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As part of an ongoing worldwide effort to comprehend and monitor insect biodiversity, we present the BIOSCAN-5M Insect dataset to the machine learning community. BIOSCAN-5M is a comprehensive dataset containing multi-modal information for over 5 million insect specimens,
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and it significantly expands existing image-based biological datasets by including taxonomic labels, raw nucleotide barcode sequences, assigned barcode index numbers, geographical information, and specimen size.
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### Large-Scale Foundation Model Training
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#### BIOSCAN-5M is partitioned to support both closed-world and open-world biodiversity learning:
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- **Closed-world (train, val, test):**
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Samples with known species names for supervised classification.
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- **Open-world (key_unseen, val_unseen, test_unseen):**
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Placeholder species but known genera, enabling generalization to unseen species.
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- **Novelty detection (other_heldout):**
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Unknown species and genus, suitable for open-set detection.
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- **Pretraining (pretrain):**
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Unlabeled data for self- or semi-supervised learning at scale.
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#### Supported Tasks
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- **Task I: DNA-based Taxonomic Classification**
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Predict taxonomic labels from raw DNA barcode sequences.
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- **Task II: Zero-Shot Transfer Learning**
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Evaluate whether unlabeled models can organize data into semantically meaningful clusters—across modalities like image and DNA—using learned representations.
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- **Task III: Multimodal Retrieval Learning**
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Retrieve matching specimens across modalities (e.g., image ↔ DNA ↔ Text) using shared embeddings.
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### Citation
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If you make use of the BIOSCAN-5M dataset and/or its code repository, please cite the following paper:
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## Dataset features via metadata fields
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As part of an ongoing worldwide effort to comprehend and monitor insect biodiversity, we present the BIOSCAN-5M Insect dataset to the machine learning community. BIOSCAN-5M is a comprehensive dataset containing multi-modal information for over 5 million insect specimens,
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and it significantly expands existing image-based biological datasets by including taxonomic labels, raw nucleotide barcode sequences, assigned barcode index numbers, geographical information, and specimen size.
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### Citation
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If you make use of the BIOSCAN-5M dataset and/or its code repository, please cite the following paper:
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}
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```
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## Large-Scale Foundation Model Training
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#### Dataset Partitions
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| Partition | Description |
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|------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| **Closed-world**<br>(train, val, test) | Samples with known species names for supervised classification. |
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| **Open-world**<br>(key_unseen, val_unseen, test_unseen) | Placeholder species names but known genera, enabling generalization to unseen species. |
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| **Novelty Detection**<br>(other_heldout) | Unknown species and genus, suitable for open-set detection. |
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| **Pretraining**<br>(pretrain) | Unlabeled data for self-/semi-supervised learning at scale. |
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#### Supported Tasks
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| Task | Description |
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|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| **Task I**<br>DNA-based Taxonomic Classification | Predict taxonomic labels from raw DNA barcode sequences. |
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| **Task II**<br>Zero-Shot Transfer Learning | Evaluate whether unlabeled models can semantically cluster data—across modalities like image and DNA—using learned representations. |
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| **Task III**<br>Multimodal Retrieval Learning | Retrieve matching specimens across modalities (e.g., image ↔ DNA ↔ text) via shared embeddings. |
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## Dataset features via metadata fields
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