(Redirected from Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster)
Chief deity of Pastafarianism
Pastafarianism
Touched by His Noodly Appendage, a parody of Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam, is an iconic image of the Flying Spaghetti Monster[1] by Arne Niklas Jansson.[2]
Major cult center
venganza.org
The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
The Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) is the deity of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, or Pastafarianism. Pastafarianism (a portmanteau of pasta and Rastafarianism) is a social movement that promotes a light-hearted view of religion and opposes the teaching of intelligent design and creationism in public schools. According to adherents, Pastafarianism is a "real, legitimate religion, as much as any other".[3] In New Zealand, Pastafarian representatives are authorized to officiate weddings.[4][5][6] However, in the United States, a federal court has ruled that the "Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster" is not a real religion.[7] In August 2018 the Dutch Council of State also ruled that Pastafarianism is not a religion.[8]
The "Flying Spaghetti Monster" was first described in a satirical open letter written by Bobby Henderson in 2005 to protest the Kansas State Board of Education decision to permit teaching intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in public school science classes.[9] In the letter, Henderson demanded equal time in science classrooms for "Flying Spaghetti Monsterism", alongside intelligent design and evolution.[10] After Henderson published the letter on his website, the Flying Spaghetti Monster rapidly became an Internet phenomenon and a symbol of opposition to the teaching of intelligent design in public schools.[11]
Pastafarian tenets (generally satires of creationism) are presented both on Henderson's Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster website, where he is described as "prophet", and in The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, written by Henderson in 2006. The central belief is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe. Pirates are revered as the original Pastafarians.[12] Henderson asserts that a decline in the number of pirates over the years is the cause of global warming.[10] The FSM community congregates at Henderson's website to share ideas about the Flying Spaghetti Monster and crafts representing images of it.[3]
Because of its popularity and exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a contemporary version of Russell's teapot—an argument that the philosophic burden of proof lies upon those who make unfalsifiable claims, not on those who reject them. Pastafarianism has received praise from the scientific community and criticism from proponents of intelligent design. Pastafarians have engaged in disputes with creationists, including in Polk County, Florida, where they played a role in dissuading the local school board from adopting new rules on teaching evolution.[13]
1.1 Internet phenomenon
2 Tenets
2.1 Creation
2.2 Afterlife
2.3 Pirates and global warming
2.4 Holidays
3.1 The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
3.2 The Loose Canon
4 Influence
4.1 As a cultural phenomenon
4.2 Use in religious disputes
5.1 Marriage
5.2 Free speech
5.3 Headgear in identity photos
6 Critical reception
In January 2005,[14] Bobby Henderson, then a 24-year-old[15] Oregon State University physics graduate, sent an open letter regarding the Flying Spaghetti Monster to the Kansas State Board of Education.[11][16][17] In that letter, Henderson satirized creationism by professing his belief that whenever a scientist carbon-dates an object, a supernatural creator that closely resembles spaghetti with meatballs is there "changing the results with His Noodly Appendage". Henderson argued that his beliefs were just as valid as intelligent design, and called for equal time in science classrooms alongside intelligent design and evolution.[10] The letter was sent prior to the Kansas evolution hearings as an argument against the teaching of intelligent design in biology classes.[11] Henderson, describing himself as a "concerned citizen" representing more than ten million others, argued that intelligent design and his belief that "the universe was created by a Flying Spaghetti Monster" were equally valid.[11] In his letter, he noted,
I think we can all look forward to the time when these three theories are given equal time in our science classrooms across the country, and eventually the world; one third time for Intelligent Design, one third time for Flying Spaghetti Monsterism, and one third time for logical conjecture based on overwhelming observable evidence.
—  Bobby Henderson[10]
According to Henderson, since the intelligent design movement uses ambiguous references to a designer, any conceivable entity may fulfill that role, including a Flying Spaghetti Monster.[18] Henderson explained, "I don't have a problem with religion. What I have a problem with is religion posing as science. If there is a god and he's intelligent, then I would guess he has a sense of humor."[9][19]
In May 2005, having received no reply from the Kansas State Board of Education, Henderson posted the letter on his website, gaining significant public interest.[3][14] Shortly thereafter, Pastafarianism became an Internet phenomenon.[9][18] Henderson published the responses he then received from board members.[20] Three board members, all of whom opposed the curriculum amendments, responded positively; a fourth board member responded with the comment "It is a serious offense to mock God".[21] Henderson has also published the significant amount of hate mail, including death threats, that he has received.[22][23] Within one year of sending the open letter, Henderson received thousands of emails on the Flying Spaghetti Monster, eventually totaling over 60,000,[24] of which he has said that "about 95 percent have been supportive, while the other five percent have said I am going to hell".[9] During that time, his site garnered tens of millions of hits.[24]
Internet phenomenon
The FSM "fish" emblem, the symbol of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, was created by readers of the Boing Boing web site in 2005.[25][26] It is a parody of the Christian Ichthys symbol.
As word of Henderson's challenge to the board spread, his website and cause received more attention and support. The satirical nature of Henderson's argument made the Flying Spaghetti Monster popular with bloggers as well as humor and Internet culture websites.[27] The Flying Spaghetti Monster was featured on websites such as Boing Boing, Something Awful, Uncyclopedia, and Fark.com. Moreover, an International Society for Flying Spaghetti Monster Awareness and other fan sites emerged.[28] As public awareness grew, the mainstream media picked up on the phenomenon. The Flying Spaghetti Monster became a symbol for the case against intelligent design in public education.[11][29][30] The open letter was printed in several major newspapers, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Chicago Sun-Times,[24] and received worldwide press attention.[31] Henderson himself was surprised by its success, stating that he "wrote the letter for [his] own amusement as much as anything".[18]
In August 2005, in response to a challenge from a reader, Boing Boing announced a $250,000 prize—later raised to $1,000,000—of "Intelligently Designed currency" payable to any individual who could produce empirical evidence proving that Jesus is not the son of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[32] It was modeled as a parody of a similar challenge issued by young-earth creationist Kent Hovind.[18][33]
According to Henderson, newspaper articles on the Flying Spaghetti Monster attracted the attention of book publishers; he said that at one point, there were six publishers interested in the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[24] In November 2005, Henderson received an advance from Villard to write The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[34]
In November 2005, the Kansas State Board of Education voted to allow criticisms of evolution, including language about intelligent design, as part of testing standards.[35] On February 13, 2007, the board voted 6–4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005. This was the fifth time in eight years that the board had rewritten the standards on evolution.[36]
Tenets
With millions, if not thousands, of devout worshipers, the Church of the FSM is widely considered a legitimate religion, even by its opponents—mostly fundamentalist Christians, who have accepted that our God has larger balls than theirs.
Bobby Henderson[3]
Although Henderson has stated that "the only dogma allowed in the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster is the rejection of dogma", some general beliefs are held by Pastafarians.[3] Henderson proposed many Pastafarian tenets in reaction to common arguments by proponents of intelligent design.[37] These "canonical beliefs" are presented by Henderson in his letter to the Kansas State Board of Education,[10] The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, and on Henderson's web site, where he is described as a "prophet".[38] They tend to satirize creationism.[18]
See also: Omphalos hypothesis
The central creation myth is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe "after drinking heavily". According to these beliefs, the Monster's intoxication was the cause for a flawed Earth. Furthermore, according to Pastafarianism, all evidence for evolution was planted by the Flying Spaghetti Monster in an effort to test the faith of Pastafarians—parodying certain biblical literalists.[39] When scientific measurements such as radiocarbon dating are taken, the Flying Spaghetti Monster "is there changing the results with His Noodly Appendage".[10]
The Pastafarian conception of Heaven includes a beer volcano and a stripper (or sometimes prostitute) factory.[38] The Pastafarian Hell is similar, except that the beer is stale and the strippers have sexually transmitted diseases.[40]
Pirates and global warming
A misleading graph that is claimed to correlate the number of pirates with global temperature
According to Pastafarian beliefs, pirates are "absolute divine beings" and the original Pastafarians.[10] Furthermore, Pastafarians believe that the concept of pirates as "thieves and outcasts" is misinformation spread by Christian theologians in the Middle Ages and by Hare Krishnas. Instead, Pastafarians believe that they were "peace-loving explorers and spreaders of good will" who distributed candy to small children, adding that modern pirates are in no way similar to "the fun-loving buccaneers from history". In addition, Pastafarians believe that ghost pirates are responsible for all of the mysteriously lost ships and planes of the Bermuda Triangle. Pastafarians are among those who celebrate International Talk Like a Pirate Day on September 19.[41]
The inclusion of pirates in Pastafarianism was part of Henderson's original letter to the Kansas State Board of Education, in an effort to illustrate that correlation does not imply causation.[42] Henderson presented the argument that "global warming, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters are a direct effect of the shrinking numbers of pirates since the 1800s".[10] A deliberately misleading graph accompanying the letter (with numbers humorously disordered on the x-axis) shows that as the number of pirates decreased, global temperatures increased. This parodies the suggestion from some religious groups that the high numbers of disasters, famines, and wars in the world is due to the lack of respect and worship toward their deity. In 2008, Henderson interpreted the growing pirate activities at the Gulf of Aden as additional support, pointing out that Somalia has "the highest number of pirates and the lowest carbon emissions of any country".[43]
An alternative tree-topper for Pastafarians, handmade from pipe cleaners and pom poms.
Pastafarian beliefs extend into lighthearted religious ceremony. Pastafarians celebrate every Friday as a holy day.[18] Prayers are concluded with a final declaration of affirmation, "R'amen" (or "rAmen"); the term is a parodic portmanteau of the terms "Amen" and "Ramen", referring to instant noodles and to the "noodly appendages" of their deity.[9]
Around the time of Christmas, Hanukkah, and Kwanzaa, Pastafarians celebrate a vaguely defined holiday named "Holiday". Holiday does not take place on "a specific date so much as it is the Holiday season, itself". According to Henderson, as Pastafarians "reject dogma and formalism", there are no specific requirements for Holiday. Pastafarians celebrate Holiday in any manner they please.[44] Pastafarians also celebrate "Pastover" as a parody of Passover,[45][46][47] and "Ramendan" as a parody of Ramadan.[48][49][50]
Pastafarians interpret the increasing usage of "Happy Holidays", rather than more traditional greetings (such as "Merry Christmas"), as support for Pastafarianism.[44] In December 2005, George W. Bush's White House Christmas greeting cards wished people a happy "holiday season",[51] leading Henderson to write the President a note of thanks, including a "fish" emblem depicting the Flying Spaghetti Monster for his limousine or plane.[52] Henderson also thanked Walmart for its use of the phrase.[53]
Main article: The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
In December 2005 Bobby Henderson received a reported US$80,000 advance from Villard to write The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Henderson said he planned to use proceeds from the book to build a pirate ship, with which he would spread the Pastafarian religion.[34][54] The book was released on March 28, 2006,[55] and elaborates on Pastafarian beliefs established in the open letter.[56] Henderson employs satire to present perceived flaws with evolutionary biology and discusses history and lifestyle from a Pastafarian perspective. The gospel urges readers to try Pastafarianism for thirty days, saying, "If you don't like us, your old religion will most likely take you back".[31][57] Henderson states on his website that more than 100,000 copies of the book have been sold.[58]
Scientific American described the gospel as "an elaborate spoof on Intelligent Design" and "very funny". In 2006, it was nominated for the Quill Award in Humor, but was not selected as the winner.[58] Wayne Allen Brenner of The Austin Chronicle characterized the book as "a necessary bit of comic relief in the overly serious battle between science and superstition".[56] Simon Singh of The Daily Telegraph wrote that the gospel "might be slightly repetitive...but overall it is a brilliant, provocative, witty and important gem of a book".[31]
Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute, which advocates intelligent design, labeled the gospel "a mockery of the Christian New Testament".[59]
The Loose Canon
In September 2005, before Henderson had received an advance to write the Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, a Pastafarian member of the Venganza forums known as Solipsy, announced the beginning of a project to collect texts from fellow Pastafarians to compile into the Loose Canon, the Holy Book of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, essentially analogous to the Bible.[60] The book was completed in 2010 and was made available for download.[61]
Some excerpts from The Loose Canon include:
I am the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Thou shalt have no other monsters before Me (Afterwards is OK; just use protection). The only Monster who deserves capitalization is Me! Other monsters are false monsters, undeserving of capitalization.
—  Suggestions 1:1
"Since you have done a half-ass job, you will receive half an ass!" The Great Pirate Solomon grabbed his ceremonial scimitar and struck his remaining donkey, cleaving it in two.
—  Slackers 1:51–52
Flying Spaghetti Monster contingent preparing for the 2009 Summer Solstice Parade and Pageant in Fremont, Seattle, Washington
As a cultural phenomenon
The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster now consists of thousands of followers,[42] primarily concentrated on college campuses in North America and Europe.[62] According to the Associated Press, Henderson's website has become "a kind of cyber-watercooler for opponents of intelligent design". On it, visitors track meetings of pirate-clad Pastafarians, sell trinkets and bumper stickers, and sample photographs that show "visions" of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[63]
In August 2005, the Swedish concept designer Niklas Jansson created an adaptation of Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam, superimposing the Flying Spaghetti Monster over God. This became and remains the Flying Spaghetti Monster's de facto brand image.[28] The Hunger Artists Theatre Company produced a comedy called The Flying Spaghetti Monster Holiday Pageant in December 2006, detailing the history of Pastafarianism.[64] The production has spawned a sequel called Flying Spaghetti Monster Holy Mug of Grog, performed in December 2008.[65] This communal activity attracted the attention of three University of Florida religious scholars, who assembled a panel at the 2007 American Academy of Religion meeting to discuss the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[62]
Handmade knitted and felted Flying Spaghetti Monster
In November 2007, four talks about the Flying Spaghetti Monster were delivered at the American Academy of Religion's annual meeting in San Diego.[66] The talks, with titles such as Holy Pasta and Authentic Sauce: The Flying Spaghetti Monster's Messy Implications for Theorizing Religion, examined the elements necessary for a group to constitute a religion. Speakers inquired whether "an anti-religion like Flying Spaghetti Monsterism [is] actually a religion".[62] The talks were based on the paper, Evolutionary Controversy and a Side of Pasta: The Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Subversive Function of Religious Parody,[19] published in the GOLEM Journal of Religion and Monsters.[39] The panel garnered an audience of one hundred of the more than 9,000 conference attendees, and conference organizers received critical e-mails from Christians offended by it.[67]
Since October 2008, the local chapter of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster has sponsored an annual convention called Skepticon on the campus of Missouri State University.[68] Atheists and skeptics give speeches on various topics, and a debate with Christian experts is held. Organizers tout the event as the "largest gathering of atheists in the Midwest".[69]
The Moldovan-born poet, fiction writer, and culturologist Igor Ursenco entitled his 2012 poetry book The Flying Spaghetti Monster (thriller poems).
On the nonprofit microfinancing site, Kiva, the Flying Spaghetti Monster group is in an ongoing competition to top all other "religious congregations" in the number of loans issued via their team. The group's motto is "Thou shalt share, that none may seek without funding",[70] an allusion to the Loose Canon which states "Thou shalt share, that none may seek without finding."[71][72] As of October 2018[update] it reported to have funded US$4,002,350 in loans.[73]
Bathyphysa conifera, a siphonophore, has been called "Flying Spaghetti Monster" in reference to the FSM.[74][75]
An upcoming documentary called I, Pastafari will detail the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster and its fight for legal recognition.[76]
Use in religious disputes
Owing to its popularity and media exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a modern version of Russell's teapot.[77][78] Proponents argue that, since the existence of the invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster—similar to other proposed supernatural beings—cannot be falsified, it demonstrates that the burden of proof rests on those who affirm the existence of such beings. Richard Dawkins explains, "The onus is on somebody who says, I want to believe in God, Flying Spaghetti Monster, fairies, or whatever it is. It is not up to us to disprove it."[77] Furthermore, according to Lance Gharavi, an editor of The Journal of Religion and Theater, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is "ultimately...an argument about the arbitrariness of holding any one view of creation", since any one view is equally as plausible as the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[18] A similar argument was discussed in the books The God Delusion and The Atheist Delusion.[79][80]
In December 2007 the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster was credited with spearheading successful efforts in Polk County, Florida, to dissuade the Polk County School Board from adopting new science standards on evolution. The issue was raised after five of the seven board members declared a personal belief in intelligent design. Opponents describing themselves as Pastafarians e-mailed members of the Polk County School Board demanding equal instruction time for the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[81] Board member Margaret Lofton, who supported intelligent design, dismissed the e-mail as ridiculous and insulting, stating, "they've made us the laughing stock of the world". Lofton later stated that she had no interest in engaging with the Pastafarians or anyone else seeking to discredit intelligent design. As the controversy developed, scientists expressed opposition to intelligent design. In response to hopes for a new "applied science" campus at the University of South Florida in Lakeland, university vice president Marshall Goodman expressed surprise, stating, "[intelligent design is] not science. You can't even call it pseudo-science." While unhappy with the outcome, Lofton chose not to resign over the issue. She and the other board members expressed a desire to return to the day-to-day work of running the school district.[13]
National branches of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster have been striving in many countries to have Pastafarianism become an officially (legally) recognized religion, with varying degrees of success. In New Zealand, Pastafarian representatives have been authorized as marriage celebrants, however members of other movements considered to be "alternative philosophies" rather than religions are also recognized as celebrants under New Zealand law.[4][5]
A federal court in the US state of Nebraska ruled that Flying Spaghetti Monster is a satirical parody religion, rather than an actual religion, and as a result, Pastafarians are not entitled to religious accommodation under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act:
"This is not a question of theology", the ruling reads in part. "The FSM Gospel is plainly a work of satire, meant to entertain while making a pointed political statement. To read it as religious doctrine would be little different from grounding a 'religious exercise' on any other work of fiction."[82]
Pastafarians have used their claimed faith as a test case to argue for freedom of religion, and to oppose government discrimination against people who do not follow a recognized religion.
The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster operates an ordination mill on their website which enables officiates in jurisdictions where credentials are needed to officiate weddings.[83] Pastafarians say that separation of church and state precludes the government from arbitrarily labelling one denomination religiously valid but another an ordination mill. In November 2014, Rodney Michael Rogers and Minneapolis-based Atheists for Human Rights sued Washington County, Minnesota under the Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause and the First Amendment free speech clause, with their attorney claiming discrimination against atheists: "When the statute clearly permits recognition of a marriage celebrant whose religious credentials consist of nothing more than a $20 'ordination' obtained from the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster... the requirement is absolutely meaningless in terms of ensuring the qualifications of a marriage celebrant."[84] A few days prior to a hearing on the matter, Washington County changed its policy to allow Rogers his ability to officiate weddings. This action was done in an effort to deny the court jurisdiction on the underlying claim. On May 13, 2015 the Federal Court held that the issue had become moot and dismissed the case.[85] The first legally-recognized Pastafarian wedding occurred in New Zealand on April 16, 2016.[5]
In March 2007, Bryan Killian, a high school student in Buncombe County, North Carolina, was suspended for wearing "pirate regalia" which he said was part of his Pastafarian faith. Killian protested the suspension, saying it violated his First Amendment rights to religious freedom and freedom of expression.[86] "If this is what I believe in, no matter how stupid it might sound, I should be able to express myself however I want to", he said.[19][87]
A Pastafarian dressed in pirate regalia
In March 2008, Pastafarians in Crossville, Tennessee, were permitted to place a Flying Spaghetti Monster statue in a free speech zone on the courthouse lawn, and proceeded to do so.[88][89][90] The display gained national interest on blogs and online news sites and was even covered by Rolling Stone magazine. It was later removed from the premises, along with all the other long-term statues, as a result of the controversy over the statue.[91] In December 2011, Pastafarianism was one of the multiple denominations given equal access to placing holiday displays on the Loudoun County courthouse lawn, in Leesburg, Virginia.[92]
In 2012, Tracy McPherson of the Pennsylvanian Pastafarians petitioned the Chester County, Pennsylvania Commissioners to allow representation of the FSM at the county courthouse, equally with a Jewish menorah and a Christian nativity scene. One commissioner stated that either all religions should be allowed or no religion should be represented, but without support from the other commissioners the motion was rejected. Another commissioner stated that this petition garnered more attention than any he had seen before.[93][94]
On September 21, 2012, Pastafarian Giorgos Loizos was arrested in Greece on charges of malicious blasphemy and offense of religion for the creation of a satirical Facebook page called "Elder Pastitsios", based on a well-known deceased Greek Orthodox monk, Elder Paisios, where his name and face were substituted with pastitsio – a local pasta and béchamel sauce dish. The case, which started as a Facebook flame, reached the Greek Parliament and created a strong political reaction to the arrest.[95][96][97][98][99][100]
In August 2013, Christian Orthodox religious activists from an unregistered group known as "God's Will" attacked a peaceful rally that Russian Pastafarians had organized. Activists as well as police knocked some rally participants to the ground. Police arrested and charged eight of the Pastafarians with attempting to hold an unsanctioned rally.[101][102] One of the Pastafarians later complained that they were arrested "just for walking".[103][104]
In February 2014, union officials at London South Bank University forbade an atheist group to display posters of the Flying Spaghetti Monster at a student orientation conference and later banned the group from the conference, leading to complaints about interference with free speech.[105][106] The Students' Union subsequently apologized.[107]
In November 2014, the Church of the FSM obtained city signage in Templin, Germany, announcing the time of Friday's weekly Nudelmesse ("pasta mass"), alongside signage for various Catholic and Protestant Sunday services.[108]
Headgear in identity photos
A woman wearing a colander as Pastafarian headgear
In July 2011 Austrian pastafarian Niko Alm won the legal right to be shown in his driving license photo wearing a pasta strainer on his head, after three years spent pursuing permission and obtaining an examination certifying that he was psychologically fit to drive. He got the idea after reading that Austrian regulations allow headgear in official photos only when it is worn for religious reasons.[12][109][110] Some sources report that the colander in the form of pasta strainer, was recognised by Austrian authorities as a religious headgear of the parody religion Pastafarianism in 2011.[111][112] This was denied by Austrian authorities, saying that religious motives were not the reason to grant the permission of wearing the headgear in a passport.[113]
On August 9, 2011 the chairman of the church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster Germany, Rüdiger Weida, obtained a driver's license with a picture of him wearing a pirate bandana. In contrast to the Austrian officials in the case of Niko Alm the German officials allowed the headgear as a religious exception.[114][115]
Some anti-clerical protesters wore colanders to Piazza XXIV Maggio square in Milan, Italy, on June 2, 2012, in mock obedience to the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[116]
In February 2013, a Pastafarian was denied the right to wear a spaghetti strainer on his head for his driver's license photo by the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission, which stated that a pasta strainer was not on a list of approved religious headwear.[117]
In March 2013 a Belgian's identity photos were refused by the local and national administrations because he wore a pasta strainer on his head.[118]
The Czech Republic recognised this as religious headgear in 2013. In July that year, a member of the Czech Pirate Party from Brno was given permission to wear a pasta strainer on his head for the photograph on his official Czech Republic ID card.[119] The Brno City Hall spokesman explained, "The application complies with the laws...where headgear for religious or medical reasons is permitted if it doesn't hide the face".[120][121]
In August 2013 Eddie Castillo, a student at Texas Tech University, got approval to wear a pasta strainer on his head in his driver's license photo. He said, "You might think this is some sort of a gag or prank by a college student, but thousands, including myself, see it as a political and religious milestone for all atheists everywhere."[122]
Pastafarian protester wears a colander while showing an icon of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
In January 2014 a member of the Pomfret, New York Town Council wore a colander while taking the oath of office.[123][124][125]
In June 2014 a New Zealand man obtained a driver's license with a photograph of himself wearing a blue spaghetti strainer on his head. This was granted under a law allowing the wearing of religious headgear in official photos.[126]
In November 2014 former porn star Asia Carrera obtained an identity photo with the traditional Pastafarian headgear from a Department of Motor Vehicles office in Hurricane, Utah. The director of Utah's Driver License Division says that about a dozen Pastafarians have had their state driver's license photos taken with a similar pasta strainer over the years.[127]
In November 2015 Massachusetts resident Lindsay Miller was allowed to wear a colander on her head in her driver's license photo after she cited her religious beliefs. Miller (who resides in Lowell) said on Friday, November 13 that she "absolutely loves the history and the story" of Pastafarians, whose website says has existed in secrecy for hundreds of years and entered the mainstream in 2005.[128] Ms. Miller was represented in her quest by The American Humanist Association's Appignani Humanist Legal Center.[129]
In January 2016 Russian Pastafarian Andrew Filin got a driver's license with his photo in a colander.[130]
In 2016 in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Pastafarian and law student Mienke de Wilde petitioned the courts to be allowed to wear a colander in her driver's license photo.[131] She lost the petition, both at first instance [132] and on appeal.[8]
A man's Irish driving licence photograph including a colander was rejected by the Road Safety Authority (RSA) in 2013.[133] In 2016, an Equality Officer of the Workplace Relations Commission reviewed the RSA's decision under the Equal Rights Acts and upheld it, on the basis that the complaint did "not come within the definition of religion and/or religious belief".[133]
With regard to Henderson's 2005 open letter, according to Justin Pope of the Associated Press:
Between the lines, the point of the letter was this: there's no more scientific basis for intelligent design than there is for the idea an omniscient creature made of pasta created the universe. If intelligent design supporters could demand equal time in a science class, why not anyone else? The only reasonable solution is to put nothing into sciences classes but the best available science.
—  Justin Pope[62]
U.S. Army ID tag (dog tag) listing "Atheist/FSM" as the religious/belief system preference
Pope praised the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a clever and effective argument".[63] Simon Singh of the Daily Telegraph described the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a masterstroke, which underlined the absurdity of Intelligent Design", and applauded Henderson for "galvanis[ing] a defence of science and rationality".[31] Sarah Boxer of the New York Times said that Henderson "has wit on his side".[11] In addition, the Flying Spaghetti Monster was mentioned in an article footnote of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review as an example of evolution "enter[ing] the fray in popular culture", which the author deemed necessary for evolution to prevail over intelligent design.[134] The abstract of the paper, Evolutionary Controversy and a Side of Pasta: The Flying Spaghetti Monster and the Subversive Function of Religious Parody, describes the Flying Spaghetti Monster as "a potent example of how monstrous humor can be used as a popular tool of carnivalesque subversion".[39] Its author praised Pastafarianism for its "epistemological humility".[19] Moreover, Henderson's website contains numerous endorsements from the scientific community.[135] As Jack Schofield of The Guardian noted, "The joke, of course, is that it's arguably more rational than Intelligent Design."[136]
Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute, which promotes intelligent design, contested this, saying, "the problem for their logic is that ID is not an arbitrary explanation, because we have much experience with intelligent agents producing the type of informational complexity we see in nature."[137] Columnist Jeff Jacoby wrote in The Boston Globe that intelligent design "isn't primitivism or Bible-thumping or flying spaghetti. It's science."[138] This view of science, however, was rejected by the United States National Academy of Sciences.[139] Peter Gallings of Answers in Genesis, a Young Earth Creationist ministry said "Ironically enough, [Pastafarians], in addition to mocking God himself, are lampooning the Intelligent Design Movement for not identifying a specific deity—that is, leaving open the possibility that a spaghetti monster could be the intelligent designer... Thus, the satire is possible because the Intelligent Design Movement hasn't affiliated with a particular religion, exactly the opposite of what its other critics claim!"[140]
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^ Jansson, Arne Niklas. "Touched by His Noodly Appendage". Android Arts. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
^ "Profile of Arne Niklas Jansson". Android Arts. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
^ a b c d e Henderson, Bobby. "About". The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
^ a b Jones, Nicholas (February 26, 2016). "First Pastafarian celebrant can help couples get noodley knotted". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
^ a b c "NZ approves Pastafarian marriages". December 16, 2015 – via www.bbc.com.
^ "New Zealand stages first Pastafarian wedding on pirate boat". BBC. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
^ Wofford, Taylor (April 13, 2016). "Flying Spaghetti Monster Not Divine, Says Court". Newsweek. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
^ a b Henley, Jon (August 16, 2018). "Spaghetti injunction: Pastafarianism is not a religion, Dutch court rules". The Guardian. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
^ a b c d e "In the beginning there was the Flying Spaghetti Monster". The Daily Telegraph. London. September 11, 2005. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
^ a b c d e f g h Henderson, Bobby (2005). "Open Letter To Kansas School Board". Venganza.org. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007.
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^ "Flying Spaghetti Monster Inspires Wonky Religious Debate". Wired. Associated Press. November 20, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
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^ "Kiva Lending Team: Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". Kiva. Retrieved September 7, 2016. Loans, updated hourly.
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^ Fernandes, Phil (2009). "The New, Militant Atheism". The Atheist Delusion. Xulon Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-60791-582-9. Retrieved November 24, 2009. The new atheists have made their choice—apparently, no amount of evidence for God will change their minds. They claim that the existence of God is as ridiculous as the existence of a flying spaghetti monster.
^ John Chambliss (December 11, 2007). "Satirical Monsters More Competition for Darwin". The Ledger. Retrieved December 13, 2007.
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^ Atheists for Human Rights v. County of Washington, MN (D. Minn. 2015) ("Court holds case is mooted."). Text
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^ "Student punished for spaghetti beliefs". Metro. Associated Newspapers Ltd. March 29, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
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^ "24-09-2012:H Δίωξη Ηλεκτρονικού Εγκλήματος συνέλαβε 27χρονο ημεδαπό για κακόβουλη βλασφημία και καθύβριση θρησκευμάτων, μέσω του Facebook" [Cyber Crimes Division arrested 27-year-old local for malicious blasphemy and offense of religion, via Facebook] (in Greek). Greek Police. September 24, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
^ Fidalgo, Paul (September 28, 2012). ""Elder Pastitsios" Arrest Rekindles Debate on Blasphemy Laws in Greece". Center For Inquiry. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ ΔΗΜΑΡ: Με τη σύλληψη του "Παστίτσιου" το κράτος ακολουθεί τη Χρυσή Αυγή [Democratic Left: With the arrest of "Pastitsios" the State follows Golden Dawn] (in Greek). iefimerida. September 24, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ Ερώτηση ΣΥΡΙΖΑ στη Βουλή για τον "Γέροντα Παστίτσιο" [SYRIZA Questions Parliament on "Geron Pastitsios"] (in Greek). newsbomb.gr. September 26, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ Blogger supporters angry at blasphemy arrest in Greece. Athens, Greece: athensnewsweb. September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ Περιφορά Ιερού Σκηνώματος (τάβλα) Γέροντος Παστίτσιου στη χριστεπώνυμη συνοικία των Εξαρχείων (Procession of the Holy Relic (stiff) of Elder Pastitsios in the christian named Athenian neighborhood of Exarchia). Athens, Greece: risinggalaxy. September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Humor failure in Russia: Crackdown on 'Pastafarians' shows Kremlin-church ties - NBC News". NBC News.
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^ First they began gunning for The Gays, now religious Russian zealots are attacking ... Pastafarians. The Freethinker
^ "Russian riot police detain eight Pastafarians during 'pasta procession' in Moscow". August 18, 2013.
^ "Satirical spaghetti monster image banned by London South Bank University as 'religiously offensive'". February 10, 2014.
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^ Ian Dunt. "Union apologises for censoring atheist 'Spaghetti Monster' poster". politics.co.uk.
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^ BBC News, Austrian driver allowed 'pastafarian' headgear photo, July 14, 2011.
^ "Holy headgear! 'Pastafarian' wins legal fight". NBC News. July 14, 2011.
^ Der Standard, Innenministerium zu Nudelsieb am Kopf: Fall "Alm" bei Reisepässen möglich, July 15, 2011 ‹See Tfd›(in German)
^ Quass, Ursula (August 29, 2011). "Satire-Religion schlägt Behörden ein Schnippchen". Focus Online. Focus. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
^ Weida, Rüdiger. "Done". Kirche des fliegenden Spaghettimonsters Deutschland - Der Blog. Kirche des fliegenden Spaghettimonsters Deutschland e.V. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
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^ Tom Windey. "Limburger mag geen pastavergiet op zijn hoofd dragen voor pasfoto". De Morgen. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013.
^ Pirate Party of the Czech Republic website, accessed August 9, 2013.
^ Daily Mail Online, 'I'm a Pastafarian': Man who claims his religion forces him to wear a sieve on his head given permission to wear one on his official identity card picture, August 1, 2013.
^ Williams, Olivia (August 1, 2013). "'I'm a Pastafarian': Man who claims his religion forces him to wear a sieve on his head given permission to wear one on his official identity card picture". Mail Online. London. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
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^ Fox, Greg (January 3, 2014). "'Strainer' things have happened". The Observer, Dunkirk, NY. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
^ Pastafarian politician takes oath of office wearing colander on his head - Daily News, January 7, 2014.
^ Pastafarian minister Christopher Schaeffer is sworn into New York Town Council - The Independent, January 7, 2014.
^ Atheist, Friendly. "New Zealand Pastafarian Wears Colander in Driver's License Picture, Much to the Delight of Everyone".
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^ "Pastafarian Wins License Battle". November 13, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
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^ Publication of the court (Rechtbank Oost-Brabant): ECLI:NL:RBOBR:2017:762. February 15, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2017
^ a b "Equal Status Acts Decision No. DEC-S2016-018 ; Parties Noel Mulryan And Road Safety Authority". Home / Cases / 2016 / March. Workplace relations commission. March 9, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
^ Lee, Brendan (2006). "Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District: Teaching Intelligent Design in Public Schools" (PDF). Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. Harvard Law School. 41: 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
^ "Pass notes No 2,637 The Flying Spaghetti Monster". The Guardian. London. September 1, 2005. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
^ Schofield, Jack (August 20, 2005). "'Intelligent Design' and Pastafarianism". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
^ Luskin, Casey (August 13, 2008). "The Proper Rebuttal to the Flying Spaghetti Monster: Cartoon Satire on South Park". Evolution News & Views. Discovery Institute. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
^ Jacoby, Jeff (October 2, 2005). "The timeless truth of creation". The Boston Globe. Globe Newspaper Company. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
^ Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences (Second ed.), National Academy of Sciences, 1999, Creationism, intelligent design, and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life or of species are not science because they are not testable by the methods of science.
^ Gallings, Peter (January 22, 2008). "The Flying Spaghetti Monster: A harmless joke, a substantial misunderstanding, or a sacrilegious quasi-caricature of the one true God?". Answers in Genesis. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
Henderson, Bobby (2006). The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Villard Books. ISBN 0-8129-7656-8.
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Rose (Chee Chee) Murphy, a jazz pianist and singer whose birdlike high-pitched voice brought her fame, died on Thursday in St. John's Hospital in Queens. She was 76 years old and lived in St. Albans, Queens.
In the 1960's she performed regularly at the Cookery in Greenwich Village.


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Erik D. Prince is a US-born entrepreneur, philanthropist, Navy SEAL veteran and private equity investor with business interests in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and North America. A strong supporter of economic development in emerging markets, he is the founder and chairman of Frontier Resource Group, a private equity firm that invests in transformative natural resource projects. He is also the chairman of Frontier Services Group, a company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange that provides logistics and transportation services in Africa. Prior to establishing the Frontier Group of companies, Mr. Prince founded and ultimately sold Blackwater USA, a provider of global security, training and logistics solutions to the US Government and others, which he sold in 2010 and Presidential Airways, a global transportation company with over 70 aircraft operating in emerging markets. Mr. Prince is married and between himself and his wife Stacy enjoy raising 12 children. He was educated at Hillsdale College in Michigan and upon graduation joined the US Navy, where he served as a Navy SEAL officer until 1996. Mr. Prince’s philanthropic endeavors are focused on refugees, humanitarian relief and economic development. Mr. Prince’s career of extensive professional engagements throughout the world give him a unique perspective on developing economic trends, opportunities and risks to consider.
Blackwater USA – Daily Brief 6/6/19
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TAHIRA NISHTAR FCPS Assistant Professor Department of Radiology Post Graduate Medical Institute Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar CURRICULUM VITAE GENERAL INFORMATION Name	:	TAHIRA NISHTAR Father Name	:	Dr. TARIQ NISHTAR Date of Birth	:	17th Jan 1970 Marital status	:	Married Nationality	:	Pakistani Domicile	:	Peshawar Address	:	97 Defence Officers Colony, Khyber Road Peshawar, Pakistan Email	:	[email protected] EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION M.B.B.S	:	1993 KMC, University Of Peshawar FCPS	:	2005 College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan DISTINCTIONS Gold Medal	:	Medicine :	4th in Final Professional M.B.B.S PRESENT APPOINTMENT Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	Job Title	:	Assistant Professor Department	:	Dept of Radiology, PGMI, HMC Peshawar Duration	:	Oct 2008 - till Date PREVIOUS APPOINTMENT Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	Senior Registrar : Department of Radiology, PGMI,HMC Peshawar May 2006 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Oct 2008 Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	WMO	:	Department of Radiology, PGMI, HMC Peshawar Duration	:	Feb 2006 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ May 2006 Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	WMO	:	LRH, PGMI Peshawar Duration	:	August 2004 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 5 January 2006 Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	Incharge	:	Deptt of Radiology, Rehman Medical Institute Duration	:	April 2003 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ July 2004 Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	T.M.O	:	Deptt of Radiology PGMI, HMC Duration	:	March 1999 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ March 2003 Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	WMO	:	Deptt of Radiology KTH Peshawar Duration	:	May 1998 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ March 1999 Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	WMO	:	Deptt of Radiology PGMI, HMC Duration	:	Dec 1997 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ May 1998 Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	WMO	:	MCH centre rural Academy (Periphery) Duration	:	Dec 1996 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dec 1997 Ã¢â‚¬Â¢	WMO	:	Medical A ward LRH SHS (School Health Services) Duration	:	Dec 1995 Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dec 1996 PRESENTATIONS 1.	Presented a paper at 9th International Radiological Conference + 4th International Biennial Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Conference. (7th Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 9th Dec 2007). 2.	Presented a paper at 18th Biennial Congress of ATCSA from 26th Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 28th Nov 2007 at Bali Indonesia. 3.	Presented a paper at 4th Biennial International Conference on Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery Rawalpindi Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Pakistan 16th Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 19th Dec 2002. PUBLICATIONS 1.	Schizencephaly - Presenting As Seizure Disorder. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute. Vol. 22 No. 04 October Ã¢â‚¬â€œ December 2008. 2.	Wandering Spleen with Torsion and Resultant infarction : A Case Report. Vol. 22 No. 02 April Ã¢â‚¬â€œ June 2008. 3.	Role of CT in Mediastinal Masses. Pakistan Journal of Radiology. Vol. 14, No 1, 2003. 4.	Use of CT Thorac & upper Abdomen for pre-operative staging of Carcinoma Esophagus, Peshawar Experience of 359 cases, PJCTS vol 5, No 1>4 2006. 5.	Surgical Management of Pulmonary Aspergillioma Peshawar experience of 45 patients. Pakistan Journal of Chest Medicine. Vol 11, No 4, 2005. 6.	Six months follow-up study of two hundred cases of Trans Thoracic Oesophagectomies. Journal of Post Graduate Medical Institute. Vol 19, No 4, 2005. 7.	Management of Empyema Thoracis, Peshawar experience of 450 patients, Annals of King Edwards Medical College, vol 11, No 4, 2005. 8.	Diaphragmatic injuries, A retrospective analysis of 50 patients. Annals of King Edwards Medical College, vol 11, No 4, 2005. 9.	Esophagectomy for Carcinoma Esophagus Peshawar experience of 270 cases in 4 years, Annals of King Edwards Medical College, vol 12, issue 4, 2006. 10.	Determinants of success of Decortication Escalapio, vol 2, issue 1, April Ã¢â‚¬â€œ June 2006. 11.	Two years Audit of Geriartic Thoracic Surgery at Cardiovascular Dept at Peshawar. Pakistan Journal of chest Medicine 2006. 12.	Surgical Management of Pericardial Disease, Annals of King Edwards Medical College, vol 12, No 2, April Ã¢â‚¬â€œ June 2006. 13.	Management of patients with Esophageal Atresia with or without Tracheoesophageal Fistula, a 7 Years Experience Annals of King Edward Medical College Vol. 11. No. 4, Oct Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dec 2005.


Lotion Micellar (No Rinse Make-Up Remover) gently cleanses and removes make-up from skin and eyes. The formulation uses gentle cleansing agents (micells) and specific active ingredients to soften (Cornflower), soothe (Chamomile) and tone (Witch hazel). Skin is instantly rehydrated, softer and toned.


Turmeric and coffee are the new tasty combination to offer a low calorie and delicious alternative to the usual latte. Turmeric is a perennial herb native to India and due to its many health benefits is high on our list of healthy plant foods.
Turmeric’s anti-inflammatory properties help to reduce the redness in our skin and helps to prevent irritation. Its anti-bacterial properties help to protect us against wrinkles too – bonus!
Turmeric contains a compound called curcumin which has medicinal properties. This helps to protect against Alzheimer’s disease and can increase our overall memory function.
There have also been studies to show that turmeric helps relieve depression. Curcumin has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties which help to regulate hormones and any changes to the production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin.
Attention all gym-buddies, you have a turmeric latte to drink. Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory properties have been proven to help relieve delayed muscle pain and arthritis or joint pain.
Milk of your choice. We love the rude health range with its huge selection of alternative milk drinks. Try their coconut one for this recipe!
Wunder workshop turmeric latte blend, this stuff is truly delicious!
aerolatte® milk frother, get ready for the frothiest milk.
Fill your mug half way with milk, add 1 tsp of turmeric latte blend. Mix it with the frother for a couple of seconds before putting your mug in the microwave. Heat your milk for around 50 seconds for the frothiest result.
Once your milk has heated, it’s time for frothing! Place the whisk head in the centre, towards the base of the mug and switch on your frother. Continue to move in a circular motion whilst gradually raising the whisk towards the surface of the mug for the frothiest result.
Lastly, take a photo for your #turmerictuesday posts and enjoy sipping on your turmeric latte!
Want to share this with us? We love seeing your drinks! Follow us or get in touch using the handles below.


On MDsave, the cost of a CRP in Siloam Springs, Arkansas, is $28. Those on high deductible health plans or without insurance can shop, compare prices and save. Read more about how it works.


There is power in simplicity.
For more than 15 years, we started the simple discipline of picking a one word theme for the year. That is right—ONE WORD. Not a phrase, not a statement, just a ONE WORD vision for the year. And to this point, it has been nothing short of life-changing.
We drift toward complexity but drive toward simplicity.
As time goes by, life gets complicated. Stuff piles up, and we become overwhelmed. We look back on the year and say, “Did I get anything accomplished?” If you are like us, you have done your fair share of goal-setting at the start of each new year. You begin to feel guilty as you fall short in your ambitious plans.
Narrow the focus the greater impact.
We need to be intentional and bring clarity to our life, family, calling, work, relationships, marriage and our walk with God. We need some grit to cut through all the junk and bring simplicity to our lives. Trust me; no one is going to do it for you! Reach deep into your soul and drink deep from the well of tenacity. Get a ONE WORD vision for 2012 that produces passion!
So, let's get to the practical side of the ONE WORD vision.There are are seven steps below to help you discover your ONE WORD. Keep in mind that the process takes time, but that it is worth it. Whether you are an athlete, coach, parent or business leader, this process can facilitate breakthrough for you in every area of your life.
1. Prepare your heart through prayer and fasting.
Spend time in prayer and ask God to reveal the ONE WORD to you. Remember, you do not pick the word, but God reveals to you what He wants to teach you in the coming year. Spend extended time in prayer and even consider fasting.
While reading your Bible, ask the Lord to highlight or bring to your attention a verse or story. This provides great insight and will help you ground your word in the Word of God. Commit that verse or passage to memory.
3. Evaluate all of your roles.
Each of us plays many different roles in life (e.g., athlete, coach, parent, spouse, leader, athlete, friend, sibling etc.). As you pray and think through those roles, pay attention to what God shows you. This step will help you understand the lives you impact and those that impact you. What is it that God wants to take hold of in your life and use for His glory? What area of your life do you need to surrender? What character trait does God want to develop within you? Which fruit of the Spirit does He want you to live out?
4. Do NOT seek counsel from others.
Seeking advice from godly counsel regarding issues or problems in your life is essential, but we would highly recommend not asking for ONE WORD ideas from friends, spouses or accountability partners. Everyone will give you an opinion, but you aren't seeking their opinions. You're not even seeking your own opinion. You're seeking God's opinion.
5. Ask God for the ONE WORD.
Ask God for the word. Just as Samuel said, "Speak, Lord, your servant is listening," you need to humble yourself and ask God to drop the word into your heart, mind and soul. Be open and willing. The word can be a fruit of the Spirit (kindness, faithfulness), attribute of God (holiness, mercy), discipline (prayer, memorization), person (spouse, child), biblical principle (harvest, stewardship), spiritual focus (devotion, intimacy, passion), character trait (commitment, perseverance), values (integrity, teamwork) or characteristic of Christ (serving, humility). Listen for the Lord's prompting.
6. Share your word with trusted people.
Once you have your ONE WORD, it is important to share it with your best friend, husband or wife, accountability partner or pastor. Prayerfully consider who you need to share your word with. Ask them to pray for you and to hold you accountable so that God can do His work in you.
7. Live out your ONE WORD.
As you begin to live out your word on a daily basis, be sensitive to the Lord's leading. Be open to learning more as He reveals Scripture, quotes and books for you to use. Keep a journal and write down the insights and lessons throughout the year.


Joseph Plumb Martin
Home › Learn › Articles › Joseph Plumb Martin
Voice of the Common American Soldier
Unlike in the years after the Civil War, when soldiers by the thousands published their wartime memoirs, soldiers who fought during the War for Independence rarely published their personal narratives. However, one did and his memoir, published in 1830, is considered a classic as well as a useful tool for historians in understanding the life of the common soldier in the Continental Army. At the age of 70, Joseph Plumb Martin took up the pen and wrote A Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers, and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier, Interspersed with Anecdotes of Incidents that Occurred Within His Own Observations. The book never gained a wide readership at the time and Martin died twenty years later. His story was lost to the dustbin of history.
The book was rediscovered more than a century later, and it was republished in 1962 as Private Yankee Doodle. Like many memoirs, it cannot be taken at face value, and some historians believe that Martin embellished his tale by adding fanciful descriptions of various actions. However, many Revolutionary War re-enactors consider it a crucial primary source from which to draw inspiration in order to perform effective first person interpretation of the average soldier in Washington’s Army. Also setting Martin’s history of the war apart from other accounts is that it is a narrative from someone in the ranks. Readers freeze with Martin at Valley Forge and they share his other privations. Hunger was a constant companion. This is not a heroic account of the war by one of its icons, like Washington, Knox, or Greene. Martin’s heroism is rooted in the experience endured by the common soldier, the backbone of the American Continental Army. “Suffering” is a not-so-quiet theme of Martin’s narrative.
When Martin first entered the war at age 15, he was a Private. By the time the war concluded at Yorktown in 1781, he had risen to the rank of Sergeant in the Continental Army. He was 22 and he had grown up quick in army life.
Born in Western Massachusetts but raised principally by his grandparents in Connecticut, Martin was itching to serve the colonial cause when fighting erupted at Lexington and Concord. Like any rambunctious teenager, he wanted to get into the fight. When his grandparents refused him permission to enlist, he threatened to run away and join up with American maritime privateers waging war on the high seas against the British Navy. Reluctantly, his grandparents gave in, and soon Martin found himself a member of the Connecticut State Troops in 1776. Martin saw action during the lopsided British victory on Long Island in August of that year and continued his first tour of duty, seeing combat throughout the subsequent New York Campaign at Harlem Heights and White Plains. He returned home in early winter 1776.
The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown
Boredom caught up with him while back in Connecticut and he reenlisted in April 1777, this time planning to stick it out for the duration of the war as a member of the 8th Connecticut Regiment, also known as the 17th Continental Regiment. During the remainder of his service he saw action at Germantown and the siege of Fort Mifflin, endured the encampments of Valley Forge and Morristown, fought at the Battle of Monmouth and participated in the Siege of Yorktown, witnessing at the end of that campaign the surrender of Cornwallis's army.
By the time he reached Yorktown he had been promoted to Sergeant and was attached to a unit of sappers who first dug Washington’s parallel of entrenchments placing Cornwallis’ army under siege and then cleared the way for the Continental Army to assault British Redoubt Number 10, which forced the British hand. His account of the assault on Redoubt Number 10 is compelling as it is insightful:
“At dark the detachment was formed and advanced beyond the trenches and lay down on the ground to await the signal for advancing to the attack, which was to be three shells from a certain battery near where we were lying. All the batteries in our line were silent, and we lay anxiously waiting for the signal. The two brilliant planets, Jupiter and Venus, were in close contact in the western hemisphere, the same direction that the signal was to be made in. When I happened to cast my eyes to that quarter, which was often, and I caught a glance of them, I was ready to spring on my feet, thinking they were the signal for starting. Our watchword was “Rochambeau,” the commander of the French forces' name, a good watchword, for being pronounced Ro-sham-bow, it sounded, when pronounced quick, like rush-on-boys.
“We had not lain here long before the expected signal was given, for us and the French, who were to storm the other redoubt, by the three shells with their fiery trains mounting the air in quick succession. The word up, up, was then reiterated through the detachment. We immediately moved silently on toward the redoubt we were to attack, with unloaded muskets. Just as we arrived at the abatis, the enemy discovered us and directly opened a sharp fire upon us. We were now at a place where many of our large shells had burst in the ground, making holes sufficient to bury an ox in. The men, having their eyes fixed upon what was transacting before them, were every now and then falling into these holes. I thought the British were killing us off at a great rate. At length, one of the holes happening to pick me up, I found out the mystery of the huge slaughter.
“As soon as the firing began, our people began to cry, “The fort’s our own!” and it was “Rush on boys.” The Sappers and Miners soon cleared a passage for the infantry, who entered it rapidly. Our Miners were ordered not to enter the fort, but there was no stopping them. “We will go,” said they. “Then go to the d ——— ,” said the commanding officer of our corps, “if you will.” I could not pass at the entrance we had made, it was so crowded. I therefore forced a passage at a place where I saw our shot had cut away some of the abatis; several others entered at the same place. While passing, a man at my side received a ball in his head and fell under my feet, crying out bitterly. While crossing the trench, the enemy threw hand grenades (small shells) into it. They were so thick that I at first thought them cartridge papers on fire, but was soon undeceived by their cracking. As I mounted the breastwork, I met an old associate hitching himself down into the trench. I knew him by the light of the enemy’s musketry, it was so vivid. The fort was taken and all quiet in a very short time. Immediately after the firing ceased, I went out to see what had become of my wounded friend and the other that fell in the passage. They were both dead. In the heat of the action I saw a British soldier jump over the walls of the fort next the river and go down the bank, which was almost perpendicular and twenty or thirty feet high. When he came to the beach he made off for the town, and if he did not make good use of his legs I never saw a man that did.”
After Yorktown, Martin accompanied Washington’s Army back to New York and he left the service when the British evacuated New York and the Continental Army mustered out.
For a while he taught school in New York, but eventually settled in Maine where he got married in 1794 to Lucy Clewley. That same year he became embroiled in a testy land dispute with former Continental Army Chief of Artillery Henry Knox. Martin lost the dispute and as a result lost land. A personal appeal to Knox fell on deaf ears. Together with his wife, he eked out an existence farming on the little parcel of land that remained his and had five children.
Like many Continental Army veterans, Martin repeatedly struggled to receive a pension, which had been promised by Congress. His was finally approved in 1818 and for the rest of his life he received $96 a year for payment of his service to the new nation. His idea to write his memoir may have been driven in part to secure additional financial support. By the time he was granted his pension, he was destitute and penniless. Visitors to Valley Forge National Historical Park can stroll the perimeter of Washington’s famous encampment site by walking the Joseph Plumb Martin Trail.
The Fighting Man of the Continental Army


Sunday QTMs for 5/24/15: GUESS WHAT GOD WAS CARRYING FOR ME?
QTMs for 5/19/15: WHAT WERE YOU THINKING?
QTMs for 5/8/15: CAST OFF, ME HEARTYS!


We spent the Sunday before the 4th of July at Frank's (Reggi's brother) home, his two sons John & Matt, Matt's wife Natalie & our grand Niece Parker, Connie Mae (Frank's wife) and her kids (Sherri, Michele, Garret and Steve) and their families. We had a great time, Matt cooked wings and John cooked ribs, hot dogs and hamburgers. we definitely ate more than we should have. we had a great time.


A few weeks ago the Hong Kong newspaper South China Morning Post started asking itself why although facing high rents and thin margins, European chefs seem uninterested in stopping opening restaurants in the city.
According to the Hong Kong daily, "Europe's fragile economy has led a number of its culinary talent to seek more attractive rewards" abroad, especially as far as France, Italy and Spain, the key exporters of concepts and cooking talent, are concerned.
Luca Piazza, for instance, is an Italian chef who recently decided to open his own place in Kennedy Town, a district where until a few years ago only a few foreigners (and I was among them) would have entered.
Although it is true that the global financial crisis is pushing, sometimes forcing, many Italians to move abroad to find a job, it is also true that Hong Kong is a city where betting on a good restaurant is (almost) always successful. Standards are very high, so improvised chefs may find it hard to make their business fruitful there, but for those who know how to cook and serve good food, Hong Kong is definitely one of the best destinations for investments.


Tuesday, April 30, 2013

Hello~~ How are you readers ? I spent my weekend in my hometown (well... one of my hometowns) in order to participate at the first Tea Party organized in south of France by Rouge Dentelle & Rose Ruban. How great !! The Tea Party took place in a beautiful hotel's event room, it was gorgeous : perfect for lolita. The event was named « Le Printemps des Princesses » (Princesses' Spring), so as you're guessing, there was a lot of flowers, butterflies and shades of pink.

I wanted a spring outfit without any flower and pink color (is that even possible ?? haha). I finally went for a cloud/feather theme, maybe you can't see from there but there are stars on my socks and feathers on my shoes. The silver socks are matching with the ribbons of the Misty Sky lavender JSK, but I really need some more silver accessories to match with this coordination ! I was thinking about one of those big MILK heart bag, the silver one would be super cute~ But stop talking about things I don't have, and let's give way to pictures of this amazing moment.

Diana and Léonie at the left : their coordinations were so pretty, I hate myself not to have a head-to-toe picture
Iris at the right : Her antlers were amazing, weren't they ?! She was such a beautiful spring deer !

Tiya (left) and Tro-tro (right) were so cute ! They know how to strike a pose, haha.

I was so happy to meet again my dear friends from south of France, it was a long time I didn't see them. I also met a lot of new people, that I heard about on Facebook or by friends. The Tea Party lasted four hours, but that was still to short to talk to everybody... I hope I will be able to do so next time ! I don't even have a picture of everyone. I'm so mad at me, I wanted to do a beautiful and nice report. I'm so used to stole pictures from other people that I didn't use a lot my father's camera that he lent me (yep, you can hit me).

Despite the bad weather we managed to take some photographs outside (before the rain comes again) and finally got back to the event room for the tombola (Wendy was the lucky winner !). The Tea Party officially ended at 6PM, bit by bit the girls left, in order to go back to their hometown or their hotel. It really was an amazing day, I couldn't even be more happy to meet my friends in south of France and spend all the day with them.

Tiya slept at my house for the week-end, it was a great opportunity to get to know more about her : what a shame she's moving to Toulon when I'm finally living in Paris, but well, we spent already nice moments together and we will see soon~~ (Distance is irrelevant in lolita, haha). After a diner with some of the girls, we went home, talking a long time : that was quite a perfect day !

I'm now again in Paris and I really can't wait to back to my hometown in order to see my friends !

Some of the photographs belong to Pom' and the polaroids belong to Iris,

Monday, April 29, 2013

Hey guys ! It's been a long time, isn't it ? Ah... I've been taking my final exams for a a few weeks, but well, it will be over soon. In the meantime, I had a few posts late, especially about Disney and lolita ! We went again to Disney in February, this time Marie (Tuonetar) could join us : it was the first time I met her !

The theme was « Black & Gold ». Yeah, because as you can see we really love themes. That's always funny to see how we bring the theme to our own style, we end up with very different coordinations ! We took pictures mainly at the Phantom Manor's cemetery : it's a really nice and not-crowded place, plus it was matching with the theme !

They were so gorgeous, isn't it ?! We picked the theme hastily, but they managed to wear amazing outfits. Well well... That was a a bit easier for some of us, as they mainly wear black clothes, haha. I wasn't sure what I should wear for this meet-up, but since I don't have a lot of black pieces I hadn't a wide range of choices.

Disneyland was a bit more crowded than the last time we went, but it was still enjoyable. We were stuck in the Crush's Coaster during two hours ! How long it was ! It's the only coaster without fastpass, so we had to queuing during a long time and finally it was our turn when... the coaster turned down ! But we finally could do it after long minutes of patience.

As usual that was a very great day, full of joy and funny moments, though it was still Winter so... cold weather was here too. I can't wait to go to Disney with a sunny and enjoyable weather !

Hello, my name is Mila de Bois !ヽ(*・ω・)ﾉ I'm 19 years old. I'm a lolita, and a japanese kawaii fashions' fan from Paris. My blog is for sure filled with sweets, love, a bit of vodka and a lot of hot chocolates.


Dr. Samira Alejos is an Optometric Glaucoma Specialist and Therapeutic Optometrist. She grew up here in Austin and attended Texas State University earning a Bachelor of Business Administration in marketing.
Dr. Alejos received her Doctor of Optometry degree from the University of the Incarnate Word Rosenberg School of Optometry in San Antonio where she also completed internships in hospital based optometry at the San Antonio VA Medical Center. Other internships at private eye care clinics throughout Texas allowed her to improve her skills in her special areas of interest including contact lenses, LASIK and other refractive surgery, as well as diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases.
Dr. Alejos is a member of the American Optometric Association, Texas Optometric Association and Central Texas Optometric Society. She enjoys spending time with her husband and her two children.


Review finds that exercise is one of the best ways to prevent falls
The incidence of falls is expected to continue rising
Falls are one of the biggest problems that older adults face. Data has shown that approximately 36% of adults over the age of 65 will experience a fall every year, and each one of these accidents can have serious implications. Not only can a fall result in a serious injury or death, but older individuals that do fall go on to have more anxiety and depression, and a reduced quality of life as a result. The world's population is also aging, which means that the incidence of falls is expected to continue rising with it. This shows why it's so important to identify methods that will help prevent falls among older persons. Many prevention methods are available and a great deal of research has been conducted on this subject, but a comprehensive review that ranks all of these methods is yet to be performed. With this in mind, a team of researchers conducted a powerful pair of studies called a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine which interventions were most effective for preventing falls in older adults.
Four medical databases searched for relevant studies
The team of researchers performed a search of four major medical databases for studies that evaluated the effectiveness of fall-prevention programs for the elderly. This led to 1,210 articles being screened and 283 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) being accepted. RCTs are high-quality individual studies that are considered the gold standard for determining how well a treatment or intervention works. Once collected, the data from each of these RCTs were analyzed and compared to one another to detect trends and develop conclusions on the most beneficial fall-prevention programs. Researchers also assessed the quality of studies, which helped them gauge how reliable their results were.
Exercise consistently found to reduce the risk for falling
A total of 54 RCTs with 39 different interventions focused on the risk of falls that caused injury, and the findings from these studies showed that some of the most effective interventions for reducing this risk included exercise, vision assessment, and environmental assessment and modification. Another 158 RCTs with 77 interventions focused on the number of fallers, and once again, exercise was amongst the most effective strategies for reducing this figure. Other positive interventions included orthotic devices, dietary modifications and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Most of the included RCTs had a low risk of bias, which means their quality was high and their findings could be consistently relied upon. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that exercise is one of the best possible methods for reducing the risk for falling and the number of falls in the elderly population. Other interventions like dietary and home-based modifications, vision assessments, orthotics and supplements also appear to be helpful and may be recommended in addition to exercise. Older adults who may be at risk for falling are therefore encouraged to visit a physical therapist for an exercise treatment program. These programs are based on patients' needs and abilities, and when followed, can help reduce the risk of falls and keep seniors safer.
- As reported in the November '17 issue of JAMA


Some believe that the Bernese Mountain Dog is a cheapie, but it does not. Some FanumFortunae are known for their many qualities. And the fact that they live with several owners confirms that … bad blood does not mind !!
Otto conducts surface research collaborating with the Italian Red Cross On the images he is still a puppy while is following the training. Otto is hoisted from the ground: these dogs must also learn to remain suspended attached to a helicopter.
Gandolfo and Mago are still too young to various patents, but they are following a path that will force us to update this page quickly. Gandolfo and Mago are already measuring to become dog “TUTOR”, and, despite their young age, they have helped some dogs to find the right balance already. At theDogs Olimpic Games 2012, Gandolfo has won first place (large size category) in the Dips discipline, leaving behind dogs with a licensed water rescue.
The young Magò has left stunned the timekeeper of Dog-O Orienteering trail discipline gaining the gold medal to Olimpic Games 2012 Dog! Faster than light!!!
Congratulations to Gloria (Play It Again of FanumFortunae) and his mistress Eva Guidobono !! They are now member of Police Canine Unit, volunteers section of Bologna and they are engaged in various activities.
Anybody interested in a puppy to approach any discipline, is invited to comunicate this, so that we can better evaluate what could be the most suitable subject.


Wide and varied collection of the very popular 8×6 trench box available. Kundel has this box in both steel and aluminum styles. If you are looking for something modular, then the aluminum 8×6 trench box would be the way to go. If you want something more durable, then the steel 8×6 trench box is your solution.


The event launched a critical dialogue about what connectivity means to Indigenous communities and how to ensure Alaska Native, American Indian, Inuit, First Nations, and Métis communities have affordable, high-quality, and sustainable Internet access. Speaker and participant testimonials highlighted the vital correlation between connectivity and socio-economic benefits, including self- determination and autonomy, culture and language preservation, economic development, health, education and employment. There was a general consensus that community networks are an ideal path for Indigenous communities to empower themselves and drive their own connectivity solutions.
Creative connectivity solutions that focus on sustainability.
An enabling environment of supportive policies, funding opportunities and public education.
Capacity building and education within communities.
Easier access to spectrum for Indigenous communities.
Collaborative backhaul solutions founded on future-proof technology.
Research on the state of Indigenous connectivity across North America.
Videos of the presentations and discussion are available at Internet Society’s livestream channel at livestream.com/internetsociety/indigenet17.
The 2018 Indigenous Connectivity Summit (ICS) was held in Inuvik, Northwest Territories (NT) on October 11 to 12, 2018 to find solutions to ensure Indigenous communities across North America can connect to fast, affordable, and reliable Internet.


There are 7 photos for this trigpoint (view album).
Is ranked joint 19045th with 59 other trigs (more).
See 2 more in the album.
I walked down from Tinshill Water Tower, BM hunting along the way.Got the Cut Mark on N ang of the hall, off into Leeds next for a spot of Christmas shopping for a few of the Mrs & kids presents. Merry Christmas everyone have a good one.
SE44 T009 BOLT. A small tower. A conference centre and hotel. Access to bolt not sought.


Comments: Last U2 gig in New Zealand for over 13 years. Bono personally selected 3Ds, a band from the southern New Zealand city of Dunedin, to be the support act. It was the 3Ds' biggest concert ever, but when an associate of the band pilfered a bottle of wine from U2's dressing room, the concert promoter angrily told 3Ds that they would not get paid for the gig. Bono, however, was in the room at the time and insisted that the 3Ds get paid double - and receive an extra bottle of wine.
On the third leg of the Elevation Tour (Philadelphia 11/2/01) Bono said the song 'Please' is about people shrinking God down to their level.


Sand drum is basically used to grind different materials or you can say to smooth a material.
*Grit is like the smoothness of a sand paper larger the number, smoother is the sand paper.
A lil big in diameter so might not get into smaller places.
* You can take out the magnet and the metal ring that is inside that fan blade. I kept it as its of no use to me at the moment and its keeping the wheel strong as well.


Limited Time: Enjoy Laundry Leisure for $25 (regularly $32.95) when you spend $40 or more.
Let’s get ready to tumble.
Make the most out of laundry day with this freshening set. Soften and refresh fabrics with a dryer duo, sweet spray and a machine-friendly mesh pouch for your delicates.
Includes Sweet Sheets Fresh Laundry Blend (0.3 fl oz), Wool Dryer Balls x 3 and Sweet Sheets Linen & Fabric Spray (6.8 fl oz).
Apply 5-7 drops (or as needed) of the laundry blend to each wool dryer ball, before tossing into dryer and beginning preferred cycle.
Dryer balls last up to 2 years and are quieter than plastic dryer balls, add blend as needed.
Hold canister upright and mist 4-5 pumps onto linens and fabrics depending on your preference.
Dispense more for larger pieces of fabric.
Not for topical use. Do not put directly on fabrics.
Keep out of reach of children. If accidentally swallowed, seek urgent care or call poison control.
Not for topical use. Avoid eyes, mucous membranes and skin; if contact occurs, rinse with vegetable oil.
Contains phototoxic lemon essential oil; if accidental skin contact occurs, do not sun tan/use tanning beds for 3-4 days.
Consult a health care practitioner before use if pregnant/breastfeeding.
If allergic reaction occurs, stop use and call a health care practitioner.
Our wool dryer balls are made for fair wages in Nepal from ethically sourced, cruelty-free New Zealand wool. Shearing helps to keep sheep clean and comfortable in the warmer seasons when their heavy wool can cause overheating.
A cotton mesh bag for your delicates to wash with your laundry.
Use the mesh bag for your delicates and wash with your laundry in cold water on the gentle cycle.
Add 5-10 drops of Sweet Sheets to each dryer ball before beginning your drying cycle. The blend will last up to approximately 5 loads of laundry before it’s time to reapply.
#SAJETIP: Add 15-25 drops to your unscented detergent before beginning your wash cycle.
Toss all 3 dryer balls into your dryer with clothes. This will reduce drying time and soften fabrics the quiet, all-natural and gentle way!
#SajeTip: Mix and match your laundry’s aroma with diffuser blends like Exhale, Mountain High or Rain Forest. To learn more about our wool dryer balls, visit our FAQs.
Spritz your linens and fabrics as often as you’d like to keep them feeling fresh with Sweet Sheets Spray.