ROC Curves Analysis
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used in medicine to determine a cutoff value for a clinical test. For example, the cutoff value of 4.0 ng/ml was determined for the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test for prostate cancer. A test value below 4.0 is considered to be normal and above 4.0 to be abnormal. Clearly there will be patients with PSA values below 4.0 that are abnormal (false negative) and those above 4.0 that are normal (false positive). The goal of an ROC curve analysis is to determine the cutoff value.
Assume that there are two groups of men and by using a “gold standard” technique one group is known to be normal (negative), not have prostate cancer, and the other is known to have prostate cancer (positive). A blood measurement of prostate-specific antigen is made in all men and used to test for the disease. The test will find some, but not all, abnormals to have the disease. The ratio of the abnormals found by the test to the total number of abnormals known to have the disease is the true positive rate (also known as sensitivity).
The test will find some, but not all, normals to not have the disease. The ratio of the normals found by the test to the total number of normals (known from the gold standard technique) is the true negative rate (also known as specificity). The hope is that the ROC curve analysis of the PSA test will find a cutoff value that will, in some way, minimize the number of false positives and false negatives. Minimizing the false positives and false negatives is the same as maximizing the sensitivity and specificity.
For the PSA test abnormal values are large (> 4) and normal values are small (<4). This is not always the case, however, so the present program allows for both conditions of abnormal being larger and abnormal being smaller.
The ROC curve is a graph of sensitivity (y-axis) vs. 1 – specificity (x-axis). An example is shown in Figure 1. Maximizing sensitivity corresponds to some large y value on the ROC curve. Maximizing specificity corresponds to a small x value on the ROC curve. Thus a good first choice for a test cutoff value is that value which corresponds to a point on the ROC curve nearest to the upper left corner of the ROC graph. This is not always true however.
For example, in some screening applications it is important not to miss detecting an abnormal therefore it is more important to maximize sensitivity (minimize false negatives) than to maximize specificity. In this case the optimal cutoff point on the ROC curve will move from the vicinity of the upper left corner over toward the upper right corner. In prostate cancer screening, however, because benign enlargement of the prostate can lead to abnormal (high) PSA values, false positives are common and undesirable (expensive biopsy, emotional impact). In this case maximizing specificity is important (moving toward the lower left corner of the ROC curve).
Figure 1. An example ROC curve.
An important measure of the accuracy of the clinical test is the area under the ROC curve. If this area is equal to 1.0 then the ROC curve consists of two straight lines, one vertical from 0,0 to 0,1 and the next horizontal from 0,1 to 1,1. This test is 100% accurate because both the sensitivity and specificity are 1.0 so there are no false positives and no false negatives.
On the other hand a test that cannot discriminate between normal and abnormal corresponds to an ROC curve that is the diagonal line from 0,0 to 1,1. The ROC area for this line is 0.5. ROC curve areas are typically between 0.5 and 1.0 like shown in Figure 1.
Two or more tests can be compared by statistically comparing the ROC areas for each test. The tests may be correlated because they occurred from multiple measurements on the same individual. Or they may be uncorrelated because they resulted from measurements on different individuals. The ROC Curves Analysis Module refers to this as “Paired” and “Unpaired”, respectively, and can analyze either situation.
The test measurements may contain missing values and two methods are provided to handle missing values when comparing ROC areas – pairwise deletion and casewise deletion. This is described in detail later.
Given a value for the probability that the patient has the disease (pre-test probability) the probability that the patient has the disease, given the value of the test measurement, can be computed. Also, given a value for the false-positive/false-negative cost ratio (for the screening example above, the false-negative cost would be greater than the false-positive cost), an optimal test value cutoff can be computed. The present program allows entry of the pre-test probability and the false-positive/false-negative cost ratio.
Data can be entered in two formats in SigmaPlot – Indexed and Grouped.
Indexed Data Format
This is the format found in statistics programs such as SYSTAT and SigmaStat. “Indexed” is the terminology used in SigmaStat. It has one column that indexes another column (or other columns). It is also the format of the output of logistic regression where ROC curves are used to determine the ability of different logistic models to discriminate negative from positive test results (normals from abnormals). Each data set consists of a pair of columns – a classification variable and a test variable. The classification variable has a binary state that is either negative (normal) or positive (abnormal).
Many programs use a value of 1 for positive and 0 for negative. The classification variable is required to be located in column 1 of the worksheet. The test variable is a continuous numeric variable and contains the test results. A single test variable will be located in column 2.
Multiple test variables will be located in multiple columns starting in column 2. There is no built-in limit for the number of test variables. There is only one classification variable for multiple test variables and it is located in column 1. The test variable columns must be left justified and contiguous. Therefore no empty columns to the left of or within the data are allowed.
The following example shows a few rows of data for two data sets. The first column is the classification variable. It contains a column title “Thyroid Function” which is the classification variable name. It also contains the two classification states “Hypothyroid” and “Euthyroid” (normal thyroid function).
Hypothyroid and Euthyroid are the abnormal and normal classification states, respectively. T4 and T5 are the names of different blood tests that will be used in the ROC analysis to discriminate between normal and abnormal and then compared to determine which is the better test. The classification variable must be in column 1 and the two test variables in the two columns adjacent to it
The classification variable name will be obtained from the column 1 column title if it exists. The test names will be obtained from the column titles of the test variable columns if they exist. The classification state names will be obtained from the entries in the cells of column 1.
If no column titles have been entered for the test variables then default names for the tests, “Test 1”, “Test 2”, etc., will be used and displayed in the graphs and reports. The test variable names should be unique but the program will subscript any identical names that are not.
Figure 2. Indexed data format for two tests. The test names are T4 and T5, the classification states are Euthyroid and Hypothyroid and the Classification variable name is Thyroid Function. The index column is always column 1 and data columns must be left adjusted.
There must be two or more non-missing data points for each test for each classification state. Missing values are handled automatically by the analysis. For data columns, missing values are everything but numeric values (blank cells, the SigmaPlot double-dash missing value symbol, “+inf”, “-inf”, “NaN”, etc.). Missing values are ignored for all computations except the Paired area comparison (see the Missing Value Method section) where they are handled using one of two possible algorithms.
Grouped Data Format
The grouped data format consists of pairs of data columns – one pair for each test. One column in a data pair consists of the negative (normal) data values and the other column for positive (abnormal) values. So, for example, if two tests are to be compared, the worksheet will contain four columns of data – the first two columns for the first test and the third and fourth column for the second test.
A specific column title format is used to identify the test associated with the data column pair and the classification states within each pair. The user is encouraged to use this format since it clearly identifies the data in the data worksheet and will annotate all the graphs and reports generated.
It is not necessary to use column titles as the program will identify column pairs starting in column 1 with the generated test names Test 1, Test 2, etc., and will arbitrarily assign “1” and “0” classification state names to the first and second columns, respectively, but this is clearly not the best way to organize the data. Since the test names and classification states are numerical it is also more difficult to interpret the results.
Column Title Convention for Grouped Data
This column title convention is a simple way to identify worksheet data for the Grouped data format. The following example shows a few rows for two data sets. The first two columns contain the data for the T4 test. The first column “T4 – Euthyroid” is the column with the normal data for test T4. The column title consists of the test name followed by a minus sign followed by the classification state. Spaces on either side of the minus sign are ignored. The second column “T4 – Hypothyroid” is the column with the abnormal data for test T4. The third and fourth column titles are the same as the first two except the second test name T5 is used.
Figure 3. Grouped data format for two tests. This is the same data as in Figure 1. There are two tests T4 and T5. Each test consists of a pair of data columns. In this case T4 is in columns 1 and 2 and T5 in columns 3 and 4. The “Test-State” column title format is used to identify the two tests and the normal (Euthyroid) and abnormal (Hypothyroid) states.
The test names in both columns of a column pair must be the same. Also there must be exactly two classification states in the column titles.
Like Indexed format, missing values in the worksheet cells are ignored except for special handling when comparing ROC areas (see the Missing Value Method section).
Selecting ROC Curves from the SigmaPlot Toolbox ribbon opens the dialog:
Test and classification state names from the indexed data shown in Figure 2 of the Data Entry section are displayed in this dialog.
Data Selection Options
Data Format (Automatic Determination)
In most case the program will identify the data format from the information in the data worksheet. In the dialog above the format was identified as Indexed. You may select from the two formats – Indexed and Grouped.
Available Data Sets – Selected Data Sets
Select one or more of the available data sets by clicking on them in the Available Data Sets window and then clicking on the Add button. If desired, you may then select a test name in the Selected Data Sets window and click Remove to deselect the test.
If two or more data sets are selected then the Data Type option for correlated tests is made available
You may select either Paired, for correlated tests, or Unpaired. If Paired is selected the ROC areas and area comparisons are determined using the DeLong, Delong and Clarke-Pearson method(2). If Unpaired is selected the areas are computed using the Hanley and McNeil method(3) and the areas are compared using a Z test.
Missing Value Method
If missing values exist then two options are available for the pairwise comparison of ROC areas – Pairwise Deletion and Casewise Deletion.This option is not available if no missing values exist.
Pairwise deletion only deletes rows containing missing values for the particular pair being analyzed – not for an entire row of data. Fewer data values are deleted using this method. There are situations when pairwise deletion will fail but this is the option to use when it is possible.
Casewise deletion deletes all cells in any row of data containing a missing value. Much more data may be deleted using this option. To better understand the difference, consider a simple example of two data columns of equal length one of which has no missing values and the other has one missing value.
When ROC areas are being compared, certain computations on these two columns will be done pairwise – the first column with itself, the first column with the second column and the second column with itself. When the column without a missing value is being compared with itself no row deletions occur for pairwise deletion.
For casewise deletion, however, the row that contains the missing value will be deleted from both data sets. So, for casewise deletion, the computation involving the column without a missing value with itself will be done with one row deleted (the row corresponding to the missing value in the other data set). The program determines when pairwise deletion is not valid and informs the user when this is the case.
Positive State Options – Classification State and Direction
The two classification states are referred to as “Negative” (normal) or “Positive” (abnormal). The ROC analysis software must be informed which state is “Positive” and whether the test measurement values for the positive state are “High”, meaning higher than those of the negative state, or “Low”, meaning lower than those of the negative state.
Accepted normal values for the PSA (prostate specific antigen) test are less than 4 ng/ml and abnormal values are higher than this. Thus if the two classification states names are “positive” and “negative” then the Positive state is “positive” and the Positive Direction is “High”. In this case you would select the radio button next to “positive” and “High”.
On the other hand, for the T4 (thyroxine) test for hypothyroidism the T4 values are lower in the abnormal state than for the normal state. In this case the abnormal Positive State is “Hypothyroid” and the Positive Direction is “Low”. So you would select the radio button next to “Hypothyroid” and “Low”.
What happens if you select the incorrect option? Sensitivity (specificity) is defined in terms of the positive (negative) state. So if the positive state is incorrectly selected then sensitivity and specificity will be incorrectly defined (switched) and the ROC curve will have the X and Y axes switched. This will result in an ROC curve that appears below the diagonal unity line. It will have an area less than 0.5. The program will detect this and give you the options
It is possible that there is something wrong with the data so you can Abort the analysis and correct the problem. More likely you have selected the incorrect positive state or direction so you can Retry the analysis with correct selections. In rare occasions for multiple tests some tests will have areas greater than 0.5 and one or more will have areas less than 0.5. In this case you can Ignore this warning and continue with the analysis.
Confidence intervals are computed for statistics in both the Sensitivity & Specificity and Area Comparison reports. You can generate 90, 95 and 99% confidence intervals.
Create Sensitivity and Specificity Report
Cutoff values are created between each test data value in the (sorted) data set. If there are a large number of data points and several tests then there will be a large number of cutoff values and the Sensitivity & Specificity Report can be very long. The checkbox:
allows you to turn off this report. If you turn off this report then all report options in the dialog below this are not required and are disabled.
You may display sensitivities, specificities and probabilities in either fraction or percent format. Selecting Percents also requires the pre-test probability to be entered as a percent.
Create Post-Test Results
Selecting this option allows entry of the pre-test probability. It also enables the possible entry of the false-positive/false-negative cost ratio. Given a pre-test probability the program will create post-test probabilities, both the positive predictive value (PV + = probability of disease given a positive test result) and the negative predictive value (PV – = probability of no disease given a negative test result), for each cutoff value. If the cost ratio option is selected then the optimal cutoff value will be computed. All of these results are displayed for each test in the Sensitivity & Specificity report.
ROC Graph Options
All of the graph options in the dialog apply to the ROC graph. They allow you to add a diagonal line to the graph, add grid lines, add symbols for sensitivity and specificity at each cutoff point and change the ROC plot lines from solid to different line styles.
Typical results of the ROC analysis are shown in the following example from the Notebook Manager.
The first section entitled “Ovarian Cancer” contains the worksheet containing the raw data. The program created the next three sections that contain two graphs and two reports. The contents of the two graphs:
- ROC Curves
- Dot Histogram
- and two reports
- Sensitivity & Specificity
- ROC Areas
are described in the next sections.
ROC Curves Graph
The ROC curves graph for three data sets is shown in Figure 4. These graphs are derived from numerical results in the worksheet entitled Graph Data. The graph title is obtained from the section name containing the raw data. The legend shows the test names and the ROC areas for each curve. The diagonal line and grids options were selected for this graph.
Figure 4. The ROC curves graph for three tests.
Of course this graph can be edited in any way you wish. You might want to change the starting color of the color scheme used for the line colors. You can do this by double clicking on one of the ROC plot lines and then right clicking on the Line Color listbox as shown next.
Dot Histogram Graph
Dot histograms for the data associated with the ROC curves in Figure 4 are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Dot histogram pairs for each test. The horizontal lines and the tables below the graph show the optimal cutoff values determined from the pre-test probability and cost ratio.
The graph title is obtained from the title of the section containing the raw data. The x-axis tick labels are obtained from the test names and the classification state names. The tick labels will rotate if they are too long to fit horizontally. The symbol layout design allows for symbols to touch horizontally and nest vertically.
If values for pre-test probability and false-positive/false-negative cost ratio are entered then the optimal cutoff values for each test are computed and represented as a horizontal line across the two dot histograms for each test. The numeric values for the optimal cutoff parameters are shown as tables below the x-axis.
Sensitivity & Specificity Report
The sensitivity & Specificity report contains results for all tests with additional tests results placed in report rows below those of prior tests. The results for each test can be separated into three parts: 1) optimal cutoff value, 2) sensitivity and specificity versus cutoff values and 3) likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities.
If values for both pre-test probability and cost ratio have been entered then the optimal cutoff is calculated. A slope of the tangent to the ROC curve m is defined in terms of the two entered values (P = pre-test probability)(1)
The optimal cutoff value is computed from sensitivity and specificity using the slope m by finding the cutoff that maximizes the function (1)
The results of this computation in the Sensitivity & Specificity report are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Optimal cutoff results in the Sensitivity & Specificity report.
For this data set, the optimal cutoff is 7.125 for a pre-test probability of 0.5 and cost ratio of 1.0.
Sensitivities, specificities and their confidence intervals are listed as a function of cutoff value in the second part of the report. A portion of these results is shown in Table 2. These results can be expressed as fractions or percents by using the Fractions/Percents option.
Table 2. Sensitivity and specificity results in the Sensitivity & Specificity report.
The third part of the Sensitivity & Specificity report contains the likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities.
The positive and negative likelihood ratios are defined respectively as
The post-test probabilities are the probability of disease given a positive test (PV+) and the probability of no disease given a negative test (PV-). These will be computed when a pre-test probability has been entered. Using P = pre-test probability, the equations used for these probabilities are
A portion of the report showing the likelihood and post-test probabilities results is shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Positive and negative likelihood ratios, LR+ and LR-, and post-test probabilities, PV+ and PV-, in the Sensitivity & Specificity report.
The positive likelihood ratio is not defined for some cutoff values since specificity = 1.
ROC Areas Report
The ROC Area report consists of two parts: 1) ROC areas and their associated statistics and 2) pairwise comparison of ROC areas. An example of a report is shown in Table 4.
Table 4. An example ROC Areas report. From top to bottom it shows the type of analysis used together with the missing value method, the ROC areas and associated statistics and a pairwise comparison of ROC areas.
In this case there are three correlated tests. Row two of the report shows that a Paired Analysis was performed and, since there were missing values in the data, Pairwise Deletion of missing values was selected to compare the areas.
The first section of the report shows the ROC curve areas for the three tests. This is followed by the standard error of the area estimate, the 95% confidence interval (90% and 99% are also available) and the P value that determines if the area value is significantly different from 0.5. The sample size and the number of missing values for each classification state are given. The number of missing values reflects only what is seen in the data and does not give the number used for each computation-pair in the pairwise-deleted comparison of areas.
The second section shows the results of the pairwise comparison of areas. The method of DeLong, DeLong and Clarke-Pearson(2) is used to compare areas when the Paired data type option is selected. When the Unpaired data type is selected, areas are compared using a Z test. The report shows results for all pairs of data sets. The difference of each area pair and its standard error and 95% confidence interval are computed. This is followed by the chi-square statistic for the area comparison (or Z statistic if Unpaired is selected) and its associated P value.
Formatted Full Precision Display
This report presents the numeric results in a four significant digit format with full precision available. Double click on any cell (except the confidence intervals) to display the number at full precision.
Results data in both reports can be used to create additional graphs. Some examples seen in the literature are shown here.
Sensitivity and Specificity vs. Cutoff
The data for the graph in Figure 6 is from the Sensitivity & Specificity report in columns 1, 2 and 4. Use the Data Sampling option in Graph Properties, Plots, Data to specify the row range for the graph (you can also drag select the rows in the worksheet to do this).
Figure 6. Graph of sensitivity and specificity vs. cutoff for one test using data from columns 1,2 and 4 of the Sensitivity & Specificity report.
The positive and negative likelihood ratios for three different imaging modalities are shown in Figure 7 (the data is artificial). The data is in columns 1, 6 and 7 of the Sensitivity & Specificity report. The values associated with the optimal cutoff are shown as solid symbols. The largest positive likelihood and smallest negative likelihood at the optimal cutoff is associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MR).
Figure 7. Positive and negative likelihood ratios graphed from data in the Sensitivity & Specificity report from columns 1, 6 and 7. The results for three tests are shown together with values associated with the optimal cutoff (solid symbols).
Optimal Cutoff vs. Cost Ratio
Frequently it can be difficult to determine a value for the false-positive/false-negative cost ratio. So it is worth performing a sensitivity analysis (sensitivity here means how much one variable changes with changes in a second variable) to see whether the cutoff value changes significantly in the range of cost-ratio values of interest. The ROC Curves Module was run multiple times for different cost ratios and a graph of optimal cutoff vs. cost ratio for the three imaging modality tests is shown below.
Figure 8. Optimal cutoff values obtained from multiple runs of the program. Regions of insensitivity, or strong sensitivity, to cost ratio can be identified.
If the relative cost of a false-positive is much greater than that of a false-negative then the cost ratio is greater than 1. But lets assume that we don´t know exactly how much greater it is but have some idea that it should be in the range of 2 to 5, say. Looking at the optimal cutoff for the best imaging modality (MR, green line) we find that it doesn´t change for cost ratios from 2 to 20. So the optimal cutoff is insensitive to cost ratio and, in this case, it is not important to know a precise value for cost-ratio.
Post-Test Probability vs. Pre-Test Probability
Given values of sensitivity and specificity associated with the optimal cutoff a graph of post-test probabilities as a function of pre-test probability can be created using equations (5) and (6). The post-test probability of disease when the test is positive, blue lines in Figure 9, was obtained from equation (5) and the post-test probability of disease when the test was negative, red lines, was obtained from 1.0 minus equation (6). A transform was written in SigmaPlot implementing these two equations that generated the post-test probabilities for a range of pre-test probabilities.
The results for the best test, MR, and worst test, US, are shown. The MR test is clearly better since the post-test probability range, from negative test to positive test, is larger. Thus given a positive test the patient is more likely to have the disease using the MR test rather than the US test. Similarly, given a negative test it is less likely that the patient has the disease using the MR test.
Figure 9. Post-test probabilities of disease given positive and negative test results. The MR test is based on sensitivity = 0.94 and specificity = 0.97 whereas the US test used sensitivity = 0.78 and specificity = 0.85.
- Zweig, MH, Campbell, G. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) plots: A fundamental evaluation tool in clinical medicine. Clin Chem 1993;39/4, 56-577.
- DeLong, ER, DeLong, DM, Clarke-Pearson, DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics 1988;44, 837-845.
- Hanley,JA, McNeil, BJ.The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Radiology 1982, 143, 29-36.


What is MDB Tool - For Microsoft Access?
MDB Tool is the best resource for viewing Microsoft Access databases on a Mac. You can use it to export your data directly into SQL (for creating an SQLITE database) or directly to CSV and launch it into Excel.
- Support for Unicode data.
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Please note: Databases must be in the Access 2007 or below format.
MDB Tool - For Microsoft Access Screenshots
MDB Tool - For Microsoft Access information


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Originally posted by I_bRAD
I tried the meds route and it was a really bad idea.
My advice: Stay away from the benzos (ie. Atavan, valium, xanax... basically any drug whose non-brand name ends in "am")
Those are addictive and they'll cause more trouble in the long term.
Originally posted by HouseHeadSacha
I disagree. They are "habit-forming" ( its an opiate!) as it says on the pamphlet but they DO help. It is a short term solution but do they ever make you feel RELAXED! Recommended to get "out" of an attack, or if you feel one coming on, or even if you're just feeling too anxious/nervous! (I took clonazepam for a few months, and it worked well.) I remember when I was taking them, I would think to myself, "Why can't I feel like this all the time"? Just so damn chill/laid back/relaxed!---but NOT a headfuck!
Originally posted by phunkymunky
ugh anxiety/panic. i have generalized anxiety disorder. been dealing with it since fall of 2002. it's been the worst thing i've ever gone through. i can't really elaborate on it right now as i need to go to bed. maybe tomorrow. but ya it's been hell and i'm still in hell. about to start a new med. and yes the meds can make things worse but they can also make things better.
ativan was amazing and worked so well when i took it. i had to take it while on vacation last year or i would not have enjoyed my vacation. i've been off work on disability since sept and just returned back and my anxiety is really bad this week.
Originally posted by ~NurSe JibZ~
there are tons of sites on the net dedicated to this as well with lots of helpful info. look into it, i have no doubt you will be ok. if you want a dope therapist and live in the downtown toronto area i can recommend mine. she is super cool.
pm me if you want deets.
Originally posted by Jeffsus
Get closer to baseline. Do not drink caffeine or use drugs, including alcohol and nicotine! Alcohol, nicotine, weed, all these things affect your sober times in unpredictable ways. Withdrawal from them is well known to affect things like anxiety. You need to "get over the hump" which can take quite a while; though for many people an order of a week should be good.
Try to get some intense exercise at least a couple times a week, which will help you to sleep regularly, which helps with anxiety a lot, in my experience.
Eat healthy foods, avoid blood sugar spikes and depressions.
This simple advice is a necessary starting spot for someone in your condition. You also obviously need to see a doctor.


Google is shutting down the Chrome Frame product in January 2014. Launched in 2009, Google Chrome Frame is a free plugin for Internet Explorer 6, 7, 8 and 9 on Windows 7, Vista or XP SP2+ that serves as a way to view websites with modern HTML5 elements for older versions of the browser assuming that they have right meta tags.
Google Chrome Frame seems to be no longer needed now that newer versions of Internet Explorer support HTML5. However, there has been some complaints from people that work at universities, hospitals, and government organizations where upgrades do not happen often.
“Today, most people are using modern browsers that support the majority of the latest Web technologies,” stated Google Chrome engineer Robert Shield. “Better yet, the usage of legacy browsers is declining significantly and newer browsers stay up to date automatically, which means the leading edge has become mainstream.”
Shield recommended that IT managers use Chrome for Business in conjunction with the Legacy Browser Support. Legacy Browser Support is a Chrome extension that lets you launch an installed legacy version of IE when necessary.


AboutOriginal '03 Gaian. ♫
I'm not around much anymore. I do tend to check my PM's from time-to-time.
Feel free to send me a PM.
And I swore I'd give you the key to my most tiniest locket
where I store my most deviest secrets you can find in most pockets


/*************************************************************************/
/*  nativescript.h                                                       */
/*************************************************************************/
/*                       This file is part of:                           */
/*                           GODOT ENGINE                                */
/*                      https://godotengine.org                          */
/*************************************************************************/
/* Copyright (c) 2007-2019 Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur.                 */
/* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Godot Engine contributors (cf. AUTHORS.md).   */
/*                                                                       */
/* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining */
/* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the       */
/* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including   */
/* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,   */
/* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to    */
/* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to */
/* the following conditions:                                             */
/*                                                                       */
/* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be        */
/* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.       */
/*                                                                       */
/* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,       */
/* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF    */
/* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.*/
/* IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY  */
/* CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,  */
/* TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE     */
/* SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                */
/*************************************************************************/

#pragma once

#include "core/io/resource_loader.h"
#include "core/io/resource_saver.h"
#include "core/method_info.h"
#include "core/oa_hash_map.h"
#include "core/ordered_hash_map.h"
#include "core/os/thread_safe.h"
#include "core/resource.h"
#include "core/script_language.h"
#include "core/self_list.h"
#include "core/hash_set.h"
#include "scene/main/node.h"

#include "modules/gdnative/gdnative.h"
#include <nativescript/godot_nativescript.h>

#include "core/os/mutex.h"

struct NativeScriptDesc {

    struct Method {
        godot_instance_method method;
        MethodInfo info;
        int rpc_mode;
        String documentation;
    };
    struct Property {
        godot_property_set_func setter;
        godot_property_get_func getter;
        PropertyInfo info;
        Variant default_value;
        int rset_mode;
        String documentation;
    };

    struct Signal {
        MethodInfo signal;
        String documentation;
    };

    Map<StringName, Method> methods;
    OrderedHashMap<StringName, Property> properties;
    Map<StringName, Signal> signals_; // QtCreator doesn't like the name signals
    StringName base;
    StringName base_native_type;
    NativeScriptDesc *base_data;
    godot_instance_create_func create_func;
    godot_instance_destroy_func destroy_func;

    String documentation;

    const void *type_tag;

    bool is_tool;

    inline NativeScriptDesc() :
            methods(),
            properties(),
            signals_(),
            base(),
            base_native_type(),
            documentation(),
            type_tag(nullptr) {
        memset(&create_func, 0, sizeof(godot_instance_create_func));
        memset(&destroy_func, 0, sizeof(godot_instance_destroy_func));
    }
};

class NativeScript : public Script {
    GDCLASS(NativeScript,Script)

#ifdef TOOLS_ENABLED
    HashSet<PlaceHolderScriptInstance *> placeholders;
    void _update_placeholder(PlaceHolderScriptInstance *p_placeholder);
    void _placeholder_erased(PlaceHolderScriptInstance *p_placeholder) override;
#endif

    friend class NativeScriptInstance;
    friend class NativeScriptLanguage;
    friend class NativeReloadNode;
    friend class GDNativeLibrary;

    Ref<GDNativeLibrary> library;

    String lib_path;

    StringName class_name;

    String script_class_name;
    String script_class_icon_path;

    Mutex *owners_lock;
    HashSet<Object *> instance_owners;

protected:
    static void _bind_methods();

public:
    inline NativeScriptDesc *get_script_desc() const;

    void set_class_name(String p_class_name);
    String get_class_name() const;

    void set_library(Ref<GDNativeLibrary> p_library);
    Ref<GDNativeLibrary> get_library() const;

    void set_script_class_name(String p_type);
    String get_script_class_name() const;
    void set_script_class_icon_path(String p_icon_path);
    String get_script_class_icon_path() const;

    bool can_instance() const override;

    Ref<Script> get_base_script() const override; //for script inheritance

    StringName get_instance_base_type() const override; // this may not work in all scripts, will return empty if so
    ScriptInstance *instance_create(Object *p_this) override;
    PlaceHolderScriptInstance *placeholder_instance_create(Object *p_this) override;
    bool instance_has(const Object *p_this) const override;

    bool has_source_code() const override;
    String get_source_code() const override;
    void set_source_code(const String &p_code) override;
    Error reload(bool p_keep_state = false) override;

    bool has_method(const StringName &p_method) const override;
    MethodInfo get_method_info(const StringName &p_method) const override;

    bool is_tool() const override;
    bool is_valid() const override;

    ScriptLanguage *get_language() const override;

    bool has_script_signal(const StringName &p_signal) const override;
    void get_script_signal_list(List<MethodInfo> *r_signals) const override;

    bool get_property_default_value(const StringName &p_property, Variant &r_value) const override;

    void update_exports() override; //editor tool
    void get_script_method_list(Vector<MethodInfo> *p_list) const override;
    void get_script_property_list(List<PropertyInfo> *p_list) const override;

    String get_class_documentation() const;
    String get_method_documentation(const StringName &p_method) const;
    String get_signal_documentation(const StringName &p_signal_name) const;
    String get_property_documentation(const StringName &p_path) const;

    Variant _new(const Variant **p_args, int p_argcount, Callable::CallError &r_error);

    NativeScript();
    ~NativeScript() override;
};

class NativeScriptInstance : public ScriptInstance {

    friend class NativeScript;

    Object *owner;
    Ref<NativeScript> script;
#ifdef DEBUG_ENABLED
    StringName current_method_call;
#endif

    void _ml_call_reversed(NativeScriptDesc *script_data, const StringName &p_method, const Variant **p_args, int p_argcount);

public:
    void *userdata;

    bool set(const StringName &p_name, const Variant &p_value) override;
    bool get(const StringName &p_name, Variant &r_ret) const override;
    void get_property_list(List<PropertyInfo> *p_properties) const override;
    VariantType get_property_type(const StringName &p_name, bool *r_is_valid) const override;
    void get_method_list(Vector<MethodInfo> *p_list) const override;
    bool has_method(const StringName &p_method) const override;
    Variant call(const StringName &p_method, const Variant **p_args, int p_argcount, Callable::CallError &r_error) override;
    void notification(int p_notification) override;
    String to_string(bool *r_valid) override;
    Ref<Script> get_script() const override;
    MultiplayerAPI_RPCMode get_rpc_mode(const StringName &p_method) const override;
    MultiplayerAPI_RPCMode get_rset_mode(const StringName &p_variable) const override;
    ScriptLanguage *get_language() override;

    void call_multilevel(const StringName &p_method, const Variant **p_args, int p_argcount) override;
    void call_multilevel_reversed(const StringName &p_method, const Variant **p_args, int p_argcount) override;

    void refcount_incremented() override;
    bool refcount_decremented() override;

    ~NativeScriptInstance() override;
};

class NativeReloadNode;

class NativeScriptLanguage : public ScriptLanguage {

    friend class NativeScript;
    friend class NativeScriptInstance;
    friend class NativeReloadNode;

private:
    static NativeScriptLanguage *singleton;
    int lang_idx;

    void _unload_stuff(bool p_reload = false);

    Mutex *mutex;

    HashSet<Ref<GDNativeLibrary> > libs_to_init;
    HashSet<NativeScript *> scripts_to_register;
    volatile bool has_objects_to_register; // so that we don't lock mutex every frame - it's rarely needed
    void defer_init_library(Ref<GDNativeLibrary> lib, NativeScript *script);

    void init_library(const Ref<GDNativeLibrary> &lib);
    void register_script(NativeScript *script);
    void unregister_script(NativeScript *script);

    void call_libraries_cb(const StringName &name);

    Vector<Pair<bool, godot_instance_binding_functions> > binding_functions;
    Set<Vector<void *> *> binding_instances;

    Map<int, HashMap<StringName, const void *> > global_type_tags;

    struct ProfileData {
        StringName signature;
        uint64_t call_count;
        uint64_t self_time;
        uint64_t total_time;
        uint64_t frame_call_count;
        uint64_t frame_self_time;
        uint64_t frame_total_time;
        uint64_t last_frame_call_count;
        uint64_t last_frame_self_time;
        uint64_t last_frame_total_time;
    };

    Map<StringName, ProfileData> profile_data;
    bool profiling;

public:
    // These two maps must only be touched on the main thread
    Map<String, HashMap<StringName, NativeScriptDesc> > library_classes;
    Map<String, Ref<GDNative> > library_gdnatives;

    Map<String, HashSet<NativeScript *> > library_script_users;

    StringName _init_call_type;
    StringName _init_call_name;
    StringName _terminate_call_name;
    StringName _noarg_call_type;
    StringName _frame_call_name;
    StringName _thread_enter_call_name;
    StringName _thread_exit_call_name;

    NativeScriptLanguage();
    ~NativeScriptLanguage() override;

    inline static NativeScriptLanguage *get_singleton() {
        return singleton;
    }

    void _hacky_api_anchor();

    _FORCE_INLINE_ void set_language_index(int p_idx) { lang_idx = p_idx; }

    void thread_enter() override;
    void thread_exit() override;

    void frame() override;

    String get_name() const override;
    void init() override;
    String get_type() const override;
    String get_extension() const override;
    Error execute_file(StringView p_path) override;
    void finish() override;
    void get_reserved_words(List<String> *p_words) const override;
    void get_comment_delimiters(List<String> *p_delimiters) const override;
    void get_string_delimiters(List<String> *p_delimiters) const override;
    Ref<Script> get_template(StringView p_class_name, const String &p_base_class_name) const override;
    bool validate(const String &p_script, int &r_line_error, int &r_col_error, String &r_test_error, StringView p_path, List<String> *r_functions, List<ScriptLanguage::Warning> *r_warnings = nullptr, Set<int> *r_safe_lines = nullptr) const override;
    Script *create_script() const override;
    bool has_named_classes() const override;
    bool supports_builtin_mode() const override;
    int find_function(const String &p_function, const String &p_code) const override;
    String make_function(const String &p_class, const String &p_name, const PoolStringArray &p_args) const override;
    void auto_indent_code(String &p_code, int p_from_line, int p_to_line) const override;
    void add_global_constant(const StringName &p_variable, const Variant &p_value) override;
    const String &debug_get_error() const override;
    int debug_get_stack_level_count() const override;
    int debug_get_stack_level_line(int p_level) const override;
    String debug_get_stack_level_function(int p_level) const override;
    String debug_get_stack_level_source(int p_level) const override;
    void debug_get_stack_level_locals(int p_level, Vector<StringView> *p_locals, Vector<Variant> *p_values, int p_max_subitems, int p_max_depth) override;
    void debug_get_stack_level_members(int p_level, Vector<StringView> *p_members, Vector<Variant> *p_values, int p_max_subitems, int p_max_depth) override;
    void debug_get_globals(Vector<StringView> *p_locals, Vector<Variant> *p_values, int p_max_subitems, int p_max_depth) override;
    String debug_parse_stack_level_expression(int p_level, const String &p_expression, int p_max_subitems, int p_max_depth) override;
    void reload_all_scripts() override;
    void reload_tool_script(const Ref<Script> &p_script, bool p_soft_reload) override;
    void get_recognized_extensions(List<String> *p_extensions) const override;
    void get_public_functions(List<MethodInfo> *p_functions) const override;
    void get_public_constants(List<Pair<String, Variant> > *p_constants) const override;
    void profiling_start() override;
    void profiling_stop() override;
    int profiling_get_accumulated_data(ProfilingInfo *p_info_arr, int p_info_max) override;
    int profiling_get_frame_data(ProfilingInfo *p_info_arr, int p_info_max) override;

    int register_binding_functions(godot_instance_binding_functions p_binding_functions);
    void unregister_binding_functions(int p_idx);

    void *get_instance_binding_data(int p_idx, Object *p_object);

    void *alloc_instance_binding_data(Object *p_object) override;
    void free_instance_binding_data(void *p_data) override;
    void refcount_incremented_instance_binding(Object *p_object) override;
    bool refcount_decremented_instance_binding(Object *p_object) override;

    void set_global_type_tag(int p_idx, StringName p_class_name, const void *p_type_tag);
    const void *get_global_type_tag(int p_idx, StringName p_class_name) const;

    bool handles_global_class_type(StringView p_type) const override;
    String get_global_class_name(StringView p_path, String *r_base_type, String *r_icon_path) const override;

    void profiling_add_data(StringName p_signature, uint64_t p_time);
};

inline NativeScriptDesc *NativeScript::get_script_desc() const {
    auto &classes(NativeScriptLanguage::singleton->library_classes[lib_path]);
    auto iter = classes.find(class_name);
    return iter!=classes.end() ? &iter->second : nullptr;
}

class NativeReloadNode : public Node {
    GDCLASS(NativeReloadNode,Node)

    bool unloaded;

public:
    static void _bind_methods();
    void _notification(int p_what);

    NativeReloadNode() :
            unloaded(false) {}
};

class ResourceFormatLoaderNativeScript : public ResourceFormatLoader {
public:
    RES load(StringView p_path, const String &p_original_path = String(), Error *r_error = nullptr) override;
    void get_recognized_extensions(Vector<String> &p_extensions) const override;
    bool handles_type(const String &p_type) const override;
    String get_resource_type(StringView p_path) const override;
};

class ResourceFormatSaverNativeScript : public ResourceFormatSaver {
    Error save(StringView p_path, const RES &p_resource, uint32_t p_flags = 0) override;
    bool recognize(const RES &p_resource) const override;
    void get_recognized_extensions(const RES &p_resource, Vector<String> *p_extensions) const override;
};


Having installed my ManjaroOS on my hard disk. If I boot my computer with an USB live system stick, how can I edit the original grub file on my hard disk in case of a crash for repairing it in case needed?
This command does not work.
sudo chroot /path/to/temporarily/mounted/harddiskwithOS/ update-grub
manjaro-chroot -a ?
will likely not work easily
If I remember correctly
he has got an luks encrypted system with btrfs inside
Bootfehler mit 2. verschlüsselter btrfs Festplatte sowie verschlüsselter SWAP Partition - ERROR: resume: hibernation device - #31 by Nachlese
In the case described here:
luks container opened and the filesystem within mounted on:
it would likely be:
to chroot into the system mounted there
has to be a separate command - not on the same line as written in the OP
but only after it has been verified that the
chroot has actually worked
probier das doch mal so …
this is not a command
it is two commands - does not work this way
that might partially work
You probably want to use
manjaro-chroot instead of plain
(it takes care of all the things you have to do manually to actually be able to successfully use your
check and verify that that will put you into your system, mounted there
if it did (it’s likely)
then you can do things like:
This topic was automatically closed 2 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.


There are $$$n$$$ points on a coordinate axis $$$OX$$$. The $$$i$$$-th point is located at the integer point $$$x_i$$$ and has a speed $$$v_i$$$. It is guaranteed that no two points occupy the same coordinate. All $$$n$$$ points move with the constant speed, the coordinate of the $$$i$$$-th point at the moment $$$t$$$ ($$$t$$$ can be non-integer) is calculated as $$$x_i + t \cdot v_i$$$.

Consider two points $$$i$$$ and $$$j$$$. Let $$$d(i, j)$$$ be the minimum possible distance between these two points over any possible moments of time (even non-integer). It means that if two points $$$i$$$ and $$$j$$$ coincide at some moment, the value $$$d(i, j)$$$ will be $$$0$$$.

Your task is to calculate the value $$$\sum\limits_{1 \le i < j \le n}$$$ $$$d(i, j)$$$ (the sum of minimum distances over all pairs of points).


Hierarchical clustering, also known as hierarchical cluster analysis, is an algorithm that gathers similar objects into groups called the clusters. The endpoint is a set of clusters, where each cluster is distinct from other clusters, and the objects within each cluster are broadly similar to each other.
Agglomerative: This approach is also known as the bottom-up approach: each instance starts in its own cluster, and pairs of clusters are merged as one move up the hierarchy. In this method, we start with each object forming a separate group. It continues to merging the groups or objects that are close to one another. It keeps on doing so until all of the objects are merged into one or until the condition of termination happens.
Divisive: This approach is also known as the top-down approach: all observations start from one cluster, and splits are carried out recursively as one moves down the hierarchy. In this method, we start with all of the objects in the same cluster. In the process of iteration, a cluster is divided into smaller clusters. It is down until each cluster with only one object or the condition of termination happens.
|Identify the two clusters that are closest together|
|Merge the two most similar clusters. This iterative process continues until all the clusters are merged together.|
|Project name||Hierarchical Clustering Service|
|Samples requriements||Hierarchical clustering can be performed with either a distance matrix or raw data. When raw data is provided, the software will automatically compute a distance matrix in the background. The distance matrix below shows the distance between six objects.|
|Detection cycle||3-5 days.|
|Service including||We provide you with raw data and calculation result analysis service.|
ComputaBio provides corresponding analysis services. The goal of cluster analysis is to collect data for classification on a similar basis. Clustering originates from many fields, including mathematics, computer science, statistics, biology, and economics. In different application fields, many clustering technologies have been developed. These technical methods are used to describe data, measure the similarity between different data sources, and classify data sources into different clusters. If you have needs in this regard, please feel free to contact us.


This is the easy version of the problem. The difference in this version is that $$$t=1$$$ and we work on an array-like tree.

Ron and Hermione are playing a game on a tree of $$$n$$$ nodes that are initially inactive. This tree is special because it has exactly two leaves. It can thus be seen as an array. The game consists of $$$t$$$ rounds, each of which starts with a stone on exactly one node, which is considered as activated. A move consists of picking an inactive neighbor of the node with a stone on it and moving the stone there (thus activating this neighbor). Ron makes the first move, after which he alternates with Hermione until no valid move is available. The player that cannot make a move loses the round. If both players play optimally, who wins each round of this game?

Note that all the rounds are played with the same tree; only the starting node changes. Moreover, after each round, all active nodes are considered inactive again.


Oscolcovo city has a campus consisting of n student dormitories, n universities and n military offices. Initially, the i-th dormitory belongs to the i-th university and is assigned to the i-th military office.

Life goes on and the campus is continuously going through some changes. The changes can be of four types:

1. University aj merges with university bj. After that all the dormitories that belonged to university bj are assigned to to university aj, and university bj disappears.
2. Military office cj merges with military office dj. After that all the dormitories that were assigned to military office dj, are assigned to military office cj, and military office dj disappears.
3. Students of university xj move in dormitories. Lets kxj is the number of dormitories that belong to this university at the time when the students move in. Then the number of students in each dormitory of university xj increases by kxj (note that the more dormitories belong to the university, the more students move in each dormitory of the university).
4. Military office number yj conducts raids on all the dormitories assigned to it and takes all students from there.

Thus, at each moment of time each dormitory is assigned to exactly one university and one military office. Initially, all the dormitory are empty.

Your task is to process the changes that take place in the campus and answer the queries, how many people currently live in dormitory qj.


Mr. Abhijeet Rishu Profile Marathahalli Bridge, Bangalore, Karnataka
Abhijeet Rishu Tuition Details
Any Secondary or Higher secondary Boards
I have an experience of over one year taking Spanish sessions for the IT professionals,graduates and housewives.
Acquired B.Tech from in
Little About Me
I am a software engineer and a Spanish trainer @ my own business.
No Schedules are created.
[events_calendar full=1 owner="441"]


>Some things I've noticed using the mailing list:
>typo on manual mailing page (i.e. rage not range):
>Check here to override the rage of dates sent in the news letter
>I'm not sure what the above means because I can set a range of dates for
>the newsletter. Does it mean that the range I set will override what the
>users have specified?
yes, you will force your emails to everybody including those who subscribed
themselves to get, say, only Sunday's newsletters...
>I got this instead of apostrophes in the header of the newletter (not
>embedded in the stories but only in the stuff I typed in the header window
>prior to mailing it off):
>But I've started again
Yep. I know a lot about those little characters... I have a function in my
own site that cleans up all latin characters from plain text to HTML
encoding (é for é for instance) for posting and vice-versa when
sending newsletters... I will commit this in functions.inc for phpslash-dev
later on (after talking to Joe and others about it of course). However, I'm
with you with that. I have a solution for it though, but I would recommend
that you leave with it for now (set your encoding to latin-1 "ISO-8859-1"
instead of UTF-8, for now. So that when you post your stories the function
would take care of converting the characters.)
>Somehow it mailed some stories that I had deleted - but I think that's
>possibly a bug within my data tables only.
Tampering with the tables by hand is wrong. Getting things back to normal is
even harder as the site grows. And upgrading when you need to will become
daunting. So, try to use the Admin pages all the time. Just an advice from
somebody who have done just that and it took me a long time to get things
back to normal.
P.S. The latest Mailinglist.class and other mailing list related files are
now in phpslash-dev module from CVS. Just in case you happen to find other
known issues that we have been working on for the past few days. I will
commit what I have done so far, which is pretty much "stable", but has not
been tested by others yet. Patience...
"...The Mac does this so smoothly, it feels like an extension of your mind."
- Paula Speer, MacWorld Magazine 2003-04
Public signature: http://www.latinomixed.com/lems1/public-a.asc
MSN Messenger : discutez en direct avec vos amis !


You have two variables a and b. Consider the following sequence of actions performed with these variables:

1. If a = 0 or b = 0, end the process. Otherwise, go to step 2;
2. If a ≥ 2·b, then set the value of a to a - 2·b, and repeat step 1. Otherwise, go to step 3;
3. If b ≥ 2·a, then set the value of b to b - 2·a, and repeat step 1. Otherwise, end the process.

Initially the values of a and b are positive integers, and so the process will be finite.

You have to determine the values of a and b after the process ends.


We recently upgraded from 2017.3 to 2018.3. In 2017.3, under the PXE section of Self-electing subnet services, I simply had to enable each subnet and was pretty much good to go. We only use one server at each location as the PXE rep, so there wasn't much else to configure. I did set the PXE_SVC_SCORE to 100 on each server.
In 2018.3, there are duplicate subnet entries, each with a different "Multicast Domain ID". I'm guessing these are coming from other devices on the subnet, but I only have PXE enabled on one server at each location. The biggest issue is that our servers are showing up with more than one multicast domain ID, so every day it's possible that PXE gets disabled because the requested multicast domain ID was not enabled for the subnet.
I'm not sure if I have something configured wrong, but if this behavior is correct, how is it possible to keep one device per subnet always elected as the PXE rep?


Friday, August 24, 2007
Friday, June 15, 2007
Posted by Kerry at 11:03 AM
Monday, June 11, 2007
Thursday, December 14, 2006
I am running Vista, by the way. I had missed on the error dialog
earlier that there was an access denied error. So, I thought about a
possible permissions issue which did not really seem to make sense.
Nonetheless, I went through the process of changing the permissions on
my login user account for the "C:\Program Files\Borland" directory from
Read+Execute to Full Control.
Upon launching the BDS environment, I had no more errors. Finally! Success!
Posted by Kerry at 9:23 PM
Saturday, September 02, 2006
I have used SQL Server a lot in the past and I have written simple SELECT, INSERT, and DELETE statements, but I have been diving into it a lot more lately. I have messed around lately with triggers and stored procedures.
I am currently working on complex stored procedures making use of data output from another stored procedure. Getting the SELECT statements just right when joining tables is what is currently throwing me for a loop.
Posted by Kerry at 7:40 AM
Wednesday, August 23, 2006
We are moving toward the use of SQL Server 2005 at work, so I have been getting my head wrapped around things like stored procedures and triggers. I have been using SQL Server Management Studio to create my stored procedures on my test database.
I created a stored procedure tonight that would insert a new record in the database and return the new identity in an output parameter. My stored procedure looked like this...
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].AddName
@firstname varchar(20) = NULL,
@lastname varchar(30) = NULL,
@NameID int OUTPUT
SET @NameID = 0 -- return zero if the insert fails
IF @firstname IS NOT NULL AND @lastname IS NOT NULL
SELECT @NameID = ID
WHERE firstname = @firstname
and lastname = @lastname
IF @NameID IS NULL
INSERT INTO names (firstname, lastname)
VALUES (@firstname, @lastname)
SELECT @NameID = SCOPE_IDENTITY()
Everything that I did just would not work. I kept getting a NULL back for the output parameter value. My test went something like this....
DECLARE @NameID INT
EXEC AddName 'John', 'Smith', @NameID
I used the Template Explorer and setup a new stored procedure on the test database using the template. It worked like a charm with the output parameter being properly populated when the stored procedure returned.
I finally figured it out a little while ago. That little light blue word called OUTPUT over on the right after the last parameter in the EXEC statement for the stored procedure. I completely missed that on the template code example. I did not realize that you had to include the direction declaration there since the procedure itself already designated the last parameter as an output parameter.
My EXEC statement should have looked like this to work properly...
EXEC AddName 'John', 'Smith', @NameID OUTPUT
Oh well... I still have my hair. :)
Posted by Kerry at 10:29 PM
Saturday, August 19, 2006
Sunday, August 06, 2006
Because of the way that we are headed at work, I have decided to go the Microsoft Certified Professional Developer route. To do this, I have to get the Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) certification first. I am going to do this on the .NET 2.0 Windows Applications path first and then the Web Applications path.
I ordered the MCTS Self-Paced Training Kit (Exam 70-536) late last week. I want to try and do this in the next six months to a year.
Posted by Kerry at 11:05 PM
Thursday, July 27, 2006
I finished working through the Day 1 section of Four Days on Rails this evening. It was a struggle at first trying to get everything setup, especially on Windows (still not fixed there), but that is behind me now. The deeper I get into it, the more interesting it gets.
Posted by Kerry at 11:51 PM
I have had some issues getting started, especially on my Dell laptop. I have been trying to get the tutorial application working on Apache 2 on the laptop, but I am unable to get it going that way.
On my Power Mac, everything went very smoothly.
Posted by Kerry at 7:19 PM
Wednesday, July 12, 2006
I finally got started on this yesterday. I pulled down the InstantRails setup and got it all unzipped, but I could not get my first small application (from a tutorial) working. I kept getting an error message when trying to launch the server.
I pulled down Locomotive and set it up on my Power Mac at home and got the same tutorial working in just a matter of minutes.
I need to try again on the Windows laptop today and see if I can get it working there.
Posted by Kerry at 10:06 AM
Sunday, July 09, 2006
I finally picked up the book and started reading today. I had to do something other than all of the moving of boxes that I have been doing as of late.
I am eager to get into later chapters now and start producing something with Rails.
Posted by Kerry at 11:57 PM
Tuesday, May 09, 2006
ComputerZen.com - Scott Hanselman - Scott Hanselman's 2005 Ultimate Developer and Power Users Tool List
Scott Hanselman's 2005 Ultimate Developer and Power Users Tool List is just awesome if you are a software developer. Scott tells you about all the tools that he uses that might be helpful in your day-to-day activities.
Posted by Kerry at 9:26 PM
Friday, April 28, 2006
I found a very interesting entry at ScottGu's Blog regarding maintenance on ASP.NET 2.0 web applications. It basically consists of adding a file named asp_offline.htm to the root directory of your web application and ASP.NET 2.0 will shut down the app.
Technorati Tags: ASP.NET 2.0
Posted by Kerry at 10:38 PM
I was playing around with SQL Server Express 2005 at work today. We are thinking about using it for the next release of one of our products. I moved my database over and attached it to the server and started working in Visual Studio 2005.
When I finished creating a CLR based stored procedure, on deployment, I got an error about “Incorrect syntax near 'EXTERNAL'”. I did some searching and finally found that you have to update the compatibility index on your database when moving from SQL Server 2000 to SQL Server 2005. The command to do this is ...
Exec sp_dbcmptlevel 'DatabaseName', '90'Even after setting the compatibility index, I was still unable to execute my stored procedure, because CLR Integration was not enabled for SQL Server 2005 Express. I had to use the SQL Server Surface Area Configuration tool to enable the CLR Integration. Once that was done, all worked fine.
I hope this helps someone to avoid headaches in the future.
Posted by Kerry at 9:04 PM
Thursday, April 27, 2006
Posted by Kerry at 3:17 PM
Wednesday, April 26, 2006
One of my big weaknesses at work is SQL. I have been at the same job for almost 17 years. Unfortunately, my skills have been retarded due to the things that we do with our client software.
I was doing some things for a new piece of software today that uses a MSSQL for data persistence. I was doing a join on two tables, but I was not getting the results back that I expected. I finally figured out that I needed a “left join”, because not all of the records for one table had matching records in the joined table.
Posted by Kerry at 8:39 PM
Friday, December 16, 2005
I came across the Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures tonight on Digg. This site has everything you would ever want to know on an exhaustive list of algorithms, algorithmic techniques, data structures, archetypical problems, and related definitions.
Posted by Kerry at 11:38 PM
Sunday, December 11, 2005
I came across this list tonight. These are some very interesting principles to live by in regards to one's programming career.
Ten Commandments of Egoless Programming - (Lamont Adams, Builder.com | Sunday, July 14 2002)
- Understand and accept that you will make mistakes. The point is to find them early, before they make it into production. Fortunately, except for the few of us developing rocket guidance software at JPL, mistakes are rarely fatal in our industry, so we can, and should, learn, laugh, and move on.
- You are not your code. Remember that the entire point of a review is to find problems, and problems will be found. Don't take it personally when one is uncovered.
- No matter how much "karate" you know, someone else will always know more. Such an individual can teach you some new moves if you ask. Seek and accept input from others, especially when you think it's not needed.
- Don't rewrite code without consultation. There's a fine line between "fixing code" and "rewriting code." Know the difference, and pursue stylistic changes within the framework of a code review, not as a lone enforcer.
- Treat people who know less than you with respect, deference, and patience. Nontechnical people who deal with developers on a regular basis almost universally hold the opinion that we are prima donnas at best and crybabies at worst. Don't reinforce this stereotype with anger and impatience.
- The only constant in the world is change. Be open to it and accept it with a smile. Look at each change to your requirements, platform, or tool as a new challenge, not as some serious inconvenience to be fought.
- The only true authority stems from knowledge, not from position. Knowledge engenders authority, and authority engenders respect—so if you want respect in an egoless environment, cultivate knowledge.
- Fight for what you believe, but gracefully accept defeat. Understand that sometimes your ideas will be overruled. Even if you do turn out to be right, don't take revenge or say, "I told you so" more than a few times at most, and don't make your dearly departed idea a martyr or rallying cry.
- Don't be "the guy in the room." Don't be the guy coding in the dark office emerging only to buy cola. The guy in the room is out of touch, out of sight, and out of control and has no place in an open, collaborative environment.
- Critique code instead of people—be kind to the coder, not to the code. As much as possible, make all of your comments positive and oriented to improving the code. Relate comments to local standards, program specs, increased performance, etc
Posted by Kerry at 9:11 PM
Thursday, December 08, 2005
Tuesday, December 06, 2005
James Avery has posted an article on MSDN where he focuses on 10 essential add-ins that every Visual Studio developer must have now.
I have used TestDriven.Net in the past myself, but I have not used any of the other tools. I need to download the tools that Mr. Avery talks about in the article and try them out.
read more | tags: MSDN, Visual Studio, .NET development
Posted by Kerry at 9:47 AM
Thursday, November 24, 2005
Wednesday, November 09, 2005
I used to use Delphi in my job all the time. I got moved to a different project since that time and I have not really used Delphi in over two years. I had to start using it a bit this past week at work. It is so funny to feel like a newbie when you sit down to something after programming for 16+ years. :)
I finally started remembering things and got back up to speed.
tags: Programming, BORLAND, Delphi
Posted by Kerry at 10:06 PM
Tuesday, September 13, 2005
Thursday, August 18, 2005
Saturday, July 16, 2005
One of the claims in AMD's sensational antitrust complaint against Intel has been getting some play around the web lately. Specifically, folks are focusing on what AMD says about Intel compilers and how they react to the presence of AMD processors. Here's the meat of the claim, taken directly from the AMD complaint:
read more | digg story
Posted by Kerry at 12:37 AM
Sunday, July 10, 2005
Thursday, July 07, 2005
For the past year or so, I have had a situation at work where I have been limited in what I could due to some issues between my current company and my previous company. It seemed like everything that I got put on, a couple of weeks later, someone came along and said that I could not work on that particular project. My job seemed to be going no place.
I got word this week that things have finally been cleared up and I can go back to working on some of the projects that I had been attempting to work on in tthe past. This was like someone lifting a huge elephant right off my back or something. I had been quite down as of late due to all of this.
After getting this news this week, I have actually been interested in programming again. Hopefully everything will start picking up and works gets fun again.
Posted by Kerry at 1:18 AM
Friday, July 01, 2005
Have you ever been in a state where there was so much that you wanted to do in programming, yet you didn't really want to do anything? I am at that point right now in my programming life. I have been jerked, pulled, and tossed around so much lately that I do not know which way is up.
In the past 3 months, I have been on and off projects that used Java, C++, C#, Delphi, and VB. It is like someone threw it all in a blender, turned it up on high, and out comes a lot of mush.
I have a personal project that I was really getting into when I was working with Java, but lately, I have been on a C++ kick. I got the Power Mac back in May and I want to do some programming in Objective-C and Cocoa for it, but that is just another ingredient to add to the mix.
I am not really sure what I want to do at this point. I just sit here at night now playing around in iTunes listening to various technical podcasts and I do not do any programming. I need a plan for something that I can stick to and finish. I guess I should just pick up the personal project again.
I just hope that I have not gotten into such a rut that I cannot get myself out of it.
Posted by Kerry at 1:35 AM
Tuesday, June 28, 2005
Wow! This one caught me off guard. I can certainly expect something like this from a software company that is fighting against the big fish in the pond, but I did not expect something like this in the computer chip market. I wonder if this has anything to do with Apple's decision to use Intel for their product line going forward?
Read the CNET News.com article for more information.
Posted by Kerry at 8:58 AM
Eclipse.org released the latest version of the Eclipse development environment at JavaOne yesterday. Much of the excitement regarding Eclipse 3.1 centered on the Rich Client Platform upon which you can build very professional looking applications.
The Rich Client Platform has been greatly enhanced in this version of Eclipse. The system has improved performance, expanded tool support, bettery support for Java Web Start (JNLP), and Visual Editor support.
For more information and a podcast on the launch, check out this story on Between the Lines.
Posted by Kerry at 7:47 AM
Sunday, June 26, 2005
I am not sure what exactly happened today at Blogger, but my mother emailed me asking about my blog and why the Blogroll was gone. I took a look and the template had reverted to the default and lost my changes at some point in the past 36 hours. It is fixed now.
Posted by Kerry at 12:02 PM
Thursday, June 23, 2005
Eclipse.org has also released the first release candidate for the CDT (C/C++ Development Tools) Project. This is an excellent plugin development environment for Eclipse that gives full C/C++ development and debugging capabilities. CDT 3.0 RC0 runs under Eclipse 3.1 M7 and later.
Posted by Kerry at 10:09 PM


Google Launchpad's Solve For India
Google Launchpad's Solve For India is a four day mentorship program driven by the Google Developer Relations team. The Solve for India initiative aims to nurture developers, tech entrepreneurs and reach, support, mentors across India through in person mentorship.
The idea is to help promising startups achieve rapid progress in a short time through focused 1:1 mentorship from Google and Industry Experts. Areas include Product Strategy, UX/UI, Marketing and a special focus in Technology covering Android/Firebase, Web, Cloud.


Whiteness is not the authority
Today: "Every boss I've ever had has been white. From the moment I got my first job out of college until now. Whiteness is the authority in this nation and has been reinforced in so many ways."
Vision: If I could see more people who looked like me in leadership roles, that would be empowering. When you can relate to the person who's the decision-maker, there's more of a cultural sense of community there, a sense of taking care.
We need to introduce a new idea: that whiteness is not the authority, and not the only option. Once that idea is learned and trusted, it can become a very fertile concept. It would create some self-belief. It would lead to conversations about "What else can we change that needs to change?"


/* -*- Mode:C++; c-file-style:"gnu"; indent-tabs-mode:nil; -*- */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2006 INRIA, 2010 NICTA
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation;
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 * Author: Mathieu Lacage <mathieu.lacage@sophia.inria.fr>
 *         Quincy Tse <quincy.tse@nicta.com.au>
 */
#ifndef NS_ASSERT_H
#define NS_ASSERT_H

/**
 * \file
 * \ingroup assert
 * NS_ASSERT() and NS_ASSERT_MSG() macro definitions
 */

/**
 * \ingroup debugging
 * \defgroup assert Assertions
 *
 * \brief Assert functions and macros
 *
 * The assert macros are used to verify
 * at runtime that a certain condition is true. If it is
 * not true, the program halts. These checks are built
 * into the program only in debugging builds. They are
 * removed in optimized builds.
 *
 * These macro are intended to check certain conditions
 * to be true. Do not put code that also have side effects
 * that your program relies on (eg. code that advances
 * an iterator and return false at end of file) because
 * the code will not be executed on release builds!!
 *
 * If assertion-style checks are required for release
 * builds, use NS_ABORT_UNLESS and NS_ABORT_MSG_UNLESS.
 */

#ifdef NS3_ASSERT_ENABLE

#include <iostream>

#include "fatal-error.h"

/**
 * \ingroup assert
 *
 * At runtime, in debugging builds, if this condition is not
 * true, the program prints the source file, line number and
 * unverified condition and halts by calling std::terminate
 *
 * \param [in] condition Condition to verify.
 */
#define NS_ASSERT(condition)                          \
  do {                                                \
      if (!(condition))                               \
        {                                             \
          std::cerr << "assert failed. cond=\""       \
                    << # condition << "\", ";         \
          NS_FATAL_ERROR_NO_MSG ();                   \
        }                                             \
    }  while (false)

/**
 * \ingroup assert
 *
 * At runtime, in debugging builds, if this condition is not
 * true, the program prints the message to output and
 * halts by calling std::terminate.
 *
 * \param [in] condition Condition to verify.
 * \param [in] message Message to output
 */
#define NS_ASSERT_MSG(condition, message)             \
  do {                                                \
      if (!(condition))                               \
        {                                             \
          std::cerr << "assert failed. cond=\"" <<    \
            # condition << "\", ";                    \
          NS_FATAL_ERROR (message);                   \
        }                                             \
    } while (false)

#else /* NS3_ASSERT_ENABLE */

#define NS_ASSERT(condition)                          \
  do {                                                \
      (void)sizeof (condition);                       \
    } while (false)

#define NS_ASSERT_MSG(condition, message)             \
  do {                                                \
      (void)sizeof (condition);                       \
    } while (false)

#endif /* NS3_ASSERT_ENABLE */

#endif /* ASSERT_H */


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React component for editing JSONs
Forked from joshbuddy/jsonpath
Ruby implementation of http://goessner.net/articles/JsonPath/
Forked from brianmario/mysql2
A modern, simple and very fast Mysql library for Ruby - binding to libmysql
Forked from net-ssh/net-sftp
Pure Ruby implementation of an SFTP (protocols 1-6) client.
Forked from brianmario/yajl-ruby
A streaming JSON parsing and encoding library for Ruby (C bindings to yajl)
Forked from BranchMetrics/react-native-branch-deep-linking
603 contributions in the last year
Created a pull request in tomkerkhove/promitor that received 4 comments
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Provide support for scraping metrics for Azure Storage Queue.


William is a huge fan of planning ahead. That is why he starts his morning routine by creating a nested list of upcoming errands.

A valid nested list is any list which can be created from a list with one item "1" by applying some operations. Each operation inserts a new item into the list, on a new line, just after one of existing items $$$a_1 \,.\, a_2 \,.\, a_3 \,.\, \,\cdots\, \,.\,a_k$$$ and can be one of two types:

1. Add an item $$$a_1 \,.\, a_2 \,.\, a_3 \,.\, \cdots \,.\, a_k \,.\, 1$$$ (starting a list of a deeper level), or
2. Add an item $$$a_1 \,.\, a_2 \,.\, a_3 \,.\, \cdots \,.\, (a_k + 1)$$$ (continuing the current level).

When William decided to save a Word document with the list of his errands he accidentally hit a completely different keyboard shortcut from the "Ctrl-S" he wanted to hit. It's not known exactly what shortcut he pressed but after triggering it all items in the list were replaced by a single number: the last number originally written in the item number.

William wants you to help him restore a fitting original nested list.


Bear Limak wants to become the largest of bears, or at least to become larger than his brother Bob.

Right now, Limak and Bob weigh a and b respectively. It's guaranteed that Limak's weight is smaller than or equal to his brother's weight.

Limak eats a lot and his weight is tripled after every year, while Bob's weight is doubled after every year.

After how many full years will Limak become strictly larger (strictly heavier) than Bob?


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In this episode of Podcast Tactics, you will get podcasting tips and advice from a solo podcaster that created a show where he shares insightful thoughts, opinions, and ideas on a wide variety of topics.
Make sure you join the mailing list at https://podcasttactics.com/ to keep learning how to podcast, get inspired, and stay motivated!
Remember to share what you got out of my conversation with Giridhar by leaving a review at https://www.podchaser.com/PodcastTactics
Learn More about Giridhar and His Show “Giridhar's Garady”
Episode recorded on February 21, 2021.
Music by Valence - Infinite [NCS Release]


#ifndef SENSOR_BOARD_HARDWARE_TEST_HELPER_H
#define SENSOR_BOARD_HARDWARE_TEST_HELPER_H

void connectToNetwork(void);

void connectToMQTT(void);

void initHardwareTest(void);

_Noreturn void enterBootModeTaskHardwareTest(void);

#endif //SENSOR_BOARD_HARDWARE_TEST_HELPER_H


The faint-hearted cannot watch this video to the end.
This woman appeared unfazed as she captured a huge snake with her bare hands.
Footage that has surfaced online shows the woman successfully catching the snake and walking away with it coiled around her waist – a sight that’s enough to give goosebumps to anyone scared of serpents. The footage was filmed by onlookers in Vietnam who came across the woman and decided to record her in action.
“We were on the street when we saw this woman trying to catch a big snake. We decided to stop to record this moment. It looks dangerous,” the onlookers were quoted as saying by video licensor ViralHog.
In the 48-second clip, the woman is seen wearing a mask on her face and a helmet on her head. Her hands, however, were bare as she handled the squirming snake. After a struggle of a few seconds, the woman managed to subdue the reptile. She was then filmed walking away with the snake coiling itself around her waist and shoulders.
In the comments section on YouTube, many agreed that the woman was far braver than them. “I could never,” declared one viewer. “See, I love snakes and I want to do this. I just kinda don’t have enough courage to do it yet,” another said.