Ice and Pizza restaurants had big problems to find workers on weekend. The Italian Director can look for Employment Service working in a restaurant with a EU Passport, like Brazilians with a second passport from the Republic Italy. The orders to clean the restaurant will be given in Italy- The missing German language can be learned Job.
* https://www.zeit.de/wirtschaft/2021-08/personalmangel-gastronomie-corona-lockdown-gastgewerbe-arbeitskraefte 2003:D2:2F2F:1C84:3447:D70A:E629:B597 (talk) 05:02, 4 November 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
How would I extend app to allow users to share their notes?
#1
Hi All, I really loved this tutorial. I am wondering though, the next step for me would be to allow users to share their notes with each other. For instance, they could click on a notes ‘share’ button and give another user access to see that note. How would you go about designing this given the current app architecture? A few questions:
1.) Would it be reasonable to create another dynamo db table that has a list of all the users that a particular user has shared their todo’s with and then augment the todo list to have another section that also listed out those notes? Or would it make more sense to have a note allow multiple users for the userId field?
1.) How would this impact the IAM permissions so that it would allow one user to see the other users todos securely if they have been shared?
Thanks!!
#2
So would a note be shared with other logged in users?
If so, then it’s just a matter of having that note in the list of the notes for that shared user. Currently, you can only see the ones that you created. You can simply add to that. There is nothing IAM related here.
The uploads is a bit different. Currently, they are uploaded to a users “directory” in S3. You would need to change that.
#3
@caseydawsonjordan were you able to figure this out? Interested as well | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Andy Varga
Andrew William Varga (December 11, 1930 – November 4, 1992) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who played for two seasons. He pitched with the Chicago Cubs for one game during the 1950 Chicago Cubs season and two games during the 1951 Chicago Cubs season. The 6 ft, 187 lb left-hander allowed two hits and six bases on balls in four Major League innings pitched. | WIKI |
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OpenXML Developer
Goodbye and Hello
OpenXmlDeveloper.org is Shutting Down
There is a time for all good things to come to an end, and the time has come to shut down OpenXmlDeveloper.org.
Screen-casts and blog posts: Content on OpenXmlDeveloper.org will be moving to EricWhite.com.
Forums: We are moving the forums to EricWhite.com and StackOverflow.com. Please do not post in the forums on OpenXmlDeveloper.org. Instead, please post in the forums at EricWhite.com or at StackOverflow.com.
Please see this blog post for more information about my plans moving forward. Cheers, Eric
Creating Spreadsheet document using OpenXML SDK
• This post has 50 Replies |
• 21 Followers
• These are the steps to create a spreadsheet document using OpenXML SDK
1. Add a reference to Microsoft.Office.DocumentFormat.OpenXml (from .Net tab, provided you have installed SDK)
2. use the namespace
using Microsoft.Office.DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Packaging;
3. Create workbook document and add workbook and worksheet
SpreadsheetDocument spDoc = SpreadsheetDocument.Create(@"c:\testnow.xlsx", SpreadsheetDocumentType.Workbook);
WorkbookPart wbPart = spDoc.AddWorkbookPart();
WorksheetPart wsPart = wbPart.AddNewPart<WorksheetPart>();
4. generate the id for sheet
string relId = wbPart.GetIdOfPart(wsPart);
5. Either create workbook.xml and sheet1.xml file (any file name) or load the existing file. Here, I am loading the existing file
XmlDocument xwb = new XmlDocument();
xwb.Load(@"..\..\workbook.xml");
6. Locate the sheet element and set the r;id attribute to the one we generated in the step 4
XmlNamespaceManager nsManager = new XmlNamespaceManager(xwb.NameTable);
nsManager.AddNamespace("default", xwb.DocumentElement.NamespaceURI);
XmlNodeList nodelist = xwb.SelectNodes("//default:sheets/default:sheet", nsManager);
foreach (XmlNode node in nodelist)
{
string sheetName = node.Attributes["name"].Value;
if (sheetName == "Sheet1")
{
node.Attributes["r:id"].Value = relId;
}
}
7. Load the modified xml file into the workbook part
Stream stream = wbPart.GetStream();
xwb.Save(stream);
8. Load sheet1.xml file in to the worksheet part
XmlDocument xsheet=new XmlDocument();
xsheet.Load(@"..\..\sheet1.xml");
Stream stream1 = wsPart.GetStream();
xsheet.Save(stream1);
6. Close the document handler
spDoc.Close();
• This is what I've been searching for, for 2 days. Thank you so much!
• Hi Sheela, I have 2 questions I hope you can help with.
1. If want to create a completely new .xlsx document with a blank worksheet, how can I do this? How do steps 5-6 change?
2. My end goal is to save my SQL-generated xml data file as a spreadsheet in Excel. When manually opening the xml data file in Excel, I am asked a "How do you want to open this xml" question. What would be the easiest way to do this programatically, (a) Follow your steps to make a blank document, save it, then somehow import the data into the document, and save it? Or (b) Follow your steps up to a point, but then break apart my xml data document and fill the cells myself.
Thank you very much for your help.
-ak
• Hi,
Very sorry for the late reply
1. Step 6, 7remains same, in the step 8, load the sheet1.xml which is blank
i.e
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<worksheet xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/spreadsheetml/2006/main" xmlns:r="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships">
<sheetData><!--no data-->
</sheetData>
</worksheet>
2. Not very clear about the problen defn. As per my understanding
apply XSLT to the xml file generated from database to make OOXML compliant. The same can be loaded to worksheet part
Sheela
• ak47:
My end goal is to save my SQL-generated xml data file as a spreadsheet in Excel.
Hello AK,
I hope all is fine.
You can easily achieve your end goal to save/export your SQL-generated Excel reports in XLSX, XLS or SpreadsheetML format by using Aspose.Cells for Reporting Services.
You can download the evaluation version and its easy-to-understand documentation will definitely help you to do more than you are expecting, I suppose.
Have a good day.
Usman Sarfraz
• Here you are using the file system to load / save your xml files, what if we have the xml in memory, and want to keep the filesystem out of it, how to we control the filename of the part?
• Hi,
Either way, you can not control the filename of the part as we do using in System.Io.Packaging API.
The filename of the parts are predefined (ex for first sheet, it takes as sheet1.xml, for workbook, it takes as workbook.xml).
SDK behaviour is same as word 2007 editor.
Sheela
• None of this works and it does not make sense. What is the point in calling WorkbookPart.AddPart<WorksheetPart>() before loading worksheet.xml.
• I believe we can do the same without loading any ,xml
I don't think loading .xml is the best approach.
Can you do a version without loading .xml?
and btw, you load a workbook.xml,
what is inside this workbook.xml?
• Dear maxi,
what do yu mean by version, i dont understand.
how you can update the XML without loading it.
the workbook.XML contains the framework for the workbook which is predefined format by OpenXML.
workbook.XML contains the information aboutall the entities this workbook will carry like Definition of all the worksheets and relationship, Definition of all the defined names, formula Calculation mode, protection attributes and many more......
Regards
Vikas
• Dear Vikassony,
What I mean is a source code that generate a .xlsx without using any externel .xml source.
I understand workbook.xml have a schema defined. What I want to do is generate a minimal workbook.xml by coding, not by XmlDocument.Load(".xml in your server"), even if that .xml is minimal. and then I will add XmlElement programmatically.
if you load workbook.xml and sheet.xml, the relationship Id is hard coded inside them.
to put my question in another way, I want to generate .xlsx using only coding.
you can see my post http://openxmldeveloper.org/forums/3675/ShowThread.aspx#3675
• Dear Maxi,
In software to implement one flow there can be 10 or more logics.
the objective is to add the base part in all the worksheets/workbook/sharedstring/calcchain
so those scema part either you add by hardcoding or by loading an XML its upto you.
for your reference i am giving you a code sample.
in this code i am adding the XML by reading an Existing XML which you can hard code with a string too and pass to the part.
what i preffered instead of hardcoding a string i have kept the dummy XML files one for each (workbook/worksheet/sharedstring), just read and add that into the part.
the dummy XML contains the only xml which i have commented below.
now you can create the XLSX file only for writting few lines of code.
in next few days you can check my blog with workable solution
http://vikas2tech.spaces.live.com
btw your problem i have tested by below code i works very well.
public void CreateSpreadsheet(string path, string firstSheetName)
{
using (SpreadsheetDocument doc = SpreadsheetDocument.Create(path, SpreadsheetDocumentType.Workbook))
{
//Add the workbook
WorkbookPart workbook = doc.AddWorkbookPart();
//Create the shared strings part
SharedStringTablePart stringTable = workbook.AddNewPart<SharedStringTablePart>();
/*XML=<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<sst xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/spreadsheetml/2006/main">
</sst>*/
this.AddPartXml(stringTable, this.ReadXML(@"Templates\SharedStringTemplate.xml"));
//Create a worksheet
WorksheetPart sheet = workbook.AddNewPart<WorksheetPart>();
//Get the relationship id so the workbook and worksheet can be related
string sheetId = workbook.GetIdOfPart(sheet);
this.AddPartXml(workbook, this.WorkbookXml(sheetId, firstSheetName));
/*XML=<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<workbook xmlns="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/spreadsheetml/2006/main" xmlns:r="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships">
<sheets>
<sheet name="{1}" sheetId="1" r:id="{0}" />
</sheets>
</workbook>*/
this.AddPartXml(sheet, this.ReadXML(@"Templates\WorkSheetTemplate.xml"));
doc.Close();
}
}
protected void AddPartXml(OpenXmlPart part, string xml)
{
using (Stream stream = part.GetStream())
{
byte[] buffer = (new UTF8Encoding()).GetBytes(xml);
stream.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
}
}
Vikas
• thnx sheela, it helps so much
• You could store the xml template in a database.
hth
Mat
• Here is a HelloWorld example with WordprocessingML and SpreadsheetMl using OpenXML SDK 2:
using System.Linq;
using DocumentFormat.OpenXml;
using DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Packaging;
using DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Spreadsheet;
using DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Wordprocessing;
namespace Word_Excel_Dyn
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Program p = new Program();
p.HelloWorldDocx("Hi_World.docx");
p.HelloWorldXlsx("Hi_World.xlsx");
}
public void HelloWorldDocx(string docName)
{
// Create a Wordprocessing document.
using (WordprocessingDocument package = WordprocessingDocument.Create(docName, WordprocessingDocumentType.Document))
{
// Add a new main document part.
package.AddMainDocumentPart();
// Create the Document DOM.
package.MainDocumentPart.Document =
new Document(
new Body(
new Paragraph(
new DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Wordprocessing.Run(
new DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Wordprocessing.Text("Hello World!")))));
// Save changes to the main document part.
package.MainDocumentPart.Document.Save();
}
}
public void HelloWorldXlsx(string docName)
{
// Create a Wordprocessing document.
using (SpreadsheetDocument package = SpreadsheetDocument.Create(docName, SpreadsheetDocumentType.Workbook))
{
// Add a new workbook part.
package.AddWorkbookPart();
package.WorkbookPart.Workbook = new Workbook();
// Add a new worksheet part.
package.WorkbookPart.AddNewPart<WorksheetPart>();
//Create the Spreadsheet DOM.
package.WorkbookPart.WorksheetParts.First().Worksheet =
new Worksheet(
new SheetData(
new Row(
new Cell(
new InlineString(
new DocumentFormat.OpenXml.Spreadsheet.Text("Hello World!"))) { DataType = CellValues.InlineString })));
// Save changes to the spreadsheet part.
package.WorkbookPart.WorksheetParts.First().Worksheet.Save();
// create the worksheet to workbook relation
package.WorkbookPart.Workbook.AppendChild(new Sheets());
package.WorkbookPart.Workbook.GetFirstChild<Sheets>().AppendChild(new Sheet()
{
Id = package.WorkbookPart.GetIdOfPart(package.WorkbookPart.WorksheetParts.First()),
SheetId = 1,
Name = "Hello World!"
});
package.WorkbookPart.Workbook.Save();
}
}
}
}
Page 1 of 4 (51 items) 1234 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Everybody Loves a Winner
Everybody Loves a Winner is an album by American jazz pianist Freddie Redd recorded in 1990 and released on the Milestone label.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states: "Pianist Freddie Redd has not recorded all that much during his 45-year career, but most of his records have been special events. This particular set has eight of Redd's tightly arranged compositions being performed by a fine sextet".
Track listing
All compositions by Freddie Redd
* 1) "Give Me a Break" - 4:26
* 2) "One Up" - 7:05
* 3) "Melancholia" - 4:59
* 4) "Everybody Loves a Winner" - 11:45
* 5) "So Samba" - 8:03
* 6) "And Time Marches On" - 9:03
* 7) "One Down" - 7:13
* 8) "Fuego de Corazon" - 8:08
Personnel
* Freddie Redd - piano
* Curtis Peagler - alto saxophone
* Teddy Edwards - tenor saxophone
* Phil Ranelin - trombone
* Bill Langlois - bass
* Larry Hancock - drums | WIKI |
Talk:Military Secretary to the Prime Minister
Translated from Hebrew wikipedia --Midrashah (talk) 19:30, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
Dates totally not matching up
These dates should be IDENTICAL to the ones here המזכיר הצבאי של ראש הממשלה; why are they not? Why is Isaac Nessyahu (יצחק נסיהו) missing from 63-66? -- C yb er XR ef talk 14:44, 23 January 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males
J Obes. 2012:2012:480467. doi: 10.1155/2012/480467. Epub 2012 Jun 6.
Abstract
To determine the effect of a 12-week high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) intervention on total body, abdominal, trunk, visceral fat mass, and fat free mass of young overweight males. Participants were randomly assigned to either exercise or control group. The intervention group received HIIE three times per week, 20 min per session, for 12 weeks. Aerobic power improved significantly (P < 0.001) by 15% for the exercising group. Exercisers compared to controls experienced significant weight loss of 1.5 kg (P < 0.005) and a significant reduction in total fat mass of 2 kg (P < 0.001). Abdominal and trunk adiposity was also significantly reduced in the exercising group by 0.1 kg (P < 0.05) and 1.5 kg (P < 0.001). Also the exercise group had a significant (P < 0.01) 17% reduction in visceral fat after 12 weeks of HIIE, whereas waist circumference was significantly decreased by week six (P < 0.001). Fat free mass was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the exercising group by 0.4 kg for the leg and 0.7 kg for the trunk. No significant change (P > 0.05) occurred in levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, and blood lipids. Twelve weeks of HIIE resulted in significant reductions in total, abdominal, trunk, and visceral fat and significant increases in fat free mass and aerobic power. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Lanham Lyne
Fritz Lanham Lyne, Jr. (born June 20, 1955), is a businessman from Wichita Falls, Texas, who was from 2011 to 2013 a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 69 in Wichita and Archer counties in North Texas. From 2005 to 2010, he was the mayor of Wichita Falls; all Texas mayors are elected on a nonpartisan ballot.
Background
Lyne was born and reared in Dallas, Texas. He graduated in 1972 from Skyline High School in the Pleasant Grove section of Dallas.
In 1985, he obtained a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls. He was the vice-president of Lyne Energy Partners, a company in the oil industry, from 1984 to 1988, when he was elevated to company president. Lyne has been affiliated with United Way and the YMCA. From 1995 to 1999, he volunteered as the head basketball coach and a part-time history teacher at the private Notre Dame Catholic School in Wichita Falls. Formerly a board member of the First Christian Church, he is now active in Colonial Baptist Church in Wichita Falls. He has taught Sunday school in the churches of which he has been a member since he was in high school.
Political life
In 2005, Lyne won a special election for mayor of Wichita Falls with an outright majority against eight opponents. He was reelected in 2006 with more than 90 percent of the votes cast and ran unopposed in 2008. In 2010, he ran not for mayor but in the Republican primary election for state representative. To win his party nomination, Lyne defeated, 60 to 40 percent, Joseph Anthony "Joe" Clement (born 1956), also of Wichita Falls. In the general election on November 2, he defeated the Democrat Michael L. Smith, 74-26 percent.
In the one legislative session in which Lanham served, he was assigned to the Ways and Means and Environmental Regulation committees.
In 2011, Phyllis Schlafly's Eagle Forum rated Lyne 36 percent conservative. On the other hand, the Young Conservatives of Texas rated him 63 percent conservative. The Texas Association of Business gave him an 85 percent rating. The Sierra Club rated him 42 percent.
Lyne voted to tax sales via the Internet if the company has a physical presence in Texas. Though the measure passed the House, 125-20, it was vetoed by Governor Rick Perry. He voted to reduce funding for state agencies. He voted against a bill to ban texting while driving, another measure which Perry vetoed. He voted against the law signed by Perry which permits corporal punishment in public schools but only with parental consent. Lyne voted against the House majority to ban smoking in most public places; Texas cities may also limit smoking by local measures. He voted for a House-approved amendment offered in 2011 by conservative Representative Wayne Christian to require public colleges and universities to fund student centers that promote family and traditional values.
Lyne voted to restrict state funding to facilities which perform abortions. He supported the 2011 measure which requires women in Texas who procure abortions first to undergo an ultrasound to be informed of the progress in the development of the child. He voted for legislation, passed 102-40 in the House and signed by Governor Perry, which authorizes a county, when determining eligibility for a "sponsored alien" under the Indigent Health Care and Treatment Act, to include in the resources of the applicant any additional incomes of their spouse and sponsor.
Just eight months after taking office as representative, Lyne announced that he would not seek a second term in the office. He expressed a need to devote greater time to his business, but he also voiced discontent with legislative procedures:
"We don't ever get around to the discussions we need to have. It's easy for both sides to draw a line in the sand and just say, 'We need more,' and 'No, you don't,' without ever having a discussion about who needs what. Those are the things that frustrate me. ... I think the thing that bothered me the most was not the political debates, because I expect those and I expect some crazy rhetoric to go with that sometimes. The thing that bothers me is the little things, what I would call petty behavior, kindergarten behavior: 'If you vote against my bill I'm going to kill everything you have.' That's an extreme way of putting it, but that's implied on a lot of things."
Lyne and his wife, Sharla, have six children. | WIKI |
télécommunication
Etymology
First attested 1904, coined by French engineer and novelist, from
Noun
* 1) Telecommunication | WIKI |
User:Yifu6/Public housing
LEGEND
original text
my additions
copyedited
Article body
Public housing was only built with the blessing of the local government, and projects were almost never built on suburban greenfields, but through regeneration of older neighborhoods. The destruction of tenements and eviction of their low-income residents consistently created problems in nearby neighborhoods with "soft" real estate markets. **ADD A LINE ABOUT THE TURN AWAY FROM PUBLIC HOUSING IN THE U.S. AND THE PREFERENCE FOR OTHER APPROACHES SUCH AS SUBSIDIZED HOUSING** **ADD CITATION**.
'''Initiatives in housing policy were implemented in ways that perpetuated stigma against African Americans. Initially, public housing was intended to be built widespread, and as such be mixed-income, but lobbyists who did not want to see public housing decrease their housing values blocked such housing from going up . These early NIMBY movements limited where public housing was concentrated: predominantly in low-income neighborhoods. With the introduction of suburbs and expansion of choices for the white working class, the demographics of public housing changed from more class and racially integrated to predominantly impoverished, single-parent, welfare, and people of color . This led to stigmatization of public housing, through pushing the narrative that people living in public housing were "Welfare Queens", or otherwise living in a state of abject poverty and terrible conditions . These demographic changes also decreased support for housing, leading to the government cutting funding for the program . Because of funding cuts and mismanagement by public housing authorities, public housing started to reflect modern associated characteristics of "soul-crushing" buildings or "humanitarian disasters"--to which the 1993 HOPE VI project's response was demolition .'''
The federal Housing and Urban Development (HUD) department's 1993 HOPE VI program addressed concerns of distressed properties and blighted superblocks with revitalization and funding projects for the renewal of public housing to decrease its density and allow for tenants with mixed income levels. The project paired together the demolition of public housing stock and private development, leading to the displacement of many residents. One of the biggest components of this was the repealing of the "one-for-one" replacement rule, which said that for every unit of housing destroyed a new one must be built '''. HOPE VI's reasoning for repealing this policy was that it was hindering the construction of new, mixed-income units: since the public housing buildings were so massive, those behind HOPE VI believed that trying to match the 'one-for-one' rule would make building new housing extremely difficult . The long-term effect of this was that more housing was demolished than built, and many people were displaced without being guaranteed a spot in the new housing that would get built. This led to the widespread displacement and reshuffling of public house residents: namely, low-income, Black, single-parent families . Narratives that public housing projects were full of crime, drugs, and poverty were used to further justify demolition and destruction of public housing. Such associations between crime, surveillance and policing, and the projects increased in 1996.'''
Projects continue to have a reputation for violence, drug use, and prostitution, especially in New Orleans, Washington, D.C. Chicago and Detroit, leading to the passage of a 1996 federal "one strike you're out" law, enabling the eviction of tenants convicted of crimes, especially drug-related, or merely as a result of being tried for some crimes. Specifically, the Clinton era established, through HUD, the Public Housing Drug Elimination Program, which led to the cracking down of public housing, leading to more policing and surveillance for low-income people of color .
Turn to Subsidized Housing
'''In the 60s and 70s, the popularization of neoliberalism caused a turn away from public sector solutions towards private or public-private solutions. This, in conjunction with the narrative of public housing being obsolete, led to both the turn away from public housing and towards subsidized housing solutions.'''
''Houses, apartments or other residential units are usually subsidized on a rent-geared-to-income (RGI) basis. Some communities have now embraced a mixed income, with both assisted and market rents, when allocating homes as they become available.''
''A significant change in the program took place in 1969, with the passage of the Brooke Amendment. Rents now became set at 25% of a tenant's income with the result that the program began serving the "poorest tenants."''
Other attempts to solve these problems include the 1974 Section 8 Housing Program, which encourages the private sector to construct affordable homes, and subsidized public housing. This assistance can be "project-based", subsidizing properties, or "tenant-based", which provides tenants with a voucher, accepted by some landlords. '''This policy option represented a turn away from the public-sector policy of public housing, instead turning towards the private market to address housing needs. The program, in conjunction with HOPE VI, was intended to create income-integrated communities, by giving residents the choice of where to move . However, the housing voucher program has historically had long wait times and limited choice on where one can actually move . Additionally, it was found that many people of color did not want to move away from their families, communities, and systems of support, as well as experiencing stigma and difficulties with landlords, safety, or expenses . This leads to the program doing little to actually create a more racially-integrated city demographics, mostly reproducing inequality while simultaneously not having enough valid housing units for the long list of applicants .''' | WIKI |
Lymphovascular invasion
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI or lymphovascular space invasion) is the invasion of a cancer to the blood vessels and/or lymphatics.
Terminology
Lymph: A clear or white fluid that travels through vessels, moves within tissues and work to keep all the parts of the body clean. Vascular: The body's network of blood vessels. When cancer spreads to lymph and vascular system, it is thus termed as Lymphovascular Invasion.
Pathology
Lymphovascular invasion, especially in carcinomas, usually precedes spread to the lymph nodes that drain the tissue in which the tumour arose. Conversely, cancers with lymph node spread (known as a lymph node metastases), usually have lymphovascular invasion. Lymph node metastases usually precede secondary tumours, i.e. distant metastases.
The absence of LVI in the context of proven lymph node metastasis is usually thought to be due to sampling error.
Prognostic significance
The predictive value and prevalence of lymphovascular invasion is strongly dependent on the type of cancer. In other words, LVI in one type of cancer may be much less important than LVI in another type of cancer.
Generally speaking, it is associated with lymph node metastases which themselves are predictive of a poorer prognosis. In the context of (histologically) proven lymph node metastases, LVI may have less prognostic significance or no prognostic significance.
Breast cancer
Whether LVI is a significant prognostic factor in breast cancer is widely debated, and there is no clear consensus.
Urothelial carcinoma
In urothelial carcinoma, LVI is an independent predictor of a poorer prognosis that has more predictive power than tumour stage.
Colorectal cancer
In sporadic colorectal carcinoma, LVI of a poorer prognosis. | WIKI |
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/68
46 To crystallize dewdrop and balsam
And dryad-lisped words
And starbeam and moonrise and rapture
And song of wild birds? | WIKI |
1
I am working on the problem posed by this post: Fast way to remove a few items from a list/queue
Basically all I want to do is implement a for loop in C. The for loop needs to access a generator and be able to delete elements of an array (and increment an integer). Something in me tells me this would be painfully difficult, but another part says it could be handled in minutes.
I have no experience writing high level C (I've written code for microcontrollers though), and the tutorials for ctypes and other c-> python seem like they are addressing more difficult problems.
def forfilt():
marked = (i for i, x in enumerate(b) if tokeep(x))
shift = 0
for n in marked:
del b[n - shift]
shift += 1
I'm asking two questions:
• IS this difficult?
• Do you have any pointers/want to write the code yourself? :D
This seems like a rather important problem to me actually. I don't know of any way to quickly do what the original question was asking. I suppose if you know the answer to that, then the question is void.
• 1
Why do you think that C would be faster than the native Python code? – Andreas Jung Apr 23 '11 at 4:53
• because for loops are notoriously slow, and this cannot be solved by a compression. – Garrett Berg Apr 23 '11 at 4:56
• 1
Why dont use Cython or maybe ShedSkin? – joaquin Apr 23 '11 at 8:14
• 1
The given code implemented in C will be slower then using filter or a list comprehension. Every time you use del, it shifts everything in the list over, doing that multiple times is a waste. Just use filter or a list comprehension, you aren't going to get better speed here by going to C. – Winston Ewert Apr 23 '11 at 23:37
• @Winston Ewert: Thanks. I wasn't even thinking about the internals of how lists work. I guess I thought they worked differently. – Garrett Berg Apr 25 '11 at 17:30
3
If all you need is to remove for-loop overhead then it is sufficient to define type of a for loop variable in Cython (pip install cython). Here's a modified remove_inplace_senderle2() in Cython delitems.pyx:
#cython: boundscheck=False, wraparound=False
import cython
@cython.locals(end=cython.Py_ssize_t, i=cython.Py_ssize_t)
def remove_inplace_senderle2(L, keep):
end = 0
for i in range(len(L)):
x = L[end] = L[i]
if keep(x):
end += 1
del L[end:]
for i in range(len(L)) translates to a classic C-loop: for (i=0; i < L_length; ++i) and its overhead is dwarfed by a keep()'s function call overhead.
Note: the above function can be slower in pure Python than L = filter(keep, L) (or listcomp).
See gcd() function for even simpler example how Cython can be compiled and used.
• hey, thanks alot. This is exactly the question I was asking, and the solution seems to be simple and pythonic :D – Garrett Berg Apr 25 '11 at 17:28
2
It depends how simple is simple. Yes, this particular function can be written as in-place memory movement, as long as the input is an array.
size_t for_filt( my_struct *b, size_t n ) {
my_struct *src_pen, *dst_pen;
for ( src_pen = dst_pen = b;
src_pen != b + n;
++ src_pen ) {
if ( tokeep( src_pen ) ) {
memmove( dst_pen ++, src_pen, sizeof (my_struct) );
}
}
return dst_pen - b; /* return number of elements in resulting array */
}
The C++ Standard Library reduces the above function to a one-liner:
n = std::remove_if( b, b+n, std::not1( tokeep ) ) - b;
The function will work with structures besides arrays, but the n = … - b; is array-specific.
2
Writing C code against the CPython C-API is considerably more pleasant than writing C code without the support of such an API. However, it is primarily the building and linking process and getting all that set up which can be rather tedious. Once you have a C extension in place, adding to it isn't too difficult (although there is still some fiddling around to do getting things properly exposed at the Python level and making sure all your reference counts are correct).
Other static compilation tools like Cython similar suffer from relatively high setup costs to get the compiled extension working in the first place, but are much easier to use once that is already in place.
In relation to your specific question, by comparing the list comprehension approach to the filter builtin (or its Py3k equivalent, functools.filter) the poster of the question you linked has already demonstrated the effect of dropping the looping code down into C - native looping is one of the major benefits of the builtin iteration and reduction functions like sum, any, all, map and filter.
The removal of the Python level loop overhead is likely responsible for most of the measured ~10% difference in the performance of the two approaches (list comprehension vs filter call).
Your Answer
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Corum (Montpellier)
Montpellier's Corum is a building that houses both a conference centre and an opera house (Opéra Berlioz), and is located in the centre of the city in southern France.
It was designed by Claude Vasconi and opened to the public in 1988. The building forms the visual closing of the Esplanade seen from the Place de la Comédie. It is covered in slabs of pink marble. The high costs of the building were subject of political debate in the 1980s, mostly directed against then-mayor Georges Frêche.
The Conference Center has 6000 m² of exhibition space. The Opéra Berlioz, named after Hector Berlioz, seats 2000 persons, and since 1990 has been one of the performance venues for the Opéra National de Montpellier. | WIKI |
Sara Cakarevic
Sara Cakarevic (Сара Чакаревић; born 12 March 1997) is a French tennis player.
She has a career-high WTA singles ranking of 304, achieved on 23 July 2018. Cakarevic also has a career-high WTA doubles ranking of 319, achieved on 30 October 2017. She has won five singles titles and one doubles title on the ITF Circuit.
Cakarevic made her Grand Slam main-draw debut at the 2018 French Open, after receiving a wildcard into the women's doubles tournament, partnering with Jessika Ponchet. | WIKI |
Circus performance for vision- and hearing-impaired kids | Newsday
Get breaking news alerts from Newsday Turn on notifications? Desktop notifications are on | Turn off You might be using private browsing or have notifications blocked. Please enable notifications or using normal browsing mode. We can't find a newsday subscription associated with this login information. You can use either an Optimum or Newsday login by clicking the 'Connect Account' button and verifying your subscription information. FUN2C: A Circus Fantasy offers shows from July 9 to 12, 2015, at Tilles Center for the Performing Arts, LIU Post, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville. Photo Credit: Big Apple Circus A performance of the Big Apple Circus geared toward children or adults with vision or hearing impairments is scheduled for 10 a.m. Thursday at the Tilles Center for the Performing Arts at LIU Post, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville. Wireless audio headsets will offer a play-by-play description of the action. American Sign Language interpreters will be positioned in spotlights to sign throughout the performances. Large-print or Braille programs will be available. A touch session after the show lets pre-selected groups of visually impaired children go into the ring to literally feel a clown nose, a juggler's clubs, or the coat of a performing dog. The show, called FUN2C: A Circus Fantasy, features jugglers, clowns, animals, aerialists, acrobats and more. For more information on Circus of the Senses and specially priced tickets for visually- and hearing-impaired audience members, call 516-299-3100. Things to do with kids, events, more. By clicking Sign up, you agree to our privacy policy. Comments section is temporarily on hold. Here's why. Privacy Policy | Terms of service |Subscription terms |Your ad choices |Contact Newsday |Reprints & permissions |Advertise with Newsday |Help Copyright var currentYear = new Date().getFullYear();document.write(currentYear); Newsday. All rights reserved. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Mary White (Green Party politician)
Mary White (born 24 November 1948) is an Irish former Green Party politician who served as a Minister of State from 2010 to 2011 and Deputy leader of the Green Party from 2001 to 2011. She served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency from 2007 to 2011.
Early and personal life
White was born in Bray, County Wicklow, educated at the Ursuline Convent, Waterford and Trinity College Dublin. At Trinity, she was a founding member of the English Society and received a Pink (award) for sporting excellence. She is married to Robert White and has one daughter. They have lived in Borris, County Carlow since 1987. She has co-edited a book on walking in the Blackstairs Mountains with Joss Lynam and authored another, Environment, Mining and Politics. She is also a keen hill-walker, linguist and organic grower.
Political career
She was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1997 general election and 2002 general election, but was elected to Carlow County Council at the 1999 local elections. She topped the poll in the Borris local electoral area, and was re-elected at the 2004 local elections, serving until 2007. She also ran for Seanad Éireann in 2002 but only received 35 votes.
In 2004, she was the Green Party candidate at the European Parliament election for the East constituency, seeking to succeed outgoing Green MEP Nuala Ahern. She secured 5.6% of the first preference vote but was not elected.
She was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2007 general election, making her the first female TD elected for the Green party and for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency.
On 23 March 2010, as part of a reshuffle, she was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Justice and Law Reform, at the Department of Children and Youth Affairs and the Department of Education and Skills, with special responsibility for Equality, Human Rights and Integration.
She resigned as Minister of State on 23 January 2011, when the Green Party withdrew from government.
She lost her seat at the 2011 general election. She was subsequently replaced as Deputy leader of the Green Party by Catherine Martin. | WIKI |
Talk:Whit Johnson
Locating Sources
Making a project out of finding the proper inline sources for this page. I notice in the Career section there is a discrepancy where two different dates are listed for Johnson's GMA debut. Looking at his Twitter it looks like what this was was that he debuted as a correspondent in March 2018 but became a weekend anchor the following September, so I'll adjust the text there. I haven't found a better source than his twitter account for this information, so for now, that's what I am going to cite. Not that the source isn't reliable, but a news article from a reliable source might be preferable if anyone finds one.
I'm also struggling to find a source for his supposed ABC World News Tonight debut date of March 21, 2018. The best I can find is an announcement of him joining ABC as a correspondent on March 12, 2018. I am going to replace the debut date with this announcement for the time being until someone can find a source for the March 21 date. Delightfulhuman (talk) 02:20, 11 May 2022 (UTC)
* Actually upon further review I think the ABC World News Tonight debut date of March 21, 2018 was mistaken. (Perhaps the editor confused his debut on that program with his having joined ABC News?) It looks like he wasn't on ABC World News Tonight until Feb, 2021. I've updated the article text based on what the sources support. Delightfulhuman (talk) 03:50, 11 May 2022 (UTC)
* While the twitter sources do give a general sense of when certain of his job events happened, the text was inferring a little more than could safely be stated. I've pared it down to be on the safer side. Blunderbuss24 (talk) 03:18, 13 May 2022 (UTC)
* [Same user as Delightfulhuman, btw, just forgot my pw. Now I'm talking to myself like Ian Malcolm.] Blunderbuss24 (talk) 04:33, 13 May 2022 (UTC)
Former FBI agent
Uhm like you guys too? I specifically remember him hosting the abc morning show on weekends and during a certain instance them going to him so has it been like just a coverup? R u wiki tweaks? Since the stories of collusion with fbi and media? Man really thought I could trust y’all… 2600:6C67:2800:BEE:C14:A0C3:B918:3522 (talk) 00:39, 3 January 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Frans van Bleyswyck
Frans van Bleyswyck (May 1671 - October 1746) was an engraver from Leiden. Van Bleyswyck was christened in the Hoogland Church, Leiden, on 24 May 1671. It was the occasion for him to receive the Christian name of Frans. His main work was producing illustrations, including portraits, for books. In 1706 he enrolled with the Guild of Saint Luke in Leiden. The leiden etcher and engraver Johannes van der Spyck was his student. | WIKI |
Cars on the Road
Cars on the Road is an American animated series of shorts produced by Pixar Animation Studios for the Disney+ streaming service and based on the Cars franchise. The main cast includes Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen and Larry the Cable Guy as Mater. The series is written by Steve Purcell and produced by Marc Sondheimer. Set after the events of Cars 3 (2017), Cars on the Road follows Lightning (Wilson) and Mater (Cable Guy) as they embark on a road trip to attend the wedding of Mater's sister, while visiting various locations and characters along the way.
The short series was announced in December 2020, during Disney's Investor Day. Sondheimer says the directors worked together to maintain continuity within the series. The title was revealed in November 2021, during Pixar's special for 2021's Disney+ Day. Concepts for the episodes include stories which pay homage to films such as Mad Max (1979) and The Shining (1980). The production designer altered the lighting to further evoke Ray Harryhausen's films. Production for the series took place over 15 months. Jake Monaco provided the score for all nine episodes, who also co-wrote the series' title theme song with Bobby Podesta, with Bobby Hamrick performing the song.
Cars on the Road premiered on September 8, 2022, as part of Disney+ Day. The series received positive reviews for its vocal performances, messages, humor, role models and homages to pop culture.
Premise
Some years after Lightning McQueen and Cruz Ramirez won the Florida 500 against Jackson Storm in the events of Cars 3 (2017), Lightning McQueen and Mater embark on a cross-country road trip around the United States to attend the wedding of Mater's sister, Mato. Along the way, they come across various locations and characters old and new.
Voice cast
* Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen
* Larry the Cable Guy as Mater
* Quinta Brunson as Ivy
* Bonnie Hunt as Sally Carrera
* Jenifer Lewis as Flo
* Cheech Marin as Ramone
* Lloyd Sherr as Fillmore
* Tony Shalhoub as Luigi
* Guido Quaroni as Guido
* Tania Gunadi as Lisa
* Ruth Livier as Louise
* Steve Purcell as Randy / Wraith Rod
* Matthew Yang King as Clutch Humboldt / Wraith Rod / Crew Pitty
* Kathy Holly as Speed Demon
* Masa Kanome as Noriyuki
* Toks Olagundoye as Margaret Motorray / Chiefess
* Gabby Sanalitro as Griswold
* Megan Cavanagh as Mae Pillar-Durev / Bella Cadavre
* Hayden Bishop as Kay Pillar-Durev / 1st AD
* Secunda Wood as Brakelight Pictures' producer
* Matt Lowe as Brakelight Pictures' crew members
* Zeno Robinson as Lance the Writer / Jeremy
* Dave Fennoy as Town Marshall / Justice Stern
* Tom Bromhead as Cap'n Long Leggy
* Debra Cardona as Squat
* Cristela Alonzo as Cruz Ramirez
* Dana Powell as Mato
* Oscar Camacho as Mateo
Red, Mack, Sheriff, Sarge and Lizzie make silent cameos in "Dino Park". Taco makes a silent cameo in "The Legend".
Development
On December 10, 2020, Pixar announced on Disney Investors Day that an animated series starring Lightning McQueen and Mater traveling the country while meeting friends, new and old, was in development and that it would be released on Disney+ in the fall of 2022. It also announced that the series is written by Steve Purcell and produced by Marc Sondheimer, with Purcell, Bobby Podesta and Cars 3 director Brian Fee directing episodes for the series. According to Sondheimer, the directors worked together to maintain continuity within the series. On November 12, 2021, it was announced that the series would be titled Cars on the Road. Production for the series took place over 15 months. According to Purcell, a few concepts for episodes were unusued, througth he hopes to use them in a potential second season.
Writing
The filmmakers wanted a short-form series because they felt it was the best way to explore the concept of a road trip, while also exploring the relationship between Lightning and Mater, as the producers felt the characters lacked screentime together. Each episode features a different tone and genre. The concept for the series was suggested by Purcell as the producers brainstormed ideas, having been inspired by a childhood road trip he took with his family; he wanted to explore how Lightning and Mater react to finding themselves in different scenarios. Purcell also sought for each episode to have "a totally new sensibility" for which McQueen and Mater would react to. According to Purcell, the story for each episode was decided out of a basic scenario, after which the filmmakers pitched concepts that fit within the Cars world and had not been explored before. Concepts for the episodes include stories inspired by films such as Mad Max and The Shining. For Mater's relationship with his sister, Mato, Podesta drew inspiration from his relationship with his sisters. The writers were also deliberatedly vague on Mato's personality beyond her relationship with Mater until the final episode in order to create audience expectation.
Casting
On November 12, 2021, it was announced that Owen Wilson and Larry the Cable Guy would reprise their respective roles as Lightning McQueen and Mater. According to director Brian Fee, Larry and Wilson were allowed to provide suggestions while recording their lines.
Animation
According to Podesta, the series was animated under a shorter time frame than usual, with each episode taking 5 weeks to animate. One of the episodes features a flashback sequence to the prehistoric era. For the flashback, animators were inspired by the work of stop-motion animator Ray Harryhausen, whose films Purcell watched in his childhood. For both the dinosaurs' movement and when Lightning and Mater's prehistoric counterparts are picked by the dinosaurs, animators deactivated the motion blur, which they did use for the rest of the sequence, to reflect the feeling of Harryhausen's films. The production designer also altered the lighting to further evoke his films. Other elements such as frames were also altered.
Music
Following the trailer's release, it was revealed Jake Monaco composed the score for all nine episodes. Monaco also co-wrote the series' title theme song alongside director Bobby Podesta, with Bobby Hamrick performing the song. Each episode features a variation of the theme song to reflecting its style. The soundtrack, featuring Monaco's score and four songs, including two versions of the theme, was released on September 5, 2022.
Release
Cars on the Road premiered on September 8, 2022 on Disney+, part of Disney+ Day and consists of nine episodes.
Additionally, the show premiered on the Disney Junior YouTube channel on September 5, 2023, where all episodes were released until December 24, 2023. Disney Junior uploaded a compilation of the entire show on January 7, 2024, too. Moreover, the official Pixar Cars YouTube channel uploaded a compilation of the first five episodes on February 7, 2024 and of the remaining ones on March 14, 2024. Internationally, the show received a YouTube release for the German-speaking region on Disney Junior Deutschland, starting off on October 30, 2023. Other than that, Cars on the Road had its linear debut on the German Disney Channel on November 19, 2023.
Marketing
The official trailer was released by Pixar’s YouTube channel on August 1, 2022. To promote the series' release, McDonald's launched its promotional campaign by including one of eight toys free with the purchase of a Happy Meal.
Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 93% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.00/10 based on 14 reviews.
Joel Keller of Decider found the series to be a classic buddy road trip, praising the humor and the way the show parodies pop culture, while applauding the performances of the voice actors, citing the dynamic between Owen Wilson and Larry the Cable Guy. Polly Conway of Common Sense Media rated the series 4 out of 5 stars, praised the depiction of positive messages and role models, citing friendship and discovery, while finding the series entertaining across its humor and family-friendly. Randy Myers of The Mercury News gave the series 3 out of 4 stars, called the setup simple yet efficient and found the series joyful and entertaining, stating it succeeds to celebrate friendship across the characters, while acknowledging the references to pop culture.
Audience viewership
According to Flix Patrol, Cars on the Road was the 7th most watched streaming series on Disney+ in the week of its release, as well as the 3rd and 9th most watched in its second and third week respectively. On Disney Junior's YouTube channel, all episodes have amassed more than 34 million views with the most popular episodes being Trucks (9,6M), Salt Fever (6,1M) and Lights Out (5,3M). The compilation adds an additional 11 million views as of June 2024. The compilations on the Cars YouTube channel have 7 and 6 million views respectively.
Additionally, the official music video for the song Trucks from the episode of the same name has received more than 66 million views on YouTube.
Accolades
Christopher Foreman, Elana Lederman, John Lockwood, Jae Jun Yi, Justin Ritter were nominated for the short "Road Rumblers" for the category Outstanding Achievement for Animated Effects in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production at the 50th Annie Awards. The series is nominated for Outstanding Editing for an Animated Program for Jason Brodkey and Serena Warner at the 2nd Children's and Family Emmy Awards. It is also nominated for Short Form Series with associate casting directors Natalie Lyon, Kevin Reher and Kate Hansen-Birnbaum at the 39th Artios Awards. | WIKI |
Ioan Sdrobiș
Ioan "Părintele" Sdrobiș (born 9 March 1946) is a Romanian former football manager. As a manager Sdrobiș was well known for promoting young players in the teams he trained and to be a team maker, hence the nickname, Părintele (The Father). Sdrobiș managed historical clubs in Romania as: Oțelul Galați, Selena Bacău, Universitatea Cluj, Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț, CSM Reșița and Jiul Petroșani among others. Sdrobiș is also known for making Cristian Chivu CSM Reșița's captain when he was still a very young player, giving him much confidence. | WIKI |
User:Sarfrazhamza
My name is Hamza Sarfraz, I am studying Information Management for Business at UCL and am editing articles as part of an assignment. | WIKI |
User:Alexwatsoninc
Alex Watson Inc. has been on Wikipedia since 2007 and have added many relevant pages onto the site. | WIKI |
Page:Condor21(5).djvu/25
Sept, 1919 BIRD NOTES FROM OREGON AND CALIItORNIA 199 mostly during month of June. Some downies were seen as early as June 7, and they were still in evidence late in July. Marila marila. Greater Scaup. Marila affinis. Lesser Scaup. Scaup ducks were plentiful at Clear Lake in April and both species identified, though, owing to their simi- larity, in most cases identification was impossible, and I am in doubt as to the compara- tive abundance of the two. At Malheur they were fairly common in spring until about May 10, and in fall after August 5. They were also noted occasionally in summer but, in this locality, I was never able to approach dosely enough to be sure of the species. Marila collaris. Ring-necked Duck. The only time that this duck was positively identified was on April 6 at Clear Lake, when three pairs were observed at the mouth o[ Willow Creek. They were approached closely and carefully examined with glasses. The bill markings, white spot on throat and ring on neck were plainly seen on the male birds. Clangula americana. Golden-eye. Noted several times-on Blitzen River in late April and early May. Charltonetta albeola. Bufflehead. Female seen at Clear Lake April 7. Fairly common at Malheur in spring until about May 10. Fig. 4. NEST OF GADWALL AT MLHEUR LKE, OREON. Erismatura jamalcensis. Ruddy Duck. Breeding abundantly in tules at Malheur Lake, generally fairly dose to open water. Several nests noted in sides of muskrat houses. Bulk of nesting in June. Young seen as early as June ? and as late as early August. Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus. Lesser Snow Goose. Four birds seen at Clear Lake April 6. Common locally on meadowlands between Malheur Lake and Burns in late April. Single bird seen on Blitzen River May 12 and two more in same locality June 21. Anser alblfrons alblfrons. White-fronted Goose. About twenty-five birds seen at Clear Lake April 15. Branta canadensis caadensis. Canada Goose. Forty-six nests examined on vari- ous small islands in Clear Lake. Began to lay the latter part of March. Most of the nests contained from four to seven eggs, though eight or nine were seen occasionally, ten in one instance and twelve in another. It may be that these larger sets were the product of more than one female. Also in two nests examined were two addled eggs of last year together with newly laid eggs. Most of the nests were on bare ground among the sage-bushes but several were built among the rocks and one was in small cave in | WIKI |
SoftBank investing $5 billion in China ride hailing firm Didi Chuxing
TOKYO (Reuters) - SoftBank Group Corp said it has agreed to invest $5 billion in China’s Didi Chuxing, confirming it led a recent fund-raising round by the ride-hailing firm that sources said valued Didi at more than $50 billion. Didi said last month it raised more than $5.5 billion to expand its business overseas and develop artificial intelligence technology. Sources had said investors included SoftBank. A SoftBank spokesman said on Friday the investment was related to Didi’s last fund-raising round. SoftBank is trying to transform itself into the “Berkshire Hathaway of the tech industry” with the launch soon of a $100 billion technology fund as telecoms services markets mature. It has already announced plans to invest at least $25 billion over the next five years in the fund, which would be one of the world’s largest private equity investors. Analysts expect debt-heavy SoftBank to transfer some of its existing investments to the fund to meet that commitment. SoftBank disclosed the Didi investment in a statement seen by Reuters on Friday and first reported by local media. It said the impact of the investment on its results for the year ending March 2018 had not yet been determined. SoftBank Chief Executive Masayoshi Son said earlier this week said talks had begun with about 30 companies on potential investments from the technology fund. Reporting by Junko Fujita; Editing by Miral Fahmy and Muralikumar Anantharaman | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:English Historical Review Volume 37.djvu/279
1922 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 271 son in his Calendar of Close Rolls and partly on the authority of the New English Dictionary. But no one has ever seen a seal made by using the reverse side of the matrix of the Great Seal only, and until such a seal is forthcoming respectful doubt is permissible. Of the existence of a half- seal in the English chancery there is indeed no doubt ; it is mentioned in statutes from 1 Henry VIII, c. 16 down to 2 & 3 William IV, c. 92, and it is always spoken of with familiarity and respect ; and yet no one has ever seen a specimen of the English half -seal, or handled a matrix adapted to create it. This is not a little odd, but it becomes still odder when the history of the quarter-seal of the Scottish Chancery is considered. This seal, which is used for letters that in England would be letters close, is well known ; specimens of the seals exist and can be examined ; the matrices are in existence, and the seal is still in use. In view of the general puzzledom of the subject it need not surprise us to learn that it is not a quarter-seal at all, but a seal in the shape of a semicircle, with an obverse and a reverse, modelled on the obverse and reverse of the great seal, and only differing from it in a few minute points. Now its existence seems to suggest as a possible hypothesis that the half-seal of England may have been a seal of this character, and it is at least possible that the phrase sub pede sigilli may mean that in those cases also that seal was employed. Only the production of such a seal or its matrix can prove such an hypothesis ; but it is possible to support it on the evidence of fragments, even small fragments, of seals found adher- ing to the tags of letters close. The Public Record Office is a bad place for the discovery of such evidence. A returned letter close is of little impor- tance, once its duty has been done, and though neglect is often the best preservative of parchment, it is fatal to seals. Still even there two speci- mens of letters close x are known, still bearing small fragments of seals, showing a reverse and obverse, which are assuredly not great seals. The best preserved of these shows a few letters of the legend. These letters are the same size as the letters on the legend of the Great Seal ; the curve of the seal and its consequent diameter are those of the Great Seal, so far as the small size of the fragment enables them to be determined. But the tongue to which this seal is attached measures just two inches from the point at which it leaves the body of the writ to the point at which the outer rim of the seal was fixed ; and the diameter of the Great Seal of the date, the reign of Edward II, is 3'9 inches. There is room for a half -seal, but not for a whole seal. Two instances are much, but scarcely enough. Had it not been for Mr. Salter's wisdom in printing all the documents in his collection, the most remarkable case might never have been known. It is no. 101 in the first volume of his work. Again we have the same make-up ; a single narrow tag, with the seal half-way along it, and the address written at the end of the tag. The seal is of course only a fragment, but so far as its appearance goes it might be a largish fragment of the Great Seal ; it is certainly the largest fragment I have ever seen attached to a letter of the kind. Again, its position on the tag makes it clear that there is only room for a half-seal and not for a whole seal. It may be added that no. 103 is another letter of the same 1 The reference is R. S. 418 and 419. | WIKI |
Buffalo Elementary School of Technology
Buffalo Elementary School of Technology (formerly P.S. 6 and later Academic Challenge Center) is an elementary school located in Buffalo, New York. It is located at 414 South Division Street in Buffalo and serves Grades K through 8. the acting principal is Karen Piotrowski. The previous principal, Sharon Brown, was transferred.
History
The school was established in 1839 as P.S. 6. In 1977 the school became one of the first magnet schools in the city and was renamed the "Academic Challenge Center." In 1997 the school was renamed "Buffalo Elementary School of Technology" in response to the school adopting a program that would integrate technology use into all subject areas.
Former principals
Previous assignment and reason for departure denoted in parentheses
* Mary Caldwell
* S.G. Love
* Ephraim F. Cook
* Samuel Slade
* Henry H. Rogers
* William D. Fisher
* Thomas W. Connors
* Gordon H. Higgins
* Philip W. Patti
* David M. Hansen
* Jane Cunningham
* Paul Lafornara
* Edith James
* Marion Canedo–?-1991
* Bernice T. Richardson–1991-1995 (Director - Liberty Partnership Program at Buffalo State College, placed on leave )
* Nathaniel McCrea–1995-2007 (Assistant Principal - Frederick Law Olmsted 64, placed on assignment)
* Debra Sellivan-Pores–2007-2011 (Assistant Principal - International School 45, named Principal of West Hertel Academy )
* Sharon Brown–2011-2014 (Principal - West Hertel Academy, named Principal of D'Youville Porter Campus School) | WIKI |
Helmet Falls
Helmet Falls is a tiered waterfall located in Kootenay National Park in British Columbia, Canada. With total height of 352 m, Helmet Falls is the 11th tallest confirmed waterfall in the Canadian Rockies, as well as one of the most significant waterfalls in British Columbia based on both height and volume.
Description
The waterfall drops over the edge of a hanging valley situated on the northeast face of Helmet Mountain and descends down the face of a massive amphitheatre-like cliff. The upper tier is largest, plunging between 250-300 m into a narrow gorge where the small middle tier is found. As the creek spills out of the canyon, it plunges another 40-50 m to the valley floor. In addition, resurgent stream spills out of the side of the cliff and joins the upper fall from the east.
The waterfall is fed by Helmet Creek, which itself is formed from the meltwater of West Washmawapta Glacier located atop the aforementioned hanging valley. The creek is a tributary of Vermilion River.
Access
Helmet Falls is located at the end of a 15 km, moderately difficult hiking trail. The trailhead is located at the Painted Pots parking lot off Highway 93. | WIKI |
Obadyah BEN-YISRAYL, f/k/a Christopher Peterson, Petitioner, v. Cecil DAVIS, Superintendent, Indiana State Prison, Respondent.
No. 3:01 CV 65 AS.
United States District Court, N.D. Indiana, South Bend Division.
Dec. 27, 2002.
Prentice H. Marshall Jr., John H. Gallo, Denise Keliuotis, Kelly Cox, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff/Petitioner.
Thomas D. Perkins, Gary Damon Sec-rest, Indianapolis, IN, for Defendant/Respondent.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
ALLEN SHARP, Judge.
Petitioner, Obadyah Ben-Yisrayl, f/k/a Christopher Peterson, was convicted of murder in a state court trial conducted in Lake County, Indiana, and was sentenced to death by the judge conducting that trial. The within petition was filed by counsel in this Court on January 23, 2001 and oral argument was heard in South Bend, Indiana on December 5, 2002. This Court greatly appreciates the high degree of professional competence displayed by appointed counsel for this petitioner.
The extensive state record has been filed and examined by this Court under the mandates of Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 83 S.Ct. 745, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963) and under the mandates of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b). Immediate reference is made to the two decisions in this case by the Supreme Court of Indiana, namely Peterson v. State, 674 N.E.2d 528 (Ind.1996), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1078, 118 S.Ct. 858, 139 L.Ed.2d 757 (1998) and Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 729 N.E.2d 102 (Ind.2000), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 830, 122 S.Ct. 73, 151 L.Ed.2d 38 (2001). This petitioner is now confined on death row at the Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Indiana in this district.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The Indiana Supreme Court, in its opinion on direct appeal, described the crime committed by Peterson as follows:
On the afternoon of December 18, 1990, the Balovski brothers were each found dead inside the Eh Tailor Shop from shotgun wounds to the head. A sawed-off shotgun later recovered from the defendant’s apartment was found to have fired a spent casing recovered from the crime scene. The defendant gave a statement to police admitting the shooting of the Balovski brothers, and he made incriminating admissions to an acquaintance.
Peterson v. State, 674 N.E.2d 528, 532 (Ind.1996). During the late fall of 1990, several shotgun murders had occurred in Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana. Witnesses, including one sitting with a victim when the attack occurred, reported the “shotgun killer” to be a white man. However, in January 1991, Antoine McGee, a light-skinned black man, was questioned by police in connection with a shooting during an armed robbery at the Gainer Bank branch at the Southlake Mall in Mer-rillville, Indiana. McGee was accused of being the shotgun killer. McGee denied the accusation, but asserted that Peterson was the shotgun killer. McGee took police to Peterson’s mother’s home. She gave police permission to enter the home, where they found a shotgun, later determined to be that of the shotgun killer, in a closet in Peterson’s bedroom, a room to which McGee also had regular access. Police apprehended Peterson at approximately 4:00 a.m. on January 30, 1991. Peterson was questioned by police until mid-afternoon, at which time he asked to speak with his mother. After a brief conversation, Peterson then asked if he could “sleep on it.” The next morning, Peterson was again interviewed by the police, at which time he confessed to committing all seven of the shotgun murders. Peterson was not presented before Lake County Magistrate Judge T. Edward Page until late in the afternoon of January 31, 1991, and Page made a record that he had been waiting all afternoon for Peterson to appear while police continued to interview him.
Peterson was tried twice in Lake County for three of the murders and was acquitted in those two trials, despite his confession. He was then tried in Porter County and convicted of the two murders there, and was sentenced to death. See Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 690 N.E.2d 1141 (Ind.1997), post-conviction relief denied 753 N.E.2d 649 (Ind.2001). Lake County then prosecuted Peterson in the present case.
II. Standard of Review
A claim under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 requires the federal habeas court to ensure that the state criminal conviction was not achieved at the expense of the petitioner’s constitutional rights. Justice Stewart, speaking for the Supreme Court of the United States in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), described the role of the federal district courts in habeas proceedings:
A judgment by a state appellate court rejecting a challenge to evidentiary sufficiency is of course entitled to deference by the federal courts, as is any judgment affirming a criminal conviction. But Congress in § 2254 has selected the federal district courts as precisely the forums that are responsible for determining whether state convictions have been secured in accord with federal constitutional law. The federal habeas corpus statute presumes the norm of a fair trial in the state court and adequate state postconviction remedies to redress possible error. What it does not presume is that these state proceedings will always be without error in the constitutional sense. The duty of a federal ha-beas corpus court to appraise a claim that constitutional error did occur — reflecting as it does the belief that the “finality” of a deprivation of liberty through the invocation of the criminal sanction is simply not to be achieved at the expense of a constitutional right — is not one that can be so lightly abjured.
Id. at 323, 99 S.Ct. at 2791 (citation omitted).
The Congress of the United States has codified the holdings of Jackson and its progeny through the AEDPA, which amended 28 U.S.C. § 2254, in relevant part, as follows:
In a proceeding instituted by an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court, a determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct. The applicant shall have the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
When Congress passed the AEDPA, the standards of review that the court must apply to the merits of a petition for writ of habeas corpus under § 2254 also changed significantly. Section 2254 was further amended in pertinent part:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in the State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim—
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). As such, the AEDPA provides a “new, highly deferential standard for evaluating state court rulings.” Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 333 n. 7, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997). The Supreme Court handed down an opinion further explaining the application of the AEDPA on April 18, 2000, in Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). Williams v. Taylor specifically addresses the application of the “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established law” language from the AEDPA in the Strickland context. 120 S.Ct. at 1499. In a divided opinion, Justice O’Connor delivered the opinion of the court regarding the appropriate interpretation of that clause. Id. at 1516. Specifically, the court held that “contrary to” and “involved an unreasonable application of’ clauses of the statute have independent meaning. Id. at 1519. The court defined “contrary to” as an instance where the state court “applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in our cases,” or “confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of this Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from our precedent.” Id. at 1519-20. The court held that “a federal habeas court making the ‘unreasonable application’ inquiry should ask whether the state court’s application of clearly established federal law was objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 1521. Concluding the section of her opinion defining the statute, Justice O’Connor stated as follows:
Under § 2254(d)(1), the writ may issue only if one of the following two conditions is satisfied — the state-court adjudication resulted in a decision that (1) “was contrary to ... clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or (2) “involved an unreasonable application of ... clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” Under the “contrary to” clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Court on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than this Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts. Under the “unreasonable application” clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from this Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.
Id. at 1523.
It remains basic to this day that claims of constitutional violations must first be fairly presented to the state court, as defined by Justice Scalia in Castille v. Peoples, 489 U.S. 346, 109 S.Ct. 1056, 103 L.Ed.2d 380 (1989), and reaffirmed most recently in O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 119 S.Ct. 1728, 144 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999). In Moore v. Parke, 148 F.3d 705 (7th Cir.1998), the Seventh Circuit explained that:
A prerequisite for applying this section is that the state court adjudicated the issue before us on the merits. ... [Because] the state courts did not address Moore’s sufficiency of the evidence argument on the merits, ... the new standard of review in AEDPA does not apply-
148 F.3d at 708. However, the court went on to explain that the petitioner must first have “provided the state courts with a full and fair opportunity to review his claims.” Id., citing Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 92 S.Ct. 509, 30 L.Ed.2d 438 (1971). The Seventh Circuit has provided the following framework to determine whether a state court has been provided a fair opportunity to consider a petitioner’s federal constitutional claims:
If the petitioner’s argument to the state court did not: (1) rely on pertinent federal cases employing constitutional analysis; (2) rely on state cases applying constitutional analysis to a similar factual situation; (3) assert the claim in terms so particular as to call to mind a specific constitutional right; or (4) allege a pattern of facts that is well within the mainstream of constitutional litigation, then this court will not consider the state courts to have had a fair opportunity to consider the claim. However, the presence of one of these factors, particularly factors (1) or (2), does not automatically avoid a waiver; the court must consider the specific facts of each case.
Verdin v. O’Leary, 972 F.2d 1467, 1473-74 (7th Cir.1992). Petitioner, here represented by able and experienced death penalty counsel, has the burden to establish a basis for federal collateral relief.
In two recent opinions, the Supreme Court of the United States has written clearly on this species of review with all justices on the same page! In Woodford v. Visciotti — U.S. —, 123 S.Ct. 357, 360-61, 154 L.Ed.2d 279 (2002) that Court stated:
Despite all these citations of, and quotations from, Strickland, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the California Supreme Court had held respondent to a standard of proof higher than what that case prescribes for one reason: in three places (there was in fact a fourth) the opinion differ “reasonably.” 288 F.3d at 1108-1109, and n. 11. This was error. The California Supreme Court’s opinion painstakingly describes the Strickland standard. Its occasional shorthand reference to that standard by use of the term “probable” without the modifier may perhaps be imprecise, but if so it can no more be considered a repudiation of the standard than can this Court’s own occasional indulgence in the same imprecision. See Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162, 122 S.Ct. 1237, 1241, 152 L.Ed.2d 291 (2002) (“probable effect upon the outcome”); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 393, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000) (“probably affected the outcome”).
The Court of Appeals made no effort to reconcile the state court’s use of the term “probable” with its use, elsewhere, of Strickland’s term “reasonably probable,” nor did it eve n acknowledge, much less discuss, the California Supreme Court’s proper framing of the question as whether the evidence “undermines confidence” in the outcome of the sentencing proceeding. This readiness to attribute error is inconsistent with the presumption that state courts know and follow the law. See, e.g., Parker v. Dugger, 498 U.S. 308, 314-316, 111 S.Ct. 731, 112 L.Ed.2d 812 (1991); Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639, 653, 110 S.Ct. 3047, 111 L.Ed.2d 511 (1990), overruled on other grounds, Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002); LaVallee v. Delle Rose, 410 U.S. 690, 695, 93 S.Ct. 1203, 35 L.Ed.2d 637 (1973) (per curiam). It is also incompatible with § 2254(d)’s “highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings,” Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 333, n. 7, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997), which demands that state court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.
The California Supreme Court then focused on counsel’s failure to introduce mitigating evidence about respondent’s background, including expert testimony that could have been presented about his “growing up in a dysfunctional family in which he suffered continual psychological abuse.” Id. at 355, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d, at 818, 926 P.2d, at 996-998. The California Supreme Court concluded that despite the failure to present evidence of respondent’s “troubled family background,” id., at 355, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d at 818, 926 P.2d, at 1005, which included his being “berated,” being “markedly lacking in self-esteem and depressed,” having been “born with club feet,” having “feelings of inadequacy, incompetence, inferiority,” and the like, moving “20 times” while he was growing up, and possibly suffering a “seizure disorder,” id., at 341-343, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d, at 809-811, 926 P.2d, at 996-998, the aggravating factors were overwhelming. In the state court’s judgment, the circumstances of the crime (a cold-blooded execution-style killing of one victim and attempted execution-style killing of another, both during the course of a preplanned armed robbery) coupled with the aggravating evidence of prior offenses (the knifing of one man, and the stabbing of a pregnant woman as she lay in bed trying to protect her unborn baby) was devastating. See id., at 355, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d at 818, 926 P.2d at 1005; see also People v. Visciotti, 2 Cal.4th at 33-34, 5 Cal.Rptr.2d 495, 825 P.2d, at 402. The California Supreme Court found these aggravating factors to be so severe that it concluded respondent suffered no prejudice from trial counsel’s (assumed) inadequacy. In re Visciotti, supra, at 355, 58 Cal.Rptr.2d, at 818, 926 P.2d, at 1005.
The Court of Appeals disagreed with this assessment, suggesting that the fact that the jury deliberated for a full day and requested additional guidance on the meaning of “moral justification” and “extreme duress,” meant that the “aggravating factors were not overwhelming.” 288 F.3d, at 1118. Perhaps so. However, under § 2254(d)(1), it is not enough to convince a federal habeas court that, in its independent judgment, the state-court decision applied Strickland incorrectly.” Bell, 535 U.S. at -, 122 S.Ct., at 1852. The federal habeas scheme leaves primary responsibility with the state courts for these judgments, and authorizes federal-court intervention only when a state-court decision is objectively unreasonable. It is not that here. Whether or not we would reach the same conclusion as the California Supreme Court, “we think at the very least that the state court’s contrary assessment was not ‘unreasonable.’ ” Id., at -, 122 S.Ct., at 1853-1854. Habe-as relief is therefore not permissible under § 2254(d).
See also Early v. Packer, — U.S. —, 123 S.Ct. 362, 154 L.Ed.2d 263 (Nov. 4, 2002). These most recent cases from the Supreme Court of the United States are a clear and firm judicial signal that under AEDPA collateral review in a United States district court means what it says and that “inferior courts” referred in Article III of the Constitution of the United States should follow the clear Congressional mandates implicit in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) and should not take extra liberties with the statutory language chosen by Congress. Those who want to follow these congressional and Supreme Court mandates should take the trouble to carefully read the opinions made (and reversed) in Visciotti v. Woodford, 288 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir.2002). It is not for this Court to gainsay these statutory requirements and therefore must take them very seriously.
It is to be noted that under a rule of the Supreme Court of Indiana, specialized training and skills are required for counsel defending persons charged with capital crimes in Indiana. The comments of the Chief Justice of Indiana at 729 N.E.2d 106 regarding the operations of Indiana Criminal Rule 24 are very revealing:
Of course, a capital defendant in this state also receives the protection of Indiana Criminal Rule 24. We are now in the tenth year of the operation of Rule 24. It creates minimum standards for the criminal litigation experience, specialized training, compensation, and caseload of lawyers appointed in capital cases. Both prosecutors and defense counsel agree that “Rule 24 ha[s] led to improved representation by defense lawyers in capital cases.” Norman Lef-stein, Reform of Defense Representation in Capital Cases: The Indiana Experience and Its Implications for the Nation, 29 Ind. L.Rev. 495, 509 (1996). “[A] death penalty verdict returned [since the advent of Rule 24 is] more likely to be sustained on appeal, and the appellate court [is] less apt to find that defense counsel was ineffective.” Id. at 509. Ben-Yisrayl’s counsel were appointed under the requirements of this rule. Compare, Ind. Criminal Rule 24 (effective Jan. 1, 1990) with (T.R. at 3, 12) (counsel appointed Mar. 4, 1991). Moreover, for more than a half century, Indiana has offered state-financed legal assistance to prisoners seeking post-conviction relief. Ind.Code Ann. § 33-1-7-1 (West 1996) (office of Public Defender created 1945). Funded at 5.6 million dollars in the current year, this state office employs a substantial contingent of lawyers specializing in capital collateral litigation. These lawyers have funds at their disposal for mitigation specialists, DNA tests, mental health professionals, and the like. It is these lawyers who have brought the present petition for Ben-Yisrayl.
Ben-Yisrayl, 729 N.E.2d at 106. It is also useful to look at a smattering of decisions in this circuit that represents a judicial play on the requirements under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). In Whitehead v. Cowan, 263 F.3d 708, 716 (7th Cir.2001), the Court of Appeals stated:
As the habeas petition in this case was filed after the effective date of the Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2254, the standard of review contained therein governs Whitehead’s claims. See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 322-23, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997). The relevant portion of the AEDPA provides:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim — ... resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; ....
As the Supreme Court has explained, a state court decision is “contrary to” clearly established Supreme Court precedent “if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [Supreme Court] cases” or “if the state court confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme] Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from [Supreme Court] precedent.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). A state court decision is an “unreasonable application” of clearly established Supreme Court precedent when “the state court identifies the correct governing legal rule from [the Supreme Court’s] cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the particular state prisoner’s case,” or “the state court either unreasonable extends a legal principle from [Supreme Court] precedent to a new context where it should not apply or unreasonably refuses to extend that principle to a new context where it should apply.” Id. at 407, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389.
On appeal from a ruling on a petition for habeas relief, we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its rulings on issues of law de novo. See Denny v. Gudmanson, 252 F.3d 896, 900 (7th Cir.2001). If the case falls under the “contrary to” clause of § 2254(d)(1), then we review the state court decision de novo to decide what is clearly established law as determined by the Supreme Court and whether the state court decision was “contrary to” that Supreme Court precedent. See id. If, on the other hand, the case falls under the “unreasonable application” clause, then we defer to a reasonable state court decision. See id. Moreover, state court factual findings that are reasonably based on the record are presumed correct. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Gudmanson, 252 F.3d at 900.
Another panel of the Court of the Appeals in Todd v. Schomig, 283 F.3d 842, 846 (7th Cir.2002), stated:
I. BACKGROUND
On June 1, 1998, Todd filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, challenging the constitutionality of his custody in the Pontiac Correctional Center, where he is on death row for his state court conviction of first-degree murder. Our review of his challenge to his conviction and death sentence is controlled by the restrictive standards set forth in the Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). See 28 U.S.C. § 2254; see also Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997) (applying the statute to petitions filed after April 24, 1996). Pursuant to the AEDPA, state court factual findings that are reasonably based on the record are presumed correct, and the petitioner has the burden of rebutting that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); see also Cossel v. Miller, 229 F.3d 649-651 (7th Cir.2000). The following summary of the facts is derived from the state court opinions, and is supplemented where appropriate from the appellate record. See Whitehead v. Cowan, 263 F.3d 708 (7th Cir.2001).
III.
In the first opinion of the Supreme Court of Indiana authored by Justice Dickson, there are three sentences that are very important:
“On the afternoon of December 18,1990, the Balovski brothers were each found dead in the Eli Tailor Shop from gunshot wounds to the head. A sawed-off shotgun later recovered from the defendant’s apartment was found to have fired a spent casing recovered at the crime scene. The Defendant gave a statement to police admitting the shooting of the Balovski brothers, and he made incriminating admissions to an acquaintance.
This petitioner was then charged with two counts of murder, one for each of the Balovski brothers, and the prosecuting attorney of Lake County, Indiana requested the death penalty.
The precise findings of the Supreme Court of Indiana on the confession are worthy of close attention here:
The defendant contends that his confession should not have been admitted into evidence because it was the product of both an illegal arrest and an unreasonable delay in taking him before a magistrate. The defendant confessed to four shotgun murders, including the charged murders, approximately twenty-nine hours after his warrantless arrest by police.
The defendant’s arrests resulted from the police investigation of a late night armed robbery and shooting at the Gainer Bank branch at Southlake Mall in Lake County approximately six weeks after the murders of the Balovski brothers. Soon thereafter the police saw a vehicle matching this description and, observing the license plate number, confirmed that it was the stolen automobile. The police also observed a copper Grand Am automobile with two occupants, both black males, traveling with the Nissan Sentra and notified dispatch as to this fact. The driver of the Nissan Sentra stopped the car in the middle of the road, exited the vehicle, and fled on foot. The driver, wearing a black jogging suit with purple markings, matched the victim’s description of his assailant. Shortly thereafter, another police officer observed two black males on foot in the vicinity, Antoine McGee and Major Moore, one of whom (McGee) fit the description of the assailant who had just fled from police. The two men were transported to the police station for questioning as suspects in the robbery and shooting. McGee identified himself as the driver of the copper Grand Am and told police that defendant had announced his plan to commit the robbery and asked McGee to help. McGee admitted that he drove the defendant to Southlake Mall, waited there briefly and observed the defendant, wearing a black jogging suit and carrying a handgun, get out of the car and approach the bank. McGee then drove away but looked back and saw a silver Nissan automobile arrive at the bank. Later in the evening he saw the defendant driving the same silver Nissan. Based on this information, the police arrested the defendant without a warrant.
The jury found this petitioner guilty of this double murder, but recommended against the death penalty. Judge Clement, giving extensive consideration to the entirety of the record, proceeded to impose the death penalty as to this petitioner. This case has now, as indicated above, been before the Supreme Court of Indiana once on direct appeal and once on denial of post-conviction relief. This Court held oral argument with very able counsel representing this petitioner in South Bend, Indiana on December 5, 2002, and greatly appreciates the assistance of the lawyers and law firm involved in this important matter.
Although it was not specifically argued there, this Court is of the view that an evidentiary hearing is not in order here under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2), and under the teaching of Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). The main argument made at that proceeding was that trial counsel were ineffective under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States and under Strickland for failing to introduce the testimony of Patrick Fleming and for failing to object to an instruction on the burden of proof.
It is also suggested that the timing of bringing this petitioner before a magistrate for a probable cause determination following Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 95 S.Ct. 854, 43 L.Ed.2d 54 (1975), plays into the false confession issue. For authority in this Court and Circuit on Gerstein, See, Dommer v. Hatcher, 427 F.Supp. 1040 (N.D.Ind.1976) rev’d 638 F.2d 1031 (7th Cir.1980), previous opinion withdraum 653 F.2d 289 (7th Cir.1981). For the so called “48 hour” rule, See, County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 111 S.Ct. 1661, 114 L.Ed.2d 49 (1991). Neither Gerstein or Riverside invalidate this confession. The 36 hour delay is not a per se violation of the constitutional demands of Gerstein or Riverside. Additionally, this issue is brought under the 4th Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. Therefore, Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 96 S.Ct. 3037, 49 L.Ed.2d 1067 (1976) applied. Under Stone there has been a full and fair hearing.
IV.
The false confession issue was dealt with directly in two state trial court proceedings and two state supreme Court opinions. In the state trial court post conviction hearing, a Dr. Richard Ofshe spoke to the court by way of affidavit. The concluding comment by the Indiana Supreme Court:
Ben-Yisrayl also says that his counsel were ineffective for failing to call an expert witness to testify about the existence of and reasons behind “false confessions.” [FN6] (Appellant’s Br. at 26.) Ben-Yisrayl does not contest the admissibility of his confession. This issue was already raised and resolved on direct appeal. (Appellant’s Br. at 27.)
At the post-conviction hearing, Ben-Yis-rayl presented an affidavit from Dr. Richard Ofshe, an expert in sociology and psychology who has testified in other courts regarding the “mechanisms of control and influence” in police interrogations. (P-C.R. at 3127-28.) Having reviewed Ben-Yisrayl’s case, Ofshe said that he believed Ben-YisrayPs confession was indicative of a false confession. (P-C.R. at 3133.) This belief was based on Ofshe’s opinion that certain facts given in Ben-Yisrayl’s statement were inconsistent with facts presented at trial. (P-C.R. at 3132.)
After examining Ofshe’s statement, we cannot conclude that expert testimony regarding false confessions would have led to a conclusion opposite that reached by the trial court. At trial, Detective Reynolds, who conducted Ben-Yisrayl’s interrogation, was vigorously cross-examined about inconsistencies between Ben-Yisrayl’s statement and the facts presented at trial. For example, Ben-Yisrayl said in his statement that he parked his car in front of the tailor shop. This fact, however, was not corroborated by any other witnesses. (T.R. at 2971-72.) Reynolds was also questioned about a discrepancy between Ben-Yis-rayl’s statement and other witness statements regarding whether money had been stolen from the Balovskis. (See T.R. at 2994-95.) Lastly, Reynolds was extensively cross-examined regarding the amount of detail, or lack thereof, in Ben-Yisrayl’s statement. (T.R. at 2976-87.)
Ben-Yisrayl has made no showing that expert testimony regarding false confessions would have led to an acquittal. No ineffectiveness has been shown here. See Drake v. State, 563 N.E.2d 1286, 1290 (Ind.1990).
This slice of evidence is too slender a reed upon which to conclude that petitioner’s trial counsel was ineffective in this regard. No doubt if Dr. Ofshe had been called before the jury he would have been subject to extensive cross-examination. It is far too speculative to determine that this belatedly proffered evidence would have changed the decision on voluntary confession in the state courts. It is also less than clear that Dr. Ofshe’s testimony was available to trial counsel, and if so, would have actually been used. The full affidavit of Dr. Ofshe is attached as an appendix.
This Court has also taken the trouble to read the telephonic deposition of Richard J. Ofshe taken July 9, 1998 in Berkeley, California. PCR pps. 3158-3237. As one with long experience in courtrooms, it is very problematical as to how this witness would have been adjudged by a trier fact. It is all too apparent that the state trial judge who was presented with the Ofshe deposition was less than impressed.
It is of no small moment here that the Supreme Court of Indiana, speaking through its Chief Justice, made a precise finding that this petitioner confessed to these crimes that parallels an earlier statement of fact by Justice Dickson for the Supreme Court of Indiana that “the defendant gave a statement to police admitting the shooting of the Balovski brothers, and, made incriminating moment here that the Supreme Court of Indiana, acquaintance.” So the confession is reflected in not one statement in one case by the Supreme Court of Indiana, but statements made in two different opinions by two different justices. Frankly, with all due respect, it takes more than an after-the-fact lawyer statement that such was a false confession. Also of great moment is the summary by the Supreme Court of Indiana of the array of damning evidence against this petitioner.
y.
The state trial court gave Instruction 6 which stated, in part:
A reasonable doubt is a fair, actual, and logical doubt that arises in your mind after an impartial consideration of all the evidence and circumstances in the case.
It also needs to be understood and remembered that violations of state law generally are not cognizable in a proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991). On this subject, Chief Justice Shepard stated:
The challenged instruction is indistinguishable from those regularly given by trial courts and approved by appellate courts in Indiana. Id. at 425-26. We have held that the instruction sets out “the proper manner in which a juror is to consider reasonable doubt[, because a] doubt cannot arise from some fact or circumstance outside the evidence or something in the juror’s mind that is not based upon an impartial consideration of all the evidence and circumstances.” Id. at 426; see also Conner v. State, 711 N.E.2d 1238, 1246-47 (Ind.1999) (holding that “arises” reasonable doubt instruction, when read with other instructions, does not erroneously inform jury regarding presumption of innocence), pet. for cert. filed, April 7, 2000; but cf. Winegeart, 665 N.E.2d at 901-03 (criticizing other aspects of a similar reasonable doubt instruction).
The instruction is proper. Ben-Yis-rayl’s counsel were not deficient.
Certainly the claim with regard to the instruction clearly falls within the ambit of Estelle and is not at odds with United States Supreme Court authority.
VI.
The Supreme Court of Indiana, speaking through its Chief Justice, made a precise finding that this petitioner confessed to these crimes that parallels an earlier statement of fact by Justice Dickson. So the confession is reflected in not one statement, in one case by the Supreme Court of Indiana, but statements made in two different opinions by two different justices. Frankly, with all due respect, it takes more than after-the-fact lawyer statement that such was a false confession.
The petitioner claims that Fleming saw a light-complected or a white man in the vicinity of the tailor shop where the murders occurred before the murders. Chief Justice Shepard, speaking for the Supreme Court of Indiana at 729 N.E.2d, page 108, stated the following with reference to this subject.
In Flemings affidavit, he says that at 4:10 or 4:20 p.m. on the afternoon of the murders, he went to Eh Balovski’s tailor shop to drop off some clothes. As he was leaving, he made a U-turn and drove past a car sitting across the street from the tailor shop. He noticed a man sitting in the car, and described the man as “white” with dark, short hair and “dark eyes.” (P-C.R. at 2004.) As he was driving past, he saw the man reach between his. legs to make “sure [Fleming] couldn’t see what he had there.” (Id.) Fleming thought the man had a gun. (Id.) Fleming also thought the man resembled a police composite sketch of the' Balovski murder suspect, which had been published in area news-, papers. (Id.)
Assuming for the sake of argument that effective lawyering would mean calling Fleming, this Court will not declare counsel ineffective for failure to call a particular witness absent a clear showing of prejudice. Grigsby v. State, 503 N.E.2d 394 (Ind.1987). The bulk of Ben-Yisrayl’s claim of prejudice rests on the fact that he was acquitted in two trials where evidence of a “light-skinned man” was presented, but convicted in a trial where .this evidence was not. We decline, however, to attach this much significance to the acquittals.
The evidence presented at the first two trials regarding another possible shooter was much more compelling than that presented in Fleming’s affidavit. In one case, an eyewitness testified that she was sitting in the victim’s car when the victim was shot, and observed the shooter standing next to the car window. She described the shooter as a “light complected male wearing a trench coat.” (P-C.R. at 2360.)
In another case, two witnesses testified that they were driving down the street when they observed a “white male with long hair and a trench coat” walking toward a car parked near an ATM. (PC.R. at 2361.) They also testified that the man was carrying a “cylindrical object parallel to his leg.” (Id.) After passing the man, they drove another one hundred feet, then heard “the blast of two shotgun shells.” (Id.)
These witnesses thus were able to link the “light-skinned” man to the shootings (indeed, in one case, a witness identified a man fitting this description as the shooter). By contrast, Fleming’s observations do not place anyone at the crime scene at the time of the shooting. Rather, Fleming places someone across the street a half hour before the shootings. Although Fleming claims that he thought the man had a gun in his lap, he did not actually see a gun.
There was substantial evidence against Ben-Yisrayl. Antwion McGee, a friend of Ben-Yisrayl’s, testified that when he learned that “the shotgun killer” had killed the Balovskis, he called Ben-Yis-rayl about the murders. (T.R. at 3366, 3368.) At that time, Ben-Yisrayl told McGee “[t]hat he had got 'em.” McGee said, “Got who?” and Ben-Yisrayl replied that he had “got 'em and then he would come by to get [McGee].” (T.R. at 3368-69.) McGee later met Ben-Yis-rayl and Ben-Yisrayl told him “[t]hat he had got the guys at the tailor shop.” (T.R. at 3369.) Ben-Yisrayl then gave McGee a detailed account of the murders. (T.R. at 3369-70.) McGee also saw a shotgun in Ben-Yisrayl’s bedroom closet. (T.R. at 3085-87, 3373.)
McGee later told the police that Ben-Yisrayl was the person who had killed the Balovskis. (T.R. at 3376-77.) After receiving this information, the police searched Ben-Yisrayl’s closet and found the shotgun. (See T.R. at 3273.) Test results indicated that the shotgun found in Ben-Yisrayl’s closet fired a spent shell casing recovered at the site of the Balovski killings. (T.R. at 3119-20.)
After being taken into custody, Ben-Yisrayl confessed to shooting the Ba-lovskis. (T.R. at 2911.) (T.R. at 4632.)
Based on the foregoing, it is difficult to imagine that Ben-Yisrayl would have been acquitted but for counsel’s failing to call Fleming as a witness. Ben-Yisrayl’s claim about Fleming’s testimony certainly does not unerringly or unmistakably lead to a conclusion contrary to that reached by the postconviction court. See Weatherford, 619 N.E.2d at 917.
Chief Justice Shepard was of the belief that this failure by trial counsel, while it may have violated one part of the Strickland test, did not violate the prejudice part, and, therefore, the actions of the trial counsel did not fall afoul of the totality of teaching embedded in Strickland. It is useful here to restate precisely and completely all that Chief Justice Shepard said in this regard as noted above. Also of great moment is the summary by the Supreme Court of Indiana of the array of damning evidence against this petitioner.
In Peterson v. State, 674 N.E.2d 528, beginning at 535, Justice Dickson goes to great lengths with regard to the confession. Likewise in the opinion of the Supreme Court in 2000, Chief Justice Shepard discusses petitioner’s confession and statements at length beginning on page 107 through 109 of the Supreme Court’s opinion.
Procedural default will not be applied to claims under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), see Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999). However, Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) does clearly foreclose all Brady claims now claimed by this petitioner. See also, U.S. v. Morris, 80 F.3d 1151 (7th Cir.1996).
VII.
Candor requires this Court to say here and now as it did in the oral argument on December 5, 2002, that it adheres to the constitutional concerns reflected in Minnick v. Anderson, 151 F.Supp.2d 1015 (N.D.Ind.2000). Obviously, some of those concerns have now been addressed by statute enacted in the State of Indiana after the convictions in this case. Obviously some of those concerns may, in the Minnick or in other cases be addressed appropriately by the Court of Appeals. Also, some of those concerns may be addressed as a part of the judicial aftermath of Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002). For this Court to here and now bottom a decision on the constitutional concerns expressed two years ago in Minnick might be interpreted as an unwarranted act of unnecessary judicial activism in the third tier down of the federal judiciary. While adhering strongly to the constitutional concerns expressed in the Minnick opinion at 151 F.Supp.2d 1015, this Court will not here and now bottom a decision on it. These expressed concerns are somewhat similar to those of Judge Ripple’s dissent in Fleenor v. Anderson, 171 F.3d 1096, 1102 (7th Cir.1999). This Court has placed in an appendix, the entire current version of the relevant Indiana sentencing statute, I.C. 35-50-2-9. The possible retroactive application of Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 has been specifically rejected in Trueblood v. Davis, 301 F.3d 784, 788 (7th Cir.2002).
The key issue argued for on behalf of this petitioner has to do with the alleged ineffectiveness of trial counsel in failing to call the witness Fleming. This Court cannot and will not gainsay the factual findings of the Supreme Court of Indiana in that regard, and neither will this Court bottom a decision on a highly speculative comparison of the results in other trials in which Fleming was indeed a witness, and will not speculate on how and why the juries in those cases acquitted rather than convicted. This Court will and does focus on the trial in this case, including the facts as the Supreme Court of Indiana specifically found that this petitioner had indeed engaged in a valid constitutional confession. A careful examination within the statutory framework provided by Congress to this Court fails to disclose that this petitioner has sustained the necessary burden to disturb the state court decision to impose the death penalty as to this petitioner. Petition DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. Although this court recognizes petitioner's legal name to be Obadyah Ben-Yisrayl, to avoid confusion with the opinions of the Indiana Supreme Court, this court will refer to petitioner by his prior name, Christopher Peterson.
| CASELAW |
Hus (surname)
Hus is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Jan Hus (c. 1360–1415), Czech Catholic priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague; burned at the stake for heresy
* Charles Hus, dit Millet (1738–1802), political figure in Lower Canada
* Eugène Hus (1758–1823), born Pierre-Louis Stapleton, Franco-Belgian ballet dancer and choreographer
* Jean-Baptiste Hus (1736–1805), French ballet dancer and ballet master
* Tim Hus, Canadian country-folk singer
* Walter Hus (born 1959), Belgian composer and musician | WIKI |
Why continuous learning is key to AI
A look ahead at the tools and methods for learning from sparse feedback.
By Ben Lorica
August 7, 2017
Stockton Infinity Bridge Stockton Infinity Bridge (source: darren price on Flickr)
As more companies begin to experiment with and deploy machine learning in different settings, it’s good to look ahead at what future systems might look like. Today, the typical sequence is to gather data, learn some underlying structure, and deploy an algorithm that systematically captures what you’ve learned. Gathering, preparing, and enriching the right data—particularly training data—is essential and remains a key bottleneck among companies wanting to use machine learning.
I take for granted that future AI systems will rely on continuous learning as opposed to algorithms that are trained offline. Humans learn this way, and AI systems will increasingly have the capacity to do the same. Imagine visiting an office for the first time and tripping over an obstacle. The very next time you visit that scene—perhaps just a few minutes later—you’ll most likely know to look out for the object that tripped you.
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There are many applications and scenarios where learning takes on a similar exploratory nature. Think of an agent interacting with an environment while trying to learn what actions to take and which ones to avoid in order to complete some preassigned task. We’ve already seen glimpses of this with recent applications of reinforcement learning (RL). In RL, the goal is to learn how to map observations and measurements to a set of actions, while trying to maximize some long-term reward. (The term RL is frequently used to describe both a class of problems and a set of algorithms.) While deep learning gets more media attention, there are many interesting recent developments in RL that are well known within AI circles. Researchers have recently applied RL to game play, robotics, autonomous vehicles, dialog systems, text summarization, education and training, and energy utilization.
Reinforcement learning involves learning mappings of measurements and observations into actions
Figure 1. Reinforcement learning involves learning mappings of measurements and observations into actions. Source: Ben Lorica.
Just as deep learning is slowly becoming part of a data scientist’s toolset, something similar is poised to happen with continuous learning. But in order for data scientists to engage, both the tools and algorithms need to become more accessible. A new set of tools and algorithms—different from the ones used for supervised learning—will be required. Continuous learning will require a collection of tools that can run and analyze massive numbers of simulations involving complex computation graphs, ideally with very low-latency response times.
continuous learning stack tools
Figure 2. Typical set of tools (or “stack”) for continuous learning. Source: Ben Lorica.
A team at UC Berkeley’s RISE Lab recently released an open source distributed computation framework (Ray) that complements the other pieces needed for reinforcement learning. In complex applications—like self-driving cars—multiple sensors and measurements are involved, so being able explore and run simulations very quickly and in parallel provides a big advantage. Ray allows users to run simulations in parallel and comes with a Python API that makes it accessible for data scientists (Ray itself is written mainly in C++). While I’m writing about Ray in the context of RL, it’s more generally a fault-tolerant, distributed computation framework aimed at Python users. Its creators have made it simple for others to use Python to write and run their own algorithms on top of Ray, including regular machine learning models.
Why do you need a machine learning library and what algorithms are important for continuous learning? Recall that in RL one needs to learn how to map observations and measurements to a set of actions, while trying to maximize some long-term reward. Recent RL success stories mainly use gradient-based deep learning for this, but researchers have found that other optimization strategies such as evolution can be helpful. Unlike supervised learning where you start with training data and a target objective, in RL one only has sparse feedback, so techniques like neuroevolution become competitive with classic gradient descent. There are also other related algorithms that might become part of the standard collection of models used for continuous learning (e.g., counterfactual regret minimization used recently for poker). The creators of Ray are in the process of assembling a library that implements a common set of RL algorithms and makes them available via a simple Python API.
Most companies are still in the process of learning how to use and deploy standard (offline) machine learning, so perhaps discussing continuous learning is premature. An important reason to begin this discussion is that these techniques are going to be essential to bringing AI into your organization. As with any other new method or technology, the starting point is to identify uses cases where continuous learning potentially provides an advantage over existing offline approaches. I provided a few examples where RL has been deployed or where research has indicated promising results, but those examples might be far removed from your organization’s operations. The set of companies already using bandit algorithms (to recommend content or evaluate products) can probably quickly identify use cases and become early adopters. Technologies used to develop AI teaching agents might map to many other application domains that involve augmenting human workers (including software engineering).
Companies are realizing that in many settings machine learning models start degrading soon after they get deployed to production. The good news is that many AI startups are building continuous learning right into their products. Before you know it, your company might start using RL in the very near future.
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Talk:Tru Blu Beverages
This article reads like an advertising pitch
The opening of the article especially reads very much like it’s trying to be sold to investors, more neutral language might be better <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:10, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
Tru Blu website redirect
The Tru Blu website redirects to Refresco now and states "Tru Blu Beverages is currently being rebranded as Refresco." the Wikipedia article should be changed.
SlantedSerifs (talk) 08:54, 26 August 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Private data - how private is the state of public/private canisters
Short question. I am new here and wanted to understand how private is the data stored in the state of a canister?
In the FAQ I did read " The Internet Computer supports both open and private canisters, …".
What are the features of private canisters? Can anyone point me to documentation or examples using private canisters?
I am used to Ethereum, where anything that is not encrypted is completely public, state, transactions, and code. How does Dfinity compare to this?
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Hi @CJentzsch, welcome to the Dfinity forum - great to see your name here!
We’ll update the FAQ question to further clarify; at the present there is no system-level feature for private canisters.
At Genesis, the system API provides entry points to canisters via public methods. Consumers of your canisters will only be able to access state marked as public. However, node operators could theoretically inspect the state of canisters on the physical machines they are hosting.
Of course, any data encrypted prior to ingress by a canister remains encrypted.
The team has ideas around privacy enabling canisters and subnets but those are on the post-Genesis roadmap.
Is there any particular feature that you are hoping to see?
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This post was flagged by the community and is temporarily hidden.
Thanks for your response.
I understand that features such as homomorphic encryption are not there yet.
But is non-public data, such as the state of a canister which is not readable through public functions, private? In the same way as my data on AWS nodes are private?
I am not talking about the level of privacy where even the admin of a datacenter has no access to the data, I just mean the level of privacy that the general public has no access to it (compared to smart contracts on Ethereum).
I invite you to read Add access control with identities :: Internet Computer
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Yes it is in that regard, you have full control over who can query your data at the point of entry into your canisters, you can check the caller and make decisions in your code on whether or not to return data.
1 Like | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 3.djvu/564
548 splendour with solemnity ; they have the manful energy of Mantegna without his harshness, and the richness of Gior- gione without his luxury. Succeeding pictures show an increase of this richness, and a character more nearly tender. An altar piece, painted for the church of San Zaccaria, seems to indicate a transition, and that the venerable master is acquiring all the softer splendour and keeping pace with Uiorgione and Titian, the young pupils of the school. Nay, at the very close of his career, Bellini left the old devo tional cycle in which he had produced works so moving and august, and painted for Alphonso of Ferrara a myth ology in the most gorgeous manner of the ripe Venetian school. This is the Feast of the Gods, now at Alnwick Castle, a picture to which Titian set the finishing touches, and to which the companion, by Titian himself, is now at Madrid. Bellini died on the 29th of November 1516, full of years and honours. We have seen that he was associated with his brother in the decoration of the Great Hall of the Council in 1479. In 1483 he was appointed Pittore del Domiuio, and exempted from the charges of his guild. All the painters of the state at one time or another were associated with him or passed through his school. Among the most distinguished of his scholars and assistants who will not need separate mention, we may name Marco Basaiti and Vincenzo Catena, many of whose works pass for their master s. He was the honoured associate of statesmen and men of letters. In 1506, when Albert Diirer visited Venice, where he was subject to some annoy ances, he found the noble old man not only the most courteous of the Venetian artists in his reception of a stranger, but the best in his profession (" der best im gemell "). Many pictures in various galleries pass as portraits of one or other of the Bellini. But of those that are styled likenesses of Giovanni, none can be proved authentic, while the only certain portrait of Gentile is a medal by Camelio. (Vasari, ed. Lemonnier, vol. v. pp. 1-28; San- sovino, Ven. descr., 125, seq. ; Eidolfi, i. 90-99 ; Crowe and Cavalcaselle, History of Painting in North Italy, vol. i. pp. 100-193.) BELLINI,, physician and anatomist, was born at Florence in 1643. After completing his studies in general literature he went to Pisa, where, assisted by the generosity of the grand duke Ferdinand II., he studied under two of the most learned men of that age, Oliva and Borelli, the former of whom instructed him in natural philosophy and the latter in mechanics. He likewise studied medicine under Bedi, and mathematics under Marchetti. At the early age of twenty he was chosen professor of philosophy at Pisa, but did not long continue in this office; for he had acquired such a reputation for skill in anatomy, that the grand duke procured him a professorship in that science, and was himself a frequent auditor at his lectures. After a long residence in Pisa, he was invited to Florence and appointed physician to the grand duke Cosmo. He was also made senior consulting physician to Pope Clement XI. Bellini died in 1703, in the sixtieth year of his age. His works were published in a collected form in 1708 (2 vols. 4to), and reprinted in 1732. BELLINI,, one of the most celebrated operatic composers of the modern Italian school, was born at Catania in Sicily, November 3, 1802. He was descended from a family of musicians, both his father and grandfather having been composers of some reputation. After having received his preparatory musical education at home, he entered the conservatoire of Naples, where he studied sing ing and composition under Tritto and Zingarelli. He soon began to write pieces for various instruments, as well as a cantata and several masses and other sacred compositions. His first opera, Addson e Savina, was performed in 1824 at a small theatre of Naples ; his second dramatic work, Bidhca e Fernando, saw the light two years later at the San Carlo theatre of the same city, and made his name known in Italy. His next work, II Pirata, was written for the celebrated Scala theatre in Milan, to words by Felice Romano, with whom Bellini formed a union (if friendship to be severed only by his death. The splendid rendering of the music by Tamburini, Eubini, and other great Italian singers, contributed greatly to the success of the work, which at once established the European reputation of its composer. Almost every year of the short remainder of his life witnessed the production of a new operatic work, each of which was received with rapture by the audiences of France, Italy, Germany, and England, and some of which retain their place on the stage up to the present day. We mention the names and dates of four of Bellini s operas familiar to most lovers of modern Italian music, viz. : / Montecchi e Capuleti (1829), in which the part of Romeo has been a favourite with all the great contraltos of the last seventy years ; La Sonnambula (1831); Norma, Bel lini s best and most popular creation (1832), and / Puri- tani (1834), written for the Italian opera in Paris, and to some extent under the influence of French music. In 1833 Bellini had left his country to accompany to England the great singer Pasta, who had created the part of his Sonnambula. In 1834 he accepted an invitation to write an opera for the national Grand Opera in Paris. While he was carefully studying the French language and the cadence of French verse for the purpose, he was seized with a sudden illness and died at his villa in Puteaux near Paris, September 21, 1835. This unexpected interruption of a career so brilliant sheds, as it were, a gloom of sadness over the whole of Bellini s life, a sadness which, moreover, was foreshadowed by the character of his works. His operatic creations are throughout replete with a spirit of gentle melancholy, frequently monotonous and almost always undramatic, but at the same time irresistibly sweet, and almost disarming the stern demands of higher criticism which otherwise would be compelled to reprove the absence of both dramatic vigour and musical depth. To the feature just mentioned, combined with a rich flow of cantilena, Bellini s operas owe their popularity, and will owe it as long as the audiences of our large theatres are willing to tolerate outrages on rhyme and reason if sung by a beautiful voice to a pleasing tune. In so far, how ever, as the defects of Bellini s style are characteristic of the school to which he belongs, they fall to be con sidered in a general treatment of the whole subject. See . BELLINZONA, or, one of the three towns which are the capital in turn of the Swiss canton of Tessin or Ticino. It is built on two hills, one on each side of the Ticino at the entrance of the Riviera valley, and is so situated as completely to bar the passage by that route between Italy and Germany. Its fortifications, which were of great strength during the Middle Ages, have been partially re stored. There are three castles, the Castello Grande, Cor- bario, and Di Mezzo, which belonged to the three cantons of Uri, Unterwalden, and Schwyz respectively; the first of these is now used as an armoury and prison. The abbey church is a fine building of the 16th century, and contains some paintings of value. The Augustinian convent is now used as a Government house. The inundations of the river are prevented from injuring the town by a large dyke, built by the French in the reign of Francis I. A considerable transit trade is carried on with Italy, and there is a famous manufacture of acqua di cedro from the blossom and rind of the orange. Bellinzona was in existence at least as early as 1242, when it was conquered by Otto Visconti. It was long an object of contest between the Swiss and the | WIKI |
Wanås Castle
Wanås Castle (Wanås slott) is an estate in Östra Göinge Municipality, Scania, in southern Sweden. It is situated to the west of Knislinge, approximately 20 km north of Kristianstad.
Wanås exhibitions
Since 1987, contemporary art with a focus on site-specific installations has been displayed at Wanås. Art is displayed in the park and in exhibition halls in renovated stables and warehouse buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries. In the park there are some 70 sculptures and installations permanently on display.
Selection of the outdoors exhibitions
* The little bridge (1988), diabas, by Stefan Wewerka
* Black line (1988), Raffael Rheinsberg
* Terra Maximus (1989), by Sissel Tolaas
* Gray Clam (1990), by Jene Highstein
* Pyramiden (1990), by Gunilla Bandolin
* Stigma (1991), by Gloria Friedmann
* Observatorium (1992), by Icelandic sculptor Rúrí (f 1951)
* Cow Chapel (1993), by Kari Cavén
* Solar Implode/Power House (1994), by Jeffrey Wisniewski
* Wanås (1994), by Per Kirkeby
* Food For Thought (1996), by Matthew McCaslin
* Sprungen Ur (1996), by Pål Svensson
* Parables (1998), by Allan McCollum
* The Hunt Chair for Animal Spirits (1998), by Marina Abramović
* Imposter (1999), by Roxy Paine
* A House for Edwin Denby (2000), by Robert Wilson
* Fideicommissum (2000), bronze, by Ann-Sofi Sidén
* Two Different Anamorphic Surfaces (2000), by Dan Graham
* Together and Apart (2001), by Antony Gormley
* Wanås Wall (2002), by Jenny Holzer
* Vertigo (2002), by Charlotte Gyllenhammar
* lignum (2002), by Ann Hamilton
* I Am Thinking About Myself – Wanås 2003 (2003), Marianne Lindberg De Geer
* 11 Minute Line (2004), by Maya Lin
* The eighth chimney (2007), tegel, by Jan Svenungsson
A selection of the permanent indoors exhibition
* Svindel (2002), by Charlotte Gyllenhammar
* lignum (2002), by Ann Hamilton
* Graf Spee (2007), by Jan Håfström together with Carl Michael von Hausswolff and Juan Pedro Fabra
Other sources
* Osterby, Anette (2000) Dan Graham : two different anamorphic surfaces : a new two way mirror pavilion in the Wanås Park, Sweden (The Wannas Foundation) ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>209
* Johnsson, Pehr (1930) Vanås : göingebygdens största herresätepp (Malmö : Scania) | WIKI |
author = {Sandhu, Simarpreet. and Bansal, Himanta. and Monga, Poonam. and Bhandari, Rajat.}, title = {{Study of lip print pattern in a Punjabi population}}, journal ={Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology}, volume ={14}, number ={1}, pages = {24-28}, doi = {10.4103/0975-1475.99157}, year = {2010}, abstract ={Background: Lip prints are unique to each individual and can be used for personal identification. The lip prints show differences according to the race and the ethnic origins of a person. Aim: The objective of the study was to determine the predominant lip print type in a Punjabi population. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 106 students of our institution and comprised 56 males and 50 females in the age group of 18-25 years. The middle part of the lower lip was taken as study area. Analysis of lip print pattern was done according to Tsuchihashi Classification. Results: No two lip prints matched with each other. Type 1 pattern (vertical grooves that run across the entire lip) was found to be predominant in both males (51.02%) and females (43.47%) and there was no statistically observed difference between males and females in individual lip print types. Conclusion: In our study, lip prints did not match with each other, hence lip prints are unique and further studies with larger samples are required to obtain statistical significance.}, URL ={http://www.jomfp.in/article.asp?issn=0973-029X;year=2010;volume=14;issue=1;spage=24;epage=28;aulast=Sandhu;t=6}, eprint ={http://www.jomfp.in/article.asp?issn=0973-029X;year=2010;volume=14;issue=1;spage=24;epage=28;aulast=Sandhu;t=6} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Interface Technologies & Devices: Overviews
Artificial Vision - On Medicine
#artificialintelligence
For nearly 100 years, we have understood the idea that it might be possible to restore sight to those who have become blind through a device that delivers electrical stimulation to the brain [Mirochnik, Pezaris, 2019]. Visual prostheses, as they are called, form part of a constellation of approaches that seek to deliver input to the brain to replace a lost or missing sense, including cochlear implants for the deaf, and cortical implants for the insensate, such as amputees with robotic arms. The challenges faced by each approach are similar: biological compatibility, long-term functional stability, and interpretability of the evoked sensations. Biological compatibility has thus far been addressed by careful selection of materials and implant techniques, but much remains to be done to create devices that the body will tolerate for decades with a low risk of infection or rejection. The first major challenge is long-term functional stability; ensuring that the effectiveness of the devices do not degrade over time.
Hard at work: A review of the Laevo Exoskeleton
Robohub
Back pain is one of the leading causes of work absenteeism in the UK, with 8.8 million days lost to work-related muscoskeletal disorders per year. On average, each case causes 16 days of absenteeism, and chronic conditions can cause some absences to become permanent. But working in a bent forward, back straining posture is unavoidable in a great many professions, like in hospital, agricultural and warehouses environments to name but a few. This regular exposure to demanding postures increases the risk of debilitating pain, which can severely reduce productivity and moral in the workforce. The Laevo Exoskeleton aims to alleviate this problem.
The Psychology of Wearables and Wearable Technology
#artificialintelligence
In recent years we've seen new, disruptive innovations in the world of wearable technology; advances that will potentially transform life, business, and the global economy. Products like Google Glass, Apple Watch, and Oculus Rift promise not only to change the way we approach information, but also our long established patterns of social interaction. Indeed, we are witnessing the advent of entirely new genre of interface mechanisms that brings with it a fundamental paradigm shift in how we view and interact with technology. Recognizing, understanding, and effectively leveraging today's growing landscape of wearables is likely to be increasingly essential to the success of a wide array of businesses. In this article, we discuss the ways in which effective interface design will need to adapt, in some ways dramatically, to address the new psychology of wearable technology.
We're on the cusp of some of the biggest changes in technology in years
#artificialintelligence
A version of this essay was originally published at Tech.pinions, a website dedicated to informed opinions, insight and perspective on the tech industry. By now you've undoubtedly read or viewed several different CES stories across a wide range of publications and media sites. So there's no need to rehash the details about all the cool, crazy or just plain interesting new products that were introduced at or around this year's show in Las Vegas. But it usually takes a few days to think through the potential impact of what these announcements mean from a big-picture perspective. The impact of technology on nearly all aspects of our lives continues to grow.
Human-Centered Design of Wearable Neuroprostheses and Exoskeletons
AI Magazine
Human-centered design of wearable robots involves the development of innovative science and technologies that minimize the mismatch between humans’ and machines’ capabilities, leading to their intuitive integration and confluent interaction. Here, we summarize our human-centered approach to the design of closed-loop brain-machine interfaces (BMI) to powered prostheses and exoskeletons that allow people to act beyond their impaired or diminished physical or sensory-motor capabilities. The goal is to develop multifunctional human-machine interfaces with integrated diagnostic, assistive and therapeutic functions. Moreover, these complex human-machine systems should be effective, reliable, safe and engaging and support the patient in performing intended actions with minimal effort and errors with adequate interaction time. To illustrate our approach, we review an example of a user-in-the-loop, patient-centered, non-invasive BMI system to a powered exoskeleton for persons with paraplegia. We conclude with a summary of challenges to the translation of these complex human-machine systems to the end-user. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Most Accurate Tire Pressure Gauge
Most Accurate Tire Pressure Gauge
Keeping the vehicle’s tires properly maintained is easy, but it’s actually very important for the passengers’ safety and comfort. It also contributes to savings on fuel and untimely costs on replacement of worn-out tires.
To keep tires in top condition, a tire pressure gauge should be used to check the air pressure within each tire. It should be done regularly once a month or every time the vehicle’s gas tank is filled up. And tire pressure should definitely be checked before going on any long trip. Before checking the tire pressure, keep the vehicle parked for three or more hours to keep the tires cool to get an accurate reading. A hot tire will indicate a higher tire pressure than a cooler one.
It is highly advisable to use a tire pressure gauge with a wider range. It can be used with a variety of vehicle types. Good scale visibility and readability also make up the most accurate tire pressure gauge. These are the qualities that are mostly looked for in tire pressure gauges by people who maintain their own vehicle.
There are four types of tire pressure gauges, namely; Analog, Digital and Stick which is also known as Pencil type. All of these gauges are easy to use and can be found in local automotive parts stores, big-box stores, and are of course available online.
Stick (or Pencil) Type Gauge
The Stick – or Pencil – type gauge resembles a pen. Inside is a scaled shaft that slides out when the tire pressure is being read. The air from the air valve of the tire pushes the shaft out and should be held by the thumb when making a reading. They are very simple, compact and affordable. It can fit within any nook and cranny of your vehicle.
They are less likely to be accurate and can be tricky to read to an untrained eye.
Analog Tire Pressure Gauge
Analog, or Dial type, pressure gauges are characterized by an analog dial, which resembles a face of a clock. It has a simple needle and scales to indicate the pressure. An extension air hose is provided on some gauges of this type as well as air pressure release valves. Some have dual scale dials to indicate both metric and imperial units of scale.
Pocket-type dial gauges are handy and weigh less but do not come with accessories, while gauges with extension hoses are bulky and need both hands to operate. Interestingly, these gauges are not found to be the most accurate, but they are more accurate than stick gauges. Analog gauges are also pretty easy to read but some interpretation is necessary when the needle points between numbers.
These gauges mainly use calibrated springs, which are sensitive to considerable shock. For example, dropping the gauge from a height 30″ to the floor will likely render it unusable.
Digital Tire Pressure Gauge
Digital-type tire pressure gauges have an electronic LCD display, which like an LCD watch or a calculator are easier to read. They are also resistant to damage caused by dust, moisture, and dirt. Some of these gauges are equipped with a backlight, which comes in handy when checking your tire pressure at night or dimly lit areas.
Even though the battery lasts for years, these gauges require one (or more) and may need regular replacement. These gauges tend to be the most accurate and the easiest to use. It relies on an electronic pressure sensor, which sends the measurement to the LCD display.
Proper tire pressure makes for a safe, comfortable, and worry-free ride. The vehicle’s tire pressure should be properly maintained and regularly checked to ensure that the vehicle is always in top condition. Securing a reliable and accurate tire pressure gauge is a must.
Tire gauges are made for a reason. Most often they are an overlooked item and not found in the standard tool kit that comes with the vehicle. It’s best to keep one that is accurate. This is because tire pressure gauges that are provided with the tire inflation machines found at gas stations are hardly maintained or calibrated often enough to be trusted. These are highly likely to not give accurate readings.
It’s best to get at least two of the three tire pressure gauge types and make sure to compare the readings and decide which is the most accurate. Make at least three consecutive readings for each type and select the type which has the least bit of difference between readings. This type will be the most accurate tire pressure gauge among your choices.
Also, make sure that the rating of the tire pressure gauge corresponds or exceeds the maximum rating indicated on the sidewall of the tires. Keep in mind to also have at least one tire pressure gauge inside the vehicle and one in your garage, shed or other storage area.
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The Facts
Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition of recurring pain on one side of the face due to a malfunction of one or more of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve. This nerve is responsible for carrying sensation from the face to the brain. Trigeminal neuralgia is also known as tic douloureux, which means "painful tic."
The term tic is used because people with trigeminal neuralgia often contract their facial muscles, or wince when in pain, because the pain is so severe. Adults of any age can be affected; however, the disorder occurs more frequently as people age, and is more common in people over 50, especially in the elderly. Women are more likely than men to experience trigeminal neuralgia.
Causes
Trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by a blood vessel pressing on the nerve inside the skull. Less commonly, multiple sclerosis or a tumour can cause trigeminal neuralgia. In many cases, however, there is no apparent cause.
Symptoms and Complications
Trigeminal neuralgia causes severe, piercing pain (tearing, darting, or sharp cutting sensation) that lasts from several seconds to several minutes. Painful episodes may recur in days, weeks, or months, and periods of remission may grow shorter as you age.
The pain can be excruciating and may be felt in any part of the lower portion of the face - usually in the cheek area near the nose or in the jaw area. Pain may also be felt in the lips, gums, cheek, chin, and sometimes forehead. The pain is usually felt only on one side of the face.
Pain can occur spontaneously or may be set off by touching a particular spot (trigger point) or even by smiling, talking, blowing the nose, brushing the teeth, or chewing.
Although the pain may be incapacitating, it's not life threatening. For some people, the pain is totally incapacitating, recurring as often as 100 times a day. When the pain is triggered by eating, people often lose weight because they are afraid to eat. The pain can be severe enough to wake people from sleep or keep them from sleeping on one side of the face. Other people have a much milder form.
Making the Diagnosis
No specific test is available to identify trigeminal neuralgia. However, the pattern and type of pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia makes it easy to diagnose. The most common cause is a blood vessel compressing the trigeminal nerve inside your head. This can sometimes be seen on an MRI scan. Your doctor will probably want to rule out other possible causes of your pain, such as problems with the jaw, teeth, or sinuses, or compression of the trigeminal nerve by a tumour or aneurysm. This may involve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans.
Treatment and Prevention
It is important for people with severe trigeminal neuralgia to receive appropriate treatment as quickly as possible, as the pain can interfere with normal activities such as eating and sleeping and can lead to depression and even suicide.
Typical pain medications usually aren't helpful for trigeminal neuralgia because the episodes of pain are related to nerve pain. By stabilizing nerve endings, antiseizure medications (e.g., carbamazepine*, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, gabapentin) have shown to reduce the number and severity of painful episodes of trigeminal neuralgia. Other medications, such as muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen) or other types of pain relievers, may also be helpful. Certain antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) may also be used.
If the pain cannot be relieved by medications, a surgical procedure to reduce the nerve pain is a possible treatment option. Open surgery to relieve the pressure on the nerve by a blood vessel is effective for most patients. If a person isn't a good candidate for open surgery, a test can be done in which a numbing agent is injected into the nerve and temporarily blocks its function. If the pain is relieved, a balloon or an electrode can be temporarily inserted in the trigeminal ganglion, which is part of the nerve, to produce a mechanical or electrical lesion. This can be very effective at reducing the pain. A lesion of the trigeminal ganglion can also be obtained with focused high dose radiation. This is a well-proven method of treating trigeminal neuralgia. Sometimes, as a last resort for unmanageable pain, the trigeminal nerve is cut or destroyed.
All material copyright MediResource Inc. 1996 – 2024. Terms and conditions of use. The contents herein are for informational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Source: www.medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/Trigeminal-Neuralgia | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:FEG Model 58
Company or Firearm?
The article seems to refer to two different firearms (one long arm and one pistol) and contains company information. The article title refers to the rifle, but the article itself reads more like it is about the company? Which infobox should we be using? Kartano (talk) 16:46, 22 November 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
Posted: April 27th, 2017
health and nutrition status based on foods you consume, your daily physical activity, and your personal and current body measurements at a certain snapshot in time.
The HBA project is an exploration of your personal health and nutrition status based on foods you consume, your daily physical activity, and your personal and current body measurements at a certain snapshot in time.
You will conduct this project in a Scientific Method framework. You will use the following tools to collect your BaselineMeasurement Data described in the project: Nutrition Analysis, Physical Activity Survey and Personal Anthropometry Assessment.
Nutrition Analysis (Dietary Intake) – Choose 3 Days you will use to record your dietary intake on the enclosed forms. This must include one weekend, and 2 weekdays. Study the measurement techniques first so that you are better able to accurately record intake. Consider using tools such as your smart phone, small notepad or other recording device that you can have with you at all times as our memories can often change the detail if we delay.
Physical Activity Survey – This section will be divided into 2 areas. 1) Record any formal activity you participate in. This might include dance class, soccer practice, your time working out in the gym or outside of the gym 2). This area consists of general activities of daily living or, activities you might not consider as “exercise” but is never the less important to your overall health. These could include walking from the “el” rather that riding the bus, vacuuming at home, taking the stairs rather than the elevator, shoveling snow from your sidewalk etc., Bet you didn’t think this could matter!
Personal Anthropometry – using the worksheet, record all measurements: height, weight, abdominal girth and hips at widest point. You will also calculate your BMI. Please be assured that this information will not be shared and that honesty is the best policy!
Dietary Intake Instructions:
• Keep food records for 3 consecutive days (15 pts)
1. Include 1 weekend day. The goal is for the records to represent your usual eating habits.
2. Record EVERYTHING that goes into your mouth including water and small tastings
3. Record the time that you eat or drink. Write it down immediately. Consider using tools such as your smart phone, small notepad or other recording device that you can have with you at all times. Don’t trust your memory!
4. Record the amount of each item
5. Record how it was prepared (baked, fried, roasted) and any additives/sauces (mayonnaise, butter, salad dressing)
6. Use the Hunger/Fullness Scale to record your level of fullness.
• Estimating Portions
1. Important for making your analysis accurate. Actual measurements are the best: use a measuring cup or food scale.
2. Read labels and estimate the portion of food you consumed to the nearest ounce, cup, tablespoon,
or other common measure.
1. If you need to estimate, here are some tips:
• Once you’ve input your information into “SuperTracker” generate the following reports using the averages from your three days of intake. The averages can be found following the reports for individual days 1-3. Print the following reports with the data from the averages of your three days:
• Finally, use these reports as well as MyPlate as a comparison to answer the questions included on the page below. Most of the answers to these questions can be found by examining the reports. (25pts)
To summarize, Part 1 should include the following:
• The above 3 reports from “SuperTracker” (25pts)
• Personal three day food diary (15pts)
• Physical Activity Worksheet (5 pts)
• Personal Anthropometry Worksheet (5 pts)
Expert paper writers are just a few clicks away
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Talk:Protests against Donald Trump/Archive 4
Official Reaction
In August 2017, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Justice has requested information on visitors to a anti-Trump website that was being used to organize protests against President Trump. World Wide Web provider Dreamhost indicated that they have been working for several months on the request of the Department of Justice in allegedly providing roughly 1.3 million visitor IP addresses, contact information, email content and photos of visitors to the website, which had been involved in organizing protests against Trump on Inauguration Day 2017. Let us eat lettuce (talk) 19:56, 15 August 2017 (UTC)
this wiki should be a list, nothing more
just as List of post-election Donald Trump rallies, this should be nothing more than a listing. I suggest a deletion of this wiki. I suggest a new wiki President Trump's rallies. I respectfully request consensus. Let us eat lettuce (talk) 04:35, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* Oi, Lettuce please close this discussion. Or at the very least attempt to provide a legitimate rationale for deletion...at an AfD. But, as I already said, this is clearly a notable subject and it may reveal your competency issues to a broader audience.TheGracefulSlick (talk) 04:43, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* Also please refer to Wikipedia articles as such, not as wikis, like Doug told you. :-) Funcrunch (talk) 04:49, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* Hey, TheGracefulSlick "articles", will do. I thought they were called wiki's. I do NOT support deleting anybodies contribution. I don't know enough to request an AfD.. I have suggested a new article President Trumps rallies to document the content of and provide balance across Wikipedia. I do not support bias in wiki articles or related accusations of negative POV bias. closed Let us eat lettuce (talk) 05:51, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* I fail to see the bias. Many presidents had opposition, including the former one here: Protests against Barack Obama. Are you looking for a pro-Trump page? Try March 4 Trump or Tea Party movement. There already are articles about Trump rallies before and after he became president.TheGracefulSlick (talk) 06:51, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
* I disagree with this proposal. There is a list of protests on pages, such as Protests against Barack Obama. There is also a list of protests referred to saying Timeline of protests against Donald Trump. There is no need to delete this page. Theoallen1 (talk) 02:04, 24 August 2017 (UTC)
"Trump bashing"
Is there really no article covering the emerging trend to bash Donald Trump? It seems to have become a celebrity obsession and they're not anybody if they've not publicly criticized him. There should be an article on it!♦ Dr. Blofeld 11:40, 2 August 2017 (UTC)
* I do hope you are kidding. NoMoreHeroes (talk) 20:51, 2 August 2017 (UTC)
* The last thing we need are unnecessary, superfluous articles related to Donald Trump. Now THAT seems to be a trend nowadays. NoMoreHeroes (talk) 20:52, 2 August 2017 (UTC)
* Sure Donald, I agree in principle, except that I think it's become such a celebrity obsession to attack you that it's become a phenomenon in its own right. It seems like to fit in now a celeb has to publicly denounce you, which is a bit sad I think.♦ Dr. Blofeld 09:34, 4 August 2017 (UTC)
* Don't you mean "SAD!"? NoMoreHeroes (talk) 00:55, 9 August 2017 (UTC)
The title "Trump bashing" is not encyclopedic. An article titled Celebrity criticisms of Donald Trump would be a better title. You could also mention how a large portion of celebrities have lives that are train wrecks in order to bring balance/perspective to the article.Knox490 (talk) 07:03, 8 October 2017 (UTC)
DACA decision
Are the protests related to Trump's decision on DACA notable enough for a standalone article? And I don't mean just people organizing and attending rallies, I'd like us to even consider a more general "reaction" article. See Protests against Executive Order 13769 and Reactions to Executive Order 13769 for possible ideas. --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 19:26, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
* Possibly, though considering the DACA article is fully protected right now (apparently due to a lengthy edit war), I expect contention either way... Funcrunch (talk) 20:15, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
* Just FYI there are now some images from today's protest at Trump Tower in this Commons category: commons:Category:Protest against the DACA rescission in New York (5 September 2017). I've added one to the article as it looked like there was room. — Rhododendrites talk \\ 03:08, 6 September 2017 (UTC)
* Thanks, I should have pix from San Francisco up by tomorrow hopefully. Funcrunch (talk) 03:12, 6 September 2017 (UTC)
* And more from a march/rally yesterday: commons:Category:Protest against the DACA rescission in New York (9 September 2017). If there are more in the days/weeks to come, I'm going to presume not post about it/them here barring highly unusual circumstances (I recognize it's of limited usefulness on the talk page). — Rhododendrites talk \\ 03:34, 11 September 2017 (UTC)
Timeline of Protests against Donald Trump
Several protests have been recently added without changing the Timeline for Protests against Donald Trump. In my view, any protest mentioned here but not mentioned on the timeline during his Presidency should be added to the timeline or the section here should be blanked.Theoallen1 (talk) 22:25, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
Condense or break up the article: Length not justified
The article now has more footnotes than the French Revolution article. The French Revolution lasted ten years and has had a far greater impact on world history than these Trump protests.
Condense the article or at least break it up. Condensing the article makes more sense.Knox490 (talk) 02:04, 10 October 2017 (UTC)
* Yes, because there is silly irrelevant information like a listing of fake Twitter accounts. Seriously. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:20, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
Significant Social Media Protests
In reviewing this article, it has become apparent that the article focuses solely on physical protests and neglects the strong social media protests that have been occurring over the past year. There has been an explosion of trending tweets such as #NotMyPresident and #ResistTrump. I plan to analyze the collective protests against Donald Trump through social media hashtag analysis and through reputable articles relating to the subject. I believe this additional information will make the article more complete and representative of the total opposition that has taken place, rather than just the physical protests. The analytics will be done mainly through google trends, but I am attempting to find a better social media engagement tracking service. If anyone has any suggestions, please feel free to respond! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raffiter10 (talk • contribs) 02:18, 11 October 2017 (UTC)
Definitely. We can't forget about that petition for the electoral college to put Hillary in office. And how many new startup organizations have formed about organizing opposition to Republican politicians across the country? How about the celebrities like George Takei who have revitalized their careers as anti-Trump activists. Maybe even anti-Trump meme culture (i.e. Covfefe).--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:40, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
List of Twitter Accounts
Seriously, why is there a list of Twitter accounts? This is totally irrelevant for an encyclopaedia. Wikipedia is an Encyclopaedia, not a directory. These listings only serve to extend the length of the article without adding in any encyclopaedic value (or maybe the intent was to promote the Twitter accounts in question). It's a simple manual of style for an encyclopaedia. To add on, many of these accounts are not even referenced. That constitutes original research, which also brings notability of the information into question (i.e. Does this mean I can set up a random account masquerading as a fake U.S. government branch and list this account here as well?).
I have already been kind enough to explain my edits in my edit summary, but User:Another Believer, did not explain it when he/she reverted my edit. An experienced Wikipedian should have known better. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:13, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
* I reverted per the template at the top of this page which says, "Rogue Twitter accounts was nominated for deletion. The debate was closed on 9 June 2017 with a consensus to merge. Its contents were merged into Protests against Donald Trump. The original page is now a redirect to here." I'll let other editors here weigh in on the appropriateness of your deletion. --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 17:30, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
* I see, apologies for that. In that case, the editor who added it into the original article should have known better. This is indeed the first time I have seen a Wikipedia article stating so many social media handles/usernames in a list, without the article title starting with, "List of...". The prose itself is fine, but the list is irrelevant (a quick mention of a few of the more notable examples will do; readers do not need to know the entire spectrum of accounts). --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:35, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
* I actually agree with the IP that a full listing of rogue accounts is unnecessary, especially as many are not referenced. Funcrunch (talk) 18:04, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
Adding more
Hey someone should definitely add more information to the misinformation section (funny hahaha ironic). Also more information could be helpful for the international section and all the protest subsections are pretty short as well. Otherwise good job, information is clear.
Article name
It seems to me that a more encyclopedic title for this article is "Anti-Trump movement", which currently redirects here. Thoughts? LK (talk) 03:38, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
* "Protests" cannot be treated as wholly identical to "anti". You can inform though that which paragraphs or sections of the article would justify "anti-Trump" title. Raymond3023 (talk) 03:41, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
External links modified
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People's State of the Union
Not sure if the People's State of the Union should be mentioned in this article somehow... --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 15:34, 30 January 2018 (UTC)
* I think it should as it was a protest against Donald Trump. Emir of Wikipedia (talk) 16:30, 30 January 2018 (UTC)
Merge discussion
Looking at a possible merge from Lion Guard into the security section of this page. Comments would be welcome at Talk:Lion Guard. -O.R.Comms 19:21, 20 June 2018 (UTC)
Children separated from families?
I would really like it if someone were to perhaps add a blurb about the recent protests regarding the children of illegal immigrants being separated from their families and put into "cages". I don't feel like I can do it myself since I have virtually no experience in editing a Wikipedia page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jnlt215 (talk • contribs) 18:52, 21 June 2018 (UTC)
* Thanks for pointing this out. I've added a short section that could certainly be expanded further. Feel free to suggest anything else you feel ought to be added to the section (and references to be used) – or be bold and add anything you think is necessary yourself. Everybody was a newcomer at some point and the worst thing that can happen is your changes will be reverted. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 20:13, 21 June 2018 (UTC)
Goals
What are the goals that Protesters against Trump want to achieve? My guesses include the most obvious, Impeachment of Donald Trump, rejoining the Paris Agreement, cancel construction of the Border Wall, and maybe even abolishing the Electoral College. Does anyone have any? 70Jack90 (talk) 03:13, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
Who is funding the protests is a better question. Look at all of the signs, most are copies and there are thousands of them, the money to print those is coming from somewhere. And the signs are identical whether its a protest in Chigaco or LA, its not like the TEA Party where every single sign was unique and obviously hand made. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:43, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
Trump Baby blimp
I've redirected Trump Baby blimp to this article, and addeded a short blurb about the upcoming protest in London. --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 00:49, 6 July 2018 (UTC)
Not really a blimp
According to our article, a blimp is an airship (i.e., it can carry a person). Although the Trump Baby is most often referred to in the media as a blimp, some sources do call it a balloon (example), which seems to be correct. As long as Trump Baby blimp redirects here, so that people using the more common phrase can find the information, we should call it a balloon. I'll correct the section heading and change the redirect so it goes to this specific section. JamesMLane t c 16:35, 8 July 2018 (UTC)
* I went ahead and redirected Trump Baby balloon as well. --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 16:40, 8 July 2018 (UTC)
Problematic statement in the lede
The lede contains the sentence, While most protests have been peaceful,[17] actionable conduct such as vandalism and assaults on Trump supporters has occurred.[18][19] That is one-sided; it tells only half the story. It should say While most protests have been peaceful,[17] actionable conduct such as vandalism, assaults on Trump supporters, and assaults by Trump supporters on protesters has occurred.[18][19] Surely we haven't forgotten that the only fatality at a protest was caused by a Trump supporter driving a car into a group of protesters? If we add this it will need an additional reference. --MelanieN (talk) 03:33, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
* Why say actionable?--Jack Upland (talk) 18:39, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
Hollywood Walk of Fame
I haven't looked for anything online but I heard on the "radio" that Trump's star was vandalized. I guess that's not significant enough for this article.— Vchimpanzee • talk • contributions • 16:10, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
* Source.— Vchimpanzee • talk • contributions • 14:59, 26 July 2018 (UTC)
* This site has been vandalized several times already. An overview of the attempts may deserve mention. — JFG talk 15:21, 26 July 2018 (UTC)
* Sounds good. I didn't think the individual incident would be important enough.— Vchimpanzee • talk • contributions • 18:24, 26 July 2018 (UTC)
* It's happened often enough to deserve a section of its own. Several of the incidents are mentioned here. --MelanieN (talk) 20:08, 26 July 2018 (UTC)
* Thanks. I'll work on it.— Vchimpanzee • talk • contributions • 15:41, 27 July 2018 (UTC)
* I'm sure what I did can be improved, but it's a start. One problem is that the article is divided into protests before he was president and those while he was president.— Vchimpanzee • talk • contributions • 16:21, 27 July 2018 (UTC)
* Just in case anyone thinks the exact time of this week's incident is too much, I'm making the point it happened in the middle of the night, and all we really know is when the police heard about it.— Vchimpanzee • talk • contributions • 18:49, 27 July 2018 (UTC)
A very well-written summary of the various defacement incidents, thanks! I had forgotten about the "wall" around the star, that one at least was creative instead of destructive! — JFG talk 20:36, 27 July 2018 (UTC)
FYI, similar content is being discussed at Talk:Donald Trump. — JFG talk 22:40, 30 July 2018 (UTC)
Occupy Lafayette Park Protest now known as Kremlin Annex Protest
As of the current date, a 109-day uninterrupted non-violent protest against various aspects of the current executive branch has been staged in front of the White House in D.C. The protest was started specifically on 7/16/2018 after the summit in Russia where the president came under scrutiny for sidestepping Putin's potential involvement in biasing the election. This protest is covered under the twitter hashtag "#KremlinAnnex" and under the twitter account "@KremlinAnnex". It has been covered in public news media briefly during this time. Because the news reporting, the length of this protest and well-organized group staging this event, it is likely appropriate to add this protest to the article. Ref: "Occupy Lafayette Park" on twitter: "Est. 7/16/2018 after the #TreasonSummit." Ref: "Kremlin Annex" on twitter. Jcline0 (talk) 02:29, 2 November 2018 (UTC)
* Added brief summary of Kremlin Annex to the related article, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_protests_against_Donald_Trump#July_2018 . Not adding more to this article in the short term, due to sensitivity of these edits. This long running protest deserves mention in the main article.
Jcline0 (talk) 02:53, 2 November 2018 (UTC)
Rogue twitter accounts
This seems trivial and dubious, especially as we don't know how these people are.--Jack Upland (talk) 18:44, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
* I think there should be some mention of the phenomenon, given the amount of coverage in news media at the time, which was probably greater than that afforded to most other topics that have individual sections in this article. I agree though that the current bullet-point list of Twitter accounts runs counter to the spirit of WP:INDISCRIMINATE and should be removed or merged into the prose. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 20:40, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
Trump riots listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Trump riots. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. B dash (talk) 15:53, 19 April 2019 (UTC)
Dump Trump (statue)
Not sure if this should be added or not, but I've started Dump Trump (statue). --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 19:21, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
Antifa
You are invited to participate in Talk:Antifa (United States), a discussion about whether to include that activities by American anti-fascists were labeled as domestic terrorism by the Trump administration. R2 (bleep) 22:25, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
video from july 30, 2019
— Preceding unsigned comment added by Victorgrigas (talk • contribs) 03:37, 31 July 2019 (UTC)
Infobox is messed up
The current infobox is waaay too big and seems to include OR categorization and too-detailed lists of article content. SPECIFICO talk 13:43, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
* I agree. It's essentially a duplicate of the table of contents. So what can we do to simplify? Causes: "Orange man bad"? Goals: "Impeach the MF"? — JFG talk 18:32, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
* Joking aside, I made a bold edit to address the issue, focusing on the root cause of demonstrations and their most sought after remedy. What do you think? — JFG talk 18:42, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
* Does this need updating, now that impeachment has been and gone? Have they achieve their goal? Or has their goal proved illusory?--Jack Upland (talk) 01:27, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
Looking at the contents at present: Then there's Number which seems to be a list of the largest protests, which is not very notable. Then Casualties. Why include this? The numbers are precise, and I don't think an arrest is a casualty.--Jack Upland (talk) 18:37, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
* Date June 16, 2015 – present Whether it is ongoing is debatable. The timeline has nothing since 5 February.
* Location United States and other countries[a] The protests in other countries seem largely trivial.
* Caused by Donald Trump's campaign and presidency I would say they were reactions to what Trump said and did.
* Goals Removal of Trump from office, possibly via impeachment What other method of removal was contemplated? Why not mention voting?
* Methods Demonstration, Internet activism, political campaigning Tautological.
* Status Ongoing Debatable and repetitive.
* President Trump impeached by the House of Representatives on December 18, 2019 The protests did not cause the impeachment.
* Senate impeachment trial occurred from January–February 2020 Why not say acquittal?
* Perhaps you could enumerate the specific changes you think should be made (or just go ahead and make those changes and see if anyone disagrees)? I agree with some of the above but in the absence of concrete proposals it's difficult to discuss. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 21:49, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
* The problem is, following my arguments, all the infobox would consist of would be Started: June 16, 2015. Location: United States. Given this is a contentious topic, I don't think that would be accepted. This conundrum lies in the nature of the protests themselves. The protests are open-ended and undefinable. The protests were against so many things, including Trump's attitude to women. I think there were generally expressing outrage, rather than demanding action. To the extent that people were calling for impeachment, many clearly did not understand what impeachment was (for example, those demanding immediate impeachment). It is pointless to say the "Protests against Donald Trump" were "protests against Donald Trump", but that's essentially what we are saying here. I can't think of anything worthwhile to say in summing up the protests.--Jack Upland (talk) 00:12, 25 April 2020 (UTC)
Lincoln Project, add here, since Anti-Trump?
Since "Anti-Trump" redirects here ....
Anti-Trumpism within GOP (with examples John Kasich and George Conway III): X1\ (talk) 23:12, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
* https://apnews.com/513cab63a1b3317f6342daf888a10763
* https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/17/george-conway-other-conservatives-critics-form-super-pac-to-battle-trump.html
George Floyd protests
I'm not sure that the text you added to the article is supported by the source cited. There are of course connections and continuities between the ongoing protests and anti-Trump protests, but we really need a source (preferably several) that makes that connection explicit. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 13:04, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
The page is rushed and looks pretty bad so that's why I had removed it 15:45, 2 June 2020 (UTC)CrusaderToonamiUK (talk)
A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:43, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
* Profane Trump Sign with Protestor.jpeg
Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Adam192ac, Raffiter10. Peer reviewers: Garc liz.
Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:48, 18 January 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Fredericktown station (St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad)
St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad Depot is a historic train station located at Fredericktown, Madison County, Missouri. It was built in 1869 and expanded about 1908 by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway. It is a one-story, rectangular wood-frame building with a gable roof on short wood piers. The original rectangular section was approximately 25 feet by 65 feet and the addition extended the building approximately 30 feet. In 1917–1918, the new Fredericktown Missouri Pacific Railroad Depot took over passenger service, while freight continued to be handled by the original depot.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. | WIKI |
Template:Did you know nominations/Quakake Tunnel
The result was: promoted by G S Palmer (talk • contribs) 20:48, 24 October 2014 (UTC)
Quakake Tunnel
* ... that with a discharge of over 6000 gallons per minute, the Quakake Tunnel is the largest abandoned mine discharge in the Lehigh River watershed?
* Reviewed: Template:Did you know nominations/Beaver attack
Moved to mainspace by Jakec (talk). Self nominated at 00:33, 22 October 2014 (UTC).
* Symbol confirmed.svg Good to go. Newness, length, hook all check. No copyvio or close-paraphrasing detected. Article fully referenced and RS, V-compliant. Δρ.Κ. λόγοςπράξις 20:28, 24 October 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Pocock, The Scottish Silurian Scorpion.pdf/4
elevated upon a tubercle. If, indeed, such a tubercle existed as is exhibited in the Gotland specimen, the eyes must have been situated on its extreme anterior border. The presence of these median eyes, and the probable absence of the tubercle, are two important structural differences to distinguish the Scotch specimen from the Swedish.
.—The six pairs of prosomatic appendages (i—vi, Pl. 19) are preserved in a state of greater or less completeness, those on the left side being on the whole more clearly defined than those on the right.
The or are, as in the Gotland specimen, very large as compared with those of recent scorpions. The left chelicera, crushed out of shape and position, shows no recognisable feature but a portion of the immoveable digit. The right, on the contrary, is well preserved and occupies its normal position, projecting straight forwards from the fore-part of the prosoma. The immoveable digit is slender, pointed, and nearly straight; the moveable is equally slender and pointed, but is lightly curved and armed in the middle of its lower edge with a single tubercular tooth.
It is noticeable that the digits of the chelicera are thinner, and overlap at the apex to a much greater extent than in the Gotland fossil.
Owing to the distortion and displacement of the left chelicera a portion of the matrix is displayed between the bases of the two appendages just in front of the middle line of the anterior border of the carapace. Presumably it is this portion of matrix which Mr. Peach describes—I think erroneously—as "a fleshy labrum (camerostome) between the bases of the cheliceræ."
.—As in the Gotland specimen, these appendages do not appear to differ in any essential respects from those of recent scorpions. Their basal segments are too badly preserved for delineation—a particularly regrettable circumstance in view of the fact that in the Gotland specimen they are concealed from view. Hence it is impossible to surmise whether they took a greater, less, or an equal share in | WIKI |
Kimboo
Kimboo is a Franco-Ivorian animated television series which originally aired on France's FR3 during 1989–1990. Created by the Côte d'Ivoire's then-First Lady Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny, its title character—an Ivorian boy who journeys from his home village with a sister and a pet parrot—was designated as an ambassador for Africa's children and culture. Consisting of 48 five-minute episodes, the series was accompanied by a tie-in magazine and book series and also exported abroad. Kimboo and Kids, a 30-minute U.S. version featuring market-exclusive live-action segments, was the first animated program to air on the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network during 1991–1992, receiving a Parents' Choice Award after its run ended.
Synopsis
Kimboo, a 10-year-old boy, lives in the Côte d'Ivoire village of Yampoupou with his sister Kita and pet parrot Ako. He daydreams of travelling around the world someday, but his grandfather insists he begin exploring his home country first. After winning a local singing contest, he sets off with Kita and Ako on an adventure that takes them to Abidjan, Benin, Senegal, Timbuktu, Tunisia, Marseille, Paris, and New York City.
Voice cast
* Pilou Coton as Kimboo
* Marie-Christine "Maïk" Darah as Kita
* Mohamed Rouabhi as Ako
Development
Kimboo was the first animated series to feature a native African main character. It was created by Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny, the First Lady of the Côte d'Ivoire at the time. Since African children wanted an animated character they could relate to instead of what they saw in Western-produced fare, Houphouët-Boigny set out to produce a show whose title character would serve as an ambassador for the continent's children and culture; "carry a message of hope" to that demographic; and "help create the foundations of true international brotherhood". Her project was an effort to combat dated perceptions and depictions of African culture in media. She spent one year developing the series, which cost ₣12 million overall with support from France. Among the series' crew were French filmmaker Alain Jaspard and "Soul Makossa" composer Manu Dibango.
Broadcast and marketing
Kimboo was first broadcast on 23 October 1989 on FR3 as a five-minute program, running for 48 episodes until 1990. It premiered on Ivorian television in December 1989 as Houphouët-Boigny's "Christmas gift" to local young viewers, and was also exported within and outside the African market. An eponymous tie-in magazine from Editions Magnans, which launched that November and ran for five or six issues, was illustrated by designer and Magnans owner Frédéric Beltran. Around the same time, the show became the basis of Les aventures de Kimboo, a children's book series from EDICEF with Ivorian distribution by CEDA. Its first title, Boubou et Ako, was written by Caya Makhélé and illustrated by Laurent Lalo (Maïga).
In late July 1990, Black Entertainment Television (BET) picked up the U.S. broadcast rights. Although announced for January 1991, the first tapings of their eventual version, Kimboo and Kids, did not occur until that March. Airing as a half-hour Saturday-morning program and featuring hosted live-action wraparounds exclusive to the U.S. market, Kimboo and Kids premiered on 20 April 1991 and ran until the following September. The first animated series to air on BET, it preceded their in-house production Hey Monie! by 12 years. In late November 1992, this version won a Parents' Choice Award in the National Television category alongside Lamb Chop's Play-Along, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, and Nickelodeon Special Edition: A Conversation with Magic.
Legacy
In 2005, media historian Hal Erickson lamented Kimboo obscurity and absence from the U.S. airwaves despite its landmark status for animation and BET: "It seems incredible that an animated series [from around] the early 1990s could have vanished as though the earth had completely swallowed it, but such seems to be the case with the half-hour [U.S. version].... Even BET seems to have forgotten all about Kimboo." | WIKI |
UserAction JS
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Description
The UserAction object represents a user action. The UserAction object is used for publishing actions using the socialize.showShareBarUI, socialize.showShareUI, socialize.publishUserAction and other Sharing related API methods. The UserAction object is constructed by the application. See the constructor description below for an example on how to construct a UserAction object. To learn more about using the UserAction object, read the Share Content guide.
Note: The userAction object is used to explicitly define characteristics for a share post item. It is recommended to implement open-graph tags in your page in addition to the userAction object, as some social networks use the og tags for the info, such as Facebook, Twitter and Google+. It is only possible for users to publish from domains which you have added to your approved list, for more information see Approved URLs.
Note: A shared URL must match the approved URLs (domains) for the specified API key, otherwise the share will not work.
Constructor
UserAction()
Creates a new UserAction instance.
For example:
var act = new gigya.socialize.UserAction();
Member Methods
RequiredMethod Name Description
setUserMessage(userMessage)Sets the "User Message" string of the User Action. The User Message is typically text entered by the user.
The user message should consist of simple text only. Gigya will remove any HTML tags from the user message string, excluding the following tags: <b>, <i>, <u>, <strong>, <br>, <p>.
Note: When using the Share add-on (socialize.showShareUI and socialize.showShareBarUI), the user message is not supported. Preset user messages are contrary to Facebook developer guidelines.
setLinkBack(href)Sets the Linkback URL of the User Action. The Linkback is a link, typically to the content source. Note: the URL must be an absolute URL.
addMediaItem(mediaObject)Adds a media (Images \ Flash \ Mp3 \ Video) to the User Action. The method receives a mediaObject parameter, which is a JSON-encoded object containing the media's type and data. To learn more about using this method, please refer to the Adding Media Item/s to the UserAction Object section.
addActionLink(title, href)Adds a link that will appear in the links' area at the bottom of the post.
Parameters:
title - link's text.
href - link URL. Note: the URL must be an absolute URL.
setTitle(title)Sets the Title string of the User Action. Typically this is the title of the posted content.
setSubtitle(subtitle)Sets the Subtitle string of the User Action. Typically this is mapped to the caption field of the post. Currently supported only by Facebook.
setDescription(description)Sets the Description string of the User Action. Typically this is the textual content of the post.
setActionName(actionName)Previously used with Activity Feed (deprecated).
clone()Creates and returns a copy of a UserAction object. This can be very useful when setting provider-specific UserAction content.
Media Object
A JSON-encoded object containing information about a media. The Media object structure depends on its type. All media objects include the following basic fields:
Field NameTypeDescription
typestringThe media type. The valid values for this field are: 'image', 'flash' or 'mp3'.
srcstringThe URL to the media source. Must be a valid URL that starts with "http".
The following subsections elaborate on the set of fields of each Media type:
type: 'image'
Field NameTypeDescription
hrefstringURL of a link to associate with the image. Must be a valid URL that starts with "http".
type: 'flash'
Field NameTypeDescription
widthnumberThe width of the Flash object to be rendered.
heightnumberThe height of the Flash object to be rendered.
previewImageURLURLThe URL of a photo that should be displayed in place of the Flash object until the user clicks to prompt the Flash object to play.
previewImageWidthnumberThe width of the preview image.
previewImageHeightnumberThe height of the preview image.
type: 'mp3'
Field NameTypeDescription
titlestringThe "Title" property of the mp3 file.
artiststringThe "Artist" property of the mp3 file.
albumstringThe "Album" property of the mp3 file.
Usage Examples
Refer to the socialize.publishUserAction Code sample for a typical usage of the UserAction object.
Sharing Limitations
It is important to note that there are certain limitations on data size imposed by the various Social Networks, e.g., the combined character length of all parameters. This limitation can be anywhere from 140 characters in length for Twitter and up to 10,000 characters for Facebook. It is important to parse your data accordingly for the individual Social Network you are posting the information to.
Site Specific Limitations
• Twitter
• When sharing to Twitter, there are a couple of unique situations to be aware of. One is the hard limit of 140 characters including any spaces, user handle, etc. The second is that most URL's will be wrapped within a t.co wrapper which, in many cases may decrease the character count of the tweet, however, in some cases, such as when the original URL is extremely short to begin with, the character count may actually increase when wrapping it within the wrapper (depending on your settings within your Twitter app). If the ending character count of the tweet after having the URL wrapped upon arrival to twitter is greater than 140 characters, the share will fail, even if it was within the 140 character limit prior to leaving your server.
• LinkedIn
• setTitle(title) should be no more than 200 characters.
• setDescription(description) should be no more than 256 characters.
• *setUserMessage(userMessage) or comment - should be no more than 700 characters. Note that this should contain simple text only and Gigya will remove any HTML (see above).
• Facebook
• A status update can be up to 420 characters in length (all fields combined).
• A wall post, that contains either an attachment or an action link, can be up to 10,000 characters in length (all fields combined).
• (Note that there have been certain WordPress plugins reported to have bugs which can sometimes cause shares to fail due to exceeding the 10k limit, even though the original content is not actually 10k. Please review the documentation of your particular plugin or contact WordPress support if you are encountering a similar issue).
For more information please see Advanced Sharing socialize.showShareBarUI.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
By Kim Smiley
Two Iowa farms have recently been at the center of the largest egg recall in US history. Over half a billion eggs were recalled in August after more than 1,500 people were sickened by eggs tainted with salmonella.
How did this happen? Where did the contamination come from? How did tainted eggs make it onto supermarket shelves?
The investigation is still ongoing, but we can begin a root cause analysis of this problem by building a Cause Map. A Cause Map provides a simple visual explanation of all the causes that were required to produce the incident. A good place to start building a Cause Map is to identify the impacts to the organizational goals. Causes are then added to the map by asking “why” questions. (Click on the “Download PDF” button to view a Cause Map of this issue.)
In this example, we’ll consider the safety goal first. The safety goal was impacted because nearly 1,500 people got sick because they consumed eggs that were contaminated with salmonella. Why did they eat contaminated eggs? Contaminated eggs were eaten because they were sold. Why? Because the eggs were contaminated at some point and there was inadequate regulation to prevent them from being sold.
Investigators are still determining the exact source of the contamination, but there is significant information available that can be added to the Cause Map. The eggs were contaminated with salmonella because the hens laying the eggs were contaminated. (This strain of bacteria can be found inside a chicken’s ovaries and is passed on to eggs.) The exact source that contaminated the hens is still being determined, but testing by the FDA has determined that the hens were likely contaminated after arriving at the farms. FDA investigators have found a number of sanitation violations, including rodents which are a known carrier of salmonella. Salmonella is not passed from hen to hen, but is typically passed from rodent droppings to chickens.
As more information comes available we can add to the Cause Map. Hopefully, the investigation will result in solutions that can be applied and prevent this situation from occurring again. | FINEWEB-EDU |
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Why globalid changes to lower case when getting GeodatabaseFeature.Attributes["GLOBALID"]?
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10-14-2014 02:45 AM
VesaLaakko
New Contributor III
I have two ServiceFeaturetables combined with globalid based relationshipclass. When I try to create new GeodatabaseFeature and populate foreignkey, like feature2.attributes["SERVICEFEATURETABLE1_GLOBALID"]= feature1.attributes["GLOBALID"] , then the case of GLOBALID is changed to lower case and linkage between features will not be established.
1 Solution
Accepted Solutions
FreddieGibson
Regular Contributor II
What is the problem?
The problem is centered behind having a relate between a GlobalId column and Guid column. When you add a Guid to a table in a feature service using Runtime it appears that this Guid will not be returned as a related record when the data is hosted in Oracle.
Why does this happen?
So far it appears that you'll run into this problem when using data hosted in an Oracle database. Although both the GlobalId and Guid columns are stored as char(38), the methods behind how the values are assigned to these columns result in different cases for the Guid's string representation. GlobalId values are auto-generated when records are added to the table and it appears that we add them to the table using their upper case string representation. On the other hand, when supplying a Guid value to the feature service via Runtime we're required to provide a Guid object and these values are stored as lower case strings on the database end by default. This behavior leads to conflicts in ArcMap when relating the two columns because they are compared as strings. In ArcMap you would notice that the Guid value {EF2E0C18-638C-4C6D-AFA7-4D23581CCAA5} would not be equivalent to {ef2e0c18-638c-4c6d-afa7-4d23581ccaa5} (i.e. the relate would show that there are no related records).
Can this issue be replicated without using runtime?
Technically yes, but not in necessarily the same manner. In ArcMap you could copy the GlobalId from one column, paste it into a related column, and convert it to lowercase. Once the GlobalId is stored in upper case and the related Guid column is stored in lower case these records would not recognize their values as the same. The primary difference between using ArcMap instead of Runtime would be that ArcMap will only allow you to supply the string to the Guid field. As such, you would have full control over the case of the string when you supply it to Oracle. In Runtime the feature service would require that you provide it a Guid object and the case of the resulting string would be determined by the RDBMS. It would just be important to note that the Guid wouldn't be a problem in databases like SQL Server where the Guid would be stored in upper case regardless of what you provide.
How to fix this issue?
In my testing I found that changing the case of the Guid column in ArcMap fixed the issue with the relate. I would assume that you could fix this issue on your end by doing one of the following:
1. Adding a constraint to my Guid column to make it always uppercase
2. Creating a trigger to convert the newly added Guid to upper case
3. Using an edit session in ArcMap to manually or programmatically update the values to upper case
View solution in original post
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16 Replies
dotMorten_esri
Esri Notable Contributor
What casing are you seeing reported by 'myTable.GlobalIDField' ? It's recommended you always use the properties rather than hardcoding the field values. Ie. change
feature1.attributes["GLOBALID"]
to
feature1.attributes[myTable.GlobalIDField]
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VesaLaakko
New Contributor III
I try to clarify my question. I have globalid value {ADFF9CE5-D371-40DB-BB2A-9AB18AD68A2B} in feature1 in Table1.
Between Table1 and Table2 there is a globalid based relationshipclass. So when I create new row in Table2, which I want to be related to feature1, I have to set foreign key field "Table1_globalid" to value feature1.globalid like Table2.Table1_globalid=Table1.globalid and with runtime API like feature2.attributes["TABLE1_GLOBALID"]= feature1.attributes["GLOBALID"]
For some reason when I take feature1.attributes["GLOBALID"] I get {adff9ce5-d371-40db-bb2a-9ab18ad68a2b}, so globalid value is changed to lower case value and no relationship was born.
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MichaelBranscomb
Esri Frequent Contributor
Hi,
Thanks for the clarification. I have entered an issue to investigate this further.
Cheers
Mike
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dotMorten_esri
Esri Notable Contributor
The string-representation shouldn't matter. Data is internally stored as raw GUID byte data. Try comparing them at the byte level by calling .ToByteArray() on the guid and check that the bytes are actually the same.
It's kind of the same as comparing "10/15/2014" with "Wednesday, October 15, 2014". They both represent the same date, but the string representation is different.
How are you getting the different string representations of the guids?
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VesaLaakko
New Contributor III
If the GUID's string-representation doesn't matter, why the relationship is broken in my example anyway? At least by ArcMap there is no relationship between these features. Looks like ArcMap (geodatabase?) works with string -representation anyway even if the values are GUIDs
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dotMorten_esri
Esri Notable Contributor
We attempted reproducing this but got it working. Would you happen to have a sample you can share that reproduces the issue?
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VesaLaakko
New Contributor III
A little bit difficult to share this sample, because our ArcGIS Server is not open to the internet. Did you get different casing from GUIDs and despite that, your relationship is working or do you have always same casing of values for both fields in your attempts?
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dotMorten_esri
Esri Notable Contributor
How did you get the string representations? Ie what code did you write to get two different casings of the GUIDs?
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VesaLaakko
New Contributor III
var MKITaulu = await Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Data.ServiceFeatureTable.OpenAsync(new Uri("http://smkdevserver.dev.local:6080/arcgis/rest/services/Kanto/FeatureServer/19"));
MKITaulu.OutFields = OutFields.All;
Feature mki = await MKITaulu.QueryAsync(2903);
var tarkastusTaulu = await Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Data.ServiceFeatureTable.OpenAsync(new Uri("http://smkdevserver.dev.local:6080/arcgis/rest/services/Kanto/FeatureServer/39"));
tarkastusTaulu.OutFields = OutFields.All;
var newFeature = new Esri.ArcGISRuntime.Data.GeodatabaseFeature(tarkastusTaulu.Schema);
newFeature.Attributes["MKI_GLOBALID"] = mki.Attributes["GLOBALID"];<--this value is lower case
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کندهار
Etymology
Evolved from "Iskandar" pronounced as "Scandar", in the local dialect version of the name Alexander | WIKI |
Linux Essentials – Managing Groups
In this episode of Linux Essentials, we take a look at group management. You’ll see commands such as groupadd and groupdel in action as we navigate concepts around adding groups, removing groups, assigning/removing users to groups, and more!
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Most videos in this series can be viewed in any order, but I do recommend that you watch the video about user management first before this one. Either way, if you already know how to add users, we can continue. Let’s talk about groups.
Files have a user and group that owns them.
ls -l
In the output, we can see which user owns the file, and which group owns the file. If the output of the ls -l command or permissions confuses you at all, I have a dedicated video about permissions, if you want to brush up on permissions.
Groups are a great thing when it comes to user management, because it helps you place users into categories. For example, you can have an accounting group, and all users in the accounting department will be a member of that group. You can give a user access to accounting files by simply adding them to the group, which is better than adding that user to each file manually. That would take a long time. We’ll see examples of that shortly.
But first, what groups am I a member of?
groups
By executing the groups command, by itself, it will show you a list of groups you’re a member of.
You can also query the groups for a user other than yourself:
groups foxmulder
Reading group memberships doesn’t require root privileges, so I didn’t even need to switch to root or use sudo in order to view that.
In the users video, I talked about the /etc/passwd file:
cat /etc/passwd
I’m not going to go over all of the content of that file again, since I did so in the user management video. But the quick summary is that the /etc/passwd file lists all the user accounts on the system, and I bring that up because there’s actually a dedicated file for groups as well:
cat /etc/group
And this file is relatively simple. Each group is listed on its own line. There’s a Group ID listed for each, or GID for short. Each GID is unique, you can’t have two groups with the same GID.
On the far left, we have the name of the group. You’ll even notice that there’s a group here that has the same name as my user id, that’s normal and quite common. Some distros will put your user in a group called users for example, while others, like you see here, creates a group for each user account with the same name.
The /etc/group password is broken down into columns, each separated by a colon. We’ve already gone over several of the columns, you know what the GID is now, and the username is there on the left. The second column is an “x” for each, and that is where the group password would be set, if there was one. But group passwords are not common, and are somewhat of a security risk. Since they’re really not used much, if at all nowadays, we’re not going to discuss group passwords, so we’ll skip talking about this second field any further.
Third, we have the GID, which we’ve already discussed.
And the last column, we have a comma separated list of users that area member of that group. Many of these don’t have a user listed at the end, which means that there are no users that are a member of that group. Quite a few of these are unused.
So, how do you create a new group? That’s simple, we can use the groupadd command:
sudo groupadd gamers
I added a group called gamers, because wouldn’t it be cool if your company had a gamers department where they were paid to play video games? Well I can dream, but that’s probably not going to happen, so let’s use the groupdel command to delete that group:
sudo groupdel gamers
Right away, I just showed you two new commands. groupadd and groupdel, and they’re simple commands. One of them adds a group, the other removes a group. So now, you know how to add and remove groups from your system.
But as with most things when it comes to Linux, there’s more to groups than that. I haven’t even shown you how to add a user to a group yet. I’ll cover that shortly. But first, I want to make sure that you are aware of the fact that there’s two types of group memberships, a user has a primary group, and also secondary groups.
If we look at the /etc/passwd file, there’s a GID listed there. That GID is associated with whatever the user’s primary group happens to be. And you can change the primary group anytime. But the GID you see here is what the primary group is for that user at this point in time.
cat /etc/passwd
What’s the difference between a normal group and a primary group? Well, nothing. They’re both groups, and in the /etc/group file, none of the groups are identified as primary or not, so when I refer to “primary” group, that’s not a different class of groups. It’s just that for each user, one group is added to them that’s considered the primary group. And any group that’s available can be the primary group for that user. A primary group for a user is applied to things that are spawned from that user, such as files or processes, but that’s outside the scope of this video. For now, just remember that primary groups are added to the user when they’re created, it can be changed, and any group you add to a user after the primary are all secondary group memberships.
So let’s add a group to a user. There are multiple commands available that you can use to assign a user to a group, my go to has been the usermod command. The usermod command isn’t specific to groups, it’s actually a command you can use to modify a user account, and group membership is just one of the things the usermod command allows you to change.
So, I’ll create a new group, as we did before:
sudo groupadd server-admins
And next, I’ll add a user to that group. I’ll add the foxmulder user I created in a previous video to that group.
First, let’s check the users group memberships as of now:
groups foxmulder
And now, let’s add the new group to that user:
sudo usermod -aG server-admins foxmulder
The way the command breaks down, is that with usermod, I’m adding the -a option because I want to append. I don’t want to replace. Then, I add the -G option, and I add that to clarify that what I want to edit is group membership. Next, I add the name of the group I want to work with, and then finally the name of the user I want to add to that group.
And the changes take effect immediately:
groups foxmulder
However, if that user is currently logged in, then they won’t have access to that group until they log out and log in. Group memberships are read when the user logs in.
To see that in particular, I’ll add my own user to that group:
sudo usermod -aG server-admins jay
But that hasn’t taken effect yet:
groups
Notice that I omitted the name of the user, because I’m querying my own user, so the groups command will default to whatever user you’re currently logged in with. If I enter that command again after I log out and log in again, it will show the new group membership.
But if I do add my username to the groups command, despite the fact that my username is implied if I don’t include it, I get different results:
groups jay
With that command, I’m telling it to give me a list of groups my user is a member of, but it’s not using my current session, so it gives me all the groups that I’m a member of (even though I need to log out and log in to take advantage of the new group assignment).
So, how do you change the primary group of a user? That’s relatively simple:
sudo usermod -g serveradmins foxmulder
Notice that I used a lowercase g, instead of an uppercase G like before. Also notice I’ve omitted the -a option as well. I don’t necessarily recommend that you change the primary group of a user though, unless you want to go through your system and correct permissions and such for the files you own, and other oddities may happen, so I’m not going to execute that command. But I did want you to be aware of it.
Another benefit of good group management, and it’s probably one of the most practical examples, is openssh. You don’t have to follow along with this part, you can simply watch. Unless you really do want to modify openssh. But you may not even have the openssh server installed, so it’s probably best to just watch.
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
There’s a special option, that’s usually not present at all by default. It’s called AllowUsers. I can add it like this:
AllowUsers jay foxmulder danascully thedoctor spock
So as you can see, I have added some users to the AllowUsers option, each separated with a space. If I were to save this file, then restart the openssh server, then only those users would be able to log in via ssh. And that’s not a bad security approach at all, it’s perfectly valid. You should absolutely restrict who can log in to your server. But AllowUsers is a pain to manage.
Instead, I can include AllowGroups:
AllowGroups ssh-users
There, I have one group. I won’t need to edit the ssh config file again to add a user to the server. I can simply add and remove users to that group, and the changes take effect immediately going forward. If you do decide to implement AllowGroups on your server, absolutely make sure you create the group and add your user to it, or you’ll get locked out. And you can call the ssh-users group anything you want, and it doesn’t really matter. Just make it consistent.
I’ll leave you with another command that’s related to group management, the gpasswd command. You can also use that to add a user to a group:
sudo gpasswd -a foxmulder ssh-users
So, you can use that command in place of the usermod command. Pick your favorite. I bring up the gpasswd command not just because I wanted to show you an alternate command, but also because you can easily use it to remove a user from a group:
sudo gpasswd -d foxmulder ssh-users
And that’s about it. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Asia markets largely positive despite US-China trade war escalation
Asia markets were largely positive on Tuesday, despite an escalation in trade tensions between the United States and China. Japan's rose 1.41 percent to close at 23,420.54, while the Topix index ended the trading day 1.81 percent higher at 1,759.88. In South Korea, the Kospi was up by 0.26 percent to close at 2,308.98 as the performance of blue chip stocks was mixed. Shares of were up by 0.78 percent and Hyundai Motor saw gains of 0.39 percent, while Korea Electric Power Corporation slid by 1.01 percent. South Korean President Moon Jae-in left for Pyongyang on Tuesday for a historic summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, with the aim of mediating stalled U.S.-North Korea nuclear talks and to strengthen inter-Korean relations, according to Yonhap news agency. Australia's ASX 200 was among the minority which saw a decline, as it fell by 0.38 percent to close at 6,161.5, with the energy sector lower by 1.53 percent. The heavily-weighted financial subindex ended the trading day largely flat as AMP fell by 1.56 percent. In the Greater China region, markets largely saw a recovery from their earlier slump. As of 3:30 p.m. HK/SIN, Hong Kong's Hang Seng index was up by 0.6 percent even though tech giant Tencent remained down by 0.25 percent. Over on the mainland, markets ended the trading day higher. The advanced by 1.82 percent to close at 2,699.95 while the Shenzhen composite climbed by 1.976 percent to close at 1,404.15. Earlier, the Reserve Bank of Australia's minutes from its September policy meeting had highlighted that global tensions from trade policy presented a "material risk to the outlook." Stateside, President Donald Trump will impose 10 percent tariffs on $200 billion worth of Chinese imports, and those duties will rise to 25 percent at the end of the year, according to a Monday announcement. The White House removed about 300 goods from a previously proposed list of affected products, including smart watches, some chemicals and other products such as bicycle helmets and high chairs. Beijing has already warned that it will retaliate against the measures. The U.S. has already levied tariffs on $50 billion worth of Chinese products. Beijing responded with measures targeting $50 billion on American goods, raising fears about damage to the U.S. farm industry. Earlier this month, reports suggested that the U.S. was seeking to restart trade talks with China. Analysts said that the focus will now shift towards China's response to the announcement. "China may be limited in its ability to impose similar tariffs in volume terms, but it can still aim to disrupt the US supply chain with those tech exports an obvious target and the cancelation of trade talks is also likely to dampen the mood," Rodrigo Catril, a senior foreign-exchange strategist at the National Australia Bank, wrote in a morning note. "We think (the) US trade spat with China is not just about bringing manufacturing and jobs back to the US, strategically the US is not happy with the approach China has taken in order (to) modernise itself," Catril added, noting that one of the key sticking points is intellectual property rights. In the currency market, the Japanese yen sustained weakness against the dollar, trading at 111.94, while the Australian dollar saw gains to 0.7194, as of 3:41 p.m. HK/SIN. At the same time, the dollar index, which measures the greenback against a basket of currencies, traded at 94.529, staying largely in a narrow band for much of the Asian trading day. Analysts at the Commonwealth Bank of Australia suggested that if China decided to cancel new trade talks in response to the U.S. tariffs action, the dollar would likely recover most of its recent losses. Oil markets saw declines in the afternoon of Asian trade. As of 3:43 p.m HK/SIN, the global benchmark Brent crude futures were down by 0.56 percent at $77.61 per barrel, while U.S. crude futures saw a decline of 0.41 percent at $68.63 per barrel. — CNBC's Jacob Pramuk contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
UPS tests 'smart lock' technology in New York apartment buildings
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - United Parcel Service Inc (UPS.N) on Tuesday said it is testing “smart lock” technology that allows its delivery drivers to open doors and drop multiple packages at secure locations inside apartment buildings around New York City.The test includes “hundreds of non-doorman” multi-family buildings in Manhattan and Brooklyn that have installed Latch’s “smart access system.” The project comes as UPS is working to make “last-mile” e-commerce deliveries to households more convenient and cost effective by reducing package theft and the need for drivers to make repeated delivery attempts. “It’s difficult to securely deliver packages in high-density, multi-family urban residences, especially when people are not at home,” said Jerome Roberts, vice president of global product innovation at UPS. The partnership with Latch - a New York City-based startup that has raised $26 million in private funding - enables UPS drivers to open entry doors with a handheld device that has a different access credential for each building on a route. Every time a driver enters a building, Latch creates a traceable record. Derek Banta, UPS’s director of global product innovation concepts, said the parcel delivery company will assess the potential cost savings from “completing more deliveries on the first attempt.” UPS, the world’s largest package delivery company, and rival FedEx Corp (FDX.N) have invested billions of dollars to upgrade their networks to handle surging demand for e-commerce deliveries. Residential deliveries typically cost more than business deliveries because drivers usually drop more packages per stop at offices than at homes. FedEx told Reuters it began testing smart lock technology in select markets before the winter holiday shipping season last year. FedEx declined to identify the test markets or its smart access technology partner. Latch a year ago teamed up with Walmart Inc’s (WMT.N) Jet.com e-commerce site to test its technology at 1,000 residential buildings in Manhattan and Brooklyn. Walmart also made waves in September when it started dropping packages inside homes - or groceries inside refrigerators - as part of a test with August Home smart lock customers in Silicon Valley. Amazon.com (AMZN.O) late last year announced a secure-lock service called Amazon Key that enables Amazon Logistics delivery workers to briefly unlock a customer’s door to drop a package inside. Reporting by Lisa Baertlein in Los Angeles; Editing by Leslie Adler | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Nsmehmi/sandbox
Navdeep Mehmi, M. Sc. IT, B. Sc. IT from Lyallpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar 2010-2015 email address is<EMAIL_ADDRESS>www.facebook.com/ns.mehmi | WIKI |
How to properly insert earplugs into your ears? How to use silicone and other types? Instructions
In order to fully relax at night, to focus on completing an important task at work, perfect silence is necessary. But even being in your own apartment or tightly closing the office door, it can be very difficult to avoid extraneous noise. In such situations, many resort to a tool such as earplugs.
Appointment
Earplugs are inserts that need to be placed inside the ear. The created sound barrier will help reduce the impact of external noise coming from neighboring rooms or from the street. Earplugs are used both in domestic conditions and when performing a certain type of work associated with an increased noise level during their performance. In addition to protecting against noise , some types of earplugs can protect the ear from water entering it while swimming. Such funds are used during water sports.
Regardless of the purpose, you need to be able to properly insert such personal protective equipment into your ears.
And if it is not difficult for a person who constantly uses earplugs for a long time to install them, then a beginner will need a lot of effort in order to correctly place the plug inside the ear. To avoid repeated attempts, while reducing the possibility of damage to the thin skin inside the ear canal, there are a number of rules that can be used to make the first use of earplugs more comfortable.
Step by step instructions for use
You have to use earplugs quite often in everyday life. Since such devices are a reliable means of protection against the effects of extraneous sounds. However, many people give up earplugs after the first use. This is due to the occurrence of excessive pressure in the ear canal or painful sensations while the earplugs are inside.
Most often, the discomfort while using earplugs is associated with the fact that they are incorrectly inserted or the wrong size is selected. To prevent earplugs from exerting strong pressure on the ear, the smaller ones should be preferred when purchasing for the first time. Also, when purchasing, you should pay attention to sets consisting of several pairs of earplugs.
These kits include earplugs of various sizes and materials.
Having bought such a set, you can compare all the copies and choose the best option, avoiding multiple trips to the pharmacy. The price in such a set will be significantly lower than if you buy each type of earplugs separately.
Once the correct pair of noise protection has been selected, learning how to properly position the earplugs inside the ear canal is essential. If they are not fully inserted, the sound insulation quality will be poor. However, if the earplugs are inserted too deeply into the ear, the eardrum may be damaged. Also, if the product is inserted too deeply, there may be a problem with its further removal from the ear.
To avoid unpleasant consequences, before use, you must read the attached instructions. In the event that the earplugs are selected by an otolaryngologist, recommendations for installation can be obtained at the doctor's office. The basic rules to follow when placing earplugs inside the ear canal include a few basic steps.
1. Wash and dry hands thoroughly before starting the procedure.
2. Remove wax from the ear canal using a cotton swab dipped in warm water.
3. Dry your ears with a cotton pad.
4. Remove packing material from ear plugs.
5. With two fingers of one hand, grasp the upper edge of the ear and pull it up and back.
6. With the other hand, using a twisting motion, place the earplug inside the ear canal.
In order to understand if the earplugs are installed correctly, you need to look in the mirror.
If only the narrow part of the ears is visible, which serves as a grip with the fingers, then the earplugs are inserted correctly . If the wide part of the earplug stands out strongly outside the ear, it means that it is not fully inserted, or the size is larger than necessary.
In addition, earplugs installed inside the ear should not cause any discomfort, and sounds coming from the outside should appear muffled. After use, remove the earplugs smoothly, without sudden movements. Since a strong pressure drop during a sudden extraction can cause sharp pain, and in some cases lead to damage to the eardrum.
Once the noise protectors have been removed from your ear, there are some guidelines to follow to help you preserve your earplugs and prepare them for your next use.
1. Clean the earplugs by placing them in a special solution for 5-7 minutes. If not, you can use soapy water or hydrogen peroxide.
2. Rinse under running warm water.
3. Wipe dry with a cotton swab or soft cloth.
4. Leave on a clean surface for 40-60 minutes to dry completely.
5. Place in an airtight container.
6. Store earplugs out of direct sunlight.
The rules of use and care may differ slightly depending on the type of earplugs used.
Since each type of material from which earplugs are made has its own characteristics, they must be taken into account during use.
Disposable
Disposable earplugs are made from a mixture of wax, cotton wool and petroleum jelly. They are flexible and can fit any size of the auricle. In addition, the advantage of using such earplugs is their low cost and the fact that there is no need to clean them after use. You can correctly install such a plug in the ear by following these recommendations.
1. Separate a piece of mass of the required size.
2. Warm it up between your palms.
3. Shape the mass into a cone.
4. Place the resulting earplug in the ear so that its protruding tip is large enough to grip with your fingers when you pull it out later.
After use, such plugs must be disposed of, as they are disposable. Before you discard the used ear plug, you need to check its integrity, as small pieces of wax can come off when removed and remain inside the ear.
Reusable
Reusable earplugs can be made from materials such as polypropylene, foam or silicone. They are stiffer than wax and have a constant shape, which means that they are sizing more carefully.
Insert silicone earplugs with rotating movements.
While the foam plugs must first be twisted in the hands to make them thinner, and only then placed inside the ear. After use, this type of earplug must be thoroughly cleaned in order to avoid the growth of bacteria on their surface, which can cause ear problems.
Individual
Individual earplugs are made by an otolaryngologist using materials such as wax or rubber. First, an impression of the ear canal is made, then the earplugs themselves are made according to this sample. The advantage of this type of noise reduction means is the ideal positioning in the ear due to individual sizes, as well as the ability to choose a color, add jewelry, an inscription or a logo. But at the same time, the high cost of such plugs makes them not very popular among consumers.
Expert recommendations
By using earplugs to protect against noise, everyone can choose the type of protection that suits them best. Almost every pharmacy has a wide range of these products, differing in material, color, shape, cost. But among specialists in the field of otolaryngology, there are rules of use that should be followed, regardless of which type of earplugs are used in a particular case.
1. Do not use earplugs every night for long periods of time, as they can be addictive. In the event that a person cannot fall asleep without earplugs in a familiar environment without sharp noises, then there is a possible sleep disturbance. It is a disease and requires treatment by a specialist.
2. Pay particular attention to cleaning the earplugs after use, as the earwax on the surface can cause infections of the ear canal.
3. Do not use earplugs if you have any disease, damage or inflammation of the ear canal, as long-term presence of a foreign object in the affected ear can aggravate the disease.
4. Do not use earplugs if there are sulfur plugs. Since the frequent introduction of sound-absorbing means will contribute to the sealing of the plug and its deeper advance.
5. To prevent earplugs from falling out during use, cleanse the ear canal of wax and sebaceous secretions before each injection. If the earplugs do pop out of the ears, then larger specimens should be used.
Thus, following the above rules will help to comfortably position the earplugs inside the ear canal, which will avoid unpleasant sensations, and the recommendations of specialists will help prevent possible diseases, the occurrence of which is associated with the incorrect use of noise absorption means.
See below for how to insert 3M earplugs. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 45 Part 2.djvu/1793
INDEX. 3447 reteram' Bureau United State.! -Contd. Pa&e. additional hospital, etc.; technical, etc., servicee for, authorized________ 716 amount authorized to be provided_ __ 716 allowance for technical, etc., serv- ices_________________________ 716 suitable buildings, e qui p men t z grounds, etc., may be accepted from States, corporations, in- dividuals, etc_________________ 716 garages for privately owned auto- mobiles to be bun. and main- tained, for personneL _________ 716 reimbursementfor U86___________ 716 sale authorized of I>ortion of hospital reservation at Legion, Tex______ 716 appraisal and sale of hospital reserva- tion in De Kalb County! Oa____ 717 proceeds to be covered wto ihe ~ury_____________________ 717 restriction on buildings, repealed_ ___ 717 amendments to World War Adjusted Compensation Act_ ______ _____ 947 boilers of hospital sold by Muskogee, Okla., may be retained by the city_________________________ 323 buildings at Perry Point, Md., hospital may be disposed oL___________ 1486 proceeds covered into the Treasury &8 miscellaneous receipts_ _ _____ 1486 loans to veterans on adjusted certifi- cates authorized by, from Gov- ernment life insurance fund_ _ _ _ 1561 interest to be charged, etc.; maxi- mum________________________ 1561 duplicate adjusted certificate to be issued if original lost, etc _______ · 1561 pay and allowances to emergency re- tired lists of Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, to be from mili- tary and naval compensation fundof______________________ 735 transfer authlrized of portion of hos- pital reservation, North Little Rock, Ark., to Big Rock Stone and Material COmpany________ 369 Veterans of World War, extensions may be granted ~J of pen- sions granted prior to .Nove:plber 11, 1918, on account of service from April 6, 1917, to July 2, 1921________________________ 1014 Veterinarians, Army, appropriation for pay of retired_. __ 329,1353 Vibbert, Sarah Frances (widow), pension increaeed___________________ 2196 Viberl,.An!la K. (widow), peD810n mcreaeed___________________ 1913 Vlce Consuls, appropriation for pay of, acting as charg~s d'affaires or in charge of COIJsulates _______________ 65, 1096 Vice Pruident of the United Statu, appropriation for compensation__ __ 573, 1230 for printing ascertainment of electoral vote for President and_________ 71 for secretary, clerks, etc________ 517, 1387 for automobile for ______________ 520,1390 deficiency appropriation for automobile for _______________________ 88~ 1607 may appoint midshipmen to Naval Academy, in number equivalent to a Senator's allowance_______ 788 54835°-29--113 Vice President of the United Statu-Con. Pace. provisions for transmittal of the votes of electors of the President and_ 945 proceedings in CongreBB, for counting electoral votes for President and_________________________ 2395 to serve on CommiBBion for Enlarging CapitoIOrounds______________ 420 Vick, Mary (1.oidoW), pension____________________________ 1765 Vicksburg Bridge and Terminal Company, granted right of way for public utilities, across Vicksburg National Park, Miss________________________ 315 time extended for bridging MiBBiBBippi River, at Vicksburg, Miss., by__ 1446 Vicksburg, Miss., time extended for bridging MiBBiBBippi River, aL____________________ 1446 Vicksburg National Military Park, appropriation for continuing establish- ment oL __________________ 356,1377 balances of appropriations for, covered in___________________________ 365 easement across granted Warren County, MiBB., for public high- way_________________________ 434 Vicksburg Bridge and Terminal Com- pany granted right of way across_______________________ 315 Victory Medal and Clasps, gratuitous issue of, to persons entitled_ 500 Village Delivery, Postal Service, appropriation for ________________ 189,1052 Vincennes, Ind., bridge authorized acrOBB Wabash River, at___________________________ 740 memorial at, commemorating winning of Old Northwest etc. to be constructed__________________ 724 Vincent, Cordie (widow), penmon____________________________ 2247 Viney, Carrie E. (widow), penmon____________________________ 2164 Viney, Laura (widow), pension____________________________ 1819 Viningz Sarah E. (widow), penSIOn increaeed___________________ 2076 Viningz Susan (widow), pensIOn increaeed___________________ 1755 Vinton! ROflG (widow), penSIOn mcreased___________________ 2192 Vinyar.d, 41wilda (widow), pension mcreaeed___________________ 2240 Virdin, James C., pension____________________________ 2322 Virgin Islands, appropriation for expenses, temporary governmentfor ____________ 625,1453· amount for'public works damaged by hurricane_ _ _ ______________ 1453 additional, from internal revenues, etc ______________________ 625,1453 citizenship requirement for holding office in ___________________ 625,1453 for relief, etc., shipwrecked seamen in_________________________ 68,1098 for agricultural experiment stations in ________________________ 542, 1192 sale of products ______________ 542,1192 deficiency appropriation for repairing, etc., hurricane damages to alp"i - cultural experiment stations w_ 1609
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-- Frack Music Attracts Halliburton to Submarine Spy Tool
A gossamer-thin glass line threaded two miles underground is allowing oilfield engineers to listen to a new kind of music: the sounds of fracking. Halliburton Co. (HAL) and competing providers of drilling gear are adapting acoustic spy technology used by U.S. submarines to record sounds made deep in the earth that can guide engineers in finishing a well and predicting how much oil will flow. The ability to hear inside a well enables producers to fine-tune hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, the process that blasts underground rock with water, sand and chemicals to free trapped oil and natural gas. The technology is targeted at an estimated $31 billion that will be spent this year on fracking stages that yield less-than-optimal results, a majority of the work at 26,100 U.S. wells set to be pressure-pumped in 2013, according to PacWest Consulting Partners LLC. “We’re creating a new science,” said Magnus McEwen-King, managing director for OptaSense, a Qinetiq (QQ/) Group Plc unit that’s one of the fiber-optics pioneers for the energy industry . “From an acoustic perspective, this is very much the start of what I think is going to be a revolutionary technology.” Fracking has helped U.S. oil production reach a 21-year high. Environmental groups have criticized the practice because of concerns it may affect drinking water supplies. Energy companies are fueling the booming business of so-called distributed fiber-optic lines, where the cord itself is a sensor for sound and temperature throughout its entire length. Market Doubles The U.S. market for such lines, used across industries from energy to military, will almost double to $1.1 billion by 2016 from an estimated $586 million this year, according to a study published by Information Gatekeepers and revised this month by Light Wave Venture LLC, which helps develop new companies using fiber-optic technology. The prospect of fine-tuning energy discovery has the world’s largest oilfield service providers joining companies with ties to the defense industry including OptaSense and U.S. Seismic Systems Inc., a unit of Acorn Energy Inc. (ACFN) , to develop ways to eavesdrop on wells. Royal Dutch Shell Plc (RDSA) , Chevron Corp. (CVX) and Statoil ASA (STL) are among customers testing the technology. “This market is evolving very, very aggressively,” said Dave Krohn, a Connecticut-based materials engineer who wrote the market study. “Clearly the driver is oil and gas.” Cataloging Sounds Halliburton, the world’s largest provider of fracking services, is working on cataloging the combination of sounds that signal the perfect frack: an explosion, cracking rock, and eventually the gurgle of hydrocarbons seeping into the well bore, said Glenn McColpin, director of reservoir monitoring at Halliburton’s Houston-based Pinnacle unit. A bad frack means the rock didn’t crack as much as it could have. When perfected, a computer will convert the sounds to a graph that will show how deeply and thoroughly cracks penetrate the rock surrounding the well, indicating the success of each frack stage. The longer and more numerous the cracks, the more oil and gas will flow. One fracking stage can cost about $100,000 and a typical well now will have about 15 stages, said Alex Robart, principal at PacWest. The effectiveness of each stage varies wildly. The industry generally subscribes to the 80-20 rule, meaning 80 percent of North American production comes from about 20 percent of the fracking stages, he said. ‘Perfect Frack’ Finding out immediately which fracks were successful allows a company to repeat the process to improve flow. “Our whole goal is to make the perfect frack every time,” McColpin said. “You’re spending millions of dollars pumping millions of gallons of fluid, and if you’re only getting a third of the rock, you’re getting a third of the production.” A fiber optic line consists of a stainless steel cable encasing one long, thin string of glass that vibrates when struck by sound waves. The sound waves are converted to light pulses reflected through the line, then converted by computer software back into sound that McColpin can monitor from his laptop. “Bink, bank, boink” is what McColpin hears as a small metal ball rolls down the well bore and lands in a “ball seat” that triggers the rock’s first fracture. The fiber line captures the noise of the ball and the reverberating blast of the perforation gun firing into the rock. Computer software converts those sounds into a colored graph on his laptop screen, etching a bright red fever line across a green background. ‘Transparent’ Earth “Our whole goal is to make the earth transparent,” McColpin said. “Now we’ve got a window into the well to see exactly what’s happening.” The oil industry started experimenting with fiber optic lines’ temperature-sensing abilities about a decade ago, and five years later started testing it with sounds. In August 2009 OptaSense traveled to Alberta , Canada , to show off its acoustic fiber-optic line to Shell. Executives from both companies piled into an observation truck parked near the well site to oversee a fracking job while OptaSense’s McEwen-King sat in his office back in England monitoring the real-time results on his computer. As the perforation gun exploded, sound waves traveling along the fiber optic line were transformed into data that lit up his screen with a brightly colored graph illustrating the results. ‘Wide Enthusiasm’ “You guys just turned the lights on down there!” McEwen-King told his colleagues back in Canada. “The whole well-bore imaged instantaneously,” he recalled in an interview earlier this month. Three years later, OptaSense announced an agreement with Shell to provide global frack-monitoring services using the acoustic lines. Some of the world’s largest oil producers are interested in the still-evolving technology, Joseph Elkhoury, general manager of microseismic services at Schlumberger Ltd. (SLB) “There’s always this wide enthusiasm around a new technology,” he said. Inevitably, that’s followed months or years later by a drop in the adoption curve as customers realize the technology isn’t everything they hoped it would be. Once the service companies fix some of the challenges, adoption picks up again, he said. “We are in the wide-enthusiasm phase of acoustic sensing,” Elkhoury said. Onshore Uses One of the biggest challenges for acoustic fiber in the oilfield is making the business case to use it onshore, Robart said. Installing the technology can cost as much as several hundred thousand dollars a well, meaning it doesn’t pay off as easily on a $6 million land well as it would on a $50 million offshore well, he said. To confirm how large a fracture was and where it went, companies still need to use a network of specific sensors called geophones to listen from a nearby monitoring well, measuring subtle earth movements from the rock cracking. Some service companies want to one day ditch these microseismic tools and get the same listening sensitivity from their one fiber optic line, helping bring costs down and becoming more efficient. U.S. Seismic is using three acoustic fiber-optic lines to listen for sounds in place of traditional geophones. The technology provides a more accurate sense of how far the cracks penetrated the rock and in which direction, said Jim Andersen, chief executive officer of U.S. Seismic. Direction of Cracks Contractors ranging from Halliburton to Exiius LLC have begun permanently installing fiber optic lines in U.S. wells. During completion of a just-drilled well, the fiber can listen for subtle noises that suggest sealing the well with cement didn’t work properly. Then the fiber can listen for good and bad fracking stages, and finally it’ll be able to confirm if oil and gas is flowing. Eventually they’ll be able to actually measure production flow based on sounds, McColpin said. He compares it to a flute: as different holes in the well’s casing are open or clogged, the sound pitch of fluids flowing through the well are affected. Programmers also are working on algorithms to detect the difference in sound for water versus oil flowing into the well from surrounding rock. Then valves for different areas in the well bore could be opened or closed as needed to minimize water incursion, which is a waste. Submarine Expertise Scientists also want to beef up the listening capability of the fiber optic line during seismic shoots of the underground rock to capture better reservoir images for future exploration. Submarines were among the first adopters of acoustic fiber-optic technology in the late 1990s. Some of OptaSense’s technology expertise originates from its parent company, Qinetiq, a U.K. defense contractor providing military services ranging from drones to cyber security. Before moving to U.S. Seismic, Andersen previously ran the group at Litton Industries Inc. that sold about $450 million worth of fiber-optic sensor technology to the U.S. Navy. Northrop Grumman Corp. (NOC) , a maker of surveillance drones, bought Litton in 2001 for about $5 billion. Foul Play Outside of oil and gas production, fiber optic lines are being used on pipelines to detect leaks or foul play, for monitoring perimeter security along a property fence line and to measure the stress on infrastructure such as roads and bridges. The rebuilt Interstate 35 bridge in Minneapolis is now packed with 300 fiber-optic sensors after it collapsed in 2007, Krohn said. One of the biggest challenges for the new technology is figuring out what to do with the mountains of data they’re collecting. Halliburton has assembled engineers, scientists and former U.S. space program technicians in a Houston lab to comb through data that pours in fast enough to fill up a DVD every 28 seconds. So far, companies are afraid to throw anything out, not knowing what might prove to be the crucial puzzle piece later, McColpin said. “It’s untenable,” he said. “You can’t collect 15 terrabytes a week continuously for 20 years on a well.” To contact the reporter on this story: David Wethe in Houston at dwethe@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Tina Davis at tinadavis@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Nerve supply of the human arm
Colour
Is it just me, the description uses 'purple' to me it looks like brown?? ˥ Ǝ Ʉ H Ɔ I Ɯ (talk) 01:21, 23 March 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
Miss Guatemala 2011
The Miss Guatemala 2011 pageant was held on November 25, 2011 at Centro de Convenciones Ilumina in the capital city Guatemala City, Guatemala. This year only 18 candidates were competing for the national crown. The chosen winner will represent Guatemala at the Miss Universe 2012 and at Miss Continente Americano 2012. The winner of best national costume, the costume will be use in Miss Universe 2012. Miss World Guatemala will represent Guatemala at the Miss World 2012. Miss Guatemala Internacional will represent Guatemala at the Miss International 2012. The First Runner-Up will enter Miss Intercontinental 2012 and the Second Runner-Up will enter Top Model of the World 2012. The Top 10 Semifinalists entered Reina Internacional del Café 2012, Reina Hispanoamericana 2012, Reina Mundial del Banano 2012, Miss Globe International 2012, and Miss Tourism International 2012.
Special Awards
* Miss Photogenic – Andrea Morales (Chimaltenango)
* Miss Congeniality (voted by the candidates) – Yasmina Pacay (Alta Verapaz)
* Best National Costume – Stephanie Ramírez (Huehuetenango)
Final Competition Scores
* Winner
* Miss World Guatemala
* Miss Guatemala Internacional
* First Runner-Up
* Second Runner-Up
* Top 10 Semifinalists | WIKI |
How Do You Link Workbooks in Excel? - BC Networks
How Do You Link Workbooks in Excel?
Creating links between your workbooks lets you quickly include cells or cell ranges in calculations performed on a summary tab. For example, you can store product prices on a Master Pricing tab and link to it elsewhere.
Excel Tips: Linking Workbooks
Creating links between your workbooks lets you quickly include cells or cell ranges in calculations performed on a summary tab. For example, you can store product prices on a Master Pricing tab and link to it elsewhere. A marketing manager may have a data sheet for each geography that he wants to combine in a dashboard. Learn how to complete these and similar linking tasks in Excel.
How Does Linking Spreadsheet Data Work?
Both a link and external cell reference dynamically include data from another worksheet. The source worksheet is the worksheet with the data. The destination worksheet has the link formula or external cell reference. If a referenced cell value changes, the destination cell updates when activated.
How Can You Create the Worksheet Link?
IMPORTANT NOTE: Open the destination worksheet and each source worksheet in a single Excel session. Otherwise, you won’t be able to link across workbooks.
There are two ways to create a worksheet link.
Method #1
1. Go to the destination worksheet, click in the applicable cell, and type an equal sign = (Do NOT press ENTER).
2. Go directly to your source worksheet, select the appropriate cell. The system surrounds the source cell with squiggly lines. Press Enter.
3. You are returned to the destination cell, which now displays the data from the source cell.
Method #2
1. Select the source cell and then select Home > Copy.
2. In the destination cell, follow the instructions for your version of Excel:
• Excel 2007 and up: Go to the Home tab. Under Paste choose Paste Link.
• Excel 2003 and prior: Navigate to the Edit menu, select Paste Special, and select Paste Link.
3. From the source worksheet, use the ESC button to get rid of the animated border.
How Can You Link a Range of Cells?
You can also link a range of cells by following these steps:
1. Select the cell range you wish to duplicate.
2. Click Copy.
3. On the destination sheet, click the cell where you want the range of data to begin, select Paste Link.
Each cell will have a unique link formula that references the source worksheet.
Can You Manually Enter Link Formulas in the Same Workbook?
When the worksheets share the same workbook, you can manually enter the formula.
1. Type an equal sign, the name of the source sheet, “!”, and the cell. Example: =Atlanta!B6.
IMPORTANT: If your worksheet name has spaces or special characters, you have to include single quotes. Example: =’This Worksheet’!B6.
How Do You Link to Worksheets in Another Workbook?
For worksheets in different Excel workbooks within the same folder, your formula should include the workbook name in brackets. Here is the syntax:
=[Filename.xlsx]Sheetname!CellReference
NOTE: For Excel versions older than 2007, add the xls extension.
For workbooks in different folders, you need to include the full file path. In this case, manual entry isn’t recommended.
What Is the Automatic Calculation Function?
The Automatic Calculation function makes sure that the external cell reference updates whenever the source information does. Here’s how to check this function:
• In Excel 2007 to Excel 2019: Go to the Calculation section on your Excel ribbon. Click the arrow beside Calculation Options, then select Automatic.
• Click File>Excel Options. Click Formulas and click on the “Automatically” option listed beneath Calculation Options.
Who Is Thee Best San Jose Managed IT Support Company?
BC Networks is the best San Jose managed IT support company and can offer support and implementation services for all your Microsoft Office needs. Contact us today for more information. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume IV/Manichaean Controversy/On Two Souls/Chapter 8
Chapter 8.—The Manichæans Inquire Whence is Evil and by This Question Think They Have Triumphed.  Let Them First Know, Which is Most Easy to Do, that Nothing Can Live Without God.  Consummate Evil Cannot Be Known Except by the Knowledge of Consummate Good, Which is God.
Here perchance some one may say:  Whence are sins themselves, and whence is evil in general?  If from man, whence is man? if from an angel, whence is the angel?  When it is said, however truly and rightly, that these are from God, it nevertheless seems to those unskillful and possessed of little power to look into recondite matters, that evils and sins are thereby connected, as by a sort of chain, to God.  By this question they think themselves triumphant, as if forsooth to ask were to know;—would it were so, for in that case no one would be more knowing than myself.  Yet very often in controversy the propounder of a great question, while impersonating the great teacher, is himself more ignorant in the matter concerning which he would frighten his opponent, than he whom he would frighten.
These therefore suppose that they are superior to the common run, because the former ask questions that the latter cannot answer.  If therefore when I most unfortunately was associated with them, not in the position in which I have now for some time been, they had raised these objections when I had brought forward this argument, I should have said:  I ask that you meanwhile agree with me, which is most easy, that if nothing can shine without God, much less can anything live without God.  Let us not persist in such monstrous opinions as to maintain that any souls whatsoever have life apart from God.  For perchance it may so happen that with me you are ignorant as to this thing, namely whence is evil, let us then learn either simultaneously or in any order, I care not what.  For what if knowledge of the perfection of evil is impossible to man without knowledge of the perfection of good?  For we should not know darkness if we were always in darkness.  But the notion of light does not allow its opposite to be unknown.  But the highest good is that than which there is nothing higher.  But God is good and than Him nothing can be higher.  God therefore is the highest good.  Let us therefore together so recognize God, and thus what we seek too hastily will not be hidden from us.  Do you suppose then that the knowledge of God is a matter of small account or desert.  For what other reward is there for us than life eternal, which is to know God?  For God the Master says:  "But this is life eternal, that they might know Thee the only and true God, and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent."   For the soul, although it is immortal, yet because aversion from the knowledge of God is rightly called its death, when it is converted to God, the reward of eternal life to be attained is that knowledge; so that this is, as has been said, eternal life.  But no one can be converted to God, except he turn himself away from this world.  This for myself I feel to be arduous and exceedingly difficult, whether it is easy to you, God Himself would have seen.  I should have been inclined to think it easy to you, had I not been moved by the fact, that, since the world from which we are commanded to turn away is visible, and the apostle says:  "The things that are seen are temporal, but the things that are unseen are eternal," you ascribe more importance to the judgment of these eyes than to that of the mind, asserting and believing as you do that there is no shining feather that does not shine from God; and that there are living souls that do not live from God.  These and like things I should either have said to them or considered with myself, for even then, supplicating God with all my bowels, so to speak, and examining as attentively as possible the Scriptures, I should perchance have been able either to say such things or to think them, so far as was necessary for my salvation. | WIKI |
Miki Ann DIMARCO, Plaintiff, v. WYOMING DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, DIVISION OF PRISONS, WYOMING WOMEN’S CENTER; Judy Uphoff, individually; Nola Blackburn, individually; Viki McKinney, individually; Karen Rea, individually; Donna Lloyd, individually; Employees & Does I-X; Black & White Corporations, A-J; and Red & Yellow State Agencies, 1-10, Defendants.
No. 03-CV-1006-B.
United States District Court, D. Wyoming.
Feb. 18, 2004.
W Thomas Sedar, Casper, WY, for Plaintiffs.
Craig E Kirkwood, Wyoming Attorney General, Cheyenne, WY, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OF ORDER AND JUDGMENT
BRIMMER, District Judge.
Plaintiff Miki Ann DiMareo brings this suit against the Wyoming Department of Corrections, Division of Prisons, Wyoming Women’s Center; Judy Uphoff, Nola Blackburn, Viki McKinney, Darlene Rea, and Donna Lloyd asserting five causes of action: (1) a § 1983 under the Eighth Amendment; (2) a § 1983 Procedural Due Process claim under the Fourteenth Amendment; (3) a § 1983 Substantive Due Process claim under the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment and Wyoming Constitution § 97-1-036; and (4) a § 1983 Equal Protection claim under the Fourteenth Amendment.
This Court conducted a bench trial starting on January 20, 2004 and ending on January 29, 2004. At the close of proceedings, the parties submitted Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and the Court took the matter under advisement. This Court now issues its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and enters Judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a), 58. After hearing the issues presented during the bench trial, considering the evidence, and being fully advised of the premises, the Court FINDS and ORDERS as follows:
Statement of Parties and Jurisdiction
Plaintiff, Miki Ann DiMarco, is a resident of Douglas, Wyoming. Plaintiff was incarcerated at the Wyoming Women’s Center (“WWC”) from May 3, 2000, through July 10, 2001, upon the revocation of her probation on an earlier check fraud conviction in the First Judicial District, Laramie County, Wyoming. Plaintiff was born intersexual (or as a hermaphrodite). A person is intersexual if they have both male and female characteristics, including in varying degrees reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and sexual behavior. This condition is the result of an abnormality of the sex chromosomes or a hormonal imbalance during the development of the embryo.
Defendant State of Wyoming Department of Corrections Division of Prisons (“WDOC”) has general control over all penal institutions in Wyoming. Defendant WWC is a penal institution in Wyoming that has control and custody over women inmates. The WWC is located in Lusk, Wyoming. The individual Defendants are being sued as individuals and not in their official capacity. Defendant Judith Uphoff, is the former Director and Chief Administrative Officer of the Wyoming Department of Corrections and was in this capacity during the entire period in contention. Defendant, Nola Blackburn, is the Warden of the WWC. Defendant, ViM McKinney, is a Major at the WWC. Defendant, Darlene Rea, is a Lieutenant at the WWC. Defendant, Donna Lloyd, is a Corporal at the WWC.
The Court has federal question and supplemental jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1343, 1367. Venue is proper. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b).
Findings of Fact
1. At all relevant times herein, Defendant Judith Uphoff was the Director of the Wyoming Department of Corrections.
2. At all relevant times herein, Defendant Nola Blackburn was the Warden of the WWC.
3. At all relevant times herein, Defendants Major Victoria McKinney, Lieutenant Darlene Rea and Corporal Donna Lloyd were employed as correctional officers at WWC and all resided in Lusk, Wyoming.
4. Plaintiff Miki Ann DiMarco is classified as an individual of ambiguous gender. Plaintiff is closer to being a hermaphrodite than either a male or female. Plaintiff has a nearly complete set of male reproductive organs however does not have testicles. Plaintiff has no female reproductive organs.
5. Plaintiff has lived as a female since puberty and identifies herself as being of female gender.
6. Plaintiffs gender ambiguity was congenital in nature and the result of a disruption in her gonadal development resulting in non-typical hormone production. (Testimony of Dr. Maxwell Taylor).
7. Plaintiff was incarcerated at WWC on May 2, 2000 upon revocation of her probation from an earlier conviction for check fraud by the Honorable Edward Grant, District Judge, First Judicial District, State of Wyoming. The probation revocation was due to lack of verifiable identification and positive drug tests.
8. After the probation revocation, Plaintiff was initially committed to the Laramie County Jail for approximately thirty-eight (38) days and was housed with the female population without any reported incident and got along just fine with the other female inmates.
9. Plaintiff was transported to WWC on May 2, 2000 by two correctional officers, Defendant Lloyd and Henry, after being picked up at the Laramie County Detention Center.
10. An initial physical inventory was performed at the Laramie County Jail by the correctional officers which included a strip search, pursuant to policy, and made notations regarding unusual marks, scars and tattoos.
11. Upon arrival at WWC, a second physical search was performed pursuant to processing policy. The search was performed by a nurse with a correctional officer in attendance. During the physical search it was noted that Plaintiff bore a penis.
12. Plaintiff was immediately housed in Pod 3 of the maximum security East wing of WWC. Pod 3 is segregated from the general population. It is customary in the corrections profession to segregate new inmates from the general prison population until the prison officers are able to evaluate them by placing them into the East Wing of the WWC.
13. Plaintiff remained housed in Pod 3 and separated from the general population throughout her incarceration, a total of 438 days, from May 2, 2000 to July 10, 2001.
14. The East wing of the WWC is the maximum security wing and has three housing pods; Pods 1,2 and 3.
15. Pod 3 is the most restrictive and isolated housing pod at the WWC, and it is the segregated housing unit most often used to segregate serious offenders for punishment. The Pod is very stark with each cell consisting of a bed, a steel sink and steel toilet. There are only four individual cells in Pod 3. The cells are painted cement blocks, with grey solid steel doors. The four cells are accessed through a small “day room,” which consists of a small steel table permanently bolted to the floor with a steel bench, also bolted down, and a T.Y. high on the wall, controlled by the guards in the glass-encased area from which they control all doors in all three pods. This contrasts with the West wing, where the halls have red brick facing, floors are carpeted, cells doors are wooden. The West wing cells have cupboards for personal effects. There are places for hanging clothes, and there may be some curtains on the windows. The day rooms in the West wing are very comfortable, with overstuffed furniture, tables, T.Y., pictures and other decorations.
16. Plaintiff had daily contact with the nursing staff.
17. Plaintiff was not double-bunked, her bed clothes were changed on a weekly basis and Plaintiffs clothing was washed daily.
18. Plaintiff had adequate clothing while incarcerated. Pursuant to the property grid for “Closed/Restrictive” classification, Plaintiff was given two sets of clothing while the general population was granted five sets.
19. Plaintiff had items relating to personal hygiene delivered at no cost to her, including soap, shampoo, toothpaste, and a toothbrush. Plaintiff had no funds on the prison books and was unable to work for pay since she was housed in Pod 3 of the East wing. WWC Prison policy does not allow inmates to work while housed in Pod 3.
20. Plaintiff received three meals a day and ate the same food as was fed to the general population. Plaintiff had to eat meals in her cell and not with any other inmates or in the Pod 3 day room.
21. Plaintiff had access to reading materials from the library cart and could request books be delivered to her.
22. Plaintiff had access to the prison Chaplain.
23. Plaintiff had access to the prison gymnasium, but the time was limited to only when no other inmate was using the facility and when a guard could transport her down to the gym.
24. Plaintiff had access to and used the prison physician twenty-six (26) times. Plaintiff also used the service of Dr. Coyle, D.O. and number of specialists located off-site.
25. In Pod 3, Plaintiff was denied the following privileges: any human contact with fellow inmates, working for pay, access to the general population day room, access to the cafeteria or commissary, access to inmate educational advantages, and a hair cut. Plaintiff was required to eat all meals in her cell which did not have a table or chair so she was constrained to sit on her bed or toilet to eat. Plaintiff was allowed out of her cell and into the Pod 3 day room a maximum of five and one-half hours a day. Plaintiff was not allowed to have everyday possessions which were allowed in minimum and even in certain East wing pods (Pods 1 and 2) such as jewelry, make up, hair pick, tweezers, nail clippers, mirror, facial tissue, colored pencils, hobby craft, religious items, cassette tapes or player, calculator, clock, clock radio, lamp, television, Walkman cassette, hair dryer, and thermal top or bottoms. (Ex. 42).
26. Plaintiff was provided a deck of playing cards by a former corrections officer but the cards were confiscated after three days. WWC rules and policy permits inmates assigned as “Closed/Restricted” to obtain and use playing cards. On the WDOC Offender Property Matrix, Item 8 is two decks of playing cards. The matrix shows that two decks of playing cards are allowed in all cells except “Maximum” and “Reception/Assessment.” Playing cards are even provided to death row inmates. (See Ex. 42).
27. The Plaintiffs placement in Pod 3 of the maximum security wing of WWC was an assignment to a segregated housing unit, which was at the least administrative segregation and at the worst punitive segregation which was based solely on Plaintiffs gender and physical characteristics.
28. Plaintiff received a total score of 1 on the initial intake evaluation form, which is the lowest possible risk score and which initially classified Plaintiff as a minimum security risk, eligible for minimum security general population housing in the West wing of the WWC with the maximum available privileges and possessions.
29. Plaintiffs initial minimum classification was overridden by Deputy Warden Sides because Plaintiff appeared to be a male in a female institution. Deputy Warden Sides handled this override classification since Warden Blackburn was on vacation. This override was approved by Warden Blackburn upon her return from vacation.
30. On June 1, 2000, Plaintiff was evaluated for custody classification purposes by Laurie Lee Crawford, WWC caseworker assigned to Plaintiff. Crawford continued the initial intake override by stating “Classification override to Close Restriction based on unique set of medical issues. This requires separate housing in pod 3.” (Ex. 21). WWC Policy prohibits inmates from being provided notice or opportunity to be present at any classification or reclassification meetings, proceedings or hearings so Plaintiff was provided no voice in her classification or appeal process. (Testimony of Asst. Warden Sides, Ex. 5X).
31. Defendants provided written documentation that the override was based upon “medical issues” and during trial also stated that it was for safety issues of inmates, guards and Plaintiff as well as lack of reliable background information on Plaintiff.
32. Plaintiffs background information regarding identification, past criminal history, and family history proved to be unverifiable. All seven social security numbers provided by Plaintiff were either invalid or assigned to other unassociated persons. The identification issue remained an issue and concern throughout Plaintiffs period of incarceration. The Plaintiff apparently was abandoned by her natural parents at birth and was raised in foster homes and institutions. According to the Plaintiff, her identity was often changed due to members of the community discovering her gender issue and her wanting the public to not judge her by her physical characteristics.
33. Plaintiff was fingerprinted and a background check showed no positive identification for past criminal activity.
34. Plaintiff was reclassified every ninety (90) days after the initial classification on September 15, 2000, December 21, 2000, March 15, 2001, and on June 28, 2001 without a hearing (Exs. 2-5). Each of the Reclassification Instruments classify Plaintiff as the lowest, minimum security risk, however, each classification was overridden by Laura Lee Crawford to “Close/Restricted” for three reasons: Medical, Program Need and Other. The documents stated: “Inmate DiMarco, based on medical testing has been determined to be a male and therefore requires housing separate from any other inmates.”
35. All of the four reclassification instruments state the exact same reason for the override and not one of the four documents was approved or signed by the Classification Supervisor. The reclassification was apparently done by note or routine, without a hearing and without any (or very little) thought; and once initially classified as “Close/Restricted,” that’s what she remained. A Final Custody Level was never circled since the document was never signed by either the Warden or Deputy Warden at WWC. However, WWC policy requires only the Warden and Deputy Warden had the authority to override a classification or a reclassification.
36. Plaintiff made repeated requests to her caseworker, Laura Lee Crawford, to be transferred to a less restrictive housing environment, and the prison administration was aware of the desired transfer out of Pod 3. (Ex. 14,20, 30,40,C,L-8,L-22,L-23).
37. Defendant Blackburn sought guidance from psychiatrist Bruce Kahn, M.C. regarding Plaintiffs needs and placement within the WWC. Dr. Kahn in his June 6, 2000 report stated:
In view of Ms. DiMarco’s complicated psychiatric status, the problematic nature of her incarceration, and the limited mental health resources available in the prison setting, I would recommend the following:
1. Transfer to the Wyoming State Hospital forensic unit for more thorough monitoring, evaluation and treatment than what can be provided in prison.
2. Urological consultation
3. Review of all the collateral criminal justice, medical, surgical and psychiatric records that are reasonably accessible.
4. For as long as she remains imprisoned in a full-service correctional facility, continued housing separate from the general population.
5. No special suicide precautions are currently indicated.
6. No changes in her psychotropic medication.
7. A complete battery of psychological testing is indicated to help better delineate Ms. DiMarco’s psychopathology, which could help better define her treatment and placement needs.
8. Intensive psychotherapy
9. Frequent psychotherapy
10. Consider re-sentencing as a male suffering from a Gender Identity Disorder.
11. Intensive chemical dependency treatment.
(Ex. 38, Kahn’s report).
38.Plaintiff was initially examined by Carlton Huitt, M.D., the WWC physician, who noted the presence of a penis, no testicles, no scarring in the genital area, no evidence of external female genitalia and the presence of a prostate. A later ultrasound examination revealed no female reproductive organs internally.
39. Dr. Kahn and Dr. Matthew Taylor concluded that Plaintiff is not sexually functional as a male. It was also Dr. Huitt’s opinion that Plaintiff was not able to sexually function as a male.
40. On June 6, 2000, Defendant Warden Nola Blackburn wrote to Jill Watson, Wyoming Department of Corrections Prison Division Administrator seeking guidance and assistance in dealing with the housing issues presented by Plaintiff. “I request further guidance from yourself, Director Uphoff and our legal representative regarding this inmate.... If inmate Timm-DeMarco does not receive a sentence reduction ... I anticipate legal action could be brought to bear.” (Ex. 43, p. 2-3). The letter continued “obviously this inmate went before the Judge as a female. A change of venue may be in order or a sentence to ISP as the inmate’s crime is not violent etc. I am concerned and awaiting yours and the Director’s guidance and direction regarding the above stated questions/issues.” (Ex. 43, p. 4).
41. There was no written response from anyone in the Wyoming Department of Corrections to Warden Blackburn’s request for guidance and assistance although she testified she received verbal approval of her actions some three weeks after-wards. The people in the Cheyenne Office of Corrections apparently put their heads in the sand on this issue, and let Defendant Warden Blackburn tough it out on her own.
42. On August 16, 2000, at the Warden’s behest, Plaintiff was included into two psychological groups. Plaintiff was involved with a group led by Dr. Tori Towers and another group led by Mr. Leon Chamberlain. Both groups met once a week.
43. Plaintiff received individual sessions on a weekly basis from Dr. Tori Towers from August 2000, to January, 2001, and received monthly visits from Bruce Kahn, M.D.
44. Plaintiff had frequent contact with Laurie Lee Crawford, caseworker, on an informal and formal basis to discuss concerns of Plaintiff.
45. Plaintiff was written up for being involved in verbal communications with other inmates in her pod. Apparently, “Close/Restricted” also mandate complete silence among the fellow inmates, even though the general inmate population was allowed to talk to each other.
46. At trial, Defendants verbally indicated that Plaintiff was housed in Pod 3 to protect her from other inmates, as well as to protect other inmates from her.
47. Defendants have a procedure in place designed for the protection of inmates in the form of Policy No. 3.304, Section 3.3, Part III, Title: Protective Custody. (Ex. 11). Defendants failed to follow the Conditions of Protective Custody by failing to allow any property allowances governed by WDOC policy and procedures 3.006, Property Control. (See Ex. 11, p. 4, Section D). In addition, under the Protection Custody Policy, Plaintiff would have also received a far more comprehensive housing review. (See Ex. 11, p. 2, Section E). Instead of classifying Plaintiff as Protective Custody, they selected to use “Closed/Restricted.”
48. There is no appellate or grievance procedure from a custody classification decision at WWC. (Ex. 5X).
Analysis and Conclusions of Law
I.Plaintiff’s First Claim for Relief: Eighth Amendment.
1. Plaintiff claims that her placement by Defendants, solely because of the condition and status of ambiguous gender, in solitary isolation with concomitant severely limited privileges was an unjustifiable, unreasonable incarceration in bad faith and was a violation of the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. (Pl.’s Verified Amend. Compl., ¶ 47).
2. The Eighth Amendment prohibits States from inflicting cruel and unusual punishment on those convicted of crimes within their jurisdictions. U.S. Const. amend. VIII; Perkins v. Kan. Dep’t of Corr., 165 F.3d 803, 809 (10th Cir.1999).
3. Plaintiff claims her incarceration in segregated confinement for a period of 438 days was unnecessarily rigorous, inhumane, and a violation of her constitutional rights under Art. 1, Sec. 16 of the Wyoming Constitution. (Pl.’s Verified Amended Compl., ¶¶ 43, 44).
4. The Wyoming Constitution guarantees any person in jail to be treated with unnecessary rigor and requires the humane treatment of prisoners. Wyo. Const. Art. 1, § 16.
5. The Eighth Amendment requires that prison officials “provide humane conditions of confinement by ensuring inmates receive the basic necessities of adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care and by taking reasonable measures to guarantee the inmates’ safety.” Craig v. Eberly, 164 F.3d 490, 495 (10th Cir.1998) (quoting Barney v. Pulsipher, 143 F.3d 1299, 1310 (10th Cir.1998)).
6. To hold a jailer personally liable for violating an inmate’s right to humane conditions of confinement, a plaintiff must satisfy two requirements, consisting of an objective and subjective component. Craig, 164 F.3d at 495. The objective component requires that the alleged deprivation be “sufficiently serious.” Id. (quoting Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298, 111 S.Ct. 2321, 115 L.Ed.2d 271 (1991)).
7. Wbat constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment “must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society,” however the Constitution “does not mandate comfortable prisons.” Craig, 164 F.3d at 495 (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 346, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981)).
8. Jail conditions may be “restrictive and even harsh” without violating constitutional rights. Craig, 164 F.3d at 495 (citing Barney, 143 F.3d at 1311). “Only those deprivations denying the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities ... are sufficiently grave to form the basis of an Eighth Amendment violation.” Id. (quoting Wilson, 501 U.S. at 298, 111 S.Ct. 2321); accord Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994).
9. A claim involving numerous alleged inhumane conditions, such as the case at hand, the various conditions may establish an Eighth Amendment violation “ ‘in combination’ when each would not do so alone, but only when they have a mutually enforcing effect that produces the deprivation of a single, identifiable human need such as food, warmth, or exercise.” Craig, 164 F.3d at 495 (citing Wilson, 501 U.S. at 304, 111 S.Ct. 2321).
10. Under the subjective component, the prison official must have violated the plaintiffs constitutional rights with a “sufficiently culpable state of mind,” which means the prison official was deliberately indifferent to the inmate’s health or safety. Craig, 164 F.3d at 495. The infliction of psychological pain can violate the Eighth Amendment. Perkins, 165 F.3d at 810.11. In Perkins, the issue was whether forcing an inmate who was HIV positive to wear a face mask violated his Eighth Amendment rights because of the psychological pain and not any physical pain. The Tenth Circuit gave examples of to what extreme a prison may have violated an inmates Eighth Amendment rights through infliction of psychological pain: disseminating “humiliating but penologically irrelevant details of a prisoner’s medical history,” or “branding or tattooing HIV-positive inmates ... or making them wear a sign around their neck that read 'I AM AN AIDS CARRIER!’” Id., 165 F.3d at 810.
12. Neither party, nor the Court, was able to find any cases involving an Eighth Amendment claim or violation and an intersexual inmate.
13. Plaintiff was compelled to serve her entire fourteen months in segregated confinement which was at least as rigorous as the punishment reserved for seriously violent prisoners. During the Court’s tour of the WWC, the Court noticed an astonishing difference between the almost dormitory style housing quarters for the general population in the West wing and the stark, almost dungeon-like housing quarters in Pod 3 of the East wing. The West wing has pleasing brick walls, not painted concrete block, which was chipped and scraped; it has carpeted halls, not bare cement; it has day rooms with overstuffed comfortable chairs and even ottomans, not a bare area with a steel table and a steel bench, bolted to the floor, which serves as a day room; it has wooden doors on cells of inmates, not solid steel doors with a small window which has a grate covering a large portion of the view; and its inmates have personal possessions and their clothes in a type of dresser, which Pod 3 doesn’t have.
14. This Court understands that administrative segregation was necessary for the safety of both the inmates and Plaintiff but questions whether or not less harsh alternatives were available to the WWC staff. Warden Nola Blackburn, early in Plaintiffs incarceration, asked the Wyoming State Department of Corrections for assistance in finding an alternative housing arrangement and realized the chance of legal repercussions as a result of making no change to Plaintiffs housing assignment, to which the State office did nothing.
15. However, analyzing the Supreme Court and Tenth Circuit holdings on Eighth Amendment claims by prisoners leads this Court to an inquiry as to what, if any, deprivation of the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities has occurred in the case at hand.
16. Plaintiff testified that she received three meals a day and her meals were the same as those served to the general population. She had her own 9 by 12 cell which was clean, well lit by both sunlight and electrical lighting, and had a sink and toilet. Her bedding and clothes were washed on a regular basis. She was provided soap, shampoo, toothpaste and a toothbrush. She was never denied access to medical treatment by either physicians or the nursing staff. Plaintiff had access to and attended psychological groups and had individual counseling sessions. Plaintiff had access, even though very limited, to the gymnasium and the outside courtyard. She was allowed out of her cell and into the “day room” which was a little larger than a couple of cells taken together for five and half hours a day. However, due to meal time and other times when the Pod had to be locked down, this time was often shortened. Plaintiff also had access to legal counsel and visitor privileges.
17. In light of the Tenth Circuit’s holding of what is expected of the prison system in order to be in compliance with the Eighth Amendment which is to “provide humane conditions of confinement by ensuring inmates receive the basic necessities of adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care and by taking reasonable measures to guarantee the inmates’ safety,” Craig, 164 F.3d at 495 (quoting Barney, 143 F.3d at 1310) this Court finds that Defendants did provide Plaintiffs basic necessities.
18. Defendants were presented with a situation of an inmate who was of alleged female gender but was anatomically situated as a male due to the presence of a penis. As all witnesses stated during the trial, no one had' been presented with a similar situation, including Dr. Helman, Plaintiffs expert witness who had 27 years in the federal prison experience. A prison official may be held liable under the Eighth Amendment for acting with “deliberate indifference” to an inmate’s health or safety only if he knows that inmates face a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832-851, 114 S.Ct. 1970.
19. WWC officials and employees had a legitimate reason to believe there was a potential, substantial risk of serious harm to either other WWC inmates or Plaintiff due to Plaintiffs physical characteristics. The officials did not disregard these safety concerns and performed their duty to protect the WWC prisoners, including Plaintiff, from violence at the hands of other prisoners. 20. In Farmer, an inmate who was a preoperative transsexual which projected feminine characteristics was incarcerated with other males in both the general prison population and in segregation. See 511 U.S. 825, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994). Petitioner was beaten and raped by another inmate after being transferred to a more general population area. Id. The gender and physical characteristics present a similar situation to the case at hand and was ignored by prison officials with unfortunate, but predictable results. In order to avoid a similar result as Farmer, the WWC prison officials recognized the potential for danger to Plaintiff and other inmates and acted accordingly.
21. This Court understands the prison staffs concerns about the safety of Plaintiff, the safety of the general inmate population and the security needs of the institution in light of a person with male features and a limited and unreliable background information. The potential dangers and the effort to avoid potential problems was undertaken in good faith. Placing an inmate of the opposite gender in a facility like the WWC, where it was reported that ninety percent of its female inmates had been raped, abused or molested by males, mandated separate housing.
22. Taken that the safety of Plaintiff and other inmates was secured by placing Plaintiff in administrative segregation and that Plaintiff was provided the basic necessities of food, shelter, clothing and medical treatment, leads this Court, for the aforementioned reasons, to reluctantly DENY Plaintiffs Eighth Amendment claim and find in favor of Defendants. This Court feels that even though the basic necessities of Plaintiff were met, the WDOC, WWC and staff could have originated a better living situation for Plaintiff.
II. Plaintiff’s Second and Third Claim for Relief: 14th Amendment Due Process
23. The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits any State from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 223, 96 S.Ct. 2532, 49 L.Ed.2d 451 (1976); Chambers v. Colo. Dep’t. of Corr., 205 F.3d 1237, 1242 (10th Cir.2000). A prisoner’s liberty interest may arise either from the Due Process Clause itself or from state law. Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 466, 103 S.Ct. 864, 74 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983); Chambers, 205 F.3d at 1242. The Due Process Clause standing alone offers prisoners only a narrow range of protected liberty interests. Abbott v. McCotter, 13 F.3d 1439, 1442 (10th Cir.1994).
24. State-created liberty interests are “generally limited to freedom from restraint which, while not exceeding the sentence in such an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its own force, nonetheless imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.” Perkins, 165 F.3d at 808 (quoting Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484, 115 S.Ct. 2293, 132 L.Ed.2d 418 (1995)). In other words, a decision by prison officials to place an inmate in administrative segregation does not implicate the Due Process Clause unless it is atypical and significant. Sandin, 515 U.S. at 486, 115 S.Ct. 2293. Placement in segregation is atypical and significant when it exceeds the punishment of similarly situated inmates in duration or degree of restriction. Id.
25. On the procedural due process claim, it should be noted that all of the cases which focus on segregated confinement dealt with disciplinary confinement due to a violation of prison rules and lack of notice, hearing or ability to call witnesses. In the case at hand, Plaintiffs placement in administrative segregation was not as a result of disciplinary problems since Plaintiff had a sound record as an inmate. Placement was for safety reasons only.
26. Plaintiff was denied a hearing on her housing classification assignment which at the WWC is done, pursuant to WWC policy, without a hearing or inmate’s input. Defendants, throughout the trial, emphasized that WWC policy did not call for or allow Plaintiffs presence at the housing assignment meetings. However, this Court is concerned and alarmed that the WWC staff did not allow Plaintiff to be involved in solving the housing issue through a hearing. Plaintiff, unlike those involved in a mandatory disciplinary hearing, did not violate prison rules but simply arrived at the WWC with certain physical characteristics that she did not choose. Plaintiff should have been allowed to at least let her thoughts and concerns be heard prior to the WWC’s final decision to place Plaintiff in solitary confinement in Pod 3.
27. The duration of segregated confinement is a distinct factor bearing on atypi-cality and must be carefully considered. “Both the conditions and their duration must be considered, since especially harsh conditions endured for a brief interval and somewhat harsh conditions endured for a prolonged interval might both be atypical.” Welch v. Bartlett, 196 F.3d 389, 392-93 (2nd Cir.1999).
28. Confinement in Pod 3 of the East wing for 438 days in this Court’s judgment is a sufficient departure from the ordinary incidents of prison life and requires due process protections under Sandin. Plaintiffs housing for 438 days in segregated confinement is a factor which created a liberty interest for Plaintiff. Wright v. Coughlin, 132 F.3d 133, 136 (2nd Cir.1998). Considering Plaintiff was only placed in segregated confinement due to a genetically created ambiguous gender and the WWC had plenty of time to develop other more respectable, less harsh alternatives for Plaintiff, leads this Court to believe Plaintiffs due process rights were violated. The WWC’s decision to place Plaintiff in Pod 3 was a rationale choice for the first thirty days while they evaluated housing options and Plaintiffs behavior patterns, but to continue the same placement with no attempts at elevating her living conditions was completely arbitrary and capricious and without a rationale basis.
29. This Court opines that the WWC could have created better housing quarters for Plaintiff during the 438 days Plaintiff was confined in housing usually used for the most dangerous or violent inmates. The housing assignment and separation of Plaintiff from the general population was for a legitimate security reason. The WWC must take its prisoners as they come to it, but to segregate Plaintiff in the starkest, barest, most severe conditions, when she had violated no prison rules was not fair. Granted that segregation for security reasons was desirable, the prison officials didn’t need to enforce the segregation as if she were a malefactor of the worse kind. They could have worked more diligently in creating a housing situation more equivalent to those in general population which had a classification of zero. Indeed, when the Court visited the WWC during this trial, it observed that they had made special arrangements for two other WWC prisoners with special needs who were housed in the infirmary area, which wasn’t as stark as Pod 3. Of course, the contrast between Pod 3 in the East wing, and the West wing where the general population is housed was startling. There were no amenities like rugs or wooden cell doors or nice overstaffed furniture in day rooms with T.Y. sets at a sitting level in Pod 3, but there they were in the West wing. The Plaintiff, for no fault committed by her, was arbitrarily treated differently than the other prisoners.
30. This Court believes WWC could have allowed Plaintiff, who was classified as a minimum risk and had shown no signs of danger to herself or the other inmates, to get hair cuts and eat an occasional meal with the general population or at least eat meals in the open portion of Pod 3 and not be forced to eat on her bed or toilet in her stark cell. Plaintiff also could have been allowed to have other personal items in her cell such as a cassette player or playing cards without creating a safety matter or issues of unequal treatment among the other inmates. In truth, the WWC classified Plaintiff as “Closed/Restricted,” and then enforced this rating to the limit during her entire confinement whereas a little reason and good judgment in lightening up the harsh “Close/Restricted” rules would have served both parties better.
31. Throughout the trial, Defendants stated that the main reason for Plaintiffs housing assignment was for safety concerns, but what Plaintiff was actually in was Protective Custody. Under Protective Custody and pursuant to Prison Policy No. 3.304 Plaintiff should have been given a more complete housing review and could have been allowed more personal property in her cell, like the inmates had in the West wing.
32. Therefore, because her conditions of confinement were an atypical and a significant hardship for the aforementioned reasons, and therefore violated the Plaintiffs rights to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment, Plaintiffs claim of violation of the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause is GRANTED. In addition, this Court finds that Plaintiffs Due Process rights were clearly established. All Defendants, as professional corrections officers and officials and charged with knowledge of the law, knew or should have known that placing Plaintiff in segregated confinement for a 438 day period, without a hearing, was a violation of Plaintiffs constitutional right of due process. She was treated neither fairly nor equally. Defendant Blackburn’s letter to WDOC, stating that potential legal ramifications may be forthcoming due to Plaintiffs housing situation, provides evidence that both WDOC and WWC’s staff and officials knew or should have known of such constitutional violations. Therefore, Defendants are not protected under qualified immunity.
III. Plaintiff’s Fourth Claim for Relief: Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection.
33. The Equal Protection Clause requires the government to treat similarly situated people alike. City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 105 S.Ct. 3249, 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985). In order to assert a viable equal protection claim, Plaintiff must make a threshold showing that she was treated differently from others similarly situated. Barney, 143 F.3d at 1312.
34. When called upon to analyze a case on equal protection grounds, courts apply one of three standards of review; (1) rational basis, (2) heightened scrutiny, or (3) strict scrutiny. Cleburne, 473 U.S. at 440-42, 105 S.Ct. 3249. If the classification does not implicate a suspect class or abridge a fundamental right, the rational-basis test is used. Id. An equal protection analysis requires strict scrutiny of a legislative classification only when the classification impermissibly interferes with the exercise of a fundamental right or operates to the peculiar disadvantage of a suspect class. Gladstone v. Bartlesville Independent Sch. Dist. No. 30, 66 P.3d 442, 447 (Okla.2003) (quoting Mass. Bd. of Retirement v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307, 312, 96 S.Ct. 2562, 49 L.Ed.2d 520 (1976)).
35. The Supreme Court defined a suspect class as one that is “saddled with such disabilities, or subjected to such history of purposeful unequal treatment, or relegated to such a position of political powerlessness as to command extraordinary protection from the majoritarian political process.” Murgia, 427 U.S. at 313, 96 S.Ct. 2562. Unless a classification warrants some form of heightened review because it jeopardizes the exercise of a fundamental right or categorizes on the basis of an inherently suspect characteristic, the Equal Protection Clause requires only that the classification rationally further a legitimate state interest. Cleburne, 473 U.S. at 440-41, 105 S.Ct. 3249; Hodel v. Indiana, 452 U.S. 314, 331, 101 S.Ct. 2376, 69 L.Ed.2d 40 (1981).
36. Plaintiff claims that individuals born with ambiguous gender are members of a quasi-suspect class. However, there has been no proof of a recognized quasi-suspect class presented to this Court and therefore this Court will not place Plaintiff in a constitutionally protected class. This Court has not been shown by Plaintiff that she was saddled with a disability, or is a member of a group which has been subjected to a history of purposeful unequal treatment, or is in such a position of political powerlessness to command extraordinary protection.
37. Plaintiff was not denied a fundamental right [such as the right to vote, the right to interstate travel, rights guaranteed by the First Amendment, the right to procreate or even non-fundamental rights such as food, clothing, shelter, health care or safety]. Therefore, Plaintiffs classification does not implicate a suspect class or disregard a fundamental right and will have to be analyzed under the rational basis test.
38. Under the rational basis test, the Equal Protection Clause requires only that the classification rationally further a legitimate state interest. The decision of the WWC’s administration must only bear a rational relation to a legitimate state purpose. Jacobs, Visconsi & Jacobs, Co. v. City of Lawrence, Kansas, 927 F.2d 1111, 1119 (10th Cir.1991).
39. This Court finds that no equal protection violation occurred using the rational basis test because Defendants’ actions in placing Plaintiff in segregated confinement was rationally related to the legitimate purposes of ensuring the safety of Plaintiff and other inmates and security of the facility. See Penrod v. Zavaras, 94 F.3d 1399, 1406 (10th Cir.1996). Therefore, for the aforementioned reasons, Plaintiffs Fourteenth Amendment Claim for a violation of the Equal Protection clause is DENIED.
IV. Damages for Violation of Plaintiff’s Due Process Rights.
40. “Over the centuries the common law of torts has developed a set of rules to implement the principle that a person should be compensated fairly for injuries caused by the violation of [her] legal rights. These rules, defining the elements of damages and the prerequisites for their recovery, provide the appropriate starting point for the inquiry under § 1983 as well.” Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 257-58, 98 S.Ct. 1042, 55 L.Ed.2d 252 (1978). In order to further the purpose of § 1983, the rules governing compensation for injuries caused by the deprivation of constitutional rights should be tailored to the interests protected by the particular right in question. Id., at 258-59, 98 S.Ct. 1042.
41. In Carey, the Supreme Court held that if Defendants could prove that the plaintiff would have been treated the same even if a hearing would have been held, then plaintiff would not be entitled to recover damages to compensate plaintiff for injuries. Id., at 260, 98 S.Ct. 1042. An award for damages for injuries that would have occurred anyway would constitute a windfall, rather than compensation to plaintiff. Id.
42. “Nominal damages are all that are due upon a showing of a denial of due process without proof of actual damages, as injury cannot be presumed from denial of due process.” Saxner v. Benson, 727 F.2d 669, 672 (7th Cir.1984)(citing Carey, 435 U.S. at 258, 98 S.Ct. 1042).
43. Plaintiff correctly states that damages for unconstitutional confinement should be calculated based upon the difference between the harsh conditions of isolated, segregated confinement and the conditions that prevailed in the general prison population at WWC. (citing Furtado v. Bishop, 604 F.2d 80, 89 (1st Cir.1979).) However, as this Court has noted, the WWC did have a rational concern in the safety and security of Plaintiff, other inmates and the facility due to Plaintiffs ambiguous gender. This Court does not believe Plaintiff could be placed directly into the general population due to her physical attributes combined with the prison’s lack of information on Plaintiff. The Court does acknowledge that the WWC could have taken steps to create a better living situation for Plaintiff while continuing to segregate Plaintiff for security and safety reasons.
44. If Plaintiff would have been able to participate in the housing decision meetings, she would have been able to provide housing suggestions but she still would not have been housed with the general population therefore, this Court will not award damages upon the difference between her actual segregated confinement and the general population.
45. In addition, in following Carey, this Court will award only nominal or minimal damages to Plaintiff due to the lack of proof of exhibiting damages during trial. Plaintiffs own expert psychologist, Dr. Martha Schilling, testified that Plaintiff was suffering from a myriad of personality disorders prior to her incarceration and that during her 14 months in WWC, there was no noticeable damage. This diagnosis was confirmed by Dr. Towers, the WWC’s psychologist. Therefore, Plaintiff failed to show lasting mental or physical damages as a result of Defendants’ violation of her constitutional rights.
46. Therefore, this Court ORDERS Defendants to pay Plaintiff $1,000 in damages for the Defendants’ violation of her Fourteenth Amendment Due Process rights.
47.In addition, this Court ORDERS Defendants to pay Plaintiffs reasonable attorney’s fees, court costs and expert costs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b)(c). Plaintiff was the “prevailing party” in her claim for violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Conclusion
It is hereby ORDERED, for the aforementioned reasons, that Plaintiffs Claims under the Eighth Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment are DENIED and Plaintiffs Claims under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment are GRANTED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendants are to pay Plaintiffs reasonable attorney’s fees, court costs and expert costs.
This Court also impresses upon the WWC and WDOC the need to develop a plan and procedures to handle future administrative segregation based upon nondisciplinary issues such as those presented in the case at hand.
. At the hearing, Defendants represented that the prison medical staff determined that Plaintiff was anatomically and biologically a "male.” However, Plaintiff has chosen to live her life, and has functioned throughout her life, as a female. Plaintiff refers to herself with feminine pronouns throughout her pleadings. In accord with the Tenth Circuit's practice, this Court refers to litigants as the record suggests they prefer to be addressed. Brown v. Zavaras, 63 F.3d 967, 968 n. 1 (10th Cir.1995).
. Plaintiff was referred to as Inmate Miki Timm-DiMarco while in prison as Timm was her third husband's surname. Plaintiff has dropped Timm from her last name. Warden Blackburn misspelled Inmate DiMarco's last name in letter.
| CASELAW |
-- Sum of Swap Rules May Hurt Trading as Costs Rise, Executives Say
Proposed rules to increase
transparency in the $708 trillion private derivatives market may
combine for an amplified effect that boosts costs for users,
according to industry executives. Trading in interest-rate, credit-default and other swaps
may decrease if several changes are taken together, James Hill ,
a managing director at Morgan Stanley (MS) , said today at the annual
conference of the International Swaps and Derivatives
Association in Chicago . “I’m very concerned there’s a multiplier effect to this,”
Hill said during a panel discussion. “That’s something we need
to look out for.” He listed increased costs associated with
margin for swaps trades, for processing transactions with a
clearinghouse and increased capital requirements banks will have
to adopt. Banks, hedge funds and asset managers active in the over-
the-counter derivatives market are adapting to changes mandated
by the Dodd Frank Act passed by Congress in 2010, including a
requirement to process most swaps with a clearinghouse to cut
counterparty risk. While embracing measures to adopt clearing,
the industry group has opposed requirements that any cleared
swap be traded on exchanges or similar electronic systems. There needs to be time for market users to adapt to the
changes coming under Dodd Frank and to absorb the costs, said
William De Leon, global head of portfolio risk management at
Newport Beach , California-based Pacific Investment Management
Co. ‘Knock-on Effects’ “The cold-turkey effect can be quite large,” said De
Leon, who is also an ISDA board member. “As you add them up,
the unknowns are quite large and the potential knock-on effects
are larger than we’d hoped.” Making prices known to the public helps improve market
activity, Gary Gensler , chairman of the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission, said today in remarks to the conference. “Economists for decades have shown that transparency
lowers trading costs, lowers bid-ask spreads, increases
liquidity,” Gensler said. Such a view is at odds with trading in swaps markets, Hill
said. “That’s simply not correct in these markets,” he said.
“There are times increased transparency can reduce liquidity.” De Leon said the effects of publicly reporting swaps trade
prices and moving trading onto electronic systems could harm
large investors. Increased Transparency “For the occasional user of derivatives who’s not watching
the market every day who trades small size, this transparency
will be a benefit to them because they’ll get more
information,” he said. For larger investors who trade in bigger size on behalf of
clients, increased transparency may hurt the firm as “the bid-
ask will be higher and it will ultimately hurt our investors,”
De Leon said. “From that standpoint I think the market needs to
be patient” and not rush implementation of the rules, he said. To contact the reporters on this story:
Mary Childs in New at
mchilds5@bloomberg.net ;
Matthew Leising in New York at
mleising@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Alan Goldstein at agoldstein5@bloomberg.net . | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Swedish scientists managed to restore the appearance of a man who was executed about 8000 years ago. Specialists discovered the skull of a man, as well as the remains of 11 other people, one of whom was a baby, at the bottom of the lake, which dried up in 2012.
Experts noted that several pointed stakes were preserved along with the remains. These could be the attributes with which the execution was carried out in the Stone Age. Only one of the detected skulls had a lower jaw.
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It was this skull that was chosen by medical examiner Oscar Nilsson in order to make a 3D reconstruction. Additionally, during the study, data obtained as a result of genetic analysis were used. Due to this, specialists were able to recreate the face of a man with dark hair and blue eyes, whose age was approximately 50 years.
Nilsson did everything possible so as not to damage the discovered skull. That is why computed tomography was used. The results of this study were used to further print a 3D copy made of vinyl.
Additionally, an analysis was conducted for which forensic methods were used. Due to this, it was possible to establish the approximate weight and height of the man, as well as his ethnic origin.
The specialist believes that this person was part of a group of gatherers and hunters. His ancestors could come to the territory of Scandinavia. It is worth noting that Nilsson had previously conducted similar studies and restored images of people from ancient remains discovered by archaeologists. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Venezuela: Trump administration to withdraw all US diplomats
The United States will withdraw all its diplomats from Venezuela — a move that could potentially exacerbate the political and international crisis in that country. In a tweet late Monday night, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo made the announcement with very little warning to only a handful of diplomatic staff beforehand, multiple US officials told me. “This decision reflects the deteriorating situation in #Venezuela as well as the conclusion that the presence of U.S. diplomatic staff at the embassy has become a constraint on U.S. policy,” Pompeo tweeted. The move follows the Trump administration’s announcement on January 24 to bring home all dependents of US diplomats in Venezuela and leave behind only a small presence in the embassy. But Pompeo’s tweet will only add fuel to the fire in Venezuela. Since January, the Trump administration, joined by governments in the Americas and Europe, has called for Venezuela’s socialist President Nicolás Maduro to step down, partly because the country has suffered an immense economic and humanitarian collapse during his rule. The US and others now recognize Juan Guaidó, the leader of the country’s opposition-controlled legislative body, as Venezuela’s rightful interim president. Removing all diplomatic staff, partly as an act of defiance against Maduro, surely won’t calm any tensions. The U.S. will withdraw all remaining personnel from @usembassyve this week. This decision reflects the deteriorating situation in #Venezuela as well as the conclusion that the presence of U.S. diplomatic staff at the embassy has become a constraint on U.S. policy. But in some ways, Pompeo’s decision isn’t much of a surprise. Venezuela is suffering from a massive five-day blackout, making it even harder for the nation’s people to live and for US diplomats to work. What’s more, in a meeting with US officials on Monday, Maduro’s regime said it wouldn’t offer the traditional privileges and immunities that American diplomats receive when they’re stationed abroad, US officials told me, something Guaidó said he would grant. That, added to widespread worries about the diplomats’ safety should the situation in Venezuela worsen, likely led to their removal. And there’s a distinct possibility that the worst is yet to come: On Monday, Maduro said “the hour has come for active resistance.” "Le hago un llamado a los colectivos, llegó la hora de la resistencia activa", dice Maduro a sus grupos de paramilitares armados que han disparado contra civiles y voluntarios. #11Mar pic.twitter.com/kxR1jSuyAV “I doubt many diplomats are happy to be there amid all these problems,” Timothy Gill, a Venezuela expert at the University of North Carolina Wilmington, told me. The Maduro-Guaidó standoff is at a stalemate: Maduro continues to cling to power while Guaidó mobilizes the public and world leaders against him. Yet efforts by the US to break the logjam, including trying to send much-needed humanitarian aid throughout Venezuela, have failed. It’s unclear what effect removing diplomats will really have in changing the reality. On the one hand, the work of diplomats is more easily done when they’re on the ground, allowing them to interact face to face with local officials. If the Trump administration’s goal is to tip the political situation in Guaidó’s favor, it now has fewer ways to do that. On the other hand, not having a functional embassy in Caracas is its own major statement. “It’s also possible to say removing diplomats further isolates Maduro, eliminating any lines of contact,” said Gill, adding that “we can be sure there’s more US activity in Venezuela than basic diplomatic presence.” But as Pompeo said, he felt diplomats constrained US efforts in Venezuela. With them gone, it’s possible the world will soon see what America unleashed in Venezuela really means. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
10 Inspiring Quotes From Malcolm X | Fox News
By Entrepreneur Staff As Justin Worland wrote for Time on the 50th anniversary of the assassination of Malcolm X, his legacy has grown after his death, from a reputation as a dangerous rabble-rouser to that of an American icon. That transformation is evident today, as #MalcolmX trended globally on what would have been the influencial leader's 91st birthday. Related: Inspirational Quotes From 2016 Commencement Speakers Here are words of wisdom from the man, spanning his years as an advocate for universal freedom, that people of all colors and religions can find inspiration. 1. Without education, you're not going anywhere in this world. 2. You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom. 3. Anytime you see someone more successful than you are, they are doing something you aren't. 4. If we don't stand for something, we may fall for anything. 5. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. 6. My alma mater was books, a good library. ... I could spend the rest of my life reading, just satisfying my curiosity. 7. Usually when people are sad, they don't do anything. They just cry over their condition. But when they get angry, they bring about a change. 8. You don't have to be a man to fight for freedom. All you have to do is to be an intelligent human being. 9. Early in life I had learned that if you want something, you had better make some noise. 10. Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. 2017 FOX News Network, LLC. All rights reserved. All market data delayed 20 minutes. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Closure of persistent ductus arteriosus
Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
PDA (Persistent Ductus Arteriosus) is a congenital disorder that, depending on its size, can cause serious problems at any age.
What is normal in intrauterine life and just after birth (conduct connecting both circulations, the aorta and the pulmonary artery), when the lungs expand and circulating oxygen increases, tends to close in the neonatal period due to endo-proliferative stimulation of the conduct together with vasoconstriction by smooth muscle fibres.
Although persistence is favourable in some cardiopathies with reduced pulmonary flow, persistence of the ductus causes a left-right shunt, connecting the two circulatory systems. As there is greater pressure in the aorta than in the pulmonary artery, each heartbeat causes a systolic-diastolic flow from the former to the latter. This leads to the development of pulmonary hypertension in the long term.
Symptoms depend on the size of the ductus and the shunt. If large, it usually presents with heart failure in childhood, and nearly always requires mechanical obliteration. If small, the ductus can go unnoticed until it is detected in a routine health check, as it causes a characteristic murmur. It is usually closed after diagnosis.
Classically, ductus has surgical treatment requiring thoracotomy and tying or cutting the conduct. Since the early 1990s, however, devices have been designed for its transluminal close through a vascular puncture. Occlusion of the ductus can be with coils or other devices.
Once again, the devices designed by Dr Amplatz are the most commonly used. The procedure is percutaneous (femoral vein and artery), does not require anaesthesia in young patients and adults, and is guided by radioscopy and angiography. A cannula is passed through the conduct to carry the device there, the distal part is unfolded and then taken to its correct position, where it is ultimately implanted.
In the following month, a neo-endothelial film covers the aortic and pulmonary parts in contact with blood. All prostheses require prophylaxis against endocarditis and completely aseptic procedures. Our group has made scientific contributions to the development of these procedures (References, publications 1992 Sequential transcatheter treatment of combined coarction of aorta and persistent ductus arteriosus, publications of Corpal Group 2016). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Athena SPACs
The result was delete__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__. ✗ plicit 00:16, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
Athena SPACs
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Article doesn't define what SPAC is, and all sourcing is press-release material or funding announcements. Beyond proof the thing exists, I can't find sources discussing it at length. Not meeting notability for companies/business entities. Oaktree b (talk) 03:15, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Business-related deletion discussions. Oaktree b (talk) 03:15, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
* Delete as pure ADMASQ with no sign of notability; could be also speedied as A7/G11. --DoubleGrazing (talk) 06:15, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
* Here again, there is no payment being taken for the creation of this article. Boosquet (talk) 20:30, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
* You don't have to be paid for it to be PROMO. Oaktree b (talk) 13:16, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of New York-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 07:07, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 07:08, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
* Please note added updated sources, definition of SPAC, deleted press releases and links to articles Boosquet (talk) 15:34, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
* I do not see issue, or they have been fixed. Ardenous (talk) 16:24, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
* Comment. The article explains that SPAC = Special-purpose acquisition company. Eastmain (talk • contribs) 13:44, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
* still non-notable. Oaktree b (talk) 14:36, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
Relisting comment: Relisting for a week, this article was tagged for AFD the day it was created and there has been much editing since. Please consider whether recent contributions make the deletion rationale still valid. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Liz Read! Talk! 04:48, 30 April 2023 (UTC) Relisting comment: No comments since last relist. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Timothytyy (talk) 13:14, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
* Added a definition of SPACs Boosquet (talk) 20:29, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Comment It appears to be about funding announcements, people joining companies, people leaving companies, all routine business things. The SPAC explanation is fine, I'm still not showing notability. Oaktree b (talk) 20:24, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
* Delete – Nearly every source used in that article is composed of routine coverage. I'm also not able to find sources containing non-promotional, independent, or actual significant coverage online. Yet another PROMO article. Nythar (💬-🍀) 04:00, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Kim Hargrave
Kim William Spencer Hargrave (born 30 September 1954) is a justice of the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria. Hargrave was appointed to the trial division of the Supreme Court in 2005, and was appointed to the Court of Appeal in 2017.
He attended Brighton Grammar School and graduated from the University of Melbourne. He was admitted to the bar in 1980 and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1995.
Hargrave is married to a fellow judge, Anne Ferguson, who is currently Chief Justice of Victoria. | WIKI |
klemma
Etymology
From, from or related to.
Verb
* 1) to hug
Etymology
From, from or related to.
Noun
* 1) clamp, clip
* 2) peg
* 3) tight spot, jam, pickle
Verb
* 1) to clamp, to clip, to fasten, to pinch
Etymology
From.
Verb
* 1) to hug, embrace
* 2) to squeeze, press
Verb
* 1) to fix | WIKI |
Business Briefs; Brazil Posts a Record Trade Surplus for June
Brazil posted a record monthly trade surplus of $4.03 billion in June, challenging forecasts that a stronger currency would make the country's exports less competitive on world markets. The figure was up from a surplus of $3.45 billion in May and $3.8 billion in the year-earlier period. The trade surplus this year totals $19.67 billion, a 31 percent increase over the first half of 2004. Most economists now expect Brazil, South America's largest economy, to post a $35 billion trade surplus this year, its biggest ever, on booming sales of raw materials like soybeans and iron ore and a push by Brazilian companies to enter new export markets. Last year, the trade surplus was a record $33.7 billion. Todd Benson (NYT) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:The Martyrdom of Ferrer.djvu/15
Rh justification are the work of the clergy and the civic officials. I will show that the witnesses against Ferrer—who were never cross-examined—would have failed ignominiously in any civil court, and that in a fair trial a mass of rebutting testimony would have been produced. All this was known to the Home Secretary, Señor La Cierva, the Prime Minister, Señor Maura, and they also knew that only a military council would condemn Ferrer. I warned them that the evidence would be produced when Ferrer was dead. They have been swept from office by the indignation and disgust of Europe, but the memory of a brave and noble-spirited man remains to be vindicated.
This is the gist of the story which the following chapters will tell and substantiate. England stirred to some purpose with effective anger and disgust when Papal and Austrian power fought their bloody fight to retain the domination of Italy; but no single deed was done by those Powers comparable in enormity to this; for Ferrer used the pacific weapon of enlightenment. England was not restrained by consideration of France's internal politics when a corrupt body attempted to consign Dreyfus to a living death; and a greater wrong was done to Ferrer than was contemplated against Dreyfus. Many English journals, dissenting from Ferrer's views, have nobly pleaded for justice in Spain's treatment of him. But many English journals have opened their columns to the lying and reckless statements of the Spanish and clerical agents, mantled with anonymity, who have set out to poison the mind of Europe, and who fancied that bold mendacity would suffice where proof was wanting.
This little work is not made up of the contrary assertions of anonymous informants. It is built on solid and analysable evidence. I never met Ferrer, and do not write under the | WIKI |
EU aims to become the world's first climate neutral economy by 2050
The European Union has unveiled a strategy to become the world's first climate neutral economy by 2050. Its plan, announced Thursday, will include steps such as investing in technological solutions to help lower carbon emissions. The European Commission said the strategy would be applied to almost all EU policies. Climate neutrality is achieved when carbon emissions are at zero. The Commission said achieving this by 2050 would help it meet the objectives of the Paris Agreement – ensuring temperature increases don't exceed 2 degrees Celsius and aiming to keep them below 1.5 degrees Celsius. However, it said the long-term strategy's purpose was not to set targets, but to establish a vision and direction for member states. The Commission added that the strategy was designed to be "socially fair" by strengthening the economy and creating jobs. Joint action will be taken in seven key areas, including energy efficiency, deployment of renewables, and carbon capture and storage to address remaining emissions. The Commission called on ministers in member states to debate how their domestic policies could be shaped to comply with the strategy. Maros Sefcovic, the European Commission's vice president for energy, said the strategy proved that meeting climate change targets did not have to be detrimental to the economy. "We cannot safely live on a planet with a climate that is out of control. But that does not mean that to reduce emissions we should sacrifice the livelihoods of Europeans," he said in a press release. "Over the last years, we have shown how to reduce emissions while creating prosperity, high-quality local jobs, and improving people's quality of life. Our strategy now shows that by 2050, it is realistic to make Europe both climate neutral and prosperous, while leaving no European and no region behind." On Wednesday, a report published by The Lancet medical journal showed that rising temperatures were already exposing the global population to "an unacceptably high health risk." Jointly authored by doctors, academics and policy professionals from 27 international institutions, the report warned that populations and their health systems were ill equipped to cope with rapidly rising temperatures. Kris Ebi, professor of global health and environmental and occupational health science at the University of Washington, said action was vital. "Increased mortality in extreme heatwaves is not something that may happen, it's happening now and will continue as global temperatures continue to rise," she said in a press release. "There is abundant evidence that communities are not prepared for the ongoing increases in the frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves. Actions are needed right now, matched with investments, such as implementing early warning systems for heatwaves, including mapping vulnerable populations and providing interventions designed to increase resilience during hot weather." Meanwhile, a UN Environment report published Tuesday warned that "unprecedented and urgent action" was required from every country in the world if the Paris Agreement's objectives were to be met. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 27.djvu/42
FIFTYSECOND CONGRESS. Sess. I. Cris. 38-40. 1892. 15 CHAP. 38.—An act to amend an act entitled “An act to authorize the construe- AP1‘il7.1892· tion of a railroad, wagon, and foot—passenger bridge at Burlington, Iowa, approved L August sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight” as amended by act approved Febmary twenty-first, eighteen hundred and ninety. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the time for the com? laws. mencement and completion of said bridge, authorized by Said act 1¤ghii$i3Q§°Kf'"f;C entitled “An act to authorize the construction of a railroad, wagon, ***;;*3*-25 M_ and foot-passen ger bridge at Burlington, Iowa, approved August sixth, ze, p. iz,P' ’ v°I‘ eighteen hundred and eighty-eight; as amended by act approved February twenty-lirst, eighteen hun red and ninety, be, and is hereby, each extended two years from the passage of this act. Approved, April 7, 1892. CHAP. 39.-An act to change the time of holding the courts in the eastern judi- April 7, 1892. cial district of Texas. ·—·» Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the sessions of the circuit jrms, mzmjmn. and district courts of the United States for the eastern district of Texas °‘“.f.e‘},§;‘;’*°°· shall begin andbe held at the city of Tyler on the iirst Monday of J anu- Tyler.' ary and September of each year. At the city of Jezderson on the fourth Monday of January and Sep- Jarmtm. tember of each year. At the city of Galveston on the third Monday of February and Octo oaivesum. ber of each year. At the city of Paris on the first Monday of April and third Monday rms. of November of each year. _ pj3gp {Q;?' "“· °‘“· Sec. 2. That this act shall take eifect and be in force on and after ni sem. the first day of July, anno Domini eighteen hundred and ninety-two. Sec. 3. That all process issued from the clerk’s office of said courts Process, ew. and all recognizances taken therein shall be taken and considered as returnable to the term or terms hereby established, in lieu of the term or terms existing at the time such process was issued or such recognizances were taken. Approved, April 7, 1892. CHAP. 40.-An act to amend the act concerning omcers of the National Home Apn111,1m. for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, and for other purposes. —-———-——————~——- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled That Section forty-eight hun- m1::;-;;?} Homo for dred and twenty-nine of the Revised Statutes of the United States, 1;. s., ¤£i°fst$"f». being section six of the act of Congress approved March twenty-first ’°{s0{¤;j¤¤¤•}i eighteen hundred and sixty-six concerning the National Home for Dis-’p` ` abled Volunteer Soldiers, bc, and the same is hereby, amended to read as follows, to wit: “SEc 4829. The officers of the National Home shall consist of a gov· omcm. ernor, a deputy governor, a secretary, a treasurer, and such other officers as the managers may deem necessary. They shall beappointed f1·0m Q·¤1i¤<=¤¤··¤- honorably discharged soldiers who served as mentioned in the following section; and they may be appointed and removed, from time to time, as the interests of the institution may require, by the Board of Managers! Approved, April 11, 1892. | WIKI |
There are some constitutional provisions that provoked almost no discussion within the Constitutional Convention yet which later became a fertile and recurring source of bitter controversy. The interstate commerce clause comes immediately to mind. There are other features of the Constitution which sparked a virulent and unrelenting firestorm within the Convention but which have survived today as fairly inconsequential (and mostly forgotten) fragments of our constitutional history. Such was the restrictions laid on congressmen from accepting other political offices. The specific provision in Article I, Section 6, of the Constitution had its origins in a similar provision in the Articles of Confederation, but the passionate debate over this issue went back much further: to the political controversies and imputed corruption that raged under the British Crown.
In Britain, the king had sole authority over the appointment power, and he could use it to bribe members of Parliament to vote according to his will by offering them tempting appointments in exchange—sometimes to offices of great prestige or profit that had been created only for that purpose. Although there were some who believed that this so-called “corruption” was in fact a necessary check between the branches and an unavoidable part of political wheeling and dealing, most Americans had been disgusted with this practice. Many state constitutions, as well as the Articles of Confederation, barred legislators from simultaneously serving in other offices. But there remained some disagreement about how far such a prohibition ought to extend in order to stamp out the possibility of corruption.
The Articles of Confederation had merely prevented members of Congress from simultaneously “holding any office under the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit receives any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.” The Virginia Plan included a similar ineligibility yet had made it even more severe. It had prohibited members of both houses from holding any other office either “during the term of Service” or for some yet-to-be-specified number of years after they left office. This provision would almost wholly guarantee that members of the House or Senate could not be bribed by lucrative appointments, but it also might deprive the nation of its best talents when important offices fell vacant.
Some delegates argued that there should be no restriction, claiming that the British system of patronage, while it was admittedly subject to abuses, was nonetheless an important and necessary system for rewarding political merit. The sort of ambition that sought to serve the public good was a virtue, and virtue should be rewarded. Charles Pinckney added that Congress would be the best place to find capable men who were able to serve in other capacities. If members of the House were elected into office, that proved “they had the confidence of the people.” As for the Senate, it “might be supposed to contain the fittest men. He hoped to see that body become a school of public ministers, a nursery of statesmen.” If the Framers disqualified the members of these bodies from serving in other capacities, then “the legislature would cease to be a magnet to the first talents and abilities.” George Mason and others, however, saw these arguments as a direct attack on the sort of republican virtue that was necessary if popular governments were to survive.
The arguments from both sides sometimes verged on the ridiculous. To listen to those who wanted to strike out the ineligibility, one would suppose that the congressional halls would be bereft of talented and capable men unless the job offered the prospect of immediate promotion to some superior office. And to listen to those who insisted on the severest disqualifications, one would suppose that without this ineligibility legislators would spend all their days creating lucrative and unnecessary offices and arranging for their own advancement to them.
Ultimately, it was decided by a narrow majority to significantly loosen the restrictions on eligibility. Following Madison’s original idea, Congressmen were ineligible to any civil office which was created, or which had already existed but the salary had been increased, during the term of an individual Congressman’s tenure. This provision would prevent the possibility that offices would be created or made more lucrative only with the intention that a particular Congressman would fill them. In addition, following the example of the Articles of Confederation, the elective and appointed offices could not be held concurrently. So if a civil or military officer is elected to Congress, or if a Congressman is appointed to some other office, then that person would have to resign from the old position in order to accept the new one. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Solana, Cagayan
Solana, officially the Municipality of Solana (Ili nat Solana; Ili yo Solana; Ili ti Solana; Bayan ng Solana), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 88,445 people.
Solana is a first class municipality covering an area of 277.22 square kilometers with 38 barangays. The Municipality is surrounded by the following: on the east by the Cagayan River, bounded on the north by the Municipality of Amulung, on the south by the Municipality of Enrile, on the southwest by the Province of Kalinga and on the northwest by the Municipalities of Piat and Tuao. Solana is 11 km from Tuguegarao and 492 km from Manila.
The Awidon Mesa Formationa Paleolithic Sites of the municipality, along with the Callao Limestone Formation Paleolithic Sites neighboring Penablanca, are included in the tentative list of the Philippines for future UNESCO World Heritage Site inscription under the name of Paleolithic Archaeological Sites in Cagayan Valley. The Awidon Mesa Formation has at least 68 Paleolithic sites which yielded stone tools and fossils of extinct animals that include stegodons, elephants, rhinoceros, and large tortoise.
History
Formerly part of Tuguegarao, Solana was formally made an independent town on 18 August 1852. It was named after Governor General Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo, Marquis of La Solana. Prior to that it was called Marague, after a rich widower named Francisco Marague who settled in the area and built a stone house. During the Second World War, the barrio of Andarayan was bombed by American planes on 13 June 1945, killing 50 people.
Topography
Solana is mostly flat with mountainous terrain on the central area from Barangay Madarallug going north to Barangay Iraga due to the Barung Anticline and Liwan Syncline.
The municipality is bounded by the Cagayan River to the East, Amulung to the North, Enrile to the South and Municipality of Tuao and Piat to the West.
With its proximity in the Cagayan River, it is usually flooded during typhoon season where the river is usually swollen thus providing a fluvial soil good for farming.
Barangays
Solana is politically subdivided into 38 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
* Andarayan North
* Andarayan South
* Bangag
* Bantay
* Basi East
* Basi West
* Bauan East
* Bauan West
* Cadaanan
* Calamagui
* Calillauan
* Carilucud
* Cattaran
* Centro Northeast (Poblacion)
* Centro Northwest (Poblacion)
* Centro Southeast (Poblacion)
* Centro Southwest (Poblacion)
* Dassun
* Furagui
* Gadu
* Gen. Eulogio Balao
* Iraga
* Lanna
* Lannig
* Lingu
* Maddarulug (Santo Domingo)
* Maguirig
* Malalam-Malacabibi
* Nabbotuan
* Nangalisan
* Natappian East
* Natappian West
* Padul
* Palao
* Parug-parug
* Pataya
* Sampaguita
* Ubong
Climate
Just like the general climatic conditions of the Philippines, the municipality of Solana's climate is tropical and maritime. It is characterized by relatively high temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall.
Based from the Climate Map of PAGASA, the municipality belongs to the Type III Climate with no very pronounced maximum rain period with a dry season lasting only from one to three monthse either from December to February or from March to May.
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Solana, Cagayan, was 88,445 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.
Local government
Solana, belonging to the third legislative district of the province of Cagayan, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The Sangguniang Bayan is composed of the (Municipality) Vice Mayor as Presiding Officer, regular Sanggunian members (Councilors), the President of the Association of Barangay Captains and the President of the Sangguniang Kabataan. They shall exercise and perform the legislative powers and duties as provided for under Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991. Shall consider and conduct thorough study all matters brought to their attention and consequently pass resolutions, enact ordinances and to introduce recommendations.
Education
The Schools Division of Cagayan governs the town's public education system.
It is also in Solana where the SDO office transfer its location after it the division office building located near the Boy Scout of the Philippines – Cagayan Chapter Office and the Cagayan National High School was razed by fire on August 10, 2012. Immediately on the following day, the Office of the Division of Cagayan was temporarily transferred to the defunct DPWH Building at Lingu, Solana, Cagayan until November 15, 2017.
The division office is a field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and public and private high schools throughout the municipality.
Solana is currently divided into 3 district namely Solana North, Solana South and Solana West Educational Zone. According to SDO Cagayan, it has 10 public elementary schools in Solana North, 10 public elementary in Solana South and 14 in Solana West Educational Zone
The High school students from the Municipality is also catered by 6 public secondary schools namely Solana Freshwater Fisheries School, Dassun NHS, Andarayan NHS, Solana NHS, Gadu NHS and Sampaguita NHS.
The only Catholic School that serves the area is Saint Vincent Ferrer Institute (SVI) under Saint Vincent Ferrer Parish which offers basic education from elementary to senior high school.
Cagayan State University has also established another campus in the area. By the virtue of Republic Act 11858, the extension campus was converted into a regular campus to be known at Cagayan State University - Solana Campus. The said higher education institution will offer academic programs in Teacher Education, Agriculture, Fisheries, Information and Computing Sciences, and Criminology. | WIKI |
Re: Bosh Director calls CredHub twice during a deployment for the same secret
Dmitriy Kalinin
we havent spent any time optimizing it since it shuold be pretty cheap to
make these calls. are you concerned about the perf aspect of it or
something else?
On Fri, Sep 22, 2017 at 10:55 AM, Michael Stancampiano <mstancamp(a)gmail.com>
wrote:
It appears Director calls CredHub for a single secret twice during a
deployment. Here are the Director calls:
1) Calls CredHub with a GET by name. In this case the query name parameter
value is the identifier from the deployment manifest file.
2) Calls CredHub with a GET by ID using the id value for the secret
returned in the first call.
Can someone explain why Director appears to be making two calls for the
same secret during a deployment?
Thanks.
Mike
Join cf-bosh@lists.cloudfoundry.org to automatically receive all group messages. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
This topic contains 1 reply, has 2 voices, and was last updated by Jon Scalise 8 months, 2 weeks ago.
IguanaMainRepo vs IguanaConfigurationRepo
• Hello,
For deployment/backup/restore purposes, I’m curious about the difference between IguanaMainRepo and IguanaConfigurationRepo within an Iguana install. I can see that IguanaMainRepo is a “bare” git repo, and IguanaConfigurationRepo seems to be a checkout of that repo. At what point does a commit occur to each repo? Furthermore, what is the logic like in Iguana as far as which takes precedence over the other if both are present when the server starts up? Any insight into how these work and interface with the server code would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks!
Hi Daniel,
The IguanaMainRepo is indeed a bare repository and is where all of the data under source control is stored locally for each Iguana instance. IguanaConfigurationRepo is just a non-bare clone where all changes to config files are made and committed. Each user also has a non-bare clone that resides in the edit folder, where all translator work is done and committed.
Iguana automatically keeps all of these non-bare repos up to date and in sync with IguanaMainRepo at all times based on user actions in the Iguana GUI. Therefore we recommended to NOT make any changes outside of Iguana via the git command line or any other interface at the risk of corrupting their state resulting in potential data loss or a corrupted instance.
When migrating an Iguana installation, all users should make sure their work is committed, then the only thing that needs to be brought over to the new installation/working directory is your IguanaMainRepo. Iguana will re-clone any non-bare repos that it requires on startup. For Deployment/Backup/Restore purposes please refer to the following documentation where you will find detailed instructions on how to go about doing this: http://help.interfaceware.com/v6/backup-and-restore
Regards,
Jon
Jon Scalise
Software Development Lead
iNTERFACEWARE
You must be logged in to reply to this topic. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
DTA.plot.it: Plots in any format and any quality
Description Usage Arguments Author(s) Examples
View source: R/DTA.plots.R
Description
DTA.plot.it can save plots in any format and any quality in addition to show them in R devices
Usage
1
DTA.plot.it(filename,sw = 1,sh = 1,sres = 1,plotsfkt,ww = 7,wh = 7,pointsize = 12,dev.pointsize = 8,paper = "special",quality = 100,units = "px",bg = "white",fileformat = "jpeg",saveit = FALSE,notinR = FALSE,RStudio = FALSE,addformat = NULL)
Arguments
filename
Name of the plot to be saved without the format type suffix.
sw
Scaling factor of width. Scaled with 480px.
sh
Scaling factor of height. Scaled with 480px.
sres
Scaling factor of the resolution. Scaled with 72dpi.
plotsfkt
Function of plots to be plotted.
ww
Width of window. Needed only for plotting in R or if filformat = "pdf" or "ps". See pdf or ps.
wh
Height of window. Needed only for plotting in R or if filformat = "pdf" or "ps". See pdf or ps.
pointsize
The default pointsize of plotted text, interpreted as big points (1/72 inch) for plots to be saved.
dev.pointsize
Pointsize of plotted text, interpreted as big points (1/72 inch) for display in R.
paper
Needed only if filformat = "pdf" or "ps". See pdf or ps.
quality
Needed only if filformat = "jpeg". See jpeg.
units
Needed only if filformat = "jpeg", "png", "bmp" or "tiff". See corresponding function.
bg
Backgroundcolor.
fileformat
Save the plot as "jpeg", "png", "bmp", "tiff", "ps" or "pdf".
saveit
Should plot be saved.
notinR
Should plot be not plotted in R.
RStudio
For RStudio users. Suppresses the opening of a new device, as RStudio allows only one.
addformat
Should plot be saved additionally in another format, "jpeg", "png", "bmp", "tiff", "ps" or "pdf".
Author(s)
Bjoern Schwalb [email protected]
Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
plotsfkt = function(){
par(mfrow = c(1,2))
plot(1:10)
plot(10:1)
}
DTA.plot.it(filename = "test",plotsfkt = plotsfkt,saveit = TRUE)
dev.off()
DTA documentation built on May 2, 2018, 4:40 a.m. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
List of Romanian composers
The following is a list of Romanian composers.
* Liana Alexandra (1947–2011), neoromantic composer and pianist
* Elena Asachi (1789–1877), Austrian-born Romanian composer, pianist, and singer
* Nicolas Astrinidis (1921–2010), composer who settled and worked in Greece
* Anton Pann (1796–1854), composer, folklorist, orthodox chanter
* Esmeralda Athanasiu-Gardeev (1834–1917), composer and pianist
* Ana-Maria Avram (1961–2017), spectral music composer
* Maya Badian (1945–), Romanian-born Canadian composer and musicologist
* Filaret Barbu (1903–1984), composer, known for the operetta Ana Lugojana
* Pascal Bentoiu (1927–2016), Modernist composer
* Tiberiu Brediceanu (1877–1968), composer and folklorist
* Nicolae Bretan (1887–1968), opera composer, also baritone, conductor and critic
* Ion Căianu (1629–1687), the first to record the custom Călușari dance
* Dimitrie Cantemir (1673–1723), composer, historian, writer, folklorist
* Eduard Caudella (1841–1924), composer, wrote the first Romanian opera, Petru Rareș
* Sergiu Celibidache (1912–1996), composer and conductor
* Maia Ciobanu (1952–)
* Paul Constantinescu (1909–1963), composer, especially of religious and vocal music, also wrote music for Romanian films
* Vladimir Cosma (born 1940), composer, conductor and violinist
* Dimitrie Cuclin (1885–1978), classical music composer, musicologist, philosopher, translator, and writer
* Constantin Dimitrescu (1847–1928), composer of Peasant Dance
* Violeta Dinescu (1953–), composer and pianist
* Grigoraș Dinicu (1889–1949), composer best known for his violin showpiece Hora staccato
* Felicia Donceanu (1931–), composer best known for chamber works, painter, and sculptor
* Sabin Drăgoi (1894–1968), composer and folklorist, one of the pioneers of scientific gathering of Romanian folklore
* Iancu Dumitrescu (1944–), avant-garde music composer
* George Enescu (1881–1955), composer, violinist, pianist, conductor and teacher
* Valentin Gheorghiu (1928–), pianist and composer
* Irina Olga Hasnaș (1954–)
* Philip Herschkowitz (1906–1989), Romanian-born American composer
* Ion Ivanovici (1845–1902), composer of The Danube Waves waltz
* Mihail Jora (1891–1971), "the father of Romanian ballet"; works include Intoarcerea din adâncuri and La piață
* Nicolae Kirculescu (1903–1985), composer of theatre and film music, including the theme of the television programme Teleenciclopedia
* Dumitru Georgescu Kiriac (1866–1928)
* Sorin Lerescu (1953–)
* Sammy Lerner (1903–1989), Romanian-born American composer
* György Ligeti (1923–2006), Transylvanian-born Hungarian and Austrian composer
* Dinu Lipatti (1917–1950), pianist and composer
* Myriam Marbe (1931–1997), composer and pianist
* Cristian Matei (1977–)
* Marcel Mihalovici (1898–1985)
* Teo Milea (1982–), pianist and composer
* Gavriil Musicescu (1847–1903), composer, conductor and musicologist
* Octavian Nemescu (1940–)
* Șerban Nichifor (1954–), neoromantic composer and cellist
* Ştefan Niculescu (1927–2008), composer and professor
* Irina Odăgescu (1937–)
* Tiberiu Olah (1928–2002), composer, teacher and musicologist
* Anton Pann (1790s–1854), wrote Romania's national anthem and music for the Orthodox Divine Liturgy
* Cristian Pațurcă (1964–2011)
* Ionel Perlea (1900–1970), composer and conductor
* Carmen Petra Basacopol (1926–2023)
* Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883)
* Horațiu Rădulescu (1942–2008), Romanian-French composer of spectral music
* Doina Rotaru (1951–), composer of mainly orchestral and chamber works
* Constantin Silvestri (1913–1969), composer, lived in England
* Matei Socor (1908–1980), composer and musician
* Cornelia Tăutu (1938–), composer best known for film soundtracks
* Octave Octavian Teodorescu (1963–)
* Sigismund Toduță (1908–1991)
* Cornel Trăilescu (1926–), opera composer and conductor
* Anatol Vieru (1926–1998), composer of symphonic, chamber and choral music; winner of Herder Prize in 1986
* Marina Marta Vlad (1949–)
* Roman Vlad (1919–2013), Romanian-born Italian composer, pianist and musicologist | WIKI |
Resolved
Reported for: WPML Multilingual CMS 3.3.6
Resolved in: WPML 3.4.0
Symptoms
The issue appears when you have a query for two taxonomies – similar to these examples:
http://example.com/?my-category=term&other-category=other-term
http://example.com/other-category/other-term/?my-category=term
http://example.com/my-category/term/?other-category=other-term
This leads to the following error:
PHP Catchable fatal error: Object of class WP_Error could not be converted to string in .../wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/sitepress.class.php on line 4843
Workaround
The following workaround works both for WPML versions 3.3.6 and 3.3.7, but the name of the file you need to edit is different:
• For WPML version 3.3.6, you need to edit the sitepress.class.php file which can be found in the WPML plugin’s main folder.
• For WPML version 3.3.7, you need to edit the class-wpml-seo-headlangs.php file, which can be found in the following location: ../sitepress-multilingual-cms/classes/seo/
You have to look for the head_langs() function (around line 4619). Replace that function with the following code:
function head_langs()
{
$languages = $this->get_ls_languages( array( 'skip_missing' => true ) );
// If there are translations and is not paged content...
// Renders head alternate links only on certain conditions
$the_post = get_post();
$the_id = $the_post ? $the_post->ID : false;
$is_valid = count( $languages ) > 1
&& !is_paged()
&& ( ( ( is_single()
|| is_page() )
&& $the_id
&& get_post_status( $the_id ) == 'publish' )
|| ( is_home()
|| is_front_page()
|| is_archive() ) );
if ( $is_valid ) {
foreach ( $languages as $code => $lang ) {
if (!is_wp_error($lang[ 'url' ])) { // <<< temp fix
$alternate_hreflang =
apply_filters( 'wpml_alternate_hreflang', $lang[ 'url' ], $code );
printf( '' . PHP_EOL,
$this->get_language_tag( $code ),
str_replace( '&', '&', $alternate_hreflang )
);
} // <<< temp fix
}
}
}
Then, in the same file, find the render_ls_li_item function (around line 3319). Replace it with the following code:
public function render_ls_li_item( $lang,
$lang_native_hidden = false,
$lang_translated_hidden = false,
$language_selected = ""
)
{
global $icl_language_switcher_preview;
if (!is_wp_error($lang[ 'url' ])) { // <<< temp fix
$country_flag_url = $lang[ 'country_flag_url' ];
$language_url = apply_filters ( 'WPML_filter_link', $lang[ 'url' ], $lang );
$language_flag_title = $this->settings[ 'icl_lso_display_lang' ]
? esc_attr ( $lang[ 'translated_name' ] )
: esc_attr ( $lang[ 'native_name' ] );
$ls_settings =
$this->get_ls_settings ( $lang, $lang_native_hidden, $lang_translated_hidden );
$language_selector =
'<li class="icl-' . $lang[ 'language_code' ]
. '"><a href="' . $language_url . '" ' . $language_selected . '>';
if ( $this->settings[ 'icl_lso_flags' ]
|| $icl_language_switcher_preview ):
$language_selector .=
'<img ' . ( !$this->settings[ 'icl_lso_flags' ]
? 'style="display:none"' : '' )
. ' class="iclflag" '
. 'src="' . $country_flag_url . '" '
. 'alt="' . $lang[ 'language_code' ] . '" '
. 'title="' . $language_flag_title . '" /> ';
endif;
$ls_settings = $this->get_ls_settings (
$lang,
$ls_settings[ 'lang_native_hidden' ],
$ls_settings[ 'lang_translated_hidden' ]
);
$language_selector .= icl_disp_language (
$ls_settings[ 'lang_native' ],
$ls_settings[ 'lang_translated' ],
$ls_settings[ 'lang_native_hidden' ],
$ls_settings[ 'lang_translated_hidden' ]
);
$language_selector
.= '</a></li>';
return $language_selector;
} // <<< temp fix
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Nicholas Beale (5th nomination)
venues, collaborations with Bob May and Martin Nowak are quite important and he's reasonably well-known for other reasons. I think that people interested in science and religion will feel that his collaboration with Polkinghorne is sufficiently noteworthy that they may want to find out something about the author.Bernard.silverman (talk) 22:31, 18 January 2010 (UTC)
* keep co-created a significant work discussed in major scientific | WIKI |
Water and not Wind?
Wind turbines are proliferating world wide but are not necessarily the most efficient way of producing electricity. Pictured is a simple system where the water in a tank is heated the steam drives the wheel around, now if we pressurise the tank it would be water rotating the wheel, but if the principle is changed and water is directed to the nozzles no tank is needed, take this further and contain the rotary element into a housing and then push or drop water through a designed rotor we connect with a generator and gearing we have power production in its simplest/ crudest form. In spite of the simplistic construction with modern materials and construction techniques a very creditable efficient water turbine in varying size and out put can be constructed, and in areas where drought is constant the sea water used to drive the rotary unit can go to desalination processes for irrigation.
Heat water rotate ball!! Pressurise Water and Rotate Ball
Heat water rotate ball!! Pressurise Water and Rotate Ball
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Life at the Top in America Isn't Just Better, It's Longer
Second article of series Class Matters notes that class--combination of income, education, wealth and occupation--is potent force in health and longevity in United States; says upper-middle-class Americans live longer and in better health than middle-class Americans, who live longer and better than those at bottom; says benefits of advances in medicine and disease prevention disproportionatly go to people with education, money, good jobs and connections; says many risk factors for chronic disease are more common among less educated; cites social networks and support, differences in knowledge, time and attention that family and friends can offer; calls heart attack window on effects of class on health; describes how social class played powerful role in determining medical care of three heart attack victims: architect, utility worker and maid; says class informed everything from circumstances of their heart attacks to emergency care each received, households they returned to and jobs they hoped to resume; says it shaped their understanding of their illness, support they got from their families and their relationship with their doctors; say it helped define their ability to change their lives and ultimately shaped their odds of getting better; photos (L) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods - 9200.pdf/3
CHLORINATED AND ORGANONITROGEN HERBICIDES (HAND WASH): METHOD 9200 - Page 3 of 11
10. Filter an aliquot through a 0.45-µm PTFE filter into a 2-mL GC vial; label. NOTE: It is important to filter the samples because the silicic acid fines can build-up in the chromatographic system and cause deterioration of analytical column performance. CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL: 11. Calibrate daily with at least six working standards covering the analytical range of the method for individual analytes. Three standards (in duplicate) should cover the range from LOD to LOQ. a. Add known amounts of calibration stock solution to isopropanolin a 10-mL volumetric flask. Add 0.5 mL of the diazomethane derivatizing reagent. Let stand for 1 hour. b. Add 10 mg silicic acid to each standard vial and let stand for another hour. c. Filter through a 0.45-filter into a GC vial. d. Include a calibration blank of unspiked diazomethane derivatizing reagent solution. e. Analyze together with field samples and blanks (steps 13 and 14). f. Prepare calibration graph (peak height or area vs. µg analyte). 12. Analyze three quality control blind spikes and three analyst spikes to ensure that the calibration graphs are in control. MEASUREMENT: 13. Set gas chromatograph according to manufacturer’s recommendations and to conditions listed in Table 3. Inject 2-µL aliquot manually using solvent flush technique or with autosampler. See Table 4 for retention times of selected analytes. NOTE: If peak height is greater than the range of the working standards, dilute with isopropanol and reanalyze. Apply the appropriate dilution factor in calculations. 14. Measure peak height of analyte. CALCULATIONS: 15. Determine the concentration, C (µg/mL), of the herbicide found in the sample from the calibration graph. 16. Calculate the mass of herbicide, M (µg), found in the volume, V (mL), of hand wash solution.
M
C
V, µg
CONFIRMATION: Whenever the identity of an analyte is uncertain, confirmation may be achieved by analysis on a column of different polarity. If primary analysis was performed using a nonpolar or weakly polar column (e.g., DB-1 or DB-5) confirmation should be accomplished by reanalysis on a polar columne.g., ( DB-17 or DB-1701). See Table 4 for approximate retention times for each column type. For positive identification of high-level analytes (1 to 10 µg/mL or greater), GC/MS may be used. Table 5 provides notes on the analytical characteristics of the chlorinated and organonitrogen herbicides. EVALUATION OF METHOD: This method was evaluated over the ranges specified in Table 3. These ranges represent 3 x LOQ to 30 x LOQ for each of the compounds. The analytical conditions used in the evaluation are listed in Table 2 for the DB-5ms column. Humidity did not seem to have an effect on the analyte recoveries from the samplers. Measurement precision ( r), LOD, LOQ, and storage stability data are also presented in Table 3. The LOD and LOQ were determined bytaking a series of liquid standards, prepared in triplicate, analyzed, and the data fitted to a quadratic curve. The Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) were estimated with Burkart’s Method [3]. A long-term storage study was done at the 10 x LOQ level. Handwash solutions were stored at 4 ± 2 oC for 30, 60, or 120 days in glass containers sealed with caps having PTFE-faced liners. The stored samples were analyzed on the DB-17 column using the conditions listed in Table 2. The results are summarized in Table 3. The 30-Day storage samples had acceptable recoveries of nearly 100%, with the extremes being simazine and alachlor having recoveries of 127.7% and 87.1%, respectively. Day NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition | WIKI |
Share
Build a super-fast PC with SSD and Windows 8
Build a super-fast PC with SSD and Windows 8
The recent launch of Microsoft Windows 8 has boosted the whole computing industry. In fact, it was quite an anticipate move as end user computing can now enjoy the best of both worlds, the mobile and the not-so-mobile operating system coming from the most well-known OS developer in the world.
It can be said that Microsoft has learnt its lesson of not taking its customer ransom especially with their OS. This was seen in the Windows Vista era when many turned away from Microsoft as it was not as good as they perceived.
Today, Windows 8 is one of the most suitable platforms which run a lot of software. After all, Microsoft’s products are usually backward compatible while there is a whole new list of new apps in the market waiting to be tested.
So there is no doubt that Microsoft’s Windows 8 is the way forward if you are looking to buy a PC soon. Now to the hardware.
It is no surprise that no matter how fast and powerful your machine is, it is always the age-old hard drive that creates the bottleneck. With the need for speed and industry-makers racing to find ways to up the efficiency of the machines, the SSD or solid-state drive seems to be the answer.
You can view SSD as a more sophisticated version of the thumb drive. Although using memory to store data has been used for many years, it was only in the last 1 year or so that SSDs become more mainstream. The advantages of SSD over conventional hard drives are endless.
SSDs have yet to reach the Terabyte brackets of the hard drive but with the volatile pricing market of computer hardware, that won’t take too long. Not using the platter that rotates and the read-write head that moves about with fragility gives the SSD a good head start. In fact, its wear and tear will last a lot longer than hard drives.
SSDs have no latency as they are purely flash memory which means that reading and writing is way faster. You can now build a Super-Fast PC using SSD. All you need is an entry-level 128GB space SSD, coupled with the mega-fast Windows 8 and you will experience speed like never before. You can install Windows as your primary OS while the processor and RAM can be standard. As you have now cleared the bottleneck by eliminating that irritating old hard drive, you have a PC which is not only fast, but highly efficient as well. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
List of presidents of Southern Utah University
The following people have served as presidents of Southern Utah University throughout its history, including under its previous names of Branch Normal School, Branch Agricultural College, College of Southern Utah and Southern Utah State College.
* Milton Bennion (1897 – 1900)
* J. Reuben Clark (1900 – 1901)
* Nathan T. Porter (1901 – 1904)
* George W. Decker (1904 – 1913)
* Roy F. Homer (1913 – 1921)
* Peter V. Cardon (1921 – 1922)
* J. Howard Maughan (1922 – 1929)
* Henry Oberhansley (1929 – 1945)
* H. Wayne Driggs (1945 – 1951)
* Daryl Chase (1951 – 1954)
* Royden C. Braithwaite (1955 – 1978)
* Orville D. Carnahan (1978 – 1981)
* Gerald R. Sherratt (1982 – 1997)
* Steven D. Bennion (1997 – 2006)
* Michael T. Benson (2006 – 2013)
* Scott L. Wyatt (2013 – 2021)
* Mindy Benson (2021–Present) Interim | WIKI |
Peter Carson (translator)
Peter Carson (3 October 1938 – 9 January 2013) was an English publisher, editor and translator of Russian literature. He was educated at Eton College and learnt Russian at home from his mother and during his National Service years at the Joint Services School for Linguists. He has translated two titles for Penguin Classics: several of Anton Chekhov's plays, and Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev. The latter was praised by reviewers in the Times and the Times Literary Supplement. Donald Rayfield wrote in the Times Literary Supplement: "If you want to get as close as an English reader can to enjoying Turgenev, Carson is probably the best." He ironically completed a translation of The Death of Ivan Ilyich, a story of a dying man, and A Confession shortly before his death.
He was married to Eleo Gordon. | WIKI |
Hpp
From ReactOS Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
hpp - header preprocessor
Invocation
Usage: hpp.exe <sourcefile> <destfile>
• <sourcefile> is a header template. The template file is basicly a header file + some preprocessing commands.
• <destfile> is the header file that will be created.
Syntax of the prepreprocessor
• $$ - Start of a comment that will not go into the destination file. Use "$$ // this is a comment".
• $if(expression) - The following code, up to the closing $endif will be copied to the output file only if the expression evaluetes to true. Example: "$if (USE_THIS_STUFF)" "$if (CONSTANT1 && (!CONSTANT2 || CONSTANT3))"
• $endif - closes a $if
• $define(<name>) - defines a name for the prepreprocessor it will be evauated as 1
• $include(<filename>) - <filename> will be included into this header file. loaction is relative to the header template's location.
examples
foo.ht:
/* This is an autogenerated header */
#ifndef _FOO_
#define _FOO_
$define(_FOO_) // This will make all foobar stuff go into this file
/* foo types */
$include(footypes.h)
/* foo fuctions */
$include(foofuncs.h)
#endif /* !_FOO_ */
foofuncs.h:
$if (0)
/*
* This comment will not go into the destination file
* PURPOSE: functions for foo
*/
$endif
$if(_FOO_) // This stuff goes into foo.h
VOID
FOOAPI
FooDoSomething(INT x);
INT
FOOAPI
FooDoNothing();
$endif
$if(_FOO_ || _BAR_)
INT
FooBarExecuteSomeInstructionsAndWaitForOtherStuffWithSecureHandle();
$endif
$if (0) // Here comes the private stuff
INT
FOOAPI
FooNotPublic();
$endif
Making a file a valid header
To make sure all this prepreprocessor commands don't affect the source header, you should define the following macros before including it:
1. define $$
2. define $if(x)
3. define $endif
4. define $define(x)
5. define $include(x)
the function that includes foofuncs.h
#ifndef _FOOBAR_PRIV_
#define _FOOBAR_PRIV_
/* Make sure prepreprocessor commands don't do anything */
#define $$
#define $if(x)
#define $endif
#define $define(x)
#define $include(x)
#include <footypes.h>
#include <foofuncs.h>
#include <bartypes.h>
#include <barfuncs.h>
#endif /* !_FOOBAR_PRIV_ */
TODO
• support different folders than the original one
• implement $undef(<name>)
• implemnt $define(<name>=<value>)
• Get this page right | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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