Added by delroth over 7 years ago.
It happens regardless of the video plugin and on all OS.
issue 4954 has been merged into this issue.
issue 3933 has been merged into this issue.
Maybe linked (only maybe because it is another EA game with another video playback problem): The Simpsons game (RSNP69) has problems with the BIK video decoder.
In Need for Speed Nitro it's the same (not sure if it's the same codec).
issue 5355 has been merged into this issue.
SSX3 videos are unwatchable as well.
Please don't generalize and try to combine different issues. And state exactly what games you've tested.
On DX9, the SSX games are not affected by changes to the internal res. or 'scaled copy' options. The videos are just corrupted garbage no matter what you do.
How did you check these games were using VP6 videos?
issue 5755 has been merged into this issue.
issue 5766 has been merged into this issue.
EA game "Medal of Honor: Heroes 2" (Wii) suffers from the same issue.
Need for Speed: Nitro (Wii) has this issue.
07: Agent Under Fire has similar issues.
Are you sure all of those games are actually using VP6 Video.
I don't think dolphin can decode mpeg2 videos--or am I wrong--and that is why the video(s) are scramled -- on at least this game.
Dolphin doesn't care what type of video it is. The Gamecube/Wii doesn't have hardware-accelerated decoding. All that we care about is if we execute the PPC/GPU code the VP6/MPEG2 library uses correctly.
On future investigate (MPC video) = MusePaCk (not VP6/MPEG2) but a custom format http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musepack.
We're probably decoding the wrong format.
Yeah, Dolphin handles that kind of thing with LLE, providing a software implementation of the console hardware for the game to run on. A high-level implementation would potentially run much faster but compatibility would be quite limited due to an incredibly high number of complex opcodes to write a specific implementation for. The only reason HLE works as well as it does for the audio plugin is because of a lot of reverse-engineering on the part of the developers, and the fact that most of it is fairly standard.
oops, so maybe we need a DiretShow decoder for MusePack video...I'll do some test on my setup and see if I can get it to work for 007:Agent Under Fire.
We don't have any video decoders in Dolphin. The video decoder is part of the game itself. So it doesn't matter what video decoding it is using, the bug is more likely in the JIT and interpreter code for the ppc cpu.
Dolphin does not care about what DirectShow video codecs you have installed on your system.
The best guess is that we have a bug in our PowerPC CPU implementation. Probably some tricky timing detail.
We're really never going to write HLE for video codecs. If we ever wrote HLE instead of a JIT (which will probably never happen), it would be for Nintendo's SDKs.
Please try again with the latest development version.
Confirmed fixed in red67d1ae2f96 by skid.
I am unable to confirm this fixed, still some graphical corruption on videos.
Still a different bug from the original, with probably a completely different root cause.
Software Renderer is working, appears to be an issue on my end.
I can confirm that's happening with me as well. Not happening in software renderer though.
Some of the videos in 007: Nightfire are still not working.
The videos are still messed up in Need for Speed Most Wanted with 4.0-4674. It works fine with Software Renderer.
D3D: The videos seem to work fine with no Anisotropic Filtering and no Force Texture Filtering.
OpenGL: The same except it kinda works with AF (but showing some artifacts).


Home Europe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 10 Rubles 1961
10 Rubles 1961, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Dark and bright five-pointed stars.
Portrait of V.I.Lenin in profile.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Владимир Ильич Ленин, born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 - 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire was dissolved and replaced by the Soviet Union, a one-party socialist state; industry and businesses were nationalized, with widespread societal reform implemented. Politically a Marxist, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism, which coupled with Marxian economic theory have collectively come to be known as Marxism-Leninism.
Soviet coat of arms.
The State Emblem of the Soviet Union (Государственный герб Советского Союза, Gosudarstvenny gerb Sovetskogo Soyuza) was adopted in 1923 and was used until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Although it technically is an emblem rather than a coat of arms, since it does not follow heraldic rules, in Russian it is called герб (gerb), the word used for a traditional coat of arms.
The state emblem shows the traditional Soviet emblems of the Hammer and Sickle and the Red Star over a globe, and two wreaths of covered by the ("Workers of the world, unite!") in the official languages of the Soviet Republics, in the reverse order they were mentioned in the Soviet Constitution.
Fourth version (1956-1991).
In 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was transformed into the Karelo-Finnish ASSR, and soon this was reflected on the USSR state emblem. By a decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 12, 1956, the ribbon bearing the USSR State Motto in Finnish was removed.
A minor change in the Belarusian inscription was a decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 1, 1958.
Inscription "Banknote of the State Bank of the USSR".
Denomination in numeral and in words.
Denominations in numerals and in words in 15 official languages of soviet republics.
Four denominations in numerals and one in words.


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A complaint is the initial step into getting your dispute seen in court. An official work complaint could possibly be a severe issue because it can certainly result in stressed and demanding interactions involving staff members. A litigation should be customized into the particular specifics of the claim. Likewise you cannot record a lawsuit if your quality of life condition hasn’t been cured from the physician or your health spa centre.
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The letter should be written formally, and has to be organized in a expert way. The reference correspondence is mostly helpful to your student so as to secure far greater position or instruction field with the help of reference correspondence. A superb chef benchmark correspondence which increases the task applicant’s chances has to be composed professionally.
Whenever someone requests you to earn a reference correspondence to them you may use the Reference Letter Template to save time at work. You might need a reference letter whenever you’re obtaining job or a instructional application. A reference correspondence resembles a recommendation letter. It has to add a special and real testimonial so in order for it to become more believable. Find out whether you are indeed licensed to write a letter with reference. It is vital to try not to forget that a record of reference is a vital record and is usually questioned, therefore it is wise that you learn how to compose an extremely great and presentable on. You have the ability to pick the correspondence of reference in your organization.
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You are able to receive all the letters accessible here using an best arrangement. Reference letters really are an essential element in upping your probability of winning work. The professional benchmark letter, which is given in PDF on the web, need not be dealt with to some certain employer or individual.
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Basic Text documents While there’s not such a thing wrong with sending a text file, it truly is really a rather strange and spartan alternative. The majority of resume format phrase document designed free of charge thus make certain to squander money with all the idea of getting a better decision. Resume formats can easily be discovered and downloaded from the internet. Your resume structure must not be merely informative. There won’t be a use of the Diploma Resume Format if you buy it late.
Resume formats should be selected wisely. Final views Your file arrangement is a very considerable aspect of think about when sending your resume out. Sending the incorrect file format could possibly be damaging your probability of getting the resume detected. Its high-quality PSD file is wholly customizable.
You are able to choose chronological, functional along with modern resume formats. Even a PDF format, to the flip side, rendering it harder for anyone besides the original operator to produce modifications to your file. PDF and graphic files cannot be edited.
For work, especially if you’re a graphic designer, then you have to show the information and abilities you have on your own resume. It is potential your interviewers will cross-check most the information and verify all the details before recruitment one, therefore there is absolutely no scope for practically any mistake. 1 is that the info in your resume is more very important, not how it appears. Incorporating the proper information is vital to find the upper hand within your competition. It’s likely to import the very simple advice from societal media such as Google, face book or Twitter.
Once your resume is well prepared to go, you are desire to remember to receive it at the front of as many companies as you can. It’s very crucial to understand the form of resumes preferred by the establishment which you wish to utilize with. Both could possibly be utilised to make functional or chronological resumes.
Resumes might be organized in many techniques. Professionally, our resumes are often the exact initial impression a potential employer receives of us. They can be used to get a type of reasons, but most often they are utilised to secure new employment. It’s likely to convey that is quite opposite of operational resumes which are quite conventional. Info graphic resumes seem nice, however in addition, you need to be concerned with applicant tracking system program. If you prefer todo two or three unique ideas, then construct some specific resumes.
A good resume having an professional or standard format will probably offer good perception. In conclusion, no single strategy is really likely to make you that a job, or merely a call back. Therefore, last but not least, it’s important that the resume be personalized to the two you and the occupation which you’re trying to find. Also make certain to tailor the record to the job which you’re searching for. You can find varieties of overall resume Type-S it’s likely to follow along predicated on what type of tactic you desire your resume to have applying for your preferred job.
The single instance you will need to make utilize of a TXT format is for occupation board entries which do not allow you to attach your resume. Provided that you are not lying, you are going to be okay. Sometimes, you have surely got to deliver out a short resume. Yet confident you may possibly be in your Japanese abilities, it’s always a excellent idea to run your restart by a close friend who is a native speaker plus has experience writing hints.
The entire range of resume templates is made up of an assortment of inventive restart designs. You’ll find tons of amazing restart templates out there, but nevertheless, it could be simple to feel as lots of the greatest charge a ridiculous quantity of money, call for special layout programs in order to editboth. Utilizing a restart template conserves you a whole lot of time. A couple of the templates are all free of charge while others cost a couple dollars. Word format templates are easy to seek out or spot on the internet and will be downloaded for additional usage.
The template are found in PSD format. Again it asks one to write the furigana on the line previously. Word management templates really are filled using the total outline structure and also the better part of the articles that produces method for an effective resume at a issue of just a few seconds.
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See Who Would Get Furloughed in a Christmas Shutdown
Nearly 350,000 feds could be sent home without pay come Dec. 21.
The federal government is about a week away from shutting down, though only about 41 percent of civilians report to agencies at risk of having their doors shuttered.
Congress has already allocated a majority of full-year spending, with President Trump signing legislation that accounts for 75 percent of annual discretionary appropriations. Those bills set line-by-line spending for the departments of Defense, Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, Energy and Veterans Affairs, among other agencies.
The departments of Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, State, Interior, Agriculture, Treasury, Commerce, Homeland Security and Justice, as well as other independent agencies, are currently operating under a continuing resolution set to expire Dec. 21. Those agencies will be forced to shut down after that date if Congress fails to act.
About 850,000 employees work at those agencies, and about 345,000, or 41 percent, of them would be subject to furloughs under a partial shutdown, according to the most recent data federal agencies have made available on their contingency planning. An update to Office of Management and Budget guidance during the Obama administration required agencies to refresh their shutdown plans at least every two years starting in 2015.
The plans vary significantly from agency to agency, with some enabling nearly their entire workforces to continue working because of the funding stream that pays their salaries or because their jobs are necessary to protect life and property. Other agencies, such as NASA or the Housing and Urban Development Department, would send home about 95 percent of their employees. Those working during a shutdown must go without pay until the government reopens, while furloughed workers are not guaranteed back pay at all. Historically, Congress has always taken action to provide those lost wages.
Some agencies have changed their plans drastically, following 2017 guidance from OMB Director Mick Mulvaney that instructed them to use “carry-forward funding” and “transfer authority” as much as possible to mitigate the impact of an appropriations lapse. Last year, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency planned to furlough 95 percent of its employees during a shutdown. This year, it will use unexpired multi-year and no-year funding to keep nearly its entire workforce on the job, sending home only a portion of the inspector general’s office.
Some agencies, such as the State Department, have updated their plans but have not spelled out exactly who would be furloughed. During the 16-day shutdown in 2013, State sent home just a few hundred of its 70,000 employees, but warned it would have had to add thousands to that list if the government had remained closed much longer.
Below is a chart detailing the furlough rates of every agency with more than 1,000 employees that would be subject to a shutdown come Dec. 21:
NEXT STORY: As Spending Talks Break Down, a Pay Raise for Feds Hangs in the Balance


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Doesn’t everybuddy decorate their trees with cat toys? Wishing you a Merry New York Christmas!
I think decorating the tree with cat toys is a great idea!
Wait...you mean those aren't cat toys on our tree? Well, we think they are! Meowy Christmas!
Oh, that is SO much fun! Merry Christmas to you, dear friends!
Too funny about that mouse! I love these pics of the kittens and everything looks so cute and festive.
Awww. sweet kittens! Even though we are "older" kitties we love to play with the decorations too (which is why I buy unbreakable ornaments for the most part).
That Santa Hat Teepee is TOO cute!!
Such sweet photos and how precious it is that the one kitten is so taken with Lena.
That Santa hat tepee and Santa bag tunnel bring the adorable factor of those kitten photos to a gasp! Or a high squeeee...Heehee. The kittens are pretty darn adorable! We hope you all had a good Christmas!


Home » Chapter 9: Disadvantage » 9.3 Contribution of smoking to health inequality
Last updated: December 2016
Suggested citation: Greenhalgh, EM, Scollo, MM, & Pearce, M. 9.3	Contribution of smoking to health inequality. In Scollo, MM and Winstanley, MH [editors]. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria; 2016. Available from: http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-9-disadvantage/9-3-contribution-of-smoking-to-health-inequality
Ill-health and rates of premature death in Australia show a clear gradient across socio-economic status (SES) groups.1-3 People who are more advantaged can afford better food and housing, better health care, and healthy activities. They also generally have more knowledge of healthy choices and behaviours.3
People who are disadvantaged are more likely to live with multiple risks to their health. Lower socio-economic status is associated with higher rates of obesity, lack of adequate physical activity, and diabetes—especially so among Indigenous communities.1, 3, 4
There is also a clear social gradient among people who smoke, with lower education and income linked with higher rates of smoking (see Section 1.7). Social differentials in smoking during pregnancy, cigarette consumption, duration of smoking, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke contribute substantially to socio-economic differentials in health status and mortality. Current smokers are much less likely than non-smokers to be in good health and the incidence of numerous diseases is significantly higher among smokers and recent ex-smokers than among long-time ex-smokers and never smokers.5, 6
This section outlines data on relative rates of poor health, disease, mortality, and life expectancy across SES groups, and also presents estimates of the contribution of smoking to these health disparities.
9.3.1 Socio-economic position, reported health status and smoking
People who live in disadvantaged areas are much less likely to assess their own health as excellent or good.3
Australians with lower incomes and education levels experience higher rates of arthritis, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and mental illness compared with more advantaged groups in the population. The rates of stroke, coronary heart disease, and diabetes in low socio-economic areas are more than double that of those in the highest socio-economic areas.3
In 2013, only 41% of smokers participating in the National Drug Strategy Household Survey reported their overall health as ‘very good’ or ‘excellent’, compared to 53% of ex-smokers and 61% of non-smokers. Ex-smokers were more likely to report heart disease, diabetes, and cancer than smokers and non-smokers. Smokers were more likely to report asthma and mental illness.3
9.3.2 Socio-economic position and illnesses known to be caused by smoking
Rates of chronic health conditions show a clear social gradient. In 2014–15, 15% of people in the most disadvantaged group reported having three or more chronic diseases, compared with 6% of the most advantaged. Smoking-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cancer, and cardiovascular disease are all experienced at higher rates by lower socioeconomic groups.7 Chronic kidney disease is also more common in low socio-economic groups, and particularly so among Indigenous Australians.3, 8
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare has estimated that lung cancer was the fourth leading cause of disease among men and the seventh leading cause of disease among women in 2011. Lung cancer incidence is disproportionately high in those of lower socio-economic status in Australia, with increasing incidence of lung cancer associated with decreasing socio-economic status, across the five years 2003–2007. In the year 2008–09, the rate of hospitalisations for lung cancer was higher for those living in the lowest socio-economic areas of Australia. Those living in the lowest socio-economic areas were hospitalised for lung cancer at 1.5 times the rate of those living in areas of highest socio-economic advantage.9
The worsening of asthma symptoms is associated with active smoking and/or exposure to secondhand smoke. Smoking and asthma are both more common in those living in low socio-economic areas. The Australian Centre for Asthma Monitoring (a collaborating unit of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) reported that in 2007–08, not only was asthma much more common among those living in the most deprived socio-economic areas in Australia, but that rates of smoking among asthmatics in low socio-economic areas were far higher than for asthmatic smokers living in areas of higher socio-economic status (37.8% and 12.9% respectively). The disparity between the lowest and highest socio-economic group in asthma prevalence was found to have widened between survey years 2004–05 and 2007–08.10 In 2014–15, 13% of the most disadvantaged Australians reported having asthma, compared with 10% of the most advantaged.7
9.3.3 Socio-economic disparities in death rates from diseases known to be caused by smoking
Australians from lower socio-economic groups have a greater proportion of chronic disease mortality burden than those living in more advantaged areas.3 This sub-section presents information on socio-economic disparities in mortality rates from diseases associated with smoking, however it is important to note the influence and interplay of other health risk factors and social and economic deprivation across a life-course, in the contribution to disease and premature mortality among the disadvantaged. Section 9.3.5 provides a detailed discussion on quantifying the contribution of smoking to socio-economic differentials in health status; associations between childhood circumstances and health outcomes, smoking and intergenerational poverty are discussed further in Section 9.5.
In 2009–11, mortality rates were 1.3 times as high for the lowest SES areas compared to highest SES areas for males, 1.2 times as high for females, and 1.3 for both sexes combined. The leading cause of death among all groups was coronary heart disease, and rates increased with increasing disadvantage. For most leading causes of death, rates increased with lower socio-economic status. Among the most disadvantaged group, rates of deaths from COPD and diabetes were about twice that of the most advantaged, and about 1.5 times greater for lung cancer.11 There were also higher asthma mortality rates among those residing in areas of lowest socioeconomic status, particularly among people aged 5–34, who were four times as likely to die from asthma compares to people living in areas of highest socioeconomic status.12
International research has shown similar trends. A 24-year study of British men and women examined the relationship between socio-economic status and mortality, and the influence smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity have on mortality. In terms of all-cause mortality, those of lowest socio-economic position had 1.6 times the risk of death in comparison to those of higher socio-economic position. There was also a graded association for cardiovascular disease mortality and socio-economic position. Health risk behaviours, including smoking, were connected with mortality.13
Research in other European countries,14-16 and the US,17 has found similar differences in life expectancies between people with low and high education levels and socioeconomic status, with smoking contributing to such gradients. Studies of cancer mortality in the US also show disparities related to socio-economic position, as well as ethnicity.18, 19
9.3.4 Socio-economic disparities in health-adjusted life expectancy
The AIHW’s latest burden of disease report shows that in 2011, a total of 4,494,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) were lost in Australia. DALYs refer to years of healthy life lost, either through premature death, or through living with ill health due to illness or injury. Table 9.3.1 shows the DALYs for each of the five socio-economic quintiles in 2011.
Table 9.3.1
Disability-adjusted life years lost, Australia, by socio-economic quintile, Australia, 2011
Source: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Table 8.820
DALY = disability-adjusted life year
After adjusting for age, rates of DALYs were 1.5 times higher in the lowest SES quintile than in the highest. There was a clear association between increasing rate of burden from coronary heart disease, lung cancer, suicide and self-inflicted injuries, COPD, and stroke with decreasing socioeconomic position. Rates of years lived in ill health or with disability were 1.4 times higher, and years of life lost due to premature death were 1.7 times higher, among the most disadvantaged group compared with the least. Rates of burden were 1.7 times higher in very remote areas than in major cities.20
Tobacco use was the most burdensome behavioural risk factor, with nine per cent of the total burden attributable to smoking. Tobacco use was responsible for 80% of lung cancer DALY, 75% of the COPD DALY, about half of the total burden of oesophageal cancer (54%) and nearly half of the mouth and pharyngeal cancer (46%) burden.20
Life expectancy among Indigenous Australians is discussed in Section 8.7.
In the US, researchers examined the effects of a number of health risk factors, including smoking, on life expectancy and disparities in life expectancy in eight sub-groups of the population. Individually, smoking and high blood pressure had the most profound effect on life expectancy disparities. They found that variation of life expectancies in the eight sub-groups would decline by 18% in men and 21% in women if the health risks (smoking, blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and adiposity or obesity) had been reduced to optimal levels.21
A 2016 report from the UK highlighted how, despite substantial increases in life expectancy, the gap in lifespan between the richest and poorest is increasing for the first time since the 1870s. From 1879 to 1939, life expectancy increased among all groups but disproportionately among the poor, largely due to improvements in health, clean drinking water, and the introduction of mass vaccination. Since then, deaths have been increasingly caused by chronic rather than infectious diseases or environmental causes, which are often attributable to health behaviours such as smoking and poor diet—behaviours that are generally more prevalent among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.22
9.3.5 Quantifying the contribution of smoking to socio-economic differentials in health status
Estimates of the contribution of smoking to social inequality vary, likely due to differences in study methodology and datasets. Estimates may also be affected by declines in smoking prevalence in developed countries, changing social demographics, latency of disease and death associated with smoking, and the emergence of other risk factors and their contribution to disease and mortality. This section presents research across time and using differing methods to quantify the contribution of smoking to health inequalities. Section 9.3.6 explores whether the inequalities in health outcomes and life expectancy are widening.
In the UK, researchers estimated that tobacco caused about two-thirds of the difference in risk of death across social class in men age 35–69 years.23 A four-country study (England, Wales, Poland and North America) reported that most social inequalities in adult male mortality during the 1990s were due to smoking.24
Authors of a study in Canada, Poland, and the US contended that eliminating smoking would halve the social gradient in mortality among men.25 Some public health experts been critical of these sorts of estimates, because some estimates have been derived by using lung cancer mortality as a proxy measure for smoking exposure, rather than using crude estimates to determine the contribution of smoking to socio-economic differences in mortality; hence they are likely to overestimate the importance of smoking.26 Authors of such studies have generally acknowledged the limits of indirect estimation.
In New Zealand, between 1996 and 1999, it was estimated that smoking contributed 21% to the gap between men aged 45–74 years with post-school qualifications and those with none. The corresponding figure for women was 11%.27 But other work suggested that only 5–10% of the larger inequality in mortality between Māori and non-Māori individuals was due to smoking, despite large differences in smoking prevalence.28 This estimate contrasted with a much greater estimated contribution by the Ministry of Health.29
The Australian Burden of Disease study estimated that a 21% reduction of burden could be achieved if all of the five socioeconomic groups experienced the same disease burden as the highest group.20 Researchers estimated that in Australia, smoking could account for just over one-third of the excess deaths in the 1990s that would otherwise be attributed to lower levels of education.30 Data on deaths among men aged 40–69 years taking part in a prospective cohort study in Melbourne between 1990 and 1994 showed that the association between education and mortality was greatly weakened after taking smoking into account.
UK research showed income as a significant contributor to health inequalities, and that obesity and smoking contribute significantly, but less profoundly, to income-related inequalities in health. Obesity and smoking were estimated to contribute 1.2% and 3.2% to inequality respectively. Despite the prevalence of smoking declining over time, its effects on inequalities have slightly increased because of its over-representation among the lowest socio-economic groups and its profound effects on health.31
It is likely that indirect estimates of the contribution of tobacco smoking16, 24, 25 overestimate the importance of smoking by failing to take account of higher-than-average prevalence of behavioural and other risk factors in low-SES populations. Direct methods,27 however, may underestimate the importance of smoking because they do not take into account the long-term impact of smoking during pregnancy and the impact of smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke on diseases other than the ones for which epidemiological data are readily available. They also may not take account of the effects of spending on tobacco products on financial security and intergenerational poverty, which may help to perpetuate continuing high smoking rates in the children of smokers. These issues are explored further in Sections 9.4 to 9.8.
9.3.6 Are tobacco-related differentials in health status widening?
In the US, the socio-economic gap in life expectancy appears to be worsening. In people who had more than 12 years of education, life expectancy in the 1990s was about a year and a half greater than it was in the 1980s. In less educated people, life expectancy increased by only half a year. Much of the growing mortality gap can be attributed to the higher levels of decline in smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in more advantaged groups.32 Great disparities among socio-economic and racial groups exist for tobacco-related cancer incidences and mortality in the US, as well as access to, and quality of, cancer treatment.33
A Danish study concluded that the main explanations for the increase in social inequality in mortality since the mid-1980s are smoking (particularly among women) and alcohol use (particularly among men).34 Researchers in Europe looked at mortality data in 14 European countries from 1990 to 2004. Findings showed that over time, absolute increases in smoking attributable mortality rates generally declined among men, while among women, rates increased in most countries. Relative inequalities tended to increase in most countries, especially among men.16
The situation for Australia is much less clear-cut.
A study published by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare in 2006 indicated that death rates for cardiovascular disease reduced in all socio-economic groups between 1999 and 2003. There was a decrease in the size of the gap between the rates of death between upper and lower socio-economic groups for coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease as a whole but an increase in the relative effect of disadvantage (the proportion by which the lowest socio-economic group was higher than the highest socio-economic group) for coronary heart disease, stroke and cardiovascular disease as a whole.35 Between 1981 and 2011, overall death rates from cardiovascular disease declined. However, in 2011, those of lower socio-economic status, the Indigenous and those living in remote areas of Australia still had the highest rates of hospitalisations and death from cardiovascular disease.36
Mortality rates from cancer show a clear social gradient. For the period 2009–2012, those living in the most disadvantaged areas had the highest mortality rate for all cancers combined, and also for smoking-related cancers such as lung, pancreatic, kidney, bladder, and bowel.37 In 2009–11, lung cancer death rates were 1.6 times as high in the lowest socioeconomic group compared with the highest.11 No data could be located on whether or not disparities in lung cancer mortality have widened.
Between 1979 and 2006, mortality rates between low-SES groups and high-SES groups narrowed in absolute terms among females for ischaemic heart disease (27 to 23 per 100,000). However, absolute differences for ischaemic heart disease widened in males across this period (52 to 63 per 100,000). Absolute differences for stroke between low and high-SES groups declined in males and females (16 to 13 per 100,000 among males and 13 to 7 per 100,000 among females). However relative declines were greater in high socio-economic groups compared to low socio-economic groups for both ischaemic heart disease (28% average five yearly decline in high socio-economic status males compared with 21% in low-SES males, and 30% and 21% for females respectively). For stroke, there was a 25% average five yearly decline in high-SES males compared to 21% in low-SES status males; 26% and 23% for females respectively).38
For recent news items and research on this topic, click here.(Last updated April 2019)
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14.	Maki NE, Martikainen PT, Eikemo T, Menvielle G, Lundberg O, et al. The potential for reducing differences in life expectancy between educational groups in five European countries: The effects of obesity, physical inactivity and smoking. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2014; 68(7):635–40. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700579
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The 15 most impressive box office performances of 2013 -- so far
By Grady Smith
Kerry Brown
We’re officially halfway through 2013, and if you’re an obsessive box office junkie like me, that means it’s time to reflect back on the past six months at the movies and give credit to some of the best box office performances so far this year.
By “best,” I don’t simply mean “highest grossing” — you can find that list here — I mean most impressive. Since each movie has its own budget, its own marketing costs, and its own distribution challenges, each movie also has its own standard for success. I like to judge films on their own rubrics — so I have!
This year, there were a lot of close calls. Films like Oz The Great and Powerful and This is the End were this close to making the list (A Good Day to Die Hard and Jack the Giant Slayer, meanwhile, were not), but not everything could make the cut. Thus, here is my totally-up-for-debate list of the 15 Most Impressive Box Office Performances of 2013 so far. (Shown in order of highest-to-lowest grossing)
'IRON' GIANT The third installment in the Iron Man series is poised to be a both financial and critical success.
Iron Man 3 (Disney) — $406.4 million
No one was positive that the success of The Avengers ($623.4 million domestic, $1.5 billion worldwide) would augment the grosses of the individual superheroes that it featured. But if Iron Man 3 is any indication, then Thor and Cappy should prepare for substantial box-office boosts when their sequels hit theaters. The Robert Downey Jr. vehicle has earned 30-percent more than its predecessor, Iron Man 2, which topped out at $312.4 million in 2010. And worldwide, Iron Man 3 has soared to $1.21 billion — a figure that guarantees that Disney is walking away with a few hundred million dollars of pure profit.
UP, UP AND AWAY Henry Cavill takes off as the latest actor to take on the role of Clark Kent/Superman
Clay Enos
Man of Steel (Warner Bros.) — $271.2 million
The box office performance of the latest Superman reboot has been a hotly contested topic. Some consider it a slam dunk, since it opened with $128.7 million and easily surpassed the disappointing $200 million domestic total of 2006’s Superman Returns. Some consider it a disappointment, since it cost a whopping $225 million to produce and has fallen swiftly from its gargantuan debut, putting it on track for a $300 million domestic finish. I fall into the former camp. Warner Bros. marketed the heck out of this Zack Snyder-directed sequel; it’s already earned $542.9 million worldwide (Returns grossed just $391 million) en route to a likely $700 million finish. While that pales in comparison to Iron Man 3‘s global haul, Man of Steel is a franchise launchpad — not a sequel — and it nicely sets up Warner Bros. to build a mega-profitable series around appealing star Henry Cavill.
DOM-INANT SPECIES Vin Diesel is back as Dominic Toretto in the heart-punding, adrenaline-pumping sixth edition of the Fast & Furious franchise.
Fast & Furious 6 (Universal) — $235.4 million
How many franchises can honestly say they are on the upswing in their sixth editions? Universal’s Fast & Furious franchise certainly can — both creatively and financially. Fast & Furious 6 accelerated right out of the gate, leaving The Hangover Part III in the dust on Memorial Day weekend when it earned $117 million over the extended holiday frame. The film, which cost $160 million to make, has maintained a healthy speed since then, giving it a series-best $235.4 million domestically (ahead of Fast Five‘s $209 million) and another series-best $695 million globally (ahead of Fast Five‘s $626.1 million). Notably, Fast & Furious 6 helped The Rock achieve his incredible 19 weekend streak in the box office Top Ten.
The Croods (Fox) — $185.1 million
Really, this accolade belongs to Fox’s distribution team, who wisely scheduled The Croods on March 22 — a date that followed a dryspell of family releases, and one that assured The Croods would be the only animated film in theaters for over two months. The Croods, which was produced by DreamWorks for $135 million, boasted a colorful palette and likable characters. Add in a complete lack of family competition, and it’s no wonder the film evolved into a $185.1 million domestic hit and a $578.5 million worldwide smash. That was great news for DreamWorks, which was forced to take an $87 million write-down in early 2013 after the weak performance of Rise of the Guardians, as well as Fox, which was beginning a five-year distribution deal with the animation studio.
'GAT'-S ME IF YOU CAN Leonardo DiCaprio, Carey Mulligan, and Joel Edgerton star in the Baz Luhrmann directed adaptaion of a literary classic.
The Great Gatsby (Warner Bros.) — $142.5 million
Period pieces and literary adaptations are far from sure-things at the box office, but Gatsby, with its hip soundtrack and sleek visuals, managed to break out of the arthouse world and score $142.5 million — way above Baz Luhrmann’s former career high point, Moulin Rouge, which earned $57 million. Worldwide, Gatsby has earned $321 million against a $105 million budget (though some reports place its budget at $190 million, studio reps claims tax rebates brought it down substantially), providing a nice comeback for Warner Bros. following their awful streak of flops like Jack the Giant Slayer, Beautiful Creatures, and Bullet to the Head.
Bob Mahoney
Identity Thief (Universal) — $134.5 million
Critics hated this $35 million Melissa McCarthy/Jason Bateman comedy, but audiences didn’t care. They were just eager to see McCarthy in a leading role, and the film scored $34.6 million on opening weekend and then held all the way to a $134.5 million finish. The film was a huge win for Universal, which has lately released several films with sensible budgets and had a banner year thanks to the success of Fast & Furious 6, Pitch Perfect, Les Miserables, and a few more films still coming up in the second half of the year.
Now You See Me (Summit) — $110.4 million
Summit’s $75 million magician caper has been the surprise of the summer. It out-earned Sony’s Will Smith vehicle After Earth on opening weekend, taking in $29.4 million. And since then, it’s fallen by an average of just 34 percent on each of its four subsequent weekends — pushing it past the $100 million mark and leaving it on track for a $120 million finish. The success of films like Now You See Me are the reason why Lionsgate, which purchased Summit last year, has seen its stock soar from $16.85 per share to $30.29 over the past six months.
Olympus Has Fallen (FilmDistrict) — $98.8 million
Fledgling studio FilmDistrict scored their best box office run ever with this $70 million White House thriller, which beat the flashier $150 million White House Down into theaters, and will almost certainly beat it at the box office, too. Thanks to a captivating ad campaign, which featured the striking visual of the presidential residence in peril, the film opened with $30.4 million on March 22, and it held strong in the top ten for six weeks. Olympus also marked a comeback for star Gerard Butler, whose last three wide releases, Chasing Mavericks ($6 million total), Playing for Keeps ($13.1 million), and Movie 43 ($8.8 million), all flopped.
42 (Warner Bros.) — $94.6 million
The Jackie Robinson biopic didn’t have a star in the title role (newcomer Chadwick Boseman played the baseball legend), but Warner Bros. made sure that Harrison Ford was ever-present in marketing, and the strategy paid off. The $40 million drama topped the chart on its debut weekend with $27.5 million and kept circling the bases until it reached $94.6 million total — a stronger run than Brad Pitt’s Moneyball, which scored $75.6 million in 2011 and Clint Eastwood’s Trouble with the Curve, which topped out at $35.8 million in 2012.
Mama (Universal) — $71.6 million
Mama, which was “presented by” producer Guillermo Del Toro, reaped a scary good $28.4 million during its opening weekend in the doldrums of January. It then went on to earn $71.6 million — and all against a slim $15 million budget. Mama was one of the few box office bright spots during the rough January-March period.
Safe Haven (Relativity) — $71.3 million
I’ll admit it: Safe Haven is not the most worthy entry on this list (and if The Heat had come out one weekend earlier, it would take its place), but I’m including the Nicholas Sparks romance for three reasons. First off, it cost only $28 million to make and earned $71.3 million — a stronger result than A Good Day To Die Hard, which opened on the same day and earned only $67.3 million. Second, Safe Haven beat the two most recent Sparks adaptations, The Lucky One ($60.5 million) and The Last Song ($63 million), and it trails only The Notebook ($81 million) and Dear John ($80 million) among those films. Third, Safe Haven became the first legitimate hit for Julianne Hough, who had only previously seen middling results in Burlesque ($39.4 million), Footloose ($51.8 million), and Rock of Ages ($38.5 million). Plus, I was weirdly tickled by Safe Haven‘s totally innovative poster.
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The Purge (Universal) — $63.6 million
The Jason Blum-produced thriller cost only $3 million to make, so when it opened to $34.1 million, it had already earned back its budget nearly twelve times over. Universal effectively marketed The Purge‘s killer premise — that for one night every year, all crime is legal — and even though it has shown little box office endurance (it likely won’t be able to double its opening weekend by the end of its run), the film is a huge, profitable winner thanks to its low cost.
The Call (TriStar) — $51.9 million
Here’s another case of a film’s low cost making it an “impressive” performer. This $12 million Halle Berry vehicle carried a slim $12 million budget, but its surprisingly strong $51.9 million total made it the highest grossing Halle Berry-led effort (excluding giant ensemble films like X-Men and New Year’s Eve) since 2003’s Gothika, which scared up $59.7 million. Sure, The Call may end up in a Target bargain bin by the end of 2013, but its sturdy gross and humble production costs prove refreshingly adequate in a box office era of bloated budgets and disappointing returns.
Mud (Roadside Attractions) — $20.8 million
With a reported $10 million budget, Mud may not be the most profitable film on this list, but the Roadside Attractions film ruled the arthouse roost in the first half of 2013. The Jeff Nichols-directed entry, which stars Matthew McConaughey and Reese Witherspoon, never earned more than $2.5 million in a weekend, and never garnered a weekend theater average above $6,104, but it performed at just high enough of a level to justify its continued release. And after ten weekends, it broke the $20 million mark — a plateau that few indies ever reach — and easily trumped the gross of Nichols’ previous release, Take Shelter, which earned $1.7 million in 2011.
Quartet (Weinstein) — $18.4 million
The other notable indie of 2013 is Dustin Hoffman’s directorial debut, Quartet, which captured the support of older moviegoers and quietly blossomed into a hit. The film, which cost a reported $10 milllion, got a teensy bit of awards attention in late 2012, but it wasn’t available to the public until January 2013. That’s when The Weinstein Company expertly rolled out Quartet‘s release — expanding it for seven straight weekends and allowing word-of-mouth to carry business. The film, which stars Maggie Smith and Michael Gambon, only climbed as high as number 13, and its best weekend gross was just $1.8 million, but a long, hearty run in the lower rungs of the chart made Quartet an indie success.
Some of you may think Oz The Great And Powerful should be on this list. I’d say that it cost way too much at $215 million and that its $491 million worldwide gross pales in comparison to Alice in Wonderland‘s $1 billion haul. Some of you may think Spring Breakers should be on this list. I’d say that it’s $14.1 million gross was solid, but not unbelievable given its boatloads of publicity. Some of you may think Despicable Me 2 should be on the list given its incredible start — and you’d be totally right if this list included films released in the second half of 2013. By all means, refute my choices and provide some of your own in the comments below.
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