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Jaketići () is a village in the municipality of Bratunac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. References Villages in Republika Srpska Populated places in Bratunac
William Arthur Cristall (September 12, 1875 - January 28, 1939) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played with the Cleveland Indians in 1901. Cristall batted and threw left-handed. His playing height and weight were listed as 5 foot 7 inches and 145 lbs. He was Jewish. Baseball career Cristall made his major league debut on September 3, 1901. His time in the major leagues was short, as he only started and pitched in six career games. His career numbers were not so impressive, as his win-loss record would be 1–5, although he did pitch 5 complete games and his one win was a shutout. Although he had very few at bats, he was a respectable hitter, especially for a pitcher, as he had 7 hits in 20 at-bats, including two hits for triples, and finished with a career .350 batting average. Cristall finished his career with a fielding percentage of .957, making only one error in his six starts. His last game would be on September 28, 1901. He was the first professional baseball player to be born in Ukraine, and is one of only three players in Major League history, (the other two being Reuben Ewing and Izzy Goldstein) to have been born in Ukraine. He is also the only Ukrainian baseball player to record a victory, a strikeout, a walk, a win, a loss, a complete game, a shutout, and a hit batter in major league history. He died on January 28, 1939, in Buffalo, New York. References External links 1875 births 1939 deaths American expatriate baseball players in Canada American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent Appleton Papermakers players Albany Senators players Alton Blues players Chatham Reds players Cleveland Blues (1901) players Evansville River Rats players Hamilton Blackbirds players Harrisburg Senators players Jewish American baseball managers Jewish American baseball players Jewish Major League Baseball players Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball players from Ukraine Memphis Egyptians players Minor league baseball managers Montgomery Senators players New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players Oakland Clamdiggers players Oswego Grays players Rome Romans players Jews from the Russian Empire Ukrainian Jews Schenectady Electricians players Scranton Miners players Sportspeople from Odesa Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players Toledo Mud Hens players Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players Troy Trojans (minor league) players Williamsport Millionaires players Woodstock Bains players Worcester Farmers players Bay City Wolves players
第十二夜可以指： 主显节前夕 第十二夜 (戲劇)，莎士比亚的戏剧 第十二夜 (小说)，中國大陸作家铁凝的小说 十二夜 (香港電影) 十二夜 (臺灣電影)
靖安乡可以指：
中國漁船與日本巡邏船釣魚島相撞事件是指发生于2010年9月7日的日本海上保安廳巡視船在钓鱼岛海域与中国大陸渔船发生冲撞，并将中国船长詹其雄扣押的事件。 冲撞发生后，中華人民共和國外交部副部长约见日本驻华大使，要求日方停止非法的拦截行动。日本海上保安厅则决定以嫌疑妨碍公务罪逮捕这艘中国渔船的船长，同时以涉嫌违反日本《渔业法》为由对该船展开调查。雖然其後保安廳9月13日釋放了14名中國船員，但石垣簡易法院批准，將中國漁船船長詹其雄的拘留期限再次延長10天至29日。中華人民共和国強烈抗議。事件導致中日關係惡化，中華人民共和國採取反制措施。溫家寶9月21日在紐約以強硬措詞「敦促日方立即無條件放人」。日本外務省在9月23日證實，中國當局拘留藤田（）建設公司4名職員，雖然日本官方聲稱無關釣魚台，但是日本媒體質疑此為中華人民共和國政府的報復措施。 中國漁船船長於9月24日獲釋； 而被捕的3名藤田職員亦隨後獲釋，並承認違反中國法律及表示悔過。最终日本人高桥定也被释放。日本扣押14名中国船员6天，船长詹其雄17天，而中華人民共和国扣押3名職員10天，高桥定19天。 事件经过 冲撞事故 2010年9月7日，一艘载有15名船员、名为「闽晋渔5179号」的中国拖网渔船在的钓鱼岛海域北端黃尾嶼附近进行捕捞作业时，被日本海上保安廳11管所属「与那国号」等巡逻船驱赶、阻截。10时15分许，「与那国号」和「闽晋渔5179号」兩船发生冲撞，另两艘日本巡逻船亦在事发现场，日本巡邏船船員当時進行了攝影紀錄。13时许，日本巡逻船上约20名海上保安官登上「闽晋渔5179号」，并以违反日本《渔业法》为由对渔船进行检查。 船長詹其雄85歲的祖母疑因获知船長被日本扣留，受到过分刺激而病逝。但詹其雄因被日本扣押未能送祖母出殯。 当事国外交交涉和反应 事件发生后，2010年9月7日晚间，中华人民共和国驻日本大使和中華人民共和國驻日本大使馆就此事向日本方面提出严正交涉，同日，中华人民共和国外交部副部长宋涛约见日本驻华大使丹羽宇一郎，要求日方停止拦截行动。 9月8日，中華人民共和國驻日使馆派遣工作人员赶赴日本冲绳县石垣岛探视被扣留的中国渔民。 9月9日，中華人民共和國外交部发言人姜瑜称中華人民共和國已派遣渔政执法船赶赴事发海域。同日，中華人民共和国外交部部长助理胡正跃约见丹羽宇一郎，要求日方立即放人放船，并确保中方人船安全。 9月10日，日本冲绳县石垣简易法院批准拘留“闽晋渔5179号”船长10天。同日，中华人民共和国外交部部长杨洁篪约见日本驻華大使，并要求“日本立即无条件放回包括船长在内的全体中国渔民和渔船。” 中國全國人民代表大會常務委員會副委員長李建國因日本持续扣留中国船长，决定延後原定為期5天的訪日行程。 9月12日凌晨，中華人民共和國國務院國務委員戴秉國召見日本駐華大使丹羽宇一郎，并警告日本政府“不要誤判形勢，要有明智的政治決斷，立即送還中國漁民和漁船。” 9月13日，因日本仍扣留中国船長，中華人民共和國驻日本使馆致电日本眾議院事務局，表示中國全國人民代表大會常務委員會副委員長李建國已决定延後原定為期5天的訪日行程。 9月14日，中華人民共和國外交部部长助理刘振民约见日本驻华大使丹羽宇一郎，就日方继续扣押中国渔船船长提出交涉，并要求日方立即放回中方船长。 9月15日，国务院台湾事务办公室在北京举行例行发布会，有台湾记者提问，台湾昨天〔9月14日〕有保钓人士搭乘渔船前往钓鱼台，企图登陆要宣誓主权，遭到日本保安厅8艘舰艇阻挠，最终无功而返。那么，大陆官方对台湾民间自发性的保钓运动目前的态度有何评论？另外，针对日本蛮横霸占钓鱼台，大陆官方会进一步采取什么动作？发言人范丽青表示：维护钓鱼岛主权符合两岸同胞的共同利益，符合中华民族的长远利益和根本利益。这是我们（大陆）一贯的立场。 在9月29日的國台辦例行記者會上，有記者問及兩岸聯手保釣是否可行，大陸跟台灣有沒有這方面的接觸時，范丽青再度重申，維護釣魚島的主權，符合兩岸同胞的共同利益，也符合中華民族的長遠利益。 9月16日，外交部发言人姜瑜表示：“当前的事态完全是由日方在钓鱼岛问题上的所作所为造成的，日方应该对此承担全部责任。日方应立即放回中国船长，避免进一步伤及中日关系。” 9月19日，日本石垣简易法院批准延押中国渔船船长詹其雄10天，中華人民共和國外交部发言人马朝旭指出，中方要求日本立即无条件放还船长詹其雄，日方如一意孤行，错上加错，中方将采取强烈反制措施，一切后果由日方承担。中華人民共和國外交部副部长王光亚19日晚就日方决定继续非法扣押中方船长，向日本驻华大使丹羽宇一郎表示强烈愤慨和抗议。中華人民共和國外交部随后再表示，日方近日在钓鱼岛海域非法抓扣中国渔民渔船，并不顾中方多次严正交涉，继续非法扣押渔船船长的行径，已经对中日双边往来造成严重损害。中方已经暂停双边省部级以上交往，中止了双方有关增加航班、扩大中日航权事宜的接触，并推迟中日煤炭综合会议。中華人民共和國公民赴日旅游规模也已经受到严重影响。 9月21日，總理溫家寶在美國紐約出席聯合國大會時強調中方多次嚴正交涉，日方置若罔聞，「我強烈敦促日方立即無條件放人。如果日方一意孤行，中國政府將進一步採取行動，由此產生的一切嚴重後果，日方要承擔全部責任」。這是釣魚台撞船事件後，中方最高級層次的表態。 外电报道，中国对日中断高层会谈、中断旅游交流、对日本企业进行税务调查、中断对日出口稀土类金属。 9月23日晚间，中華人民共和國官方媒体新华社宣布，河北石家庄安全机关以涉嫌擅入军事禁区并拍摄为由20日抓捕了4名日本人。石家庄市国家安全方面机关称，高桥定等4名日本人擅自进入河北省某军事管理区并对军事目标进行非法录像。河北省石家庄市国家安全机关接到报告后，即对上述人员依法采取措施，并对其问题进行审查。 有媒体评论此与日方抓扣延押中国船长詹其雄、而又比原来所定将拘留时间延缓至29日提前放还詹其雄回中国的前因后果存在千丝万缕的联系。 9月25日凌晨，中国渔船船长詹其雄搭乘中華人民共和國政府派出的包机安全返抵福州，随后，中国外交部发表声明，要求日方对扣押事件道歉赔偿： 9月26日，媒体报道中華人民共和國外交部发言人姜瑜9月25日就日本外务省发言人当日称中国渔船妨碍执行公务，「日方已根据国内法严正、慎重处理，不接受中方的道歉、赔偿要求」回答记者问时表示，中方已在外交部声明中全面阐述了严正立场。重申钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿自古以来就是中国的固有领土，日方的行径严重侵犯了中国领土主权和中国公民的人身权利，中方当然有权要求日方作出道歉和赔偿。希望日方拿出充实中日战略互惠关系的实际行动。 9月27日，中国环球网赴钓鱼岛特派记者程刚报道，中国渔政船在钓鱼岛海域呈常态化巡航，与日本海上保安厅巡逻舰直升机、自卫队军机周旋，互相喊话各自宣称钓鱼岛及其海域为己方领土海域并要求对方离开，当日“中国渔政201”绕行钓鱼岛12圈半，距钓鱼岛最近时仅约10海里。 9月28日，中華人民共和國外交部发言人姜瑜证实中国渔政船对钓鱼岛海域的巡逻将常态化，称“钓鱼岛附近海域是中国渔民传统的作业渔场，中方派遣渔政执法船是依据中方相关法律法规开展的渔业管理活动，目的是维护渔业生产秩序，保护中国渔民的生命和财产安全，我们希望日方停止对中方渔政执法船的跟踪、干扰行为。” 并回答4名日本人在河北被审查与钓鱼岛撞船事件“两件事情性质完全不同”，“相信这一事件会依法得到公正处理”。 9月30日，河北省石家庄市国家安全机关释放3名违法闯入军事管理区的日本人，他们承认从事违反中国法律的活动，已具结悔过。 10月9日，石家庄市国家安全局责令擅闯军事管理区的日本人高桥定具结悔过并取保候审，解除监视居住。高桥定缴交五万元人民币保释金，并写下“违反了中国的法律，造成了麻烦，我很后悔”的悔过书。 日本共同社报道，10月中旬，中華人民共和國曾通过外交途径向日本再次提出解决问题的根本办法是“共同开发”。日本政府以钓鱼岛为日本固有领土、并无争议为由拒绝了中方提出的共同开发钓鱼岛提议。报道提到，中国曾于1990年首次提出、2006年再次提出共同开发钓鱼岛；分析人士认为，为了向国际社会宣传“钓鱼岛是中国固有领土”这一主张，中方今后也可能反复提及此事。中方的意图是按照自己的方式主导“改善”撞船事件后陷入僵局的两国关系。 10月14日，中華人民共和國政府再次派遣“中国渔政118号”等渔政执法船到钓鱼岛海域巡航护渔。 10月19日，在中華人民共和國外交部发言人马朝旭举行的例行记者会上，有记者问：据报道，日本外相前原诚司日前称中国为应对撞船事件而采取的措施是“歇斯底里”的。中方对此有何评论？马朝旭回答“我们对一国外相发表这样的言论感到震惊”。 11月1日，有记者问中華人民共和國外交部发言人马朝旭，日方向日本国会公布了中方渔船在钓鱼岛海域同日本巡视船碰撞的录像，请问中方对此有何评论？马朝旭答：“钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿自古以来就是中国的固有领土。日本海上保安厅巡视船在钓鱼岛海域对中方渔船进行干扰、驱赶、拦截、围堵和抓扣，本身就是非法的，严重侵犯了中国的领土主权和中国渔民的正当权利。所谓录像不能改变事实的真相，不能掩盖日方行为的非法性。” 另有报道，据看过录像的日本有关人士介绍，这次的录像实际上是分为两部分，因为“撞船”也是分两次。第一次的录像反映出来的是日本海上保安厅的巡逻船从后面追赶中国渔船，追上以后还超赶到中国渔船前面横着拦截，这样发生了来不及减速的中国渔船与日本船只的碰撞。第二次的录像反映出来的事实是：被激怒的中国渔船看见日本海上保安厅的巡逻船再次靠近时，主动上前冲撞。 11月5日，中華人民共和國外交部发言人洪磊就记者有关“钓鱼岛‘撞船事件’的视频录像现已在互联网上流传，中方对此有何评论？”的问题回答：“我愿重申，日方在中国钓鱼岛海域对中方渔船进行干扰、驱赶、拦截、围堵，导致碰撞发生。日方上述行为本身就是非法的。所谓录像不能改变事实真相，不能掩盖日方行为的非法性。” 2011年10月8日，河北省石家庄市国家安全局决定解除对对日本人高桥定的取保候审强制措施。 日本海上保安厅认为“闽晋渔5179号”渔船违反了日本《渔业法》。日本外相冈田克也则表示：“不希望事态进一步升级。将要求中国政府冷静且慎重地应对。” 9月13日，日本釋放14名中國船員。 9月14日，日本国土交通相前原诚司在记者招待会上说：“（日本在）东海不存在领土问题。” 9月19日，日本石垣简易法院批准延押中国渔船船长詹其雄10天。 9月21日，在纽约出席联合国会议的日本新任外相前原诚司拒绝中国对钓鱼岛的主权宣称，重申钓鱼岛是日本领土，在该区域发生的事件，日本将按日本国内法来处理。但他同时呼吁中日两国展开高层会谈来解决钓鱼岛撞船事件，如果有机会的话，他希望向中方作出解释。 9月24日，日本那霸地方檢察廳在9月24日下午釋放被扣中國船長詹其雄。 9月25日，日本外务省新闻秘书佐藤悟通过日本共同通讯社就中華人民共和國外交部的声明表示：「北京方面对日本扣押中国渔船船长事件的反应是毫无根据和完全不能接受的。」，並 拒绝就扣押船长事件向中国道歉赔偿。 9月26日，日本首相菅直人拒絕中國對釣魚島事件要求日本道歉和賠償。他說：「尖閣群島是日本領土的一部分，我完全無意接受這項要求。」「尖閣群島是日本國土，由此來看，所謂要日本賠償，根本不可思議。」菅直人表示：「(日中)雙方均採取宏觀的作為，是十分重要。」 9月27日，日本内阁官房长官仙谷由人表示，“将向中国方面索要日本海上保安厅巡逻船因与中国渔船相撞而产生的修理费用”，并证实有两艘中国渔政船在尖閣群島（釣魚島）海域，日方要求中方撤回这两艘渔政船。 9月28日，日本外务大臣前原诚司首次就4名日本人在华被拘事件召见中国大使程永华。要求确保4人人身安全，希望中方准许日驻华官员每天与被扣者会晤。 11月5日，日本首相菅直人5日晚在官邸就日中撞船事件疑似录像外泄一事向记者表示，“首先应彻查原因，两国的冷静处理非常重要”。内阁官房长官仙谷由人认为“这属于未料到的严重事态”，“如果是公务员故意泄露，则明显违反了《国家公务员法》。调查资料外泄这是非常严重的事态。如果真是外泄的话，那就有必要在各个地方动大‘手术’。” 防卫相北泽俊美也在记者会上批评说：“危机管理能力将受到质疑，对于发生这样的事感到非常遗憾”。国土交通相马渊澄夫5日下午在众院国土交通委员会会议上表示：“如果是泄漏，就是犯罪行为，有必要展开刑事调查。” 船長釋放 日本那霸地方檢察廳在9月24日下午釋放被扣中國船長詹其雄。檢察院發言人指顯然是中國船隻蓄意撞向日本巡邏艦，不過由於詹其雄並非有預謀，並解釋稱“考慮到了對我國（日本）國民的影響以及今後的日中關係”，所以不提出檢控，但日方保留對其個人的刑事處分。中國會派包機接詹其雄回國。 北京时间9月25日1时12分，由中国外交部和农业部组成的联合工作组已接护中国渔船船长詹其雄，乘坐中国政府包机启程回国。中国外交部发言人发表谈话，“日方对中国渔船船长詹其雄进行的任何形式的所谓司法举措，包括所谓的‘处分保留’都是非法和无效的”。 詹其雄坚持认为自己无罪，自己在钓鱼岛海域捕鱼作业是正当的，“日方抓扣我是非法的。钓鱼岛是中国领土，我坚决支持（中国）政府的立场。”詹其雄说，在日本期间，日方不断让他承认错误并承认进入日本领海，都被他坚决拒绝。日方多次告示詹其雄如不认罪，此案最高可判刑三年或罚款五十万日圆，詹其雄回答说：“如我认罪，将会成为中华民族的千古罪人。” 后续发展 是次中日船只相撞事件约两年半后，2012年3月15日，日方以妨碍执行公务罪对该次事件中的中方船长詹其雄提出了强制起诉（但起诉书若在2个月内未能送达，则起诉会失效）。 对于日方此次提出强制起诉，同日中华人民共和国外交部发言人刘为民指出“日方无权在钓鱼岛海域执行任何‘公务’。日方对中国公民采取任何形式的所谓司法程序都是非法和无效的。日方在‘撞船事件’中的行为严重损害了中日关系，日方应多做维护两国关系大局的事情，而不是相反。” 自2010年9月中国渔船与日本巡逻船钓鱼岛相撞事件发生后，中华人民共和国方面多次出动官方巡逻船只前往钓鱼岛海域巡逻执法。2012年3月16日，由“中国海监50”、“中国海监66”船组成的中华人民共和国海监定期维权巡航编队，抵达钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿附近海域进行巡航。 在对抗日本海上保安厅巡视船的干扰阻拦时中国巡航编队“海监50”船两侧显示屏用中、英、日三种文字滚动播放“钓鱼岛及其周边附属岛屿自古以来就是中国的固有领土”“中国海监编队正在钓鱼岛附近海域进行例行性巡航”，向日船声明立场提出警告。 日本媒体称中国巡逻船使用日语宣示主权“极为罕见”，并担忧中国巡航船級別有提升下次会否派军舰。 林泉忠评论中国大陆的这些举措是针对日本的反制措施，全面调整“保钓”战略：一方面继续阻止民间保钓组织的船只出海，一方面则出动渔政船和海监船前往钓鱼岛海域巡逻执法，并将之常态化，呼应了民间对官方在钓鱼岛问题上更有作为的呼声。 其他影响 中国在日本扣押中国船长后，中国也以“非法进入和拍摄军事禁区”为由扣押四名日本公民，中日关系讯速恶化。中国后续向日本政府施压，对进出口日本的货物实施更严密的检查，并停止向日本出口对高科技企业至关重要的稀土，另外，中国还宣布停止省部级以上交往。 遊行、示威等民间反应 北京 2010年9月8日，中国大陆民间保钓人士在北京发起示威游行，并在日本驻中国大使馆前抗议。游行队伍挥舞中华人民共和国国旗，唱中华人民共和国国歌，手举“滚”字牌和将“日本”二字打上黑叉的条幅站成一列高喊口号，并向日本大使馆提交了《抗议信》，信的内容为一张中国古代青铜挂钟图片，意为“送终”。参加游行的保钓人士称，日本此举不是“挑衅”而是“侵略”，要求日本道歉并做出相关赔偿，并且不排除国庆节再次登上钓鱼岛以及“在周边打渔”的可能。 9月18日上午9时18分，身穿印有反日口号的示威者聚集在北京的日本大使馆门前，示威者举起标语，高叫“日本人滚出钓鱼岛”的口号，又唱国歌。一名男子手持扬声器，身穿写有抗议字句的白色上衣并高叫口号，要求日本滚出钓鱼台和中国万岁。有示威者并一度脱去上衣，向在场采访的记者展示身上的中国地圖。 当地政府出动了两至三倍于过去几日的警力，由于示威者秩序良好，警方起初未有采取行动阻止示威，但示威者集结约半小时后，警方就表示不能停留，劝人群离开。 据香港凤凰卫视的报道，警方在随后封锁了日使馆的外围道路，但允许民众分批分时段进入封锁区前往日使馆抗议。 天津 9月12日天津市的日本人學校被人投擲小鋼珠，中國各地的日本人學校均加強了保安措施。北京的日本人學校则决定將原定於9月18日舉行的運動會延期。 上海 在上海，示威者聚集于日本驻上海总领事馆外，在现场展示“钓鱼岛是中国领土”的横额，要求日本释放在钓鱼岛水域拘捕的中国渔船船长。他们在横额上签名并呼吁围观者签名支持。现场公安在旁戒备，并封锁了通往日本总领事馆的道路。 沈阳 沈阳的日本总领事馆外，示威者没有呼叫口号，只是安静地挥舞中華人民共和國国旗又在地上铺了一张印有将日本国旗上打了交叉和写有一个「锊」字的白纸。 重庆 9月17日傍晚，重庆市民开始聚集于海棠烟雨公园，自发组织集会活动。群众高唱抗日歌曲《九·一八》和《大刀进行曲》，情绪十分激昂。随后杨家坪步行街发生了游行示威，人数在2000人左右。 深圳 深圳的游行队伍在赛格广场举行示威，游行者展示国旗及唱中華人民共和國国歌，部分人高叫“毋忘九一八，打倒日本”，举起写有抵制日本货的标语。此时有数百名警察介入，制止示威者展示国旗，又称“游行人数太多，要实施交通管制”，示威者鼓噪，场面一度混乱。其后示威者继续游行，公安沿途戒备。有香港媒体称深圳警方带走了数名示威者。 福建 中国大陆民间保钓组织近日派出多名志愿者，到福建沿海各地寻找渔船，准备出海保钓。但这些志愿者相继被当地公安拦截遣返，当地渔民也收到指令，禁止租船給保钓者。继日前数十名保钓人士到日本驻华大使馆示威抗议之后，9月11日又有多名保钓人士再去示威，但在大使馆门前就被公安拦截，指他们未经申请，不得集会示威。 长沙 9月20日下午17：30分左右，长沙市部分学生进行了大规模的游行示威活动。学生高呼“还我钓鱼岛”，并拉“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”横幅，人数約3000人。 西安、郑州、武汉、绵阳、德阳 10月16日至26日，中国大陸部分城市发生了规模更大的示威游行活动。。23日在四川德阳的示威活动则爆發警民衝突。以上城市均已采取疏导群众、加派警力等相关措施维护社会秩序，武警上街管制道路。為阻止學生遊行，多個城市的高校安排學生在星期六日強制補課，又禁止他們周末外出。 香港 9月13日，香港的保钓人士在中環日本领事馆外焚烧日本国旗，手举抗议标语，高喊“日本滚出钓鱼岛”以示抗议，并向日方递交请愿书要求释放被扣押的中国船长。同时，又有香港的政党代表前往日本领事馆进行请愿。游行负责人表示，将会根据事态的发展制定进一步的行动。。 保釣行動委員會就事件計劃乘啟豐二號（保釣二號）秘密到釣魚島宣示主權，但一週前食環署職員稱收到「公眾投訴」，指船上有鼠患，要求在9月17日登船驗查。其他船家都從未聽過食環署會查老鼠。又有海事處及水警人員連續兩日向委員會查問確實出海日期。有保釣行動成員擔心政府會藉滅鼠之名，阻撓他們出海。去年政府亦指船上消防設備不足，以及船隻只可作捕魚用而阻止保釣人士出海，。 有見及此，他們就以到釣魚島附近海域捕魚的名義，於9月22日在長洲出發，沿途一直被水警及海事處船隻尾隨。至6時許駛至橫瀾島以東水域時被水警快艇截停，警員登船指海事處有理由相信漁船出發往釣魚島並非捕魚，基於安全理由禁止繼續航行。啟豐二號在晚上11時20分被押返西灣河水警基地，其後獲放行。保釣委員會主席陳妙德指，漁船是出海捕魚，船上人士均領有牌照而非乘客，「自己船去自己地方都不容許，我們感覺到我們的政府真的很軟弱。」，不排除會採取法律行動追討損失。 翌日中午啟豐二號再次嘗試出海，水警再次把船截停，要求他們不得離開香港水域。雙方爭論數小時後，船被拖回西灣河水警基地。何俊仁計劃向法院提出司法覆核，挑戰海事處今次的阻撓行動。 9月18日，香港的日本总领事馆再次遭到了抗议。由于当日为周末，日本领事馆无人上班，因此示威者当场焚毁了本打算向领事馆提交的抗议信。又有媒体报道，一些市民前往沙田一间日资百货公司外抗议，示威者在门外当场烧毁了一个日本产品，呼吁市民抵制日货，并要求日本立即释放扣留的中国渔船船长。 同时亦有300多名市民高举中国国旗和抗议标语走上街头游行示威。 紐約 美國紐約近千名華人於2010年9月17日在紐約市中心日本駐紐約總領館所在大樓前手持中華人民共和國國旗及中華民國國旗舉行集會示威，有示威者高唱《義勇軍進行曲》，并高喊「釣魚台是中國的」和「還我船長」等口號。 东京 9月25日，一名日本男子攜帶裝有菜刀的手提包到日本東京千代田區的首相官邸上訪，結果當場被捕。据報道，被捕男子是來自大阪的渡邊正樹，三十二歲，無業。他聲稱是因為中日釣魚台撞船事件到首相官邸抗議，攜帶菜刀只為自我保護。警方指被捕男子手提包內亦裝有一張光碟，儲存有希望再次拘留詹其雄的文件。 10月2日，据組織者稱有約2700示威者在东京集会游行，抗议中国對此次中国渔船与日本巡逻船相撞事件的反应，並抗议日本首相菅直人的政府，在钓鱼岛争议中的「外交失败」。示威者在东京一个公园集会后，手持日本国旗及高叫口号，声称钓鱼岛属日本领土，在东京的主要商业区涩谷区游行，游行由日本航空自衛队前幕僚长田母神俊雄领导的组织“加油日本!全國行動委員會”发起。田母神俊雄曾在2008年撰文否认日本侵略历史，因而被当时的防衛大臣撤职。 长崎 9月26日上午九时半许，一辆日本右翼团体的宣传车，突然停在中華人民共和國驻日本长崎总领馆北侧院墙外的道路上，一名男子跳下车，向总领馆内投掷了一个红色的发烟筒。该发烟筒长约十厘米，粗约二厘米，一般用于紧急停车时放在车后以警示后面车辆。事发时，中華人民共和國总领事馆正值周末休息，没有职员办公，因此并未造成人员受伤，也没有财产损失。执勤的日本警官发现有物体冒烟后，在现场附近抓到该男子，并以违反《轻犯罪法》将其逮捕。经长崎警方初步调查，该男子名为谷川和纪，20岁，是长崎县人，靠打零工维生，当时正与该组织的成员在总领事馆附近进行街头宣传活动。被捕后，谷川和纪对其行为供认不讳，警方认为可能与中日撞船事件有关，正在对他进行进一步侦讯。中華人民共和國驻长崎总领馆要求日本警方及当地政府尽快查明情况，连同处置结果报告中方，并要求采取措施切实加强总领馆安全。长崎警方随即向中華人民共和國总领馆增派警力，加强周边戒备。 福冈 9月28日，一39岁日本男子当晚向中華人民共和國驻日本福冈总领事馆投掷冒烟筒后遭逮捕，这是继26日驻长崎总领事馆遭掷冒烟筒后发生的第二次类似事件。警方指出，这名男子是搭计程车到中華人民共和國总领馆之后，一下车就由门口向馆内投掷1枚冒烟筒。当时馆内有数位人员值班，没有人受伤。正在执勤的福冈县警察以涉嫌违反《轻犯罪法》的罪名，将自称福冈县大牟田市某公司职员的嫌犯中原健作（）当场逮捕。警方认为，这起案件可能与日前发生的尖阁诸岛（钓鱼台岛）撞船事件有关，目前正在调查嫌犯的作案动机。 其他方反应 9月13日，港台保钓团体前往台湾臺北縣野柳渔港，计划搭乘渔船，前往钓鱼岛海域宣誓主权，并抗议日方仍然扣押船长，但遭到中华民国入出國及移民署劝阻，最终只有两位台湾保钓人士黃錫麟和殷必雄乘坐「感恩99號」渔船成行。 行政院海岸巡防署派出12艘巡防艦沿途跟随保护渔船，但遭到日本海上保安厅派出11艘舰船拦截。海巡署巡防艦以廣播向日方船隻宣告：「釣魚台為中華民國海域，請勿干擾本國漁民活動，海巡署有保護漁民活動的義務。」 雙方於凌晨4時許在釣魚台18.5海浬處對峙。最終無法突圍未能登岛，在清晨6時許回航。 同日，中华民国外交部发表声明，就感恩99號遭日方干擾之事「深表不滿」表達抗議，並重申釣魚台列嶼爲中華民國固有領土。 当天下午，近百位台湾民众前往日本在台交流协会示威。 9月24日，行政院長吳敦義回答立法院質詢，政府保護前去宣示釣魚台主權的民眾，「強度強到不起戰爭，求全求到不受屈辱」，政府不是不敢一戰，而是不輕啟戰端。 9月14日，美国国务院发言人菲利普·克劳利（Philip Crowley）表示：“在这件事情上，我们希望中日两国能够通过对话形式和平解决。日美同盟是维护亚洲安全与稳定的基石，能够使日本和包括中国在内的其他亚洲国家受益。” 9月17日，美国国防部主管政策的次长米歇尔·佛洛诺伊表示，美国希望中日通过直接对话的方式和平解决日益恶化的领土争端。她敦促有关各方尊重国际规则，避免事态恶化升级。她还说，当美国在中日邻近地区有军事部署的时候，美国会尊重已有的规则。 9月23日，美国国务卿克林顿·希拉里上午在纽约与日本外相前原诚司举行会谈。前原诚司与希拉里在纽约举行了约50分钟的会谈之后向记者说明会谈的内容。日本多家媒体报道称，前原在记者会表示，希拉里在与他举行的会谈中明确地告诉他，钓鱼岛是属于日本统治下的领域，适用于美日安保条约第5条，亦即此区域若遭到武力攻击的话，美日将采取军事行动共同应对。不过，令人意外的是，美国国务院随后在对这次会晤发表的声明中，并没有提到希拉里曾告诉前原钓鱼岛适用于美日安保条约第5条。美国仍鼓励中日双方举行对话解决钓鱼岛撞船事件。 相關條目 釣魚台列嶼主權問題 保釣運動 聯合號海釣船事件 人质外交 参考文献 外部連結 钓鱼岛撞船录像 2010年9月 2010年中國外交事件 2010年代日本外交事件 2010年日本政治事件 2010年日本事件 2010年航海事故 日本航海事故 中華人民共和國航海事故 中華人民共和國社會運動 中國漁業衝突事件 中华人民共和国—日本关系史 臺灣戰後時期與日本關係史 釣魚臺列嶼主權問題
阿卡可以指： 阿卡 (以色列)，以色列北部加利利西部的城市。 阿卡 (巴西)，巴西西部的州份，與祕魯及玻利維亞接壤。 阿卡 (芬兰)，芬兰西南部的城市。 阿卡 (神)，萨米族萨满教和芬兰神话中的一位女性神灵。 又译雅佳，欧洲摄影器材制造商。 哈尼族
Abdelkhalek El-Banna (born 4 July 1988) is an Egyptian competitive rower. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's single sculls, placing in 10th. He also competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, finishing 14th in the men's single sculls. References External links 1988 births Living people Egyptian male rowers Olympic rowers for Egypt Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Rowers at the 2020 Summer Olympics Competitors at the 2019 African Games African Games silver medalists for Egypt African Games medalists in rowing People from Tanta 21st-century Egyptian people
请描述丹参的基本信息？［出处］《神农本草经》。【来源】本品为双子叶植物唇形科 Labiatae 丹参 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. 的干燥根及根茎。【性味归经】苦，微寒。归心、肝经。【功效】活血调经，祛瘀止痛，凉血消痈，清心除烦，养血安神。【主治】月经不调，经闭痛经， 症瘕积聚，胸腹刺痛，热痹疼痛，疮疡肿痛，心烦不眠；肝脾肿大，心绞痛。【应用】用于胸肋胁痛，风湿痹痛，症瘕结块，疮疡肿痛，跌仆伤痛，月经不调，经闭痛经，产后瘀痛等。治疗胸肋疼痛、症瘕结块，以及月经不调、经闭经痛具有良效，常与川芎配伍应用。在治疗胸腹疼痛属于气滞血瘀方面，往往配合砂仁、檀香等药同用。用于温病热入营血、身发斑疹、神昏烦躁。常与鲜地黄、水牛角、玄参等药同用。用于心悸怔忡、失眠。常与酸枣仁、柏子仁等药配合同用。【用法用量】煎服，9～15g。 活血化瘀宜酒炙用。【使用注意】反藜芦。 孕妇慎用。［不良反应］1）个别患者会出现胃痛，食欲减少，口咽干燥，恶心呕吐，与丹参能抑制消化液的分泌有关。宜停药，并可口服胃舒平，普鲁苯辛等药，重者可皮下注射阿托品。2）个别晚期血吸虫肝脾肿大患者，在服用大剂量丹参后会发生上消化道出血。应停用丹参，并给予止血剂，维生素等。3）丹参可引起过敏反应，表现为全身皮肤瘙痒，皮疹，荨麻疹，有的还伴见胸闷憋气，呼吸困难，甚则恶寒，头晕，恶心呕吐，烦躁不安，随即面色苍白，肢冷汗出，血压下降，乃至昏厥休克等。应立即肌注肾上腺素或地塞米松以及非那根等抗过敏药，同时用中药生脉散加减调理。
请描述乐敦制药的历史？1899年，乐敦制药前身信天堂山田安民药房创业，创办人是山田安民。1909年发售由当时的眼科权威博士所处方的“老笃眼药水”。1988年，乐敦制药将美国药厂曼秀雷敦纳入旗下。乐敦制药在其独家赞助的电视节目播出前，会播出一段企业宣传的片段。在富士电视网节目《SMAP×SMAP》播映直到SMAP解散时，仍然看到这个片段。乐敦制药主要产品包括眼药水、化妆品和胃肠药，和参天制药并为日本两大眼药水生产企业。乐敦制药也是以生产仁丹而闻名的森下仁丹的大股东。
（学名：Metilia）是棘眼螳科的一属。 下属物种 本属包括以下物种： 参考文献 M M
澎湖縣馬公市各里沿革列表，台灣澎湖縣馬公市地區，轄內村里行政區域自清領時期、日治時期至中華民國時期的名稱變化，列表如下： 沿革 當今澎湖縣馬公市地名一詞源自日治時期的大正九年（1920年），馬公地區位於澎湖本島（大山嶼）西部，古稱「媽宮嶼」，自古便是能遮風避雨的港灣所在。早於明、清朝代的文獻，便有「娘宮」、「媽澳」、「媽祖臺」、「祖媽宮」、「馬祖澳」等等的記載，其中以「媽宮」最為常見。而探究「媽宮」名稱的緣由，由於島上在明朝萬曆年間便有祭祀媽祖的廟宇（澎湖天后宮），故「媽宮」此一地名的淵源被認為和媽祖海神信仰有所關聯，隨後也從地方廟宇擴大成當地地名概念。 「媽宮」一名持續沿用至日治時期中期，直到大正九年（1920年）間，台灣總督府的第八任台灣總督田健治郎（任期：1919－1923）推動行政區域改制，原澎湖廳改組成澎湖郡，澎湖郡轄下的「媽宮」便仿其音字形，被簡化成「馬公」，並沿用迄今。 大正15年（1926年），行政區再度調整，澎湖自高雄州脫離，獨立成澎湖廳，澎湖廳下轄「馬公支廳」以及「望安支廳」，馬公支廳下轄馬公街、湖西庄、白沙庄和西嶼庄，其中「馬公街」延續高雄州澎湖郡時期的機關編制。 二戰結束治權轉為中華民國後，澎湖縣馬公市的民間一直有復名的聲浪，不少人認為「媽宮」之名才有城市歷史的延續感，主張從「馬公市」復名回「媽宮市」，亦便於子孫追溯故鄉的文化淵源。 列表 注釋 相關條目 堡里鄉澚制（清代地方行政制度之一） 臺灣日治時期都市計畫 臺灣接管計劃綱要地方政制 中華民國行政區劃 澎湖縣行政區劃列表 媽宮三甲七保 參考資料 Magong Magong 馬公市 馬公支廳 馬公街
543国道（或“国道543线”、“G543线”）是在中华人民共和国的一条国道，起点为广元市青川县，终点为绵阳市平武县，全線位於四川省。 途经城市 中华人民共和国国道 四川省公路
Arthur Charles may refer to: Sir Arthur Charles (judge) (1839–1921), English High Court judge Sir Arthur Eber Sydney Charles (1910–1965), Speaker of the Legislative Council of Aden, see Assassination of Sir Arthur Charles Arthur H. Charles (1911–1999), American politician from Maine
内外术经是什么?？《内外术经》，古医书名，已佚，传说为岐伯有作《内外术经》十八卷。内外当指内科、外科。
二月八年节，為彝族的紀念性節日，於每年農曆二月初八舉行，為期三天。相傳節日是在紀念民族英雄──密枯。該日，全村男子會集中於村中最高最古的樹，即密枯樹，各戶向此樹供祭一碗米、一塊鹽及茶、酒等。畢摩開祭，殺豬祭祀密枯。祭畢，參祭者共食燒豬肉和豬血稀飯。剩餘豬肉分給各戶以祭祀祖先。節日期間，人們也舉行摔跤、歌舞等娛樂活動。 參考文獻 彝族節日
胃友的生境分布是什么?？生山坡疏林中、沟边或栽培。分布四川、湖北、云南、贵州、江西等地。
莱奥·罗西（，），法國男子羽毛球運動員。就讀巴黎第十二大学。 簡歷 2017年6月，莱奥·罗西出戰立陶宛羽毛球國際賽，除了與比利時選手伊莱亚斯·布拉克合作贏得男子雙打比賽冠軍外，個人亦拿得男子單打比賽亞軍。 主要比賽成績 只列出曾進入準決賽的國際賽事成績： 參考資料 法国男子羽毛球运动员 巴黎第十二大学校友
Orazio Pannitteri (born 17 August 1999) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a winger for club Crotone. Club career Born in Catania, Pannitteri started his career on local club Athena Club Paternò and after in Catania. He don't get made a first debut, and was loaned to Acireale and AC Locri in Serie D. In 2019, he joined Serie C club Vis Pesaro. Pannitteri made his professional debut on 29 September 2019 against Triestina. He extended his contract in June 2020. On 31 August 2021, he was transfer to Fermana. On 4 August 2022, he moved to Crotone on a three-year contract. Personal life He is the son of former footballer Ciccio Pannitteri. References External links 1997 births Living people Footballers from Catania Footballers from Sicily Italian men's footballers Men's association football wingers Serie C players Serie D players Catania FC players ASD Città di Acireale 1946 players Vis Pesaro dal 1898 players Fermana FC players FC Crotone players
Founded in 1889, the Epworth League is a Methodist young adult association for people aged 18 to 35. It had its beginning in Cleveland, Ohio, at its Central Methodist Church on May 14 and 15, 1889. There was also a Colored Epworth League. Before then, as many as five young people's organizations existed in the Methodist Episcopal church, such as the Methodist Alliance, claiming 20,000 members in 1883; the Oxford League, organized at the Methodist Centennial Conference with a large chapter at Central Methodist Church; and the Young People's Christian League. After discussions of a merger into a single body, 27 persons gathered at Central Methodist to form the Epworth League and adopted a modified version of the constitution of the Oxford League and the motto of the Young People's Christian League, "Look Up, Lift Up." The league, which soon spread worldwide, divided its social service into six departments: Spiritual Life, Social Work, Literary Work, Correspondence, Mercy and Help, and Finance. Local chapters organized Fresh Air Work (day camps for city children), literary events, lecture series, and fellowship gatherings. At its conception, the purpose of the League was the promotion of intelligent and vital piety among the young people of the Church: The League takes its name from the village of Epworth in Lincolnshire, England, the birthplace of John Wesley and Charles Wesley. Its members are known as Epworthians. Historical growth Within 10 years of its founding, the League claimed over 1.75 million members in 19,500 chapters internationally. The League existed in both the Northern and Southern branches of the Methodist Episcopal denomination and also in the Methodist Church of Canada. The headquarters of the Northern League was in Chicago and its organ was the Epworth Herald. The organ of the Southern branch was the Epworth Era, published monthly at Nashville, Tenn. The membership of the Senior branch in the Methodist Episcopal Church North in 1913 was 593,465, and of the junior branch 218,509. In the Methodist Episcopal Church, South there were 3846 chapters of the league, with 133,797 members. Modern era The original Epworth League existed from 1889 to 1939. After denominational mergers among Methodists in the 1930s, the Epworth League became known as the Methodist Youth Fellowship; it survived in 1994 as the United Methodist Youth Fellowship. Publications Bacon and Northrup, Young People's Societies (New York, 1900) The Methodist Year Book Dan B. Brummett, Epworth League Methods (New York, 1906) In popular culture In The Music Man, set in 1912 Iowa, teenager Zaneeta Shinn declines a date because "it's Epworth League night". In All the King's Men, by Robert Penn Warren, the protagonist describes the blandness of the column he is hired to write by reference to the Epworth League. In Against the Day by Thomas Pynchon, a saucy secretary tells St. Cosmo, who has entered the office after-hours, that "'this [place] ain't the Epworth League.'" In Sherwood Anderson's short story/Winesburg, Ohio piece titled "Adventure," the self-stifled heroine Alice, "who could not have understood the growing modern idea of a woman's owning herself and giving and taking for her own ends in life," joins the Winesburg Methodist Church and every "Sunday evening attended a meeting of an organization called The Epworth League." In Dawn Powell's 1944 novel, My Home is Far Away, Epworth League meetings are one of the few social gatherings deemed acceptable for the main character, an adolescent girl, and her two sisters. In the 1934 W. C. Fields movie It's a Gift, when Amelia Bissonette tells her husband Harold that his Uncle Bean has died, she says, "It seemed he was getting better, but he attended the Epworth League picnic, and he choked to death eating an orange." In Across the River and into the Trees, by Ernest Hemingway, the colonel describes General Eisenhower as "strictly the Epworth League." In The Chill by Ross Macdonald, drunken Bridget Perrine bids farewell to Lew Archer with "See you at the Epworth League." "That remark of yours was pos'tively Epworth Leaguish." Philo Vance, in The Benson Murder Case, by S. S. VanDine. In The League of Frightened Men, by Rex Stout, Archie Goodwin remarks "I’m just waiting to see you and Nero Wolfe and the Epworth League prove it on him." See also Waukee United Methodist Church Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California References External links Epworth League: A United Methodist Association for Young Adults Epworth League Institute: 2011 Global Conference for the Epworth League Epworth League Handbook (2011) The Epworth League: its place in Methodism – a manual by Rev. J.B. Robinson, D.D., PhD The Efficient Epworthian by Dan B. Brummitt Epworth League Epworth league Religious organizations established in 1889 Youth organizations established in 1889 United Methodist Church Youth organizations based in the United States Christianity in Cleveland Christian youth organizations
Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society () is a 2002 book by David Sloan Wilson which proposes that religion is a multi-level adaptation—i.e., a product of cultural evolution developed through multi-level selection. Reception The Journal of the American Academy of Religion called it "a welcome book because it unsettles everybody, evolutionary biologist and religious believer alike". Jared Diamond in the New York Review of Books called it a "thought-provoking book" which "will stimulate each reader to examine his or her personal view of religion's future". References 2002 non-fiction books Books about Charles Darwin Moral psychology books Psychology of religion
加拿大西部沉积盆地是一个位於加拿大西部的巨大沉積盆地，範圍包括曼尼托巴省西南部、薩斯喀徹溫省南部、艾伯塔省、不列颠哥伦比亚省东北部和西北地区的西南角。加拿大西部沉积盆地擁有世界上最大的石油和天然气储量之一，北美的大部分石油和天然氣來自於此。2000年，加拿大西部沉积盆地每天的天然气产量超过450,000,000立方米。它还拥有巨大的煤炭储量。在加拿大西部沉积盆地所包涵的的各省和地区中，艾伯塔省的石油和天然气储量最多，且加拿大西部沉积盆地几乎所有的油砂均位於艾伯塔省。 不列颠哥伦比亚省地质 西加拿大 加拿大地質
Bērzbeķe is a village in Dobele Parish and Dobele Municipality in the historical region of Zemgale, and the Zemgale Planning Region in Latvia. Dobele Municipality Towns and villages in Latvia
諾布鎮區（）是位於美國阿肯色州克萊縣的一個行政鎮區。 地方資料 諾布鎮區的面積為68.56平方千米，當中陸地面積為68.56平方千米，而水域面積為0.00平方千米。根據2010年美國人口普查的數據，當地共有人口243人，而人口密度為每平方千米3.54人。 參考文獻 阿肯色州鎮區 克萊縣鎮區 (阿肯色州)
妊娠合并急性阑尾炎的预防和治疗方法？由于孕期变化，使阑尾炎的临床表现不典型，实验室帮助也不大，为了降低孕产妇与胎儿死亡率，如怀疑急性阑尾炎有时须放宽开腹探查指征。
National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014) is a landmark judgement of the Supreme Court of India, which declared transgender people the 'third gender', affirmed that the fundamental rights granted under the Constitution of India will be equally applicable to them, and gave them the right to self-identification of their gender as male, female or third gender. This judgement has been distinguished as a major step towards gender equality in India. Moreover, the court also held that because transgender people were treated as socially and economically backward classes, they will be granted reservations in admissions to educational institutions and jobs. Parties The National Legal Services Authority of India (NALSA) was the primary petitioner. It had been constituted with the primary objective of providing free legal aid services to the disadvantaged sections of Indian society. The other petitioners in the matter were the Poojya Mata Nasib Kaur Ji Women Welfare Society, a registered society and NGO, and Laxmi Narayan Tripathy, a renowned Hijra activist. Bench The case was heard before a two-judge bench of the Supreme Court, composed of Justice K.S. Panicker Radhakrishnan and Justice Arjan Kumar Sikri. Justice Radhakrishnan had functioned as a Standing Counsel for a number of educational and social organizations and held appointments in the High Courts of Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir and Gujarat before his elevation to the Supreme Court. Justice Sikri began legal practice in Delhi, specializing in Constitutional cases, Labour and Service matters, and Arbitration matters. Prior to his elevation to the Supreme Court, he held appointments in the Delhi High Court and Punjab and Haryana High Court. Judgement The Court has directed Centre and State Governments to grant legal recognition of gender identity whether it be male, female or third-gender: Legal Recognition for Third Gender: In recognizing the third gender category, the Court recognized that fundamental rights are available to the third gender in the same manner as they are to males and females. Further, non-recognition of third gender in both criminal and civil statutes such as those relating to marriage, adoption, divorce, etc. is discriminatory to transgender individuals. Legal Recognition for Persons transitioning within male/female binary: As for how the actual procedure of recognition will happen, the Court merely states that they prefer to follow the psyche of the person and use the "Psychological Test' as opposed to the 'Biological Test.' They also declare that insisting on Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) as a condition for changing one's gender is illegal. Public Health and Sanitation: Centre and State Governments have been directed to take proper measures to provide medical care to transgenders in hospitals and provide them separate public toilets and other facilities. Further, they have been directed to operate separate HIV/Sero-surveillance measures for transgender people. Socio-Economic Rights: Centre and State Governments have been asked to provide the community various social welfare schemes and to treat the community as socially and economically backward classes. They have also been asked to extend reservation in educational institutions and for public appointments. Stigma and Public Awareness: These are the broadest directions - Centre and State Governments were asked to take steps to create public awareness to better help incorporate transgender individuals into society and end treatment as untouchables; take measures to regain their respect and place in society; and seriously address the problems such as fear, shame, gender dysphoria, social pressure, depression, suicidal tendencies and social stigma. The Court notes that these declarations are to be read in light of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Expert Committee Report on issues relating to transgender individuals. See also LGBT rights in India List of landmark court decisions in India Chinmayee Jena v. State of Odisha (2020) Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union Of India (2017) Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation (2013) References External links Full text of the judgment Report of the Expert Committee on the Issues relating to Transgender Persons Supreme Court of India cases 2014 in Indian law 2014 in case law Transgender rights in India Indian LGBT rights case law Transgender case law 2014 in LGBT history Indian Fundamental Rights case law
Constantan is a proprietary name for a copper–nickel alloy also known as Eureka, Advance, and Ferry. It usually consists of 55% copper and 45% nickel. Its main feature is the low thermal variation of its resistivity, which is constant over a wide range of temperatures. Other alloys with similarly low temperature coefficients are known, such as manganin (Cu [86%] / Mn [12%] / Ni [2%] ). History In 1887, Edward Weston discovered that metals can have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, inventing what he called his "Alloy No. 2." It was produced in Germany where it was renamed "Konstantan". Constantan alloy Of all alloys used in modern strain gauges, constantan is the oldest, and still the most widely used. This situation reflects the fact that constantan has the best overall combination of properties needed for many strain gauge applications. This alloy has, for example, an adequately high strain sensitivity, or gauge factor, which is relatively insensitive to strain level and temperature. Its resistivity (4.9 x 10−7 Ω·m) is high enough to achieve suitable resistance values in even very small grids, and its temperature coefficient of resistance is fairly low. In addition, constantan is characterized by a good fatigue life and relatively high elongation capability. However, constantan tends to exhibit a continuous drift at temperatures above ; and this characteristic should be taken into account when zero stability of the strain gauge is critical over a period of hours or days. Constantan is also used for electrical resistance heating and thermocouples. A-alloy Very importantly, constantan can be processed for self-temperature compensation to match a wide range of test material coefficients of thermal expansion. A-alloy is supplied in self-temperature-compensation (S-T-C) numbers 00, 03, 05, 06, 09, 13, 15, 18, 30, 40, and 50, for use on test materials with corresponding thermal expansion coefficients, expressed in parts per million by length (or μm/m) per degrees Fahrenheit. P alloy For the measurement of very large strains, 5% (50,000 microstrain) or above, annealed constantan (P alloy) is the grid material normally selected. Constantan in this form is very ductile; and, in gauge lengths of and longer, can be strained to >20%. It should be borne in mind, however, that under high cyclic strains the P alloy will exhibit some permanent resistivity change with each cycle, and cause a corresponding zero shift in the strain gauge. Because of this characteristic and the tendency for premature grid failure with repeated straining, P alloy is not ordinarily recommended for cyclic strain applications. P alloy is available with S-T-C numbers of 08 and 40 for use on metals and plastics, respectively. Physical properties Temperature measurement Constantan is also used to form thermocouples with wires made of iron, copper, or chromel. It has an extraordinarily strong negative Seebeck coefficient above 0 degrees Celsius, leading to a good temperature sensitivity. References Bibliography External links National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet (archived 2008) Copper alloys Electric heating Nickel alloys
Daniela Di Toro and Aniek van Koot defeated the three-time defending champion Esther Vergeer and her partner Sharon Walraven in the final, 3–6, 6–3, [10–4] to win the women's doubles wheelchair tennis title at the 2010 French Open. With the win, they ended Vergeer's 19-major winning streak, dating back at the 2002 French Open. Korie Homan and Esther Vergeer were the reigning champions, but Homan did not compete this year. Seeds Daniela Di Toro / Aniek van Koot (champions) Esther Vergeer / Sharon Walraven (final) Draw Finals References Main Draw Wheelchair Women's Doubles French Open, 2010 Women's Doubles
双分伪麻片（日片）禁忌症是什么？1对抗组胺药、伪麻黄碱和对乙酰氨基酚过敏者禁用; 2伴有高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、甲状腺疾病、青光眼、前列腺肥大引起排尿困难、呼吸困难、肺气肿患者，以及因吸烟、哮喘、肺气肿引起的慢性咳嗽及痰多黏稠患者禁用。
王恭（），滑州白马县（今河南省滑县）人。唐朝儒学学者。 王恭年少笃学，博通《六经》。在乡闾教授经书，弟子从远方而来多达数百人。唐太宗贞观初年，征拜太学博士。他讲的《三礼》，全都新立义证，极为精博。盖文懿、盖文达等都是当时大儒，很少推崇他人，每讲《三礼》，遍举先儒之义，而必认同王恭所说。 参考资料 《旧唐书》卷73 列传第二十三 《新唐书》卷198 列传第一百二十三 唐朝太学博士 唐朝儒学学者 G 滑县人
阴道血管肉瘤的并发症？溃疡破溃感染。
MuslimVillage Forums is an Internet forum and a section of MuslimVillage.com (formerly IslamicSydney.com) that was founded in 2001. As of 6:25pm [NSW EST] Tuesday 15 May 2012 - there are 15,666 total registered members with a total of 935,832 forum posts being made. In 2005, IslamicSydney.com was chosen to be archived with the National Library of Australia and in 2006, was the winner of the Mission of Hope Annual Muslim achievement awards under the category of 'Media Outlet of the Year'. Uses The Australian Muslim community has used the MuslimVillage forums to discuss news stories involving Muslims and have posted their reactions to the stories, in support or in opposition of the persons involved and the portrayal of Muslims by the press. External links MuslimVillage Forums MuslimVillage Facebook MuslimVillage Twitter MuslimVillage Media Code of Ethics (MV Media) MuslimVillage Advertising Website creators fear spooks are watching (SMH.com.au) References Internet forums Islam in Australia
带状性疱疹传染人吗？带状疱疹，是与引起水痘的同一种病毒感染而起的皮肤病，皮疹一般有单侧性和按神经节段分布的特点，有集簇性的疱疹组成，并伴有疼痛；年龄愈大，神经痛愈重。该病在春节和秋季发病率呈上升趋势。好发于体弱多病的成年人。带状疱疹属于一种病毒性引起的皮肤病，是由水痘-带状疱疹病毒引起的急性感染性皮肤病;多数患者在发疹前会有轻度乏力、低热、纳差等全身症状，患部也会有灼烧感或者神经疼痛感，被触碰有明显痛感;还有部分患者在病毒感染后会成为带病毒者，没有症状显现，一旦人体免疫力低下或极度劳累、感冒的时候，病毒会再次被激活，从而导致带状疱疹的发病。抵抗力差者是极易被带状疱疹传染的人群之一。如老年人、久病体虚者，这些人由于长期遭受病患的折磨，导致身体本身的元气大伤，从而给了病毒的可乘之机。患有特殊疾病者也很容易被带状病毒所传染。这些患者中由于体内特殊疾病导致体质变弱，如果接受到带状疱疹病毒，都很容易被感染导致发病的。激素过当或药物不当者也是很容易被带状疱疹病毒盯上的，由于患者长期服用某些药物，身体抵御病毒的屏障被破坏，从而被传染。还有一类易被带状疱疹传染的就是有外伤的患者。比如皮肤外伤、被烧伤、或者接受放射治疗后以及中毒患者都较容易被带状疱疹病毒所感染而发病。综合以上被感染的人群分析，不难发现，容易被带状疱疹传染的人群基本特征都是由于自身免疫力低下。但是值得提及的一点是，带状疱疹有传染性，但是如果在水泡没有被弄破的情况下，传染性是基本没有的;所以无需对于该病过于恐慌。而为了防止疾病病毒的入侵，应该加强日常生活规律化，注意适当的体育锻炼，提高自身免疫力。
更年安片成分或处方？地黄、泽泻、麦冬、熟地黄、玄参、茯苓、仙茅、磁石、牡丹皮、珍珠母、五味子、首乌藤、何首乌、浮小麦、钩藤。
红敷地发是什么?？红敷地发为野牡丹科锦香草属下的一个种。
Masdevallia civilis is a species of orchid occurring from Venezuela to Peru. References External links civilis Orchids of Peru Orchids of Venezuela
瓦卢斯河畔马里尼亚（，）是法国汝拉省的一个市镇，属于隆斯勒索涅区。 地理 （）面积，位于法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大區汝拉省，该省份为法国东部内陆省份，北起上索恩省，西北接科多尔省，西临索恩-卢瓦尔省，南至安省，东与杜省和瑞士接壤。 与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。 的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。 行政 的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。 政治 所属的省级选区为。 人口 于时的人口数量为人。 参见 汝拉省市镇列表 参考文献 汝拉省市镇
The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–7, 1864) of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization May 5–6, 1864, the army organization at beginning of the Campaign, the army organization during the Campaign and the reports.<ref>Official Records, Series I, Volume XXXVI, Part 1, pages 1162–1168</ref> Abbreviations used Military rank Gen = General LTG = Lieutenant General MG = Major General BG = Brigadier General Col = Colonel Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel Maj = Major Cpt = Captain Other (w) = wounded (mw) = mortally wounded (k) = killed in action (c) = captured Army of Northern Virginia Gen Robert E. Lee General Staff: Chief Engineer: MG Martin L. Smith Chief of Artillery: BG William N. Pendleton Assistant Adjutant General: Ltc Walter H. Taylor Aide de Camp: Ltc Charles Marshall Aide de Camp: Maj Charles S. Venable First Corps LTG James Longstreet (w) MG Charles W. Field MG Richard H. Anderson Second Corps LTG Richard S. Ewell General Staff: Assistant Adjutant General: Ltc Alexander S. Pendleton Assistant Adjutant General: Maj Campbell Brown Assistant Inspector General: Col Abner Smead Engineer: Maj Benjamin H. Greene Aide de Camp: Lt Thomas T. Turner Chief of Ordnance: Ltc William Allan Medical Director: Dr. Hunter H. McGuire Quartermasters: Maj John D. Rogers and Maj A. M. Garber Commissaries and subsistence: Maj Wells J. Hawks and Cpt J. J. Lock Third Corps LTG Ambrose P. Hill Cavalry Corps MG J.E.B. Stuart Strengths The following table shows total strengths of each of the major formations at the start of the battle. First Corps Second Corps Third Corps Cavalry Corps Total Army of Northern Virginia Notes See also Spotsylvania Court House Confederate order of battle Cold Harbor Confederate order of battle References Boyd, Charles E. The Devil's Den: A History of the 44th Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Confederate States Army, 1862-1865. Birmingham, AL: Banner Press, 1987. . Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. . Rhea, Gordon C. The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994. Rhea, Gordon C. To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000. Rhea, Gordon C. Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26-June 3, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002 Sibley, Jr., F. Ray, The Confederate Order of Battle, Volume 1, The Army of Northern Virginia, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, 1996. U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. Wise, Jennings C., The Long Arm of Lee, Volumen 2: Chancellorsville to Appomattox, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1991 Wittenberg, Eric J. Glory Enough For All: Sheridan's Second Raid and the Battle of Trevilian Station. Washington, DC: Brassey's, Inc, 2001. Young, Alfred C., III. Lee's Army during the Overland Campaign: A Numerical Study''. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. . American Civil War orders of battle
The 33rd Division was created in March 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 9th Division, 3rd Column of the Zhongyuan Field Army. Its history can be traced to the 8th Brigade, 3rd Column of Zhongyuan Field Army, formed in October 1945. The division was then a part of 11th Corps. Under the flag of 33rd, it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War. In November 1952, the division detached from the Corps and was transferred under the direct control of 3rd Army Group, entered Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army. During its deployment in Korea the division was attached to 12th Corps, then 60th Corps, taking part in the 1953 Summer Offensive. In September 1954 the division pulled out from Korea, renamed as 33rd Infantry Division() and attached to 26th Corps. By then the division was composed of: 97th Infantry Regiment; 98th Infantry Regiment; 99th Infantry Regiment; 238th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment; 358th Artillery Regiment. In April 1960 the division was renamed as the 33rd Army Division(). In August 1968, 238th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was detached and transferred to the newly formed 8th Tank Division as the 30th Tank Regiment. In December 1969, the division was renamed as the 76th Army Division(), after the former 76th Army Division's renaming and detaching, and all its regiments were re-designated as follow: 226th Infantry Regiment (formed 97th); 227th Infantry Regiment (formed 98th); 228th Infantry Regiment (formed 99th); Artillery Regiment (former 358th). In September 1985, the division was renamed as the 76th Infantry Division(). From 1985 to 1998 the division was maintained as a northern infantry division, category B. In 1998 the division combined with the Reserve Infantry Division of Yantai and became the 76th Reserve Infantry Division(). The remaining personnel of the division was re-organized into Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade, 26th Army. The Division is now stationing in Yantai, Shandong as a mobilization formation, which composes of: 226th Infantry Regiment - Yantai; 228th Infantry Regiment - Qixia; Artillery Regiment - Penglai; Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment - Laiyang; Engineer Regiment. References Infantry divisions of the People's Volunteer Army R76 Military units and formations established in 1949 Reserve divisions of the People's Liberation Army
Lost Creek is a stream in Washington County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Cedar Creek. The stream headwaters are in the southeastern corner of Washington County at and it flows west and then north passing under Missouri Route 32 to its confluence with Cedar Creek at approximately two miles northeast of Caledonia. Lost Creek was named for the fact it is a losing stream or subterranean stream along parts of its course. See also List of rivers of Missouri References Rivers of Washington County, Missouri Rivers of Missouri
阿尔图拉（西班牙语：），是西班牙瓦伦西亚自治区卡斯特利翁省的一个市镇。总面积130平方公里，总人口3140人（2001年），人口密度24人/平方公里。 参考文献 卡斯特利翁省市镇
灣仔填海計劃可以指： 海旁東填海計劃 （1921年至1931年） 灣仔填海計劃 (1960年代) （1964年至1972年） 灣仔發展計劃 （1994年至今）
John Nkologo Chilembwe (June 1871 – 3 February 1915) was a Baptist pastor, educator and revolutionary who trained as a minister in the United States, returning to Nyasaland in 1901. He was an early figure in the resistance to colonialism in Nyasaland (Malawi), opposing both the treatment of Africans working in agriculture on European-owned plantations and the colonial government's failure to promote the social and political advancement of Africans. Soon after the outbreak of the First World War, Chilembwe organised an unsuccessful armed uprising against colonial rule. Today, Chilembwe is celebrated as a hero of independence, and John Chilembwe Day is observed annually on 15 January in Malawi. Early life There is limited information about John Chilembwe's parentage and birth. An American pamphlet of 1914 claimed that John Chilembwe was born in Sangano, Chiradzulu District, in the south of what became Nyasaland, in June 1871. Joseph Booth also stated that Chilembwe's father was a Yao and his mother a Mang'anja slave, captured in warfare. This information was contemporary; in the 1990s, John Chilembwe's granddaughter stated that Chilembwe's father may have been called Kaundama, and was one of those who settled at Mangochi Hill during the Yao infiltration into Mang'anja territory, and that his mother may have been called Nyangu: his likely pre-baptismal name was Nkologo. However, other also quite recent sources give differing parental names. Chilembwe attended a Church of Scotland mission from around 1890. Influence of Joseph Booth In 1892 he became a house servant of Joseph Booth, a radical and independent-minded missionary. Booth had arrived in Africa in 1892 as a Baptist to establish the Zambezi Industrial Mission near Blantyre. Booth was critical of the reluctance of Scottish Presbyterian missions to admit Africans as full church members, and later founded seven more independent missions in Nyasaland which, like the Zambezi Industrial Mission(Potts), focused on the equality of all worshippers. In Booth's household and mission, where he was closely associated with Booth, Chilembwe became acquainted with Booth's radical religious ideas and egalitarian feelings. Booth left Nyasaland with Chilembwe in 1897; he returned to Nyasaland alone in 1899 but left permanently in 1902, although he continued to correspond with Chilembwe. After 1906, Booth was strongly influenced by Millennialism, but the extent to which he retained influence over Chilembwe after 1902 or influenced him towards millennial beliefs is disputed, although Booth later strongly influenced Elliot Kenan Kamwana, the first leader of the Watchtower followers of Charles Taze Russell in Nyasaland. Education in the United States and relations with American and African Independent Churches In 1897 Booth and Chilembwe traveled together to the United States. Because of the difficulties the two encountered when traveling together in the United States, Booth introduced Chilembwe to the Reverend Lewis G Gordon, Foreign Missions Secretary of the National Baptist Convention, who arranged for the latter to attend the Virginia Theological Seminary and College (now Virginia University of Lynchburg), a small Baptist institution at Lynchburg, Virginia where he almost certainly studied African-American history. The principal was a militantly independent Negro, Gregory Hayes, and Chilembwe both experienced the contemporary prejudice against negroes and was exposed to radical American Negro ideas and the works of John Brown, Booker T. Washington, Frederick Douglass and others. He was ordained as a Baptist minister at Lynchburg in 1899. After completing his studies at Lynchburg in 1900, he returned to Nyasaland in 1900 with the blessing of the Foreign Missions Board and financial assistance from the National Baptist Convention. For the first 12 years of his ministry after his return to Nyasaland, Chilembwe encouraged African self-respect and advancement through education, hard work and personal responsibility, as advocated by Booker T. Washington, His activities were initially supported by white Protestant missionaries, although his relations with Catholic missions were less friendly. After 1912, Chilembwe developed closer contacts with local independent African churches, including Seventh Day Baptist and Churches of Christ congregations, with the aim of uniting some or all of these African churches with his own mission church at the centre. Some of Chilembwe's congregation had formerly been Watchtower followers and he maintained contact with Elliot Kamwana, but the influence of Watchtower's millennial beliefs on him is minimised by most authors except the Lindens. Although the vast majority of those found guilty of rebellion and sentenced to death or to long terms of imprisonment were members of Chilembwe's church, a few other members of the Churches of Christ in Zomba were also found guilty. Return to Nyasaland and mission work In 1900 Chilembwe returned to Nyasaland, in his own words, "to labour amongst his benighted race". Backed financially by the National Baptist Convention of America, Inc., which also provided two American Baptist helpers until 1906, Chilembwe started his Providence Industrial Mission (P.I.M.) in Chiradzulu district. In its first decade, the mission developed slowly, assisted by regular small donations from his American backers, and Chilembwe founded several schools, which by 1912 had 1,000 pupils and 800 adult students. He preached the values of hard-work, self-respect and self-help to his congregation and, although as early as 1905 he used his church position to deplore the condition of Africans in the protectorate, he initially avoided specific criticism of the government that might be thought subversive. However, by 1912 or 1913, Chilembwe had become more politically militant and openly voiced criticism over the state of African land rights in the Shire Highlands and of the conditions of labour tenants there, particularly on the A. L. Bruce Estates. It has also been claimed that Chilembwe preached a form of Millenarianism and that this may have influenced his decision to initiate an armed uprising in 1915. There is very little direct evidence of what Chilembwe did preach although, at least in his first decade in Nyasaland, his main message was of African advancement through Christianity and hard work. The evidence that has been interpreted as showing his millenarian views is dated from 1914 onward, when he began baptizing many new church members without their first receiving instruction, as was normal Baptist practice. However this evidence is ambiguous, and Chilembwe's activities have been more closely related to the Ethiopian movement of African churches breaking away, often with black American backing, from the more orthodox but European controlled Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist or other denominations, than being under the influence of overtly millenarian groups such as the Seventh-day Adventists. Colonial grievances In the Shire Highlands, the most densely populated part of the protectorate, European estates occupied about 867,000 acres, or over 350,000 hectares, almost half of the best arable land. Relatively few local Africans remained on the estates when the owners introduced labour rents, preferring to settle on Crown Land where customary law entitled them to use (sometimes overcrowded) land belonging to the community, or to become migrant workers. However, planters with large areas of available land but limited labour could engage migrants from Mozambique (who had no right to use community lands) on terms that Nyasaland Africans found unacceptable. These were called "Anguru", a convenient term with derogatory implications employed by Europeans to describe a number of different peoples who originated in Mozambique but had migrated into Nyasaland, mostly those speaking one of the Makua languages, often the Lomwe language, who themselves used various names to refer to their places of origin. They left Mozambique in significant numbers from 1899 when a harsh new labour code was introduced, and especially in 1912 and 1913 after a Mozambique famine in 1912. In 1912, the Colonial Office described them as working for such low wages as were "a record for any settled part of Africa". Many of those convicted after the rising were identified as "Anguru". Conditions on the estates where the "Anguru" became tenants were generally poor, and Africans both on estates and Crown Lands were subjected to an increase in Hut tax in 1912, despite food shortages. Chilembwe's Providence Industrial Mission was situated in an area dominated by the Magomero estate of A. L. Bruce Estates, named after a son-in-law of David Livingstone. From 1906, A. L. Bruce Estates developed and started to plant a hardy variety of cotton suitable for the Shire Highlands. Cotton required intensive labour over a long growing period, and the estate manager William Jervis Livingstone (reputed to be a distant relative of David Livingstone) ensured that 5,000 workers were available on the Magomero estate throughout that five- or six-month period by exploiting the obligations of the migrant labour tenancy system called thangata. Alexander Livingstone Bruce, who controlled the A. L. Bruce Estates operations, instructed Livingstone not to allow any mission work to be carried on or schools to be opened on the Bruce Estates, although the company provided free medical and hospital treatment for workers. Alexander Livingstone Bruce held the considered view that educated Africans had no place in colonial society and he opposed their education. He also recorded his personal dislike for Chilembwe as an educated African; he considered all African-led churches were centres for agitation, and prohibited their being built on the Magomero estate. Although this prohibition applied to all missions, Chilembwe's mission was the closest; it became a natural focus for African agitation, and Chilembwe became the spokesman for African tenants on the Bruce Estates. Chilembwe provoked confrontation by erecting churches on estate land, which Livingstone burned down because he considered them as centres for agitation against the management and because they made potential claims on estate land. Reaction to the colonial system Chilembwe was angered by Livingstone's refusal to accept the worth of African people, and also frustrated by the refusal of the settlers and government to provide suitable opportunities or a political voice to the African "new men", who had been educated by the Presbyterian and other missions in Nyasaland or in some cases had received a higher education abroad. A number of such men became Chilembwe's lieutenants in the rising. Although in his first decade at P.I.M., Chilembwe had been reasonably successful, in the five years before his death, he faced a series of problems in the mission and in his personal life. From around 1910, he incurred several debts at a time when mission expenses were rising and funds from his American backers were drying up. Attacks of asthma, the death of a daughter, and his declining eyesight and general health may have deepened his anger and alienation. Background to the 1915 uprising The sources cited above agree that, after 1912 or 1913 the series of social and personal issues mentioned increased Chilembwe's bitterness toward Europeans in Nyasaland, and moved him towards thoughts of revolt and genocide. However, they treat the outbreak and effects of the First World War as the key factor in moving him from thought to planning to take action, which he believed it was his destiny to lead, for the deliverance of his people. In the course of this war, some 19,000 Nyasaland Africans served in the King's African Rifles, and up to 200,000 others were forced to be porters for varying periods, mostly in the East African Campaign against the Germans in Tanganyika, and disease caused many casualties among them. One of the earliest campaigns, a German invasion of Nyasaland and a battle at Karonga in September 1914 caused Chilembwe to write an impassioned letter against the war to the "Nyasaland Times" newspaper, saying that a number of his countrymen, "have already shed their blood", others were being "crippled for life" and "invited to die for a cause which is not theirs". The war-time censor prevented publication of the letter, and by December 1914, Chilembwe was regarded with suspicion by the colonial authorities. The Governor decided to deport Chilembwe and some of his followers, and approached the Mauritius government asking them to accept the deportees a few days before the rising started. The censoring of Chilembwe's letter appears to be the trigger moving him from conspiracy to action. He began the detailed organisation for a rebellion, gathering together a small group of Africans, educated either at the Blantyre Mission or the schools of the independent, separatist African churches in the Shire Highlands and Ncheu District, as his lieutenants. In a series of meetings held in December 1914 and early January 1915, Chilembwe and his leading followers aimed at overturning colonial rule and supplanting it, if possible. However, it is possible that he learnt of his intended deportation, and was forced to bring forward the date of his revolt, making the prospects of its success more unlikely, and turning it into a symbolic gesture of protest. When he brought forward the date of the Shire Highlands rising, Chilembwe was unable to ensure that it could still be coordinated with the planned rising in the Ntcheu District, which was therefore largely abortive. The failure in Ncheu District may also relate to the pacifism of many Seventh Day Baptist and Watchtower followers who were expected to rise there. 1915 uprisings and death The aims of the rising remain unclear, partly because Chilembwe and many of his leading supporters were killed, and also because many documents were destroyed in a fire in 1919. However, use of the theme of "Africa for the Africans" suggests a political motive rather than a purely millennial religious one. Chilembwe is said to have drawn parallels between his rising and that of John Brown, and stated his wish to "strike a blow and die" immediately before the rising started. However, this is based solely on what George Simeon Mwase, who was absent from Nyasaland in 1915, wrote 17 years after the event. Mwase claimed the phrase, "…strike a blow and die…" was said by Chilembwe several times, but it is not recorded elsewhere, and it conflicts with the actual course of the uprising, during which several of the chosen leaders stayed home and many followers fled once troops appeared. The first part of Chilembwe's plan was to attack European centres in the Shire Highlands on the night between 23 and 24 January 1915 to obtain arms and ammunition, and the second was to attack European estates in the same area simultaneously. Most of Chilembwe's force of about 200 men were from his P.I.M congregations in Chiradzulu and Mlanje, with some support from other independent African churches in the Shire Highlands. In the third part of the plan, the forces of the Ncheu revolt based on the local independent Seventh Day Baptists would move south to link up with Chilembwe. He hoped that discontented Africans on European estates, relatives of soldiers killed in the war and others would join as the rising progressed. It is uncertain if Chilembwe had definite plans in the event of failure; some suggest he intended to seek a symbolic death, others that he planned to escape to Mozambique. The first and third parts of the plan failed almost completely: some of his lieutenants did not carry out their attacks, so few arms were obtained, the Ncheu group had failed to form and move south, and there was no mass support for the rising. The attack on European estates was largely one on the Bruce estates, where William Jervis Livingstone was killed and beheaded and two other European employees killed. Three African men were also killed by the rebels; a European-run mission was set on fire, a missionary was severely wounded and a girl died in the fire. Apart from this girl, all the dead and injured were men, as Chilembwe had ordered that women should not be harmed. On 24 January, which was a Sunday, Chilembwe conducted a service in the P.I.M. church with Livingstone's impaled head prominently displayed. However, by 26 January he realised that the uprising had failed to gain local support. After avoiding attempts to capture him and apparently trying to escape into Mozambique, he was tracked down and killed by an askari military patrol on 3 February. An assistant magistrate that had inspected Chilembwe's body informed the government inquiry that he had been "wearing a dark blue coat, a coloured shirt and a striped pyjama jacket over the shirt and grey flannel trousers. With the body was brought in a pair of spectacles, a pair of pince nez and a pair of black boots". Even when being tracked down by patrols on the Mozambique border Chilembwe had continued to maintain his appearance as a "civilised gentleman". Aftermath of the uprising Most of Chilembwe's leading followers and some other participants in the rising were executed after summary trials under martial law shortly after it failed. The total number of those killed is unclear, because extrajudicial killings were carried out by European members of the Nyasaland Volunteer Reserve. The government also shut down Chilembwe's Providence Industrial Mission. The PIM remained inactive until 1926, when it reopened under the leadership of former student Daniel Sharpe Malekebu. A Commission of Enquiry into Chilembwe's uprising was appointed and, at its hearings in June 1915, the European planters blamed missionary activities while European missionaries emphasised the dangers of the teaching and preaching by independent African churches like those led by Chilembwe. Several Africans who gave evidence complained about the treatment of workers on estates, but were largely ignored. The official enquiry needed to find causes for the rising and it blamed Chilembwe for his mixture of political and religious teaching, but also the unsatisfactory conditions on the A L Bruce Estates and the unduly harsh regime of W. J. Livingstone. The enquiry heard that the conditions imposed on the A L Bruce Estates were illegal and oppressive, including paying workers poorly or in kind (not in cash), demanding excessive labour from tenants or not recording the work they did, and whipping and beating both workers and tenants. The abuses were confirmed by Magomero workers and tenants questioned by the Commission in 1915. Livingstone alone was blamed for these unsatisfactory conditions, and the resident director of the A L Bruce Estates, Alexander Livingstone Bruce, who had absolute control over estate policy and considered that educated Africans had no place in colonial society, escaped censure. The concept that the only appropriate relationship between Europeans and Africans was that of master and servant was at the heart of colonial society, led by the landowners. This concept may have been what Chilembwe aimed to fight against with his schools and self-help schemes, and ultimately why he turned to violent action, although see also for an alternate viewpoint. Nyasaland independence and legacy Nyasaland gained independence in 1964, taking the name Malawi. Chilembwe's likeness was seen on the obverse of all Malawian kwacha notes from 1997 until May 2012, when new notes were launched; the 500-kwacha note still carries his portrait. Since December 2016, the newly introduced 2000-kwacha note also carries his picture. John Chilembwe Day is observed annually on 15 January in Malawi. A larger-than-life statue of John Chilembwe was unveiled in London's Trafalgar Square in September 2022. Personal life Chilembwe had a wife named Ida. They had two sons, John (nicknamed Charlie) and Donald, who were born at unknown dates, in addition to a daughter, Emma, who died during infancy. After Chilembwe was killed, Ida took care of the two sons until her death amidst the 1918 influenza outbreak, where afterwards, they were under the care of their grandmother until she herself died in 1922. They were then entrusted into the hands of the Blantyre Mission and government as orphans. Charlie and Donald struggled to live up to their father's legacy; Charlie spent his last years at Blantyre working as a sweeper until his death in 1971, while Donald, struggling to find work, largely vanishes from the historic record in the 1930s. It is speculated that he went to the United States or South Africa. References External links Chilembwe.com: "Who is John Chilembwe" (1996). Brockman, N. C. Chilembwe, John. An African Biographical Dictionary, 1994. Rotberg, R. I. John Chilembwe: Brief life of an anticolonial rebel: 1871?–1915. Harvard Magazine, March–April 2005: Volume 107, Number 4, Page 36. 1871 births 1915 deaths 1900s in Nyasaland 1910s in Nyasaland 19th-century Baptist ministers from the United States 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States 20th-century Malawian educators Malawian anti-colonialists Malawian Baptists Malawian clergy Malawian philosophers Malawian human rights activists Malawian rebels Nyasaland people Virginia University of Lynchburg alumni African revolutionaries
手腕骨质增生了怎么办？骨质增生的症状和表现有以下特点:1.运动受限:关节囊性纤维化、骨赘、关节面不平整或游离体嵌入会缩小关节运动的范围，运动过程中会出现细微或粗糙的摩擦声。2.肌肉萎缩:受影响的大关节的肌肉萎缩和肌肉张力降低。3.该线显示关节空间狭窄，左右不对称，关节面钙化变形。新骨形成，如边缘骨刺、骨嵴和骨膜下新骨形成的骨桥、指间关节周围软组织骨化、关节假性囊肿的形成以及关节中游离体的存在。4.疼痛:从轻度到重度，运动后会减轻，长时间负重和运动会加重。5.硬度:休息会加重适度的关节硬度，这叫做凝胶化。它是一种不同于摩擦和粘附的弹性刚度。手指或大关节的僵硬会严重影响功能。6.肿胀:通常涉及一个或多个关节。关节僵硬、疼痛，有时肿胀。骨质增生的疼痛通常是由肌肉拉伤、缺血和缺氧引起的炎症引起的。只有骨质增生位于肌肉无菌性炎症附近或周围，所以常被误认为是骨质增生引起的疼痛。只有积极的局部抗炎镇痛治疗才能缓解疼痛。治疗骨质增生的关键不是消除骨质增生，而是消除骨质增生周围的无菌性炎症。如果有疼痛，可以用抗炎镇痛药或封闭疗法进行对症治疗。它还可以通过热敷、理疗、按摩和牵引来辅助促进血液循环、放松局部肌肉和缓解疼痛，或者使用小针刀来缓解神经压迫。骨质增生性疾病是中老年人的常见病和多发病。它们通常是由退化变化引起的。在疲劳、寒冷、身体虚弱等因素的作用下，经常导致骨质增生引起的疾病或炎症的发作，或压迫引起的疾病症状的出现。对于这种情况，一般药物可以用来改善病情。药物起效缓慢，通常需要几周的治疗才能起效，但停药后效果可持续一段时间，并具有保护软骨的作用。镇痛药可以联合使用。
蚊子会传播哪些疾病？夏季是蚊子最多的季节，就算我们做好了防护措施，也会不小心被蚊子叮到，所以夏季防蚊是最主要的，尤其是免疫力低下的孩童更要注意防蚊，蚊子作为四害之一，不仅会吸血，还会传播很多的疾病，不同种类的蚊子所传播的疾病也有所不同，那么，蚊子会传播哪些疾病呢？下面我们就一起来了解一下。1、疟疾由按蚊传播，是疟原虫传播引起怕传染病，夏季多见，常年可发病，国内多见于长江流域及其以南地区，可遍布全国，北方地区发病较少。临床表现为：间歇性寒战、高热，出汗，脾肿大，贫血。临床可分间日疟疾、三日疟疾、恶性疟疾三型。2、登革热：主要分布南方沿海地区，潜伏期2～15天。表现为高热，头痛，肌肉、骨关节剧烈酸痛，皮疹，淋巴结肿大，白细胞减少等。3、蚊子会传播丝虫病，主要通过按蚊叮咬而传播，在我国仅有斑氏及巴来丝虫病流行，长江以南地区流行。丝虫寄生在淋巴组织、皮下组织或浆膜腔，引起淋巴管炎症及阻塞，形成象皮肿、腹水等。临床还有丝虫热、肺部嗜酸粒细胞侵润综合征等。4、蚊子会传播黄热病，黄热病是黄热病病毒所引起的急性传染病，经伊蚊传播。主要流行于非洲和中南美洲，临床特征有发热、剧烈头痛黄疸、出血、蛋白尿。5、蚊子传播疾病，大致有两种传播方式:生物性传播和机械性传播。所谓生物性传播，是指病原体在蚊子体内经历了发育、增殖的阶段，再传染给人。例如乙型脑炎病毒随血液被吸入蚊子体内后，先在其肠道内增殖，然后移行至唾液腺，经叮咬后传播给人或动物。以上的内容就是关于蚊子会传播哪些疾病的简单介绍，相信大家阅读之后已经有了更深的了解，总之，蚊子可传播多种疾病，大家在生活中要做好防范。
The Estádio Edgar Borges Montenegro, nicknamed Edgarzão, is a football stadium located in the city of Assu, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, it belongs to the Liga Assuense de Desportos and has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people. It is the home stadium of Associação Sportiva Sociedade Unida. References Sports venues in Rio Grande do Norte Football venues in Rio Grande do Norte
奧克賽瓦山（Uqi Saywa），是秘魯的山峰，位於該國南部阿普里馬克大區，由安塔班巴省的安塔班巴區負責管轄，屬於萬索山脈的一部分，海拔高度4,800米。 秘魯山峰
Walter Glechner (12 February 1939 – 29 January 2015) was an Austrian footballer. Club career Glechner spent the majority of his career at Austria giants Rapid Wien, playing over 250 league matches in a 13-year spell. International career Glechner made his debut for Austria in a May 1960 friendly match against Scotland and earned a total of 35 caps, scored 1 goal. He represented his country in 2 FIFA World Cup qualification matches. His final international was a June 1968 match against the Soviet Union. International goals Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first. References External links Sturm Archiv 1939 births 2015 deaths Austrian men's footballers Austria men's international footballers Men's association football defenders SK Rapid Wien players
吃什么降脂肪肝最快？苹果：含有丰富的钾，相对含钠量低，是优质高钾食物。苹果所含的纤维素和有机酸，可促进肠胃蠕动，增加粪便体积，使其易于排出，从而减少人体对胆固醇的吸收，可使机体血胆固醇和肝脏胆固醇含量显著降低，有效预防脂肪肝。葡萄：葡萄有降低肝脏胆固醇含量的作用。葡萄对增强人体体质和促进消化功能也有作用。葡萄除供鲜食外，还可作为茶、粥、羹、菜肴等食谱的原料。山楂：维生素C的含量较丰富，含钾量也很高，为优质高钾食物。山楂有显著的降低血胆同醇、甘油三酯作用，并对防治动脉硬化有重要意义。山楂的降脂作用是脂质的清除，适宜脂肪肝患者经常食用。新鲜的柑橘中含多种氨基酸、维生素，不仅有助于人体的新陈代谢，而且还可有效提高肝脏解毒、促进脂肪代谢。番茄，对脂肪肝、高脂血症或兼有高血压、冠心病见咽干舌燥、胃热口苦、肝阴不足、目昏眼干者，具有清热解毒、凉血平肝、生津止渴、健胃消食作用。蘑菇：蘑菇性平，味甘，含多糖类、维生素、植物蛋白、多种氨基酸和无机盐。可调节免疫功能，帮助脂肪肝患者去脂，使炎症修复。海藻：海藻性寒味咸，含大量碘、藻酸、维生素、氨基酸和去脂成分。常吃海藻，具有软坚化痰散结作用，对防治脂肪肝、保肝抗纤均有良好辅助功效。萝卜所含热量较少，纤维素较多，吃后易有饱胀感，有利于助于减肥。还可以降低血脂、软化血管、稳定血压，预防脂肪肝、冠心病、动脉硬化等疾病。芹菜中含有膳食纤维、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质等营养成分，不但营养丰富，而且有药用价值，可起到很好的减肥、降脂、降胆固醇、消炎、止血等功效。坚持运动。在平时应该坚持体育锻炼，来促进体内脂肪的消耗，可以坚持跑步等有氧运动，这样能达到减肥的效果，但是在运动过程当中不能够太过劳累。
The 2009–10 Nebraska Cornhuskers men's basketball team represented the University of Nebraska, Lincoln in the 2009–10 college basketball season. Head coach Doc Sadler entered his 4th season at Nebraska. The Cornhuskers competed in the Big 12 Conference and played their home games at the Bob Devaney Sports Center. They finished with a record of 15-18 overall and 2-12 in Big 12 Conference play. Nebraska defeated Missouri in the first round of the 2010 Big 12 men's basketball tournament before being eliminated by Texas A&M in the semifinals. Roster 2009–10 Schedule and results |- !colspan=9| Exhibition |- !colspan=9| Regular Season |- !colspan=9| Phillips 66 2010 Big 12 men's basketball tournament |- References Nebraska Nebraska Cornhuskers men's basketball seasons Corn Corn
Alexander Cameron (January 4, 1834 – January 14, 1917) was a physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Huntingdon in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1874 to 1892 as a Conservative and then Liberal member. He was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia and educated at the Pictou Academy and the University of Glasgow. In 1866, he married Elizabeth McKenzie Wallace. He qualified to practise medicine in 1875 and set up practice in Huntingdon. Cameron served as a surgeon in the militia. He served as mayor of Huntingdon from 1870 to 1887 and was warden for Huntingdon County in 1882. He also served as a member of the Council of Public Instruction for Quebec. Cameron was first elected to the Quebec assembly as a Conservative in an 1874 by-election held after the death of Thomas Sanders. He was reelected in 1875 as a Liberal; that election was appealed but he won the by-election that followed in 1876. Cameron was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1892 and 1897. He died in Montreal at the age of 83. References 1834 births 1917 deaths Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs Quebec Liberal Party MNAs Mayors of places in Quebec
科尔多瓦主教宫（西班牙语：Palacio Episcopal de Córdoba）是西班牙科尔多瓦的一座历史建筑，1994年列为世界遗产科尔多瓦历史中心的一部分，位于托里霍斯街（Calle Torrijos）12号，科尔多瓦主教座堂西立面的正对面。建筑面积为 14,000 平方米，是市中心最大的建筑之一，其庭院内有大象喷泉雕塑，是倭马亚哈里发艺术的象征之一。 2019年5月，马厩开始改造，开设自助餐厅和美食店，于2021年10月28日开业， 此处为原安达卢西亚哈里发城堡旧浴室的遗迹。 参考 哥多華建築物
复方氢溴酸东莨菪碱贴膏药物相作用？如正在服用其它药品，使用本品前请咨询医师或药师
大三阳传染后是大三阳还是小三阳？大三阳是指检查乙肝五项中的乙肝表面抗原阳性（HBsAg）、E抗原阳性（HBeAg）、核心抗体阳性（HBcAb），即平时所说的一、三、五阳性。当其中表面抗原阳性抗、E体性阳（HBeAb）、核心抗体阳性，则称为“小三阳”。“大三阳”“与小三阳”都不能反应病情的轻重。如果肝功能正常，没有肝硬化，不需要治疗，定期复查就行。乙肝大三阳主要通过以下几种途径传播的：1、亲密接触传染：由于大三阳患者的唾液、尿液、血液、胆汁及乳汁均含有乙肝病毒，如果长期与大三阳患者密切接触，可以经过经破损皮肤、粘膜等传染大三阳的。2、性传染：它也是大三阳传染的主要途径，这主要是由于患者的精子或阴道分泌物中含有乙肝病毒，会造成大三阳的传染。3、母婴传染：它是目前乙肝大三阳传染的最主要的途径，大三阳女性患者在妊娠期时，乙肝病毒通过胎盘传染给胎儿;胎儿在分娩的过程中如果接触到了母亲的血液、羊水等也是会传染乙肝的;另外新生儿出生后，大三阳母乳喂养、日常生活亲密接触等也是会传染给孩子的。4、血液传染：主要是由于输入了被乙肝病毒感染了血液或血制品而造成的，日常的纹身、文眉、打耳洞等都会引起该方面的传染。因此，大三阳传染后还是大三阳。但是只要在生活中做好预防，及时接种疫苗，体内产生抗体是不会被传染的。大三阳是具有高度传染性的，乙肝大三阳只是乙肝病情的一种，主要的传染原因是乙肝病毒的传播，虽然肝功能正常，但是乙肝病毒还是会对肝脏造成损伤，所以也是需要治疗的，否则长时间的乙肝病毒的侵蚀，会向肝硬化和肝癌方向发展。具体如何治疗是需要根据患者的具体病情和身体状态来决定的。
如何确诊小三阳？所谓“小三阳”是指慢性乙型肝炎患者或乙肝病毒携带者体内乙肝病毒的免疫学指标：即乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙肝e抗体（HBeAb）、乙肝核心抗体（抗HBC）三项阳性，其中与“大三阳”的区别在于大三阳是e抗原阳性、e抗体阴性，而“小三阳”是e抗原阴性、e抗体阳性。“小三阳”患者分两种情况，其一是病毒阴性的小三阳，其二是病毒阳性的小三阳，某些人常认为大三阳严重而小三阳就没事，其实是一个认识误区，病毒阳性小三阳的危害越来越受到肝病专业医务者的重视。临床表现有如下几种:慢性HBV携带者多无症状，常处于免疫耐受期，除了为“大三阳”及病毒检测阳性，其它生长指标甚至病理指标均为正常，此期虽然不需要药物治疗，但需要定期检测和观察，及时发现疾病进展，对于携带者的研究也表明，有少部分携带者虽然肝功正常，但疾病仍然呈现进展过程，经过若干年之后，亦能进展为肝炎、肝硬化甚至肝癌，因此要定期复查，及时发现疾病进展，及时进行干预。轻度乙肝小三阳患者症状：表现为容易出汗、嗜睡、口喝、看书眼睛容易疲劳等症状。体内携带乙肝病毒的小三阳患者，体内乙肝病毒没有复制，传染性不强，会有厌油、食欲不振、下降、乏力、懒动、低烧等症状。如果乙肝病毒在肝细胞内活动，复制繁殖，则可以出现感觉肝区不适、隐隐作痛、全身倦怠、乏力，食欲减退、感到恶心、厌油、腹泻等症状。病人有时会有低热，严重的病人可能出现黄疸。重度乙肝小三阳患者症状：表现为肝功能损害急剧加重，直到衰竭，同时伴有肾功能衰竭等多脏器功能损害，病人会出现持续加重的黄疸，少尿、无尿、腹水、意识模糊、谵妄、昏迷等症状。急性乙肝小三阳患者症状：黄疸前期表现为食欲不振、全身乏力、厌油腻食物、恶心、肝区痛等症状，黄疸期乙肝小三阳的临床症状可略有好转。巩膜、皮肤出现黄染。部分病例伴有脾脏肿大，恢复期表现为黄疸消退，症状减轻直至消失。部分病例转变为慢性肝炎。
青少年智力低下怎么办？智力低下可见于脑组织病变、脑缺氧、微量元素缺乏等导致，另外也可见于孩子出生时有脑缺氧等导致，可以做一下脑ＣＴ、微量元素、血常规等检查，看是否有异常，根据检查选择治疗。治疗可用进行综合康复训练，如运动，针灸，感统等训练。完善颅脑CT，智力测试，染色体分析，明确智力低下的原因。智力低下是发生发育时期内，一般智力功能明显低于同龄水平，同量伴有适应性行为缺陷的一组疾病，引起智力低下的原因有先天因素和后天因素，先天因素有：母亲患有严重贫血，影响胎儿发育；孕期感染，如弓形虫感染；先天性遗传性疾病，如唐氏综合症；后天因素有：生产时窒息缺氧，出生后存在感染等原因造成，患儿一旦确诊为智力障碍，需要及早进行干预及治疗，建议到医院或专业康复机构，接受系统的综合治疗，如语言训练、特殊教育及行为矫正等方法进行干预及治疗。智力低下的青少年治疗和教育训练越早效果越好一般认为不应错过6岁以前的最佳时期最好在出生6个月前就开始进行6~12岁的低智儿童仍有治疗价值对智力低下儿童开展家庭康复工作应坚持营养、教育、护理、治疗相结合的原则：1、加强营养给孩子多吃些有利于大脑和身体发育的富含蛋白质、维生素和各种微量元素的食物同时服用一些健脑益智的中药可提高患儿脑细胞代谢功能有助于智力的提高。2、加强动作训练动作训练包括抬头、翻身、坐、站、走等动作和平衡能力训练训练孩子手、脑的协调能力。3、培养孩子的认知能力可能孩子不同形状、大小、数量、颜色、功能各异的卡片、画片、玩具、实物等以启发孩子的智力。4、培养语言交流能力可面对面地教孩子进行口的开闭舌的前后、左右、上下及吹口哨、鼓腮等运动并进行口语交流5、提高孩子的独立生活能力包括吃饭、喝水、穿衣、大小便的能力训练安排适当的集体活动有利于孩子智力的促进。
The women's 20 kilometres walk event at the 2006 African Championships in Athletics was held in Bambous, Mauritius on August 13. Results References Results 2006 African Championships in Athletics Racewalking at the African Championships in Athletics 2006 in women's athletics
沙菲·乌拉（），巴基斯坦政治人物，自2018年8月起担任开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省議會的议员。曾担任該省首席部长的特别助理，負責監獄系統。 政治生涯 在2018年巴基斯坦大選中，作为PK-15选区巴基斯坦正义运动党候选人进入开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省议会。 參考文獻 巴基斯坦普什圖族人 巴基斯坦政治人物 巴基斯坦穆斯林
Zawadów may refer to: Zawadów, Łódź Voivodeship Zawadów, Lublin Voivodeship Polish name of Ukrainian locations named Zavadiv pl:Zawadów
Louis Hippolyte Bouteille (2 January 1804, Saint-Gilles-du-Gard - 19 August 1881, Grenoble ) was a French ornithologist Bouteille studied pharmacy at Avignon from 1820 to 1822, then at Geneva from 1822 to 1825 then at Lyon from 1825 to 1827. He moved to Grenoble obtained pharmaceutical qualification from Faculté de Montpellier in 1833 where he practised. A naturalist from his youth he studied insects and birds. In 1843 he published Ornithologie du Dauphiné, ou Description des oiseaux observés dans les départements de l'Isère, de la Drôme, des Hautes-Alpes(two volumes). He closed his shop in 1847 when he gained the post of Conservateur at Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Grenoble :fr:Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Grenoble to the detriment of Albin Crépu (1799–1859). Bouteille supervised the construction du Muséum in the Jardin des plantes considerably enriched the collections. He founded "la Société d'acclimatation des Alpes" also the Jardin d'acclimatation de Grenoble in 1854. He was also the author of Faune de l’Oisans in Essai descriptif de l’Oisans d'Aristide Albert (1821–1903). References Maurice Boubier, L’Évolution de l’ornithologie, Alcan, coll. Nouvelle collection scientifique, Paris, 1925, ii + 308 p. French ornithologists 1804 births 1881 deaths
小儿右肺中叶综合征的鉴别诊断？叶间胸膜积液：X线表现为阴影光滑，沿叶间裂走向，密度均匀一致。在前弓位上较模糊，常凸出呈饱满状态;且同时伴有邻近叶间胸膜改变。肺中叶肺炎：主要依靠X线检查相鉴别，肺实变阴影边缘较平直，叶间裂不移位。肺不张时叶间裂向阴影内凹入，周围呈代偿性肺气肿。结核及肿瘤：右肺中叶结核及右肺中叶肺癌，从其阴影的边缘密度，加上结核菌素实验及活检的检查，不难鉴别。
碱蒿（学名：）是菊科蒿属的植物。分布于俄罗斯、蒙古以及中国大陆的新疆、黑龙江、内蒙古、陕西、河北、青海、宁夏、山西、甘肃等地，生长于海拔800米至2,300米的地区，一般生长在荒地、低湿、盐渍化草原附近、固定沙丘附近、干河谷、碱性滩地、干山坡以及盐渍化地常成区域性植物群落的主要伴生种，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。 别名 盐蒿（陕西），大莳萝蒿（内蒙古、甘肃），糜糜蒿（内蒙古），臭蒿（宁夏），伪茵陈（山西），“博知莫格”、“霍宁-沙里尔日”（蒙语名） 参考文献 J
纳济亚（）是俄罗斯列宁格勒州的市级镇，属基洛夫斯克区，地处列宁格勒州中部，位于区行政中心基洛夫斯克东偏南方，在州府圣彼得堡东偏南、加特契纳东北方。拉多加湖流域内一小河拉瓦河（）及其一支流科夫拉河（）流经该地。设有铁路车站日哈列沃（）站。 1933年设市级镇。该地2021年人口有4,589人； 参考来源 Н
龟头上面长了一圈小疙瘩是怎么回事？在龟头冠状沟部位有一圈小疙瘩，整齐排列，表面光滑，表面清洁，通常就是人们所说的珍珠状丘疹，是龟头部位皮肤的一种生理性改变，形成原因至今尚不明确，但是对身体没有任何伤害，也不会造成传染等现象，所以在临床上通常不做任何处理，养成良好卫生习惯，正常处理局部卫生即可，如果存在包皮过长的患者，建议及时进行包皮环切手术治疗。珍珠疹是属于良性病变，这主要是由于包皮过长或者是包茎，或者是由于慢性的化学反应刺激等原因所导致的，珍珠疹一般不会导致患者出现不适的临床症状，主要是会导致外观上不美观，所以一旦出现有珍珠疹，可以及时到医院进行体格检查。如果觉得不美观，可以通过冷冻切除或者是激光切除。还需考虑冠状沟珍珠疹和尖锐湿疣的可能。冠状沟珍珠疹一般位于冠状沟处，表现为细小的颗粒疹，颜色与珍珠白相似，称为珍珠疹，一般没有没有明显症状，一般不需要特殊治疗，多与包皮过长有关，可以做包皮环切术。尖锐湿疣是人乳头瘤病毒感染所致。表现为疣状新生物，多发于包皮、阴茎头等处，需要切除疣体并涂抹干扰素软膏，可以复发。小颗粒或者肉芽样组织，这样的情况主要是由于，珍珠丘疹引起的可能性大。珍珠丘疹是由于，腺体异常增生引起的一种情况，这是正常的生理现象，对人体没有任何的损伤。对健康也没有影响。珍珠丘疹这样的现象主要是由于包皮过长造成的，经常外翻包皮，清洁局部，或者行包皮环切手术，珍珠丘疹就能够自行消失。最大的可能性是珍珠疹。珍珠疹主要是长期包皮过长，包皮包着龟头，在龟头的后方有一圈小疙瘩，类似小丘疹样的改变。这种情况要与龟头的尖锐湿疣相鉴别，尖锐湿疣一般有不洁的性交史，尖锐湿疣呈菜花样改变，通过抽血化验可以确定是否是尖锐湿疣，也可以做醋酸白试验。对于阴茎龟头的珍珠疹，一般注意卫生，包皮翻开清洗干净，对人体没有任何影响，不用做任何治疗。尖锐湿疣必须行激光切除。
淋病可通过手传染吗？在临床上淋病是一种感染性疾病，是由淋病奈瑟氏菌所导致的泌尿生殖系统化脓性炎性疾病。它的传播途径主要通过性接触，间接接触，血源性传染，胎盘感染，产道感染等。淋病其传染性很强，大部分是通过性接触而感染的，占95%以上。传播速度较快，一般3-5天即可发病。男性淋病患者几乎都是性交接触引起的，女性淋病可由性交直接感染，也可由其它方式感染。淋病是由淋球菌感染造成的，主要是通过性接触传播。传播途径是不洁性生活史，当接触了具有潜在感染淋病淋球菌的或者已经感染的患者后，会在接触后的3-5天发生临床症状，表现为外阴的红肿流脓，尿频，尿急，尿痛等。要采取积极地抗感染治疗，可以选择肌注也可以选择静滴。在肌注和静滴都不允许的情况下选择口服药物进行治疗，不管选用哪一种药物，都要进行早期足量的药物进行治疗，治愈后也要复查淋球菌。淋病是由淋病奈瑟菌引起的泌尿生殖系统的化脓性感染，是一种常见的性病，淋病的症状虽然比较严重，但是只要早发现早治疗还是可以彻底根治的。治疗期间，我们需要注意以下几个方面：1，多饮水。每日饮水量至少两千毫升，多饮水则尿液生成增加，起到冲刷尿路的作用。2，忌饮酒及辛辣刺激食物，特别是使用头孢类药物时需要禁酒，因为酒精和头孢类药物相互作用，可能会出现严重的毒性反应。3，注意休息，避免过劳，提高自身免疫力，免疫力提高，有助于疾病的恢复。4，注意内裤、毛巾、床单的消毒，避免间接接触感染，小便以后一定要彻底洗手，手不要接触眼部，防止引起淋球菌性眼炎。5，治疗期间禁止性生活，避免传染给性伴侣，性伴侣应同时检查治疗，避免性伴间的交叉感染。所以说淋病的传播并不是通过手来传染的，但是由于淋病传染性比较强，日常生活中还是要注意。
Lakan Rural District () is in the Central District of Rasht County, Gilan province, Iran. At the National Census of 2006, its population was 21,251 in 5,923 households. There were 11,480 inhabitants in 3,067 households at the following census of 2011. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 15,209 in 3,428 households. The largest of its 22 villages was Ravajir, with 4,728 people. References Rasht County Rural Districts of Gilan Province Populated places in Gilan Province Populated places in Rasht County
《週末》（法語：）是法國導演尚盧·高達於1967年執導的黑色幽默電影，本片獲選為第18屆柏林影展正式競賽片。 本片對西歐資產階級與美式資本主義作出強烈嘲諷，並充斥超現實影像風格，其中塞車片段採用長達數分鐘的長鏡頭最為著名。 參考資料 外部連結 1967年法國電影作品 法語電影 法國前衛與實驗電影 尚盧·高達執導的電影 反烏托邦電影 黑色幽默電影 公路電影
天主教馬斯溫戈教區 （、）是津巴布韋一個羅馬天主教教區，屬布拉瓦約總教區。 教區成立於1999年2月9日，位於該國東南部，2004年有教友181,234人（佔轄區總人口13.8%）、十九個堂區、卅六名司鐸。現任教區主教為迈克尔·蒂克松·巴赫塞。 參考 M 1999年辛巴威建立
波利奧韋（）是位於烏克蘭西南部的村莊，由敖德萨州裡比爾霍羅德-德涅斯特羅夫斯基區的負責管轄。該村面積0.66平方公里，2001年人口205，人口密度每平方公里310.61人。 敖德薩州村落 別爾哥羅德-德涅斯特羅夫斯基區村落
Albert Schiess (born 12 March 1951) is a Swiss sailor. He competed in the Tornado event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. References External links 1951 births Living people Swiss male sailors (sport) Olympic sailors for Switzerland Sailors at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Tornado Place of birth missing (living people) 20th-century Swiss people
頓河（）是俄羅斯主要河流之一。發源於莫斯科東南的圖拉附近，長1,950公里，流入亞速海。在最東部與伏爾加河以長105公里伏爾加-頓河運河相連。 頓河從其源頭起，首先向東南方流向沃羅涅日，然後向西南方向入海。沿岸主要城市為頓河畔羅斯托夫，主要支流是頓內次河。 基本資料 羅斯托夫州河流 利佩茨克州河流 沃罗涅日州河流 图拉州河流 伏尔加格勒州河流
Jeremy Snyder is an American poet. He serves as poet laureate of Vallejo, California. Background Snyder was born in Vallejo, California, educated at the University of Montana, and served in the United States Navy. Poetry Jeremy Snyder began writing poetry at age 5. From 2018 to 2022, Snyder hosted a poetry open mic, Poetry by the Bay at the downtown Oddfellows Hall and online. Poetry by the Bay was founded in 2008 by Kyrah Ayers. In 2023 Keith Thompson took over as host and the group now meets at the Mira Theatre. Snyder became Vallejo’s poet laureate in January 2020 and serves until December 31, 2023. He was preceded in office by D.L. Lang and Dr. Genea Brice. His term was extended through 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic disrupting the live events and poetry workshops he had planned. In 2021 Snyder appeared on the Rooted in Poetry podcast, performed at a virtual benefit for the Solano County Library Foundation, performed with his predecessors at Alibi Bookshop, and with fellow San Francisco bay area poets laureate in Richmond, California. He hosted the National Poetry Month celebrations at the Solano County Library in 2022 and Alibi Bookshop in 2023. Publications Snyder, Jeremy, "Dirt," Gnashing Teeth Publishing, April 10, 2021 Lang, D.L. ed., Verses, Voices, & Visions of Vallejo 2019. See also Genea Brice D.L. Lang List of municipal poets laureate in California References American male poets Municipal Poets Laureate in the United States Poets from California Living people 21st-century American poets Poets Laureate of Vallejo Writers from Vallejo, California University of Montana alumni Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century American male writers
Wan Laiming (; 18 January 1900 – 7 October 1997) was born in Nanjing, Qing dynasty. He was one of the Wan brothers who pioneered the Chinese animation industry, and is commonly considered as China's first animator. As the director of the Shanghai Animation Film Studio, he would raise the standard to International level before other historical events affected the industry. Early history Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan were twin brothers. They were the first ones to experiment with primitive film technology adapted from the United States and other parts of the world, and were often inspired by foreign cartoons that made it to Shanghai. In 1919 they worked in the fine art departments at Shanghai Commercial Press. They were exposed to early technologies like zoetrope with galloping horses that animate on rotation. Other cinema techniques like zoetrope projection principles were being studied. In the early 1920s on a summer evening, the brothers were squeezed into a small attic. They used a thick book and drew pictures of a cat and mouse. They bent the corners in such a way that it animated the cat catching the mouse. The brothers would spend their days testing and experimenting. Achievements In 1922 they made the first cartoon short Shuzhendong Chinese Typewriter which was a commercial used for the Commercial Press. At the time one of their first technological challenge was to make the background expose. Their technique caused grease that prevented them from seeing anything but simple lines in the background. In 1924 they were invited to the Great Wall Film Company () to try and animate a film under studio terms. Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan were then recognized as China's animation pioneers when they successfully produced the first animation short Uproar in the Studio running 10 to 12 minutes long in black and white. By 1932 one of the Wan brothers, Wan Dihuan, would voluntarily leave the Great Wall Film company for his own photography studio. By 1935 the Wan Brothers would launch the first animation with sound titled The Camel’s Dance. In 1938 the remaining 3 Wan Brothers moved from Shanghai to Wuhan. Later Wan Dihuan went back to Chongqing to launch anti-Japanese animation campaigns. Wan Laiming was also at the Chinese anti-Japanese National Film association as part of the leftist movement. From here they would combine war songs into animations to produce propaganda materials for the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1939 the brothers were inspired by the American production Snow White. They would set the standard in attempting to create a film of equal quality for the nation's honor. By 1940 the brothers would be part of the Xinhua Film Company animation department since it was the only remaining production company left during the Japanese occupancy period. The manager of the company Zhang Shankun wanted to invest in profitable films, and he later found how much animation expenses were and wanted to give up. He sought additional investments, but insisted the production would take too much time. Wan Laiming guaranteed that they would not lose money. Though at the time the city was considered a "Solitary Island" since it was semi-occupied by Japanese forces as part of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Princess Iron Fan, the first Chinese animation of notable length, would be complete and shown as a proud achievement to some of the remaining people who haven't left the city. Wan Guchan wanted to draw a plan for the next project Havoc in Heaven. As the Japanese occupation was increasing, Hsinhua comic department has already been forced to close. As a result, the investors withdrew their money and nothing got started. Time would past and the Shanghai Animation Film Studio would be established in 1950. In 1954 Wan Laiming went to Hong Kong and returned to Shanghai by autumn of the same year. He then served as the director of the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. Two years later in 1956, Wan Laiming would create the first animation in color Why is the Crow Black-Coated. It became a reality in 1961 when Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan finally had the opportunity to work on the 1st part of the animation film Havoc in Heaven. By 1964 all 4 Wan brothers were collaborating for the last part of the film. The movie would win International awards officially putting China on the map in terms of a nation capable of producing high quality animation films. Unfortunately by 1966 Mao Zedong would start the Cultural Revolution. The animation industry would take a nose dive as many artists were affected in the industry. It was then that China's golden era of animated film would end. Death On 7 October 1997 Wan Laiming died in Shanghai. He was buried at () and a statue of him was erected in honour of his achievements in the industry. Filmography References External links Memorial China Movie DB 1900 births 1997 deaths Chinese animated film directors Film directors from Jiangsu 20th-century Chinese inventors Cinema pioneers Artists from Nanjing Film directors from Shanghai Chinese twins
桥本氏病甲状腺炎症状影响着床吗？桥本氏甲状腺炎在医学上一般将其称为慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎，这是一种自身免疫性的疾病，目前这个疾病有着极高的发病率。一般不影响着床。长时间患者往往会给患者的健康带来一定的影响，对于这类疾病需要人们多多重视，发现患病积极治疗。桥本氏甲状腺炎这个疾病多见于中年人，一般来说女性的患病率要高于男性，该疾病的发病往往是十分隐匿而缓慢的，患者在无意间会发现甲状腺肿大的情况，一般为中等大小，有少部分的患者局部会出现疼痛等不适的情况。桥本氏甲状腺炎患者甲状腺肿大的情况大多会对称出现，甲状腺的功能是正常的，有些患者可能会伴有甲亢的情况出现，在患病的中后期还会产生加减，有些身体抵抗能力较低的桥本氏甲状腺炎患者还会出现精神萎靡、体温升高、四肢无力、食欲不振等全身的症状，这都是十分危险的。当发现患有了上述的症状就一定要到医院进行最全面的检查，目前能够检查桥本氏甲状腺炎的常见方法包括甲状腺功能检查、超声检查、影像学检查以及实验室检查等，诊断桥本氏甲状腺炎需要注意与结节性甲状腺肿、亚急性甲状腺炎、甲状腺癌等疾病相鉴别。当确诊患有了桥本氏甲状腺炎就需要及时的进行治疗，常见的治疗该疾病的方法就是口服甲状腺片疗法，这类方法需要控制好药量，一般在用药半个月左右之后，患者的症状会有所好转。如果治疗无效，需要对疾病进行重新的审定诊断，需要的时候需要进行外科的手术治疗。治疗桥本氏甲状腺炎还需要明确该疾病产生的原因，一般认为遗传是导致这个疾病产生的最主要的原因，除此之外免疫性的疾病、药物的刺激等原因也可能导致桥本氏甲状腺炎出现。患有桥本氏甲状腺炎的患者在日常生活中需要多多注意，一定要密切关注自己身体变化的情况，注意多多休息，这样才能缓解病情发展。
Krasnoborsky (masculine), Krasnoborskaya (feminine), or Krasnoborskoye (neuter) may refer to: Krasnoborsky District, a district of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia Krasnoborsky (rural locality) (Krasnoborskaya, Krasnoborskoye), name of several rural localities in Russia
乌尼（，）是法国涅夫勒省的一个市镇，属于希农堡（城）区。 地理 （）面积，位于法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大區涅夫勒省，该省份为法国中部省份，北至约讷省，西北接卢瓦雷省，西接谢尔省，南至阿列省，东南接索恩-卢瓦尔省，东临科多尔省。 与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。 的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。 行政 的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。 政治 所属的省级选区为。 人口 于时的人口数量为人。 参见 涅夫勒省市镇列表 参考文献 涅夫勒省市镇
怎么判断自己的子宫脱垂程度？子宫脱垂是指由支持子宫的组织损伤或虚弱引起的相邻器官移位的一种生殖综合征，使子宫从正常位置沿阴道下降，子宫在低于正常水平时脱垂。坐骨外脊的子宫颈，甚至是所有子宫出阴道口。根据脱垂的程度，可分为三度。子宫脱垂患者通常有背痛和背痛，严重时还会拖累膀胱和直肠，并会出现尿频、排尿不干净或大便不适。子宫脱垂的主要症状是腰骶部疼痛，尤其是骶骨疼痛，分娩后症状更明显，卧床休息后可缓解。此外，患者感觉下腹、阴道、会阴下降，也因疲劳而加重。子宫脱垂分为三度：一度脱垂发生在子宫颈仍在阴道内时，二度脱垂发生在子宫颈和部分子宫体脱出阴道口时，三度脱垂发生在子宫颈和部分子宫体脱出阴道口时。整个子宫体从阴道口脱出。患者自觉从腹部跌落，腰酸、行走和蹲下较为明显，严重时肿块无法恢复，影响动作。宫颈粘膜表面增厚、角化、侵蚀和溃疡是由于长期暴露造成的。白带患者增多，有时化脓或出血，有的出现月经失调，经血过多。子宫脱垂常伴有阴道增大、囊肿和直肠。尿频，排尿困难或尿失禁是常见的囊肿患者。直肠前突患者常有便秘和排尿困难。如果子宫脱垂没有治愈，后果将非常严重。子宫脱垂的主要不良后果是患者下腹、外阴、阴道脱落、肿胀，出现背痛，站立或工作时更为严重。如果病情继续恶化，严重者将影响行动。子宫脱垂伴膀胱扩张，常发生尿频、排尿困难或尿失禁。如果子宫脱垂伴有直肠前突，也可能出现排便困难。子宫脱垂会使患者行走或做事困难。如果宫颈和阴道粘膜延长出阴道，由于摩擦刺激可能溃烂和感染，阴道分泌物增多，变成水甚至脓。为了防止子宫脱垂，建议产妇在分娩后1-2个月内避免过度劳累。
食肉牛龍（屬名：，發音：，意為「食肉的牛」，有時簡稱為牛龍）是一屬阿貝力龍科的獸腳亞目恐龍，生存於晚白堊世（可能約7200萬至6990萬年前）的南美洲，相當於現在的阿根廷巴塔哥尼亞。唯一的物種是模式種薩氏食肉牛龍（Carnotaurus sastrei）。對其的瞭解來自單一副保存良好的骨骼，而成為南半球所知最詳盡的獸腳類之一。化石於1984年在丘布特省的發現。食肉牛龍是阿貝力龍科中的進階型物種，這是一群在晚白堊世的岡瓦納大陸佔據頂級掠食者棲位的中大型肉食性恐龍。牠在科中通常被認為屬於短吻龍類演化支，是一群僅分布於南美洲的短吻部物種。 食肉牛龍是種身體結構輕盈、的掠食者，經測量估計身長約7.5至9公尺，體重至少1.35噸。以獸腳類來說，食肉牛龍高度特化並且非常獨特。眼睛上方長有厚犄角，這在其他所有獸腳類都未曾觀察到過；縱視非常高深的頭顱長在肌肉發達的粗壯頸部上。此外另一項明顯特徵是極短、已退化成痕跡器官的前肢，搭配長而纖細的後肢。骨骼標本還額外保存了大面積的皮膚印痕，可知牠身上鑲嵌著許多小塊（直徑約5毫米）、不重疊的鱗片，身體兩側長著許多大型、不規則排列的圓形骨質突起物（皮內成骨），沒有羽毛的跡象。 獨特的犄角和肌肉發達的頸部可能是使用於物種內打鬥。根據不同的研究，互相競爭的個體可能在打鬥時使用頭部來撞擊，以頭骨上側緩慢互推、或將角作為緩衝正面撞擊對方。尚不清楚食肉牛龍的覓食習性：某些研究認為牠有能力撂倒非常大型的蜥腳類恐龍，其他研究則認為牠主要獵捕相對小型的獵物。腦腔結構暗示有著非常發達的嗅覺，而聽覺和視覺較不發達。食肉牛龍可能擅於奔跑，並可能是行動最迅速的大型獸腳類之一。 發現 食肉牛龍的唯一一具標本（正模標本-CH 894）是由阿根廷古生物學家何塞·波拿巴所率領的考察團隊於1984年挖掘出土。同時還發現了擁有特殊棘刺的蜥腳類阿馬加龍。此次挖掘活動屬於「南美洲侏羅紀與白堊紀陸生脊椎動物」計畫的第八次考察，該計畫始於1976年，並由國家地理學會贊助。骨骼保存良好且關節相連，只缺乏尾部後段三分之二、大部分的下肢骨、後腳已被風化分解。根據癒合的來判斷，這具骨骼屬於一個成年個體。牠被發現時倒於右側，呈現典型的，頸部和背部沿軀幹向後彎曲。不尋常的是，有大片的皮膚印痕保存下來。有鑑於這些印痕的重要性，對原來的挖掘地點展開了第二次的考察，過程中又找到了更多皮膚印痕。頭骨在化石化過程中變形了，左側吻部骨頭相對右側向前位移，鼻骨被向上擠壓，前上頜骨向後推向鼻骨之上。變形也讓上頜上彎的程度過度加大。吻部受到變形的影響比頭骨後部來得嚴重，可能是因為後者較為堅固。從頂部或底部視角來看，上頜的U形相對於下頜的U形較不明顯，導致兩者明顯不相契合。這樣的不相契合是由側向作用的變形所造成，上頜被影響而下頜沒有，可能是因為後者關節柔韌性較好。 化石採集於阿根廷巴塔哥尼亞丘布特省特爾森縣棕坡（Bajada Moreno）附近的薩斯特雷農場（Pocho Sastre）。因為埋在十分堅硬的大型赤鐵礦結核岩塊中，使得清修過程複雜並進展緩慢。1985年，波拿巴發表了一篇筆記，介紹了新屬新種薩氏食肉牛龍，並簡略描述了頭骨與下頜。屬名源自拉丁語的carno／carnis（肉）和taurus（公牛），意即「食肉的牛」，象徵著形狀像牛的犄角。種名sastrei紀念化石發現地牧場的擁有者安赫爾·薩斯特雷（Angel Sastre）。1990年，波拿巴、和發表了一份關於整副骨骼的全面性描述論文。食肉牛龍是繼阿貝力龍後，阿貝力龍科第二個發現的物種。多年來牠一直是該科、同時也是南半球獸腳類中，了解最詳盡的物種。直到進入21世紀相繼敘述了更多保存良好的阿貝力龍科（如奧卡龍、瑪君龍、蠍獵龍）之後，才使研究人員能夠針對食肉牛龍解剖學的特定方面進行重新檢驗與評估。正模標本目前保存於；複製重建骨架模型在那裡以及世界各地的博物館都有展設。雕刻家史蒂芬與希薇亞·澤卡斯（Stephen and Sylvia Czerkas）製作的一個等比例復原模型以前曾在洛杉磯縣自然歷史博物館展示過。這個雕塑作品是博物館於1980年代中期訂製的，可能是首具高準確性皮膚還原度的獸腳類復原模型。 敘述 體型 食肉牛龍是種大型、但結構輕盈的掠食者。唯一已知的標本身長約7.5至9公尺，成為體型最大的阿貝力龍科之一。爆誕龍及可能的阿貝力龍（化石都不完整）體型可能相近或更大。一份2016年的研究指出，只有身長8.9公尺的密林龍，長於食肉牛龍的估計值7.8公尺。頭部高2.9公尺。體重在不同的研究中使用不同方法測量曾被估計為1350公斤、1500公斤、2000公斤、2100公斤、2500公斤、以及1306至1743公斤。由頭骨、脊椎、前肢的特徵可以發現，食肉牛龍是高度特化的獸腳類。另一方面，坐骨和後肢則相對原始，類似更基礎的角鼻龍。坐骨和後肢都長而纖細：其中左股骨測量長103公分，但平均直徑只有11公分。 頭骨 頭骨測量長59.6公分，與其他大型肉食恐龍相比，食肉牛龍的頭部比例上較小而高度深。吻部略寬，不像基礎獸腳類（如角鼻龍）那樣尖細，下巴向上彎曲。一對明顯的角從眼睛上方斜向突出，由額骨構成，厚、呈圓錐形，內部結實，垂直剖面略為扁平，測量長15公分。波拿巴於1990年提出這對角可能構成更長的角質鞘骨核。摩里西奧·瑟隆尼（Mauricio Cerroni）和同事於2020年認同角覆蓋著角質鞘，但反駁道這些角質鞘不會長於骨核本身。 如同其他恐龍，頭骨兩側各有六個主要孔洞。最前面的鼻孔半矩形朝向側前，但側面看不像其他角鼻龍類那樣傾斜；僅由鼻骨和前上頜骨構成，而一些近緣物種的上頜骨也有參與構成。在鼻孔和之間是眶前孔。角鼻龍的眶前孔高度大於長度，但相關物種如蠍獵龍、瑪君龍的是長度大於高度。眶前孔由較大的凹陷眶骨窩所包圍，前部由上頜骨凹部、後部由淚骨構成。如同所有阿貝力龍科，食肉牛龍的這個凹陷較小。眶骨窩前下角有個較小的孔洞前上頜孔，通往上頜骨內的空腔。眼睛位於鑰匙孔形的眼眶上部。上部比例小、呈圓形，以前突的眶後骨與眼眶下部分隔開來。眼睛略轉向前，可能具有一定程度的雙眼視覺。如同所有阿貝力龍科，額骨（位於雙眼之間的頭蓋骨）不包含在眼眶內。眼眶後面有兩個孔洞：側面是下顳孔、上面是上顳孔。下顳孔高、短、呈腎形；上顳孔短、呈方形。下頜有另一個孔洞為下頜孔，食肉牛龍的相對較大。 上頜兩側的牙齒數量分別為：前上頜骨4顆、上頜骨12顆；下頜兩側齒骨各有15顆牙齒。牙齒細長，和其他阿貝力龍科很短的牙齒相反。但瑟隆尼等人（2020）的頭骨敘述指出，所有的牙齒在挖掘過程中都受到嚴重損壞，後來才用石膏進行重建；波拿巴（1990）只提到一些下頜牙齒變成碎片。因此關於牙齒形狀的可靠資訊僅限於汰換的牙齒和依然被下頜包覆的齒根，並可透過CT掃描成像來研究。汰換的牙齒有低而平坦的齒冠，排列緊密，前傾約45度。波拿巴（1990）指出下頜淺、結構脆弱，齒骨（下頜最前面的骨頭）僅透過兩個接觸點與後面的下頜骨連接；這與外觀厚實的頭骨形成對比。瑟隆尼等人（2020）卻在齒骨和後部下頜骨之間發現多個鬆散的連接，這使得關節結構可動性高，但不一定脆弱。齒骨底緣凸起，而瑪君龍的則為平坦。 下頜發現在生前位置有成骨作用的舌骨，這條纖細的骨頭附著舌頭等幾條肌肉，這在恐龍中很少見，牠們的舌頭通常屬於軟骨，未與其他骨頭相連，因此很容易遺失。食肉牛龍保存了三個舌骨：一對彎曲棒狀的角枝（ceratobranchials）與一個梯形基舌骨（basihyal）關節連接。食肉牛龍是非鳥類獸腳類中唯一已知有基舌骨的。頭骨後面有幾個發育良好的中空腔室圍繞著腦殼，如同所有阿貝力龍科。有兩個獨立的腔室系統：副鼓膜（paratympanic）系統連接中耳空腔、以及頸部起囊膨脹產生的空腔。 頭骨可觀察到數個自衍徵：一對犄角；非常短而高度深的頭骨；上頜骨在前上頜骨孔上方嵌入，本應嵌於眶上氣竇（吻部的空腔）；運輸淚液的鼻淚管經過一條未知功能的導管從淚骨內面通出。其他可能的自衍徵有方骨深長中空的洞以及腭翼骨上的加長凹陷。 脊椎 脊柱由10節頸椎、12節胸椎、6節癒合的薦椎、以及數量未知的尾椎所構成。頸部幾乎筆直，不像其他獸腳類普遍的S形曲線，並且向基部異常地寬。頸柱頂部有兩條向上地骨質突起，稱為上骺，在頸椎頂部構成一道光滑的溝槽。這些突起是整個頸柱的最高點，豎立於異常低矮的之上。上骺可能附著著強壯的頸部肌肉組織。類似的兩條結構也可在尾部觀察到，由高度特化的尾肋所構成，前面看來呈V形且向上突出，內側構成了前部尾椎光滑、平坦的頂面。每個尾肋末端有前突的鉤形擴張，與前續脊椎的尾肋相連。 頸椎的結構類似現代鳥類，可以做出更快、更準確的動作。薦椎數量相當多，共有8節，可以承受碰撞和衝擊。 前肢 食肉牛龍的前肢極為短小，甚至比任何大型獸腳類（包括暴龍）都還要短。前臂只有上臂長度的四分之一。手部沒有腕骨，因此掌骨直接與前臂關節連接。手部有四根基本的手指，雖然其中只有中間兩根以指骨收尾，而第四指僅由一塊夾板狀的掌骨構成，可能形成一種外部「骨刺」。手指本身癒合無法動作，可能沒有爪子。食肉牛龍與其他阿貝力龍科的不同點在於：前肢比例較短但更健壯、第四指夾板狀的掌骨是手部最長的骨頭。2009年的一項研究指出，手臂在阿貝力龍科已經退化成痕跡器官，上頭的神經傳導纖維已經減少至相當於現代的鴯鶓或奇異鳥（都有前肢痕跡器官）的程度。 前後肢比例的比較：食肉牛龍的前肢/後肢長度比例為14%、艾伯塔龍的前肢/後肢比為20%、似鴕龍為46%、始祖鳥為96%。肱骨、橈骨、掌骨長度的比較：食肉牛龍分別為28.5公分、7.3公分、3.7公分；艾伯塔龍為32.4公分、15.6公分、9.8公分；懼龍為35.7公分、17.1公分、12公分。由此顯示出，食肉牛龍與暴龍科的前肢比例非常類似，似乎是平行演化的結果。肱骨/橈骨/掌骨百分比例的比較：食肉牛龍為72：19：9，而其他前肢小的獸腳類則為55：27：19左右。大多數獸腳類前肢掌心方向為彼此合掌，而食肉牛龍前肢掌心略朝後上方，目前仍不清楚功用為何。 後肢 食肉牛龍的後肢並沒有完整地保存下來，但可以推測其後腿長而強壯，脛部結實，踝關節高，與腳趾間的部份延長、纖細，顯示食肉牛龍是種擅於奔跑的動物。 皮膚 食肉牛龍是第一種發現大量化石皮膚印痕的獸腳類。這些印痕發現於身體的右側下方，來自不同的身體部位，包括下頜、前面的頸部、胸帶、以及肋腔等。最大塊的來自尾部前面。起初頭骨右側也覆有大塊皮膚印痕，但清修時沒能及時辨認出來而意外地破壞掉了。但還是可以從頭骨幾個表面紋理推測出可能的表皮狀況。吻部側面及正面發現了一個由凹槽、凹洞及小孔洞的丘狀表面，暗示著鱗片般的表皮，可能像現代鱷魚般的平坦鱗片。吻部頂端裝飾著許多小孔和棘刺，可能與表面覆蓋角質有關，類似的構造也在瑪君龍頭上觀察到，但阿貝力龍和皺褶龍則缺乏。可以確定的是，一圈大塊的鱗片包圍著眼睛，根據淚骨及眶後骨上縱溝及丘狀表面所示。 皮膚由直徑約5毫米的不重疊多邊形鱗片鑲嵌構成，鑲嵌之間由細的平行溝槽隔開。身體各部位的鱗片比例大同小異，除了頭部之外，顯然反映出不同、不規則的鱗片形狀。沒有任何羽毛的跡象。 沿著頸部、背部與尾部側面的皮膚上，有許多不規則排列的圓錐形皮內成骨。每個突起都呈低矮稜脊，部分直徑測量約4至5公分。彼此間隔8至10公分，並朝身體上方逐漸變大。這使食肉牛龍的外表凹凸不平。這些隆起可能是密集的，類似在鴨嘴龍類皮膚上觀察到沿身體中線排列的柔軟皺褶。史蒂芬·澤卡斯（Stephen Czerkas）於1997年提出，這樣的結構可能在物種內或種間打鬥時保護身體側面，並認為在現代鬣蜥頸部可觀察到類似結構，在打鬥時提供有限的防護。 分類 食肉牛龍是被研究最透徹的阿貝力龍科之一，牠們是一群僅分布於南方岡瓦那大陸的大型獸腳類，並在白堊紀晚期成為當地的優勢掠食動物，取代鯊齒龍科在白堊紀早期的生態棲位，而同時北半球佔據對應棲位則是暴龍科。該科物種演化出許多顯著特徵，包含變短的頭骨與前肢、以及特殊的頸椎和尾椎結構，後者在食肉牛龍中發展得又比其他阿貝力龍科還要明顯。 雖然阿貝力龍科內的親緣關係備受爭議，系統發生學研究普遍顯示出食肉牛龍是科內最衍化的進階型物種。牠的最近緣物種可能是奧卡龍或瑪君龍。但2008年馬修·卡拉諾（Matthew T. Carrano）和的角鼻龍類系統發生學研究得出相反的結果，認為食肉牛龍與前兩者都不近緣，而是與肌肉龍互成姊妹群。 1998年，芝加哥大學的提出食肉牛龍亞科（Carnotaurinae），定義為：除了在許多研究被認為是基礎物種的阿貝力龍以外，包含所有的進階型阿貝力龍科物種。但2008年的研究認為阿貝力龍也是進階型物種。 2002年，科里亞等人在新敘述的奧卡龍身上找到數個和食肉牛龍相同的共有衍徵，尤其是尾部近段與中段具有，且頸椎的顱端（與尾端）具有突起，這兩點都僅見於這兩種恐龍，有別於其他的阿貝力龍科，因此他們將食肉牛龍和奧卡龍劃分進新的演化支：食肉牛龍族（Carnotaurini），代表兩者為最近緣物種。然而，食肉牛龍亞科和食肉牛龍族並不被學界廣泛接受。 以下演化樹取自塞里諾和同事（2004）關於阿貝力龍類地理分布與系統發生學的研究，參考科里亞等人（2002）的數據： 2009年，胡安·卡納雷（Juan Canale）和同事的系統發生學研究，將南美洲的食肉牛龍亞科加上肌肉龍，建立成一個食肉牛龍亞科內的次演化支短吻龍類（Brachyrostra），定義為：阿貝力龍科中，與食肉牛龍的親緣關係比與瑪君龍還要更近的物種；這項分類被許多後來的研究所採納。其演化樹如下所示： 2013年，提爾黎·托爾托薩（Thierry Tortosa）等人提出新版本的阿貝力龍科演化樹。主要可區分為三大類：基礎型的隱面龍（非洲）、皺褶龍（非洲）、怪踝龍（南美洲）、膝龍（歐洲）、塔哈斯克龍（歐洲）；瑪君龍亞科有印度的勝王龍、拉休里龍、馬達加斯加的瑪君龍以及法國的阿克獵龍；短吻龍類全部分布於南美洲，其中肌肉龍、爆誕龍、蠍獵龍為基群，而阿貝力龍、奧卡龍、基爾梅龍、密林龍及食肉牛龍一起構成最進階的演化支。 2015年，在雷納多·費里皮（Leonardo S. Filippi）等人敘述道獵龍的研究中，建立了新的演化支堅背龍類（Furileusauria），以包含較進階的短吻龍類，其中食肉牛龍成為食肉牛龍亞科的唯一物種，而奧卡龍和阿貝力龍則位於阿貝力龍亞科（Abelisaurinae），於是先前的食肉牛龍族就變成單系群而顯得多餘了。 古生物學 額角的功能 目前已發現許多獸腳類恐龍的頭部具有骨質冠飾：有些是縱向的冠飾，例如合踝龍、雙脊龍與冰脊龍；有些則是鼻部的角狀物或隆起，例如原角鼻龍與角鼻龍；食肉牛龍的兩個角不位於鼻部，而位於額頭上，是唯一已知額骨上有一對角的二足肉食性動物。關於這對角的功能並不是很清楚，有些詮釋成用在種間／內打鬥行為或殺死獵物，有些則認為用於求偶展示或種內辨識也是有可能的。 （1988）提出角是緩衝用的武器，其小弧度能使打鬥時造成眼睛受傷的可能降到最低。格拉多·馬澤塔（Gerardo Mazzetta）等人（1998）認為食肉牛龍角的功能類似於羊的犄角。他們計算頸部肌肉夠強壯，足以吸收兩個個體以5.7公尺／秒的速度正面衝擊的力道。諾瓦斯（2009）解釋了許多種用來適應頭部撞擊的骨骼特徵。他認為短頭骨可減少轉動慣量使頭部運動速度加快，而頸部肌肉能夠承受強烈的頭部衝擊。他亦指出脊柱剛性和強度增強可能是發展用來承受頭部與頸部的衝擊。 其他研究則認為互相競爭的食肉牛龍無法快速頭部撞擊，而是以頭頂緩慢地互相推擠。馬澤塔等人（2009）表示角可能是用來分散壓力不讓腦部受傷的一種構造，並根據角的上側平坦、頭頂骨大幅癒合、以及頭骨無法承受快速撞擊來支持此理論。拉斐爾·德庫特（Rafael Delcourt）（2018）認為這個角可能用來像現代海鬣蜥一樣的慢速頭部推撞，或是像長頸鹿一樣打擊對手頸部及身體側面。後者的可能性曾在先前2011年相關物種瑪君龍的研討會論文中提出過。 馬澤塔等人（1998）提出角可能用來弄傷或殺死小型獵物。雖然角核較鈍，但若加上角質覆蓋物其形狀可能近似現代的牛角。然而，這將成為把犄角當作狩獵武器的唯一例子。 頜部功能與咬合力 與類似體型的獸腳類相比，食肉牛龍的頭部小、短而寬，如同其他阿貝力龍科，其嘴部大量小型鋸齒狀牙齒適合撕咬獵物、而短吻部具有更大的咬合力。雖然食肉牛龍頭部較為短小，但研究顯示牠們的頭部有良好的力學結構。馬澤塔等人於1998年、2004年及2009年的研究對食肉牛龍頜部進行分析，認為牠有能力快速的咬合，但咬合力量不強勁。當捕捉小型獵物時，快咬會比強咬來得重要，正如同現代鱷魚研究發現的情況。研究人員還指出頭骨中、尤其是下頜充滿高度靈活性（），某種程度上近似現代的蛇類。頜部的彈性使食肉牛龍能夠將小型獵物整隻吞下。此外下頜由關節相連而能夠上下移動。下壓時牙齒向前突出，從而刺入小型獵物；當牙齒向上收合時，向後突出的牙齒能夠固定獵物防止逃逸。他們還發現頭骨能夠承受撕扯大型獵物產生的壓力。食肉牛龍可能主要獵捕小型動物，但也有能力掠食大型恐龍。愛蜜莉·瑞菲德（Emily Rayfield）（2001）使用有限元分析研究獸腳類頭骨，以電腦斷層掃描重建出頭骨與下頜的數位模型，發現食肉牛龍的頂骨與額骨之間緊密地癒合，使頭骨可以承受相當高的壓力。位於額頂的兩個角，使頭頂的形狀略顯寬、平，可以承受碰撞。這個有限元分析模型將頭部肌肉分解成四個聯結的部份來計算其咬合力，包含：、、下頜收肌（Adductor mandibularis muscle）、下頜內肌（Intramandibular muscle）。保羅·巴雷特（Paul M. Barrett）與瑞菲德（2006）研究獸腳類咬合時的肌肉力學和上下頜閉合速度，發現食肉牛龍有較快的咬合速度；而角鼻龍與暴龍的咬合速度較慢但咬合力更大。馬澤塔（2004）估計食肉牛龍的咬合力最大值為3341牛頓（嘴部後段），與其他體型接近的獸腳類相比較弱，因此可能無法在獵食過程中咬碎大型獵物的骨頭。當食肉牛龍咬合時，產生的咬合力小，而頭骨結構能承受巨大壓力，頭部肌肉大幅地減少來自上頜的應力與形變，連結上下頜的頜部關節可以減低咬合時的衝擊。嘴部開闔幅度大、咬合速度快、牙齒小呈鋸齒狀，並有聯結頭部與頸部的肌肉群，顯示牠們可能採取撕咬的方式攻擊獵物。 以上詮釋受到法蘭索瓦·席瑞恩（François Therrien）等人（2005）的質疑，他們發現食肉牛龍的咬合力，是現生四足類中咬合最強的美國短吻鱷的兩倍。同時也指出，與現代科摩多巨蜥作比較，下頜彈韌度朝尖端線性減低，代表頜部不適合高精準度的捕食小獵物，而適合創傷大型獵物使之虛弱。因此根據這個研究的推測，食肉牛龍必定主要掠食大型動物，可能以伏擊的方式。瑟羅尼等人（2020）反駁道下頜彈性受限，而頭蓋骨變厚和許多頭骨關節骨化代表頭骨沒有或很少可動性。 羅伯特·巴克（1998）認為食肉牛龍主要掠食非常大型的獵物，尤其是蜥腳類。他指出，在侏羅紀晚期的北美洲，生存着許多蜥腳類恐龍，而當時的大型掠食者異特龍出現許多適應性特徵，包括吻部縮短、牙齒相對較小、頭骨後部（枕骨）增強；在白堊紀的南美洲，蜥腳類同樣十分繁盛，使食肉牛龍發生趨同演化。兩者相似的適應特徵都是以上頜作為鋸棍來劃傷、並反覆攻擊、削弱蜥腳類。 運動 馬澤塔等人（1998，1999）推測食肉牛龍是敏捷的奔跑者，並反駁股骨適應來承受跑步時的高度。動物腿部承受這種壓力會限制其最高速度。食肉牛龍的奔跑適應優於人類，但不及鴕鳥。科學家計算食肉牛龍最高速度每小時可達48至56公里。 在恐龍中，最重要的運動肌肉位於尾部。這條肌肉稱為，附著於大腿骨上明顯的嵴，收縮時將大腿骨向後拉。史考特·佩森斯（Scott Persons）和（2011）指出，在食肉牛龍的尾椎中，尾肋並非水平突出（T字形），而是斜靠脊椎的垂直軸成V字形。這將提供比任何其他獸腳類都還要大的額外尾股肌空間，計算每條腿的肌肉質量介於111至137公斤。因此食肉牛龍可能是速度最快的大型獸腳類之一。雖然尾股肌加大，位於尾肋之上的比例較小。這些肌肉稱為最長肌和棘肌，負責尾部的動作與穩定性。在這些肌肉減少卻又要同時維持尾部的穩定性，尾肋帶有前突將脊椎彼此間及與骨盆相互鎖緊，使尾部變得僵硬。於是用力彎曲的能力減弱，因為臀部和尾部必須同時彎曲，這點與其他獸腳類不同。 腦部與感官 瑟隆尼和亞莉安娜·寶琳娜－卡拉巴賈（Ariana Paulina-Carabajal）（2019）使用CT掃描來研究包含腦部的。顱腔容量為168.8立方公分，而腦部僅佔一小部分的空間。作者估計了兩種不同尺寸的腦部，分別為佔顱腔的50％和37％。此結果在爬蟲類腦化指數中大於關聯物種瑪君龍、但小於暴龍科。製造激素的松果體可能比其他阿貝力龍的還小，由硬腦膜擴張程度低（前腦頂部的一個空間，認為松果體位於其中）來判斷。 載有嗅覺的嗅球大，而負責視覺的相對較小。這代表嗅覺優於視覺，而現生鳥類的情況則相反。嗅管和嗅球下彎，只有印度龍有相同的特徵。如同作者所假設，這樣的下彎和大尺寸嗅球可能代表著食肉牛龍比起視覺更依賴的是嗅覺。被認為與穩定凝視有關／眼睛和身體之間的協調的腦葉－，在食肉牛龍和其他阿貝力龍科都很大。這可能代表這些動物經常將頭部和身體作快動作。聽覺可能在食肉牛龍和其他阿貝力龍科發育程度弱，如內耳的所示。估計聽力範圍低於3千赫茲。 古生態學 食肉牛龍化石最初被認為發現於的上部岩層，年代約1億年前（阿爾比階或森諾曼階）。但這個地層的年代被認為不是很精確。後來他們才意識到其實是屬於更年輕的，估計年代大致介於坎潘階與馬斯垂克階，約8360萬至6600萬年前。諾瓦斯在他2009年的書籍中定出了更精確的年代，為7200萬至6990萬年前的馬斯垂克階早期。食肉牛龍因而成為已知年代最晚的南美洲阿貝力龍科。在晚白堊世期間，南美洲大陸已經從非洲和北美分裂孤立出來。 殖民地組暴露於南坡上。包括食肉牛龍的大部分脊椎動物化石都來自地層中相段。當地被認為過去可能是個河口灣、泥灘或海岸平原的沉積環境，，具有沙灘，位於河流出海口，並可能為乾濕季兼具的季節性氣候。這裡有發現軟體動物（例如雙殼類）的化石，應該是卡瓦斯海（Kawas sea）（一個50萬平方公里的遠古海洋）海侵的結果。當地最常見的脊椎動物是角齒魚科的肺魚、烏龜、鱷魚、蛇頸龍類、恐龍、蜥蜴、蛇以及哺乳類。蛇類有蚺科和巨蛇科，例如。烏龜以至少五個物種為代表，四種側頸龜亞目蛇頸龜科與一種曲頸龜亞目捲角龜科。海生爬蟲有蛇頸龍目雙臼椎龍科的。哺乳類有（首個在南美洲發現的），以及可能屬於多瘤齒獸目的。2011年新發現一種反鳥類。近年來在殖民地組發現了許多種水生植物，包含蕨類、裸子植物、被子植物，如Paleoazolla與Regnellidium。還發現了南美洲已知最早的蓮科果實化石。 大眾文化 從1990年代中期開始，食肉牛龍偶爾出現在大眾媒體之中。食肉牛龍最早出現在麥可·克萊頓1995年的小說《侏羅紀公園2：失落的世界》，故事中的食肉牛龍被作者添加了類似變色龍或章魚依所處環境改變外表顏色的能力，但這僅止於想像。1997年的同名改編電影中，食肉牛龍並未被採用，但有出現在數個周邊商品，如模型玩具、電腦遊戲。一直到2018年的新系列《侏羅紀世界：殞落國度》中，食肉牛龍才終於登場。 在迪士尼2000年的動畫電影《恐龍》中，食肉牛龍作為主要的反派。但片中的食肉牛龍體型被誇大成接近暴龍，現實中卻比該片的主角禽龍還小。 美國科幻電視劇《史前新紀元》中食肉牛龍作為白堊紀晚期的頂級掠食者登場，會主動捕食移居至史前新世界殖民地的人類，也會獵食其他恐龍。劇中牛龍體型比現實巨大，而且手臂更長，具有類似羽毛的構造。 2022紀錄片《史前地球》中也有登場，片中雄性食肉牛龍利用顏色鮮豔的前肢吸引異性。 參見 備註 參考來源 外部連結 MEF - 食肉牛龍的特徵 食肉牛龍的簡介與想像圖 食肉牛龍 - 獸腳亞目資料庫 食肉牛龍的簡介 食肉牛龍 - DinoData 阿貝力龍科 - The Thescelsosaurus 各種恐龍的學名與發音 馬德普拉塔國立大學的食肉牛龍咬合力研究 史考特·哈特曼（Scott Hartman）所製作的骨骼重建圖 C C C
小源戰鬥發生於1934年元月28日，地點則是在中國贛西。是國共內戰前期主要戰鬥之一，也是國軍第五次圍剿共軍的重要過程。該戰鬥交戰一方為中華民國國民革命軍，另一方則為中國共產黨所領導之中國工農紅軍。 參見 國共內戰戰鬥列表 參考文獻 中華民國國防大學編，《中國現代軍事史主要戰役表》 1934年国共内战战役 江西民国时期战役 1934年1月
福尔日（，）是法国塞纳-马恩省的一个市镇，属于普罗万区。 地理 （）面积，位于法国法蘭西島大區塞纳-马恩省，该省份为法国北部内陆省份，北起瓦兹省，西接埃松省、马恩河谷省、塞纳-圣但尼省和瓦兹河谷省，南至卢瓦雷省，东南接约讷省，东临马恩省和奥布省，东北接埃纳省。 与接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。 的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。 行政 的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。 政治 所属的省级选区为。 人口 于时的人口数量为人。 参考资料 塞纳-马恩省市镇
肛门囊肿手术后吃什么东西好？肛肠肿囊是一种常见的疾病，指直肠肛管组织内或其周围间隙内的感染发展成为囊肿。肛肠肿囊对人们的生活有很大的困扰。那么，肛肠囊肿手术后吃什么东西好呢？今天我就带大家一起来了解一下。1、肛肠囊肿手术后吃清淡易消化的食品肛肠肿囊患者手术后宜食用清淡易消化的食品。忌食腥、辣刺激性食物。因为饮食不当可导致大便干燥,干硬的粪便排出时,可以撕破肛瓣和擦伤肛门皮肤、黏膜,使细菌容易从伤口进入肛周组织引起感染形成脓肿,所以平素要多吃含纤维多的食物,如红薯、芹菜、茄子、香蕉、玉米等。用饮食调整的方法防止便秘,保持大便通畅,将有利于疾病的康复。2、肛肠肿囊手术后吃软食适用于低烧、消化不良、老年人、消化咀嚼不良的幼童或疾病恢复期的患者。此种膳食须采用易消化、易咀嚼、细软、无刺激性、含纤维素少的食品,1日3餐为宜。可选用软米饭、面条、面片、发糕、包子、馄饨、蛋类(非油炸)及豆制品等。忌辛辣食品和芹菜、豆芽等粗纤维菜类以及凉菜。由于软食在烹调上要求是烂、软,可能丢失一定的营养成分,故须补充一些果汁、菜汁等。3、肛肠肿囊手术后吃流食适用于病势严重的高热、急性传染病、消化道疾病或手术后患者。此种膳食为液体或糊状无渣饮食,便于消化、吞咽,宜少量多餐,每2小时1次,1日6次。膳食品种可选用牛奶、豆浆、冲碎蛋花、杏仁茶、麦乳精、米汤、肉汤、果汁等。综上所述，做完肝门脓肿手术后该注意不要吃些油腻的食物，多吃蔬菜水果就是很好的，一定要戒烟戒酒。要养成每天定时排便、按时换药的习惯。
"Election Day" is the first single released by Duran Duran offshoot band, Arcadia. It was released by Parlophone Records in October 1985 and subsequently hit the Top 10 on both sides of the Atlantic, peaking at No. 6 in the US and No. 7 in the UK. In Italy, spurred on by several high profile TV appearances, it became a huge hit, spending seven consecutive weeks at No. 1 between November 1985 and January 1986. It also reached the Top 5 in New Zealand and Ireland. Along with the Arcadia members, "Election Day" features Grace Jones on vocals and speech segments. Lyrical content When Smash Hits published the lyrics in their magazine, they published the complete lyric, which included a verse that was subsequently dropped from the released version of the song: Don't even try to induce, In all my restrain there's no hesitation All the signs on the loose 'cause sanity's rare this end of the hard day Shadows are crawling out of the subway Any way that you choose in every direction just to confuse me This additional verse was also included in the lyrics which were printed on the back of the sleeve of the Cryptic Cut No Voice release. Music video The dark and moody video — with Gothic imagery inspired by Jean Cocteau's 1946 film, La Belle et la Bête — was shot in and around Paris in late September 1985. It was directed by Roger Christian. There is a short cameo appearance by an actor dressed like William S. Burroughs. A documentary film was made on the filming and production of the music video. Official remixes This was the first Duran Duran–related single to have more than one remix of the lead track, a feature that would continue on "Notorious" a year later. There were a total of seven mixes of "Election Day": Album Version 5:29 – Original mix; all except the Early Rough Mix are different permutations of this version. Single Version 4:30 – Edited Album Version. Consensus Mix 8:39 – 12" and promo video version. "She's Moody and Grey, She's Mean and She's Restless" 4:28 – Instrumental B-side; the title comes from the song's first verse. Cryptic Cut/Fact and Story Mix 9:06 – Largely instrumental, featuring extended passages and a short 'political speech'. Cryptic Cut No Voice 8:27 – The Cryptic Cut mix, with the speech edited out. Early Rough Mix 9:04 – An early, mostly instrumental version. Formats and track listing 7": Parlophone. / NSR 1 (UK) "Election Day" (Single version) – 4:30 "She's Moody and Grey, She's Mean and She's Restless" – 4:28 Track 1 is also known as "7 Inch Mix". B-side is an instrumental version of "Election Day" 12": Parlophone. / 12 NSR 1 (UK) "Election Day" (Consensus Mix) – 8:39 "Election Day" (Single version) – 4:30 "She's Moody and Grey, She's Mean and She's Restless" – 4:28 Track 2 is also known as "7 Inch Mix". 12": Parlophone. / 12 NSRA 1 (UK) "Election Day" (Cryptic Cut No Voice Mix) – 8:27 "Election Day" (Single version) – 4:30 "Election Day" (Consensus Mix) – 8:39 Track 2 is also known as "7 Inch Mix". 12": Townhouse. / PSLP393 (UK) "Election Day" (Cryptic Cut / Fact and Story Mix) – 9:06 1-sided UK promo, unlabeled This version was later referred to by Le Bon and Rhodes as "Cryptic Cut". The name "Fact and Story Mix" comes from the spoken word part in the mix and was first referred to by this name on a bootleg remix album. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Other appearances Albums: So Red the Rose (1985) Singles: "The Flame" (1986) Personnel Arcadia are: Simon Le Bon – vocals Nick Rhodes – keyboards Roger Taylor – drums Also credited: Grace Jones – guest vocalist Carlos Alomar – guitars Masami Tsuchiya – guitars Mark Egan – bass guitar; double bass Andy Mackay – tenor saxophone Alex Sadkin – producer; engineer Covers, samples, and media references On Duran Duran's 'Strange Behaviour' tour, they performed a medley of "Election Day" and the Power Station's single, "Some Like It Hot". References External links Simon Le Bon and Nick Rhodes being interviewed on Arcadia and the theme of Election Day - filmed at the time of the release of Election Day in 1985. 1985 debut singles Arcadia (band) songs Number-one singles in Italy 1985 songs Songs written by Simon Le Bon Songs written by Nick Rhodes Song recordings produced by Alex Sadkin Parlophone singles
The Holdovers is a 2023 American period comedy drama film directed by Alexander Payne and written by David Hemingson. The film stars Paul Giamatti, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, and Dominic Sessa. Set in 1970, its plot follows a curmudgeon history teacher at a New England prep school who is forced to chaperone the handful of students with nowhere to go over Christmas break. The Holdovers premiered at the 50th Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2023. It was released for a limited theatrical release in the United States on October 27, 2023, followed by a wide release on November 10, 2023, by Focus Features. Premise Set in the early 1970s, the film follows Paul Hunham, a disliked teacher at Barton Academy, who's responsible for supervising students who are unable to return home for the Christmas holidays. During this process, Hunham is forced to deal with one particularly rebellious but troubled student, Angus, who is grieving the loss of his father. Cast Paul Giamatti as Paul Hunham Dominic Sessa as Angus Tully Da'Vine Joy Randolph as Mary Lamb Carrie Preston as Miss Lydia Crane Gillian Vigman as Judy Clotfelter Tate Donovan as Stanley Clotfelter Production The Holdovers is the second collaboration between director Alexander Payne and actor Paul Giamatti after Sideways (2004). Payne conceived the film's concept after watching a 1930s French film and contacted David Hemingson to write the screenplay, which was originally a writing sample for a television pilot. In June 2021, Miramax acquired the distribution rights. In early 2022, Da'Vine Joy Randolph and Carrie Preston joined the cast. Filming began in Massachusetts on January 27, 2022. Release On September 11, 2022, a special screening of the film was held for buyers; the following day, it was reported that Focus Features had acquired the distribution rights for $30 million. The film was originally scheduled to have a limited theatrical release on November 10, 2023, followed by an expansion to wide release on November 22. However, it was pushed up to a limited release on October 27, 2023 followed by a wide release on November 10, 2023. The film's world premiere was held at the 50th Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2023. It also screened at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2023, where it was runner-up for the People's Choice Award. It was also invited at the 28th Busan International Film Festival in 'Icon' section and was screened on 7 October 2023. Reception Accolades References External links 2023 comedy-drama films 2020s American films 2020s comedy-drama films 2020s English-language films American Christmas comedy-drama films Films directed by Alexander Payne Films produced by Bill Block Films scored by Mark Orton Films set in the 1970s Films set in 1970 Films set in boarding schools Films set in New England Films shot in Massachusetts Focus Features films Miramax films
Rabbi Benjamin Edidin Scolnic (born October 28, 1953), is an American author who has been the spiritual leader at Temple Beth Sholom in Hamden, Connecticut since 1983. He was educated at Columbia University and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS). He also received his Ph.D. from JTS. Scolnic is the model for one of the rabbinical detectives in Jacob Appel's popular murder mystery Wedding Wipeout. Scolnic was the editor of the journal Conservative Judaism from 1993–2000. He has taught at Yale University, the University of Connecticut, and JTS. He served as the host for a series of The Eternal Light radio shows, which were produced by JTS. Scolnic is the author of several books and many articles and essays on the Bible, feminism, liturgy, Jewish education, the relationship between religion and the media, and the future of Conservative Judaism. Published books Theme and Context in Biblical Lists (1995), Chronology and Papponymy : A List of the Judean High Priests of the Persian Period, (1999), Are You Talking to Me? (2001), Shoes for the Road: Thoughts for Living in a Troubled Time (2003), Alcimus, Enemy of the Maccabees (2004), , If the Egyptians Died in the Red Sea, Where are Pharaoh's Chariots? Exploring the Historical Dimension of the Bible (2005), , Unfinished Business (2006), Conservative Judaism and the Faces of God's Words (2006), Thy Brother's Blood: The Maccabees and the Morality of Kinship (2007), References External links WorldCat Living Words People from Hamden, Connecticut 1953 births Living people Jewish American writers American Conservative rabbis Jewish Theological Seminary of America semikhah recipients 21st-century American rabbis
肝癌面黄是什么原因？人体，其实是非常“团结”的，当身体的某一个部位出现问题时，其他部位往往会出现一些明显的特殊信号，来提醒你，疾病可能快要来临。但是大多数人，往往会将这些“善意”的提醒忽视掉，这样就很容易导致疾病加重，危害健康，而肝癌就是其中一种。肝脏作为人体的重要器官，它对人体起到解毒、代谢等重要作用。一旦肝脏受损，被肝癌缠上，那就不光会影响到患者的正常生活，到了晚期，还会影响到患者的生命健康。而当肝癌来临前，身体会有一些特殊的变化出现，需要你多重视。虽然我们都是黄种人，但是我们的皮肤，却只是微微的发黄，看起来也十分的健康。但是对于可能患有肝癌的人群来说，却并非如此。肝癌面黄即出现了黄疸，其原因主要有：1、肝内及肝门区肿瘤结节或肝门淋巴结肿大压迫各级胆管，导致胆汁引流不畅，结合胆红素和非结合胆红素返流入血，血中胆红素浓度升高，以结合胆红素为主，引起阻塞性黄疸。2、肝内肿瘤侵入胆管，导致胆管不完全或完全阻塞，并可部分坏死脱落，下降至肝外胆管，突然阻塞胆道，引起阻塞性黄疸，据报道，此机制的发生率约为1.5%-8%。3、胆管内癌栓形成，包括坏死肿瘤脱落，在胆管内生长，肝内原发肿瘤破入胆管，或肿瘤出血，含有癌细胞的血凝块形成栓子，阻塞胆管等，均可导致阻塞性黄疸。4、弥漫性肝癌或合并有严重的肝硬化，因广泛肝细胞受损，胆红素在肝内的生成、代谢及排泄障碍，导致血中结合胆红素和非结合胆红素水平均升高，引起肝细胞性黄疸，同时也可因肝内肿瘤对胆道系统的压迫，合并有阻塞性黄疸，呈混合性黄疸。由于肝脏受损，肝脏内正常的细胞也会受到损伤，从而会导致肝脏原本正常分泌的胆红素，因为种种意外情况，随着血液循环到达全身，导致血液中胆红素过多，从而使皮肤、眼睛出现黄染的现象。若当黄染十分严重时，就是变成黄疸，但这个时候，也在暗示你，肝病已经很严重了。
DoD Directive 2310 is a policy of the United States of America that concerns the treatment of enemy prisoners, particularly those classified as "unlawful combatants". The directive was modified in September 2006 in response to concerns about inhumane treatment of suspected Al Qaeda terrorists captured during the Iraq War. It incorporates prohibitions against cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment. Interrogators may not force a detainee to be naked, perform sexual acts or pose in a sexual manner. They may not use hoods or place sacks over a detainee's head or use duct tape over his eyes. They may not beat or electrically shock or burn him or inflict other forms of physical pain, any form of physical pain. They may not use waterboarding. They may not use hypothermia or treatment which might lead to heat injury. They may not perform mock executions. They may not deprive detainees of the necessary food, water and medical care. They may not use dogs in any aspect of interrogations. References Emergency laws in the United States Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States Law of war George W. Bush administration controversies Counterterrorism in the United States United States defense policymaking United States national security policy
双相障碍是怎么引起的？双相情感障碍在精神上，生理，心理和社会环境的许多方面都与疾病的发病机制有关。此外，由于对双相情感障碍缺乏了解，许多患者无法得到治疗。有可能是在某一方面受挫，或者是有什么严重的打击，导致的情感障碍。研究证实，60％的双相情感障碍患者在最初发作后的6个月内未接受过治疗。35％的双相情感障碍患者在首发症状的10年内未寻求治疗。其中，37％的双相抑郁症患者被误诊为单相抑郁症并长期服用抗抑郁药物，这将导致躁狂症并增加发作频率。双相情感障碍患者的自杀率为7.8％，慢性为15.9％，27％的患者有反复发作，7.8％有不完全缓解，只有25.5％有缓解和康复仅占16％。双相情感障碍是一种困难的心理健康问题。即使患者没有出现症状，也可能存在社会功能受损的情况。要治疗这种双相情感障碍，其治疗原则是要考虑到个体的特征，选择合适的药物，从最低剂量开始，并根据患者的反应进行评估。在治疗期间，应密切观察对治疗的反应，不良反应和可能的药物相互作用，以提高耐受性和患者依从性。由于双相情感障碍几乎在生命周期中重复发生，发作的频率远高于抑郁症，因此必须尊重长期治疗的原则。急性期治疗的目的是控制症状，缩短病程，在巩固阶段治疗的目的是防止症状重新点燃，促进社会功能的恢复，治疗的是为了防止复发，保持良好的社会功能和提高生活质量。及时接受心理疏导，积极乐观，放平心态，接触美好事物。工作生活压力不要太大，不要自卑自弃。良好作息，不要太劳累。
The 2001 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held on the City Park Ice Rink in Budapest, Hungary, on 10–11 February 2001. German Anni Friesinger and Dutchman Rintje Ritsma became the world champions. Men's championships Allround results NQ = Not qualified for the 10000 m (only the best 12 are qualified)DQ = disqualified Women's championships Allround results NQ = Not qualified for the 5000 m (only the best 12 are qualified)DQ = disqualified Rules All 24 participating skaters are allowed to skate the first three distances; 12 skaters may take part on the fourth distance. These 12 skaters are determined by taking the standings on the longest of the first three distances, as well as the samalog standings after three distances, and comparing these lists as follows: Skaters among the top 12 on both lists are qualified. To make up a total of 12, skaters are then added in order of their best rank on either list. Samalog standings take precedence over the longest-distance standings in the event of a tie. References Results on SpeedSkatingNews World Allround Speed Skating Championships, 2001 2001 World Allround World Allround, 2001 International sports competitions in Budapest
长福动车组列车是中华人民共和国中国铁路往来湖南省省会长沙市长沙南站至福建省省会福州市福州站的动车组列车，现每天开行1对列车，途径湖南省、江西省、福建省三省，列车客运乘务由南昌局集团福州客运段担当。其中长沙南站至福州站运行5小时44分，使用车次为D2116/2117次；福州站至长沙南站运行5小时39分，使用车次为D2118/2115次。 历史 2022年1月10日，原长沙南~福州G1626/1627、G1628/1625次列车调整为动车组列车，车次调整为D2116/2117、D2118/2115次。 时刻表 以下数据为2022年1月10日调图后的时刻表： 使用列车 D2116/2117、D2118/2115次列车使用配属南昌局集团福州南动车运用所的CRH1A-A。 交路 D2118/2115次福州站至长沙南站→D3268/3269次长沙南站至厦门站→D6236次厦门站至泉州站→D6235次泉州站至厦门站→D3270/3267次厦门站至长沙南站→D2116/2117次长沙南站至福州站 参见 长厦动车组列车 参考资料 D D
小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌肺炎的鉴别诊断？临床应与自限性胃肠炎和末端回肠腺体炎相鉴别。
嘧啶酮（）是为2-嘧啶酮与4-嘧啶酮这两种具有C4H4N2O分子式的杂环化合物之一所指定的名称。这些化合物也可被分别叫做2-羟基嘧啶或4-羟基嘧啶，它们基于被取代的嘧啶或1,3-二嗪环。 衍生物 嘧啶酮的衍生物是许多其他生物分子的基础，包括： 核碱基，例如胞嘧啶 巴比妥类药物，例如甲巴比妥 另见 嘧啶
昭和通（）可以指： ：茨城縣常陸那珂市的JR東日本勝田站東口延伸的街道。是讀賣新聞社選定的「新・日本街道樹100景」（1994年）之一。 昭和通 (東京都) 的大分市中央部分路段（舞鶴橋西交差點 - 中春日交差點）的通稱。 其他 臺灣高雄市區的中山路在日本時代稱為昭和通。 香港在二戰中日佔期間，德輔道也曾改名為「昭和通」。
甘草汤是什么?？甘草汤，出自《伤寒杂病论》，又名温液汤。
Terry Sanford High School (formerly known as Fayetteville Senior High School) is a public high school in Fayetteville, North Carolina. It is named after Terry Sanford, who was a North Carolina state senator, Governor of North Carolina, and United States Senator. Students range from grades 9–12 and is a part of the Cumberland County School System. History The origins of Terry Sanford High School stems from when Clyde R. Hoey, then Governor of North Carolina, dedicated Fayetteville Senior High School on September 23, 1940. In October 1954, the high school moved locations, and the student body moved to a different facility. Fayetteville High School was renamed "Terry Sanford High School" in 1968. Demographics The demographic breakdown of the 1,307 students enrolled for the 2021–2022 school year was: Male51% Female49% Native American/Alaskan1.0% Asian4.0% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander0.35% Black41% Hispanic12% White34% More than one race7.9% 42% of the students qualify for the free lunch program. In 2015–2016, Terry Sanford was a school-wide Title I school. Athletics Terry Sanford's sports teams play under the name "Bulldogs" as that is their mascot. The school has 17 varsity teams which compete in the Cape Fear Valley Conference. Notable alumni Dwayne Allen, NFL tight end Chip Beck, professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour Greg Campbell, journalist and nonfiction author J. Cole, Grammy Award-winning rapper and producer Mark Gilbert, NFL cornerback for the Detroit Lions Karly Gustafson, former member of the Puerto Rico women's national soccer team Jimmy Herring, lead guitarist of Widespread Panic Gene Hobbs, founding board member of non-profit Rubicon Foundation Chris Hondros, was a Pulitzer Prize-nominated war photographer Brad Miller, politician Tim Morrison, NFL cornerback Shea Ralph, current University of Connecticut women's basketball assistant coach*Antwoine Sanders, NFL safety Brent Sexton, NFL defensive back Holden Thorp, former Chancellor of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, former provost at Washington University in St. Louis Malik Turner, rapper and producer Oli Udoh, NFL offensive tackle Josh Villalobos, former soccer player on the Puerto Rico national team Demetria Washington, track and field athlete See also Terry Sanford References External links Schools in Cumberland County, North Carolina Public high schools in North Carolina Education in Fayetteville, North Carolina 1968 establishments in North Carolina Educational institutions established in 1968
周循（），周瑜長子，三國时期人物。據《三國志》記載，周循妻公主孫魯班，官拜騎都尉，有周瑜之風，但如同其父，也很早去世。 家庭 父族 周景：從曾祖父，官至太尉。 周異：祖父，洛陽令。 周尚：從祖父，（周異弟？）袁術部將，丹楊太守。 周忠：從祖父，周景子，官至太尉。 周瑜：父親，東吳大都督，三十六歲病逝。 妻族 孫權：岳丈。 孫魯班：正室，周循死後改嫁全琮。 親族 周胤：親弟，娶孫家宗室，都鄉侯，因罪流放，病死。 周徹：族谱中记载为周胤妹，孫登妃。 参考文献 《三国志·吴书·周瑜传》 Z周
混合痔早期两大症状？混合痔疮为肛肠科常见的一种疾病，其疾病的原因很多，一般与饮食、生活、作息及局部感染或直肠占位性病变等相关，前者如饮食过食辛辣、刺激、喝酒、油腻之品、久坐不活动、经常便秘等;后者如肛门及直肠感染、肛门括约肌松弛、占位性病变包括直肠肿瘤等，一般症状表现为肛周疼痛、异物脱出、肛门异常渗液，久则引起反复大便时出血等，一般治疗方面可以通过药物改善，如果效果欠佳或很严重建议及时通过手术才能痊愈，此外生活中注意饮食少吃辛辣刺激的食物。混合痔主要是指同时伴有内痔以及外痔，根据混合痔的严重程度，其临床症状也是相对不一样的。如果是混合痔早期，主要是出现无痛性便血、肛门坠胀、肛门异物感或者是肛周潮湿等不适。这种情况可以使用溶液药物坐浴，可以明显的改善不适。如果混合痔到后期变得严重，甚至混合痔脱出导致嵌顿、水肿，这时候会导致肛门剧烈疼痛，肛门口会出现菜花状的水肿，而且会影响患者的正常行走。这情况下主要是选择手术进行治疗，以免发生感染、坏死的现象。混合痔就是人们一般所说的痔疮，得了痔疮要遵循以保守治疗为主，以对症治疗为主的原则，尽量能不手术就不手术，出现什么症状就治疗什么症状。如果出现无痛性便血，可以在肛门局部使用外用乳膏类。如果出现肛门疼痛不适，可以口服止疼胶囊类药物。如果出现肛门瘙痒，可以用常见的肛门洗液类药物，坚持肛门局部熏洗、坐浴。如果出现脱肛症状，应该注意锻炼肛门功能，避免用力排便。治疗痔疮的同时还要注意改善生活习惯，避免肛门局部刺激。
巧克力囊肿术后吃肉包可以吗？巧克力囊肿又名卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿，是子宫内膜异位症的一种病变。正常情况下，子宫内膜生长在子宫腔内，受体内女性激素的影响，每月脱落一次，形成月经。如果月经期脱落的子宫内膜碎片随经血逆流经输卵管进入盆腔，种植在卵巢表面或盆腔其他部位，形成异位囊肿，这种异位的子宫内膜也受性激素的影响，随同月经周期反复脱落出血，如病变发生在卵巢上，每次月经期局部都有出血，使卵巢增大，形成内含陈旧性积血的囊肿，这种陈旧性血呈褐色，黏稠如糊状，似巧克力，故又称""巧克力囊肿""。这种囊肿可以逐渐增大，有时会在经期或经后发生破裂，但很少发生恶变。卵巢巧克力囊肿虽然是良性疾病，却有增生、浸润、转移及复发等恶性行为。巧克力囊肿是常见妇科疾病，患巧克力囊肿患者，一定要根据直径的大小选择合适方式治疗。一般情况下直径相对比较小的巧克力囊肿患者，可以通过简单的药物来进行治疗，也可以搭配微波治疗，激光治疗的物理方法来进行治疗。直径超过五厘米以上的巧克力囊肿患者，则需要通过开腹手术或者是腹腔镜手术来进行治疗，在治疗巧克力囊肿的期间，一定要坚持采用合适的方案治疗，千万不要随意乱投医乱用药，并且，要定期的做好监测工作，这样可以观察能中的直径是否出现了增大和缩小的现象，如果巧克力囊肿的直径在逐渐的缩小，那么可以考虑保守的方法治疗，如果直径在逐渐的增大，则应该及时采用手术治疗，防止巧克力囊肿疾病的恶化。巧克力囊肿微创手术对机体损害小，副作用小。术后要注意休息避免劳累，增加营养，多吃高蛋白类食物，促进机体尽快恢复。要保持心情舒畅。保持外阴清洁，切口要及时换药直至愈合。术后早期下床活动，预防脏器黏连。术后定期去医院复查，观察疾病恢复状况。
骨增消片的用法用量？注意：同种药品可由于不同的包装规格有不同的用法或用量。本文只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。口腹，一次6片，一日3次。
The 2009 ELCA Churchwide Assembly was the eleventh biennial Churchwide Assembly of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. It convened in the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, from August 17–23, 2009. The Churchwide Assembly is the 'highest legislative authority' of the ELCA. At the time of the Assembly, the ELCA consisted of nearly 4.6 million members organized into nearly 11,000 congregations. The Assembly consisted of 1,045 voting members and was chaired by The Rev. Mark S. Hanson, Presiding Bishop of the ELCA from 2001–2013. David Swartling served as Secretary of the ELCA from 2007–2013. The 2009 Assembly was dominated by debate on the proposed Social Statement, and its accompanying Recommendations for Ministry Policies. The Statement allowed for differing understandings of same-gender sexual relationships within the ELCA. The Recommendations proposed the development of a process in which congregations, synods, and churchwide units that chose to do so could call pastors and other officially recognized church leaders who were in publicly accountable same-gender lifelong monogamous relationships. The assembly's agenda also included a proposed agreement of full communion between the ELCA and the United Methodist Church, the UMC's first such agreement, along with other business matters, including: the passage of the ELCA Churchwide organization's budget, elections of officers and committee members, reports from Churchwide units and greetings from ecumenical partners. Nevertheless, "Human Sexuality: Gift and Trust" is the legacy of the 2009 Assembly. Its eventual adoption, with its recommendations, opened the way for people in same-sex relationships to serve as pastors and other rostered leaders in the ELCA. After its adoption, many congregations and pastors who believed that such relationships were contrary to Holy Scripture, the tradition of the Church, and the Lutheran Confessions left the ELCA. The 2009 ELCA Churchwide Assembly reshaped American Lutheranism. Human Sexuality: Gift and Trust Process leading to the Social Statement The conservative Judeo-Christian understanding is that sexual relationships between people of the same sex are not part of God's intention for humanity and are an expression of sinful human desire The Biblical texts which are most commonly interpreted as proscribing homosexual activity are and . Conservative Jews and Christians see there being a divine intention for sexual intimacy between a man and a woman in and . Debates about human sexuality, specifically the legitimacy of homosexual sexual relationships for Christians, had been on the ELCA's agenda for almost two decades. 1990's 'Vision and Expectations,' the standards for ELCA pastors, stated 'Pastors who are homosexual in their self-understanding are expected to abstain from homosexual sexual relationships.' This statement reaffirmed the teaching statements of two of the predecessor bodies of the ELCA, the Lutheran Church in America and the American Lutheran Church. In 1993, a draft Social Statement, "The Church and Human Sexuality: A Lutheran Perspective," which took a permissive view on same-sex relationships, was leaked to the press, resulting in many parishioners being upset with what was misunderstood as new ELCA policy and was withdrawn. In 1996, the ELCA Church Council adopted "Sexuality: Some Common Convictions," which articulated shared understandings of ELCA Lutherans regarding human sexuality. The issue continued to simmer while full-communion agreements with the Presbyterian Church USA, Reformed Church in America, United Church of Christ, and Episcopal Church (United States) were debated and adopted in 1997 and 1999. As a response to the 1999 adoption of full communion with the ECUSA, a congregationally centered organization called Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ (LCMC) was formed in 2001 for congregations that did not agree with the decision. Groups such as Lutherans Concerned/North America continued to advocate for full inclusion of LGBT persons in the life of the ELCA. In 2003, the Episcopal Church (United States) ordained an openly gay man in a same-sex relationship, the Rev. Canon Gene Robinson, as Bishop of New Hampshire. By a 581-386 vote, the 2001 Churchwide Assembly acted "to initiate a process in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America to develop a social statement on human sexuality." Over the next two years, a Task Force on Human Sexuality developed resources for study in the ELCA. Over 28,000 responses were received to the study documents, The Task Force put forth three recommendations to the 2005 Churchwide Assembly. The third recommendation would have retained the current ministry standards 'on the books,' but allowed congregations the discretion to call leaders in same-sex relationships 'for the sake of mission.' This recommendation of the Task Force, which would have required a two-thirds majority to pass, failed at the 2005 Churchwide Assembly, 490-503. A renewal group, Lutheran CORE, organized to advocate defeat of the recommendations. At the 2007 Churchwide Assembly, many memorials from ELCA synods urged the Assembly to open the way for LGBT persons to serve as leaders in the ELCA. These memorials were debated but ultimately defeated. However, the Assembly adopted a resolution for the Task Force to make specific recommendations regarding ministry standards to go with the 2009 Social Statement, and also adopted a resolution to encourage restraint in discipline of those congregations and pastors who were not abiding by the ministry standards,. These resolutions set the stage for change at the 2009 Assembly. Social Statement In the ELCA, Social Statements "are teaching documents that assist members in their thinking about social issues. They are meant to aid in communal and individual moral formation and deliberation. Social statements also set policy for this church and guide its advocacy and work in the public arena." In 2008, the Task Force on Human Sexuality released a draft of "Human Sexuality: Gift and Trust." As eventually adopted, the Statement claims a 'distinctly Lutheran approach,' building on Lutheran principles of justification by grace and Christian freedom to serve the neighbor. It emphasizes that central to human vocation, in relation to human sexuality, is the building and protection of trust in relationships. It affirmed that human beings are called to be trustworthy in the exercise of human sexuality and to build social institutions and practices in which trust and trustworthy relationships can thrive. Regarding marriage, the adopted Statement recognizes that 'The historic Christian tradition and the Lutheran Confessions have recognized marriage as a covenant between a man and a woman.' Nonetheless, the statement continues, "Recognizing that this conclusion differs from the historic Christian tradition and the Lutheran Confessions, some people, though not all, in this church and within the larger Christian community, conclude that marriage is also the appropriate term to use in describing similar benefits, protection, and support for same-gender couples entering into lifelong, monogamous relationships. They believe that such accountable relationships also provide the necessary foundation that supports trust and familial and community thriving." Recognizing the lack of consensus within the ELCA, the Statement opens the way for congregations to publicly recognize same-sex relationships and LGBT persons to serve as pastors and other leaders by appealing to a theological concept of 'bound conscience'. The concept recalls Martin Luther's statement at the Diet of Worms: 'it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience.' The Statement recognizes that members of the ELCA are bound by conscience to differing understandings of the legitimacy and desirability of same-sex sexual relationships in Christian life. Those different understandings may be lived out within the Church, and the differing opinions need not be church-dividing. Instead of having a definitive teaching regarding homosexual practice, the ELCA recognizes a varied but limited range of opinions on the matter, and leaves the decision to Christian freedom and the individual Christian, with all members of the ELCA respecting the other's bound consciences. The Ministry Recommendations appealed to the bound consciences of believers with regard to same-sex relationships. Congregations, synods, and churchwide units that chose to do so would be permitted to recognize and celebrate such relationships and call leaders either in such relationships or seeking such relationships. Persons or congregations would also be free to understand same-sex activity as sinful, to refuse to bless them, and to refuse to call leaders in same-sex relationships. Two dissenting positions were attached to the Statement and Recommendations. Dissenting Position One urged retention of the existing ministry standards proscribing homosexual practice. Dissenting Position Two argued for a more unequivocal statement of full inclusion for LGBT persons in the life of the ELCA. In the months and weeks leading to the Assembly, the Statement and Recommendations were discussed and debated by theologians, seminary professors, pastors, ethicists, and advocacy groups, and debated in Synod Assemblies. The July 2009 online issue of Journal of Lutheran Ethics was devoted to discussion of the Ministry Policies. Debate and Adoption of Statement and Recommendations The Assembly opened on the evening of Monday, August 17, with a strong media presence. Advocacy groups from all over the nation were present, including Soulforce and representatives from the Westboro Baptist Church. Lutheran CORE and Goodsoil, a group of Lutherans Concerned/North America, represented the two key ELCA advocacy groups. The Assembly began with a fierce debate on the adoption of the Rules of Procedure which would be key to the events that followed. Although a two-thirds vote on a Social Statement is necessary for passage, passage of the Social Statement alone would not have changed ministry standards. Therefore, the debate was over whether a two-thirds majority would be required for both the Statement and Recommendations, or for the Statement alone. The Rules eventually adopted required a simple majority for the Recommendations if the Statement passed. This was a defeat for Lutheran CORE, which had argued strenuously against a simple majority deciding a matter of such importance. However, some who supported the recommendations also desired a 2/3 majority, for the sake of the unity of the ELCA. Debate on the Statement and Recommendations was reported to be generally respectful. Those in favor urged adoption for some of the following reasons: the willingness of Jesus and the apostles to change or ignore Old Testament laws; the tradition of Reformation in the Lutheran Church; the willingness of ELCA predecessor bodies to ordain women, seemingly in contravention of Scripture; the Church's rejection of Scripture's apparent justification of slavery; the ongoing work of the Spirit in the life of the Church; the personal experiences of voting members with faithful pastors, family members, and friends who were LGBT and had suffered from persecution; the younger generations' growing acceptance of homosexuality and the effect it might have on the ELCA if such a change were rejected, and the patience of LGBT persons in waiting for overdue justice and full acceptance, and the deleterious effects on their spiritual lives. Those against urged defeat for some of the following reasons: the lack of Scriptural support for same-sex sexual relations, and the locus of the Spirit's inspiration from Scripture and not from human experience; a lack of consensus in the Assembly, ELCA, and the wider Church regarding a novel interpretation of Scripture; the Reformation tradition of Scripture, not conscience, as the judge and norm of doctrine, acknowledged in the ELCA constitution; the difference between the uses and misuses of Scripture in debates regarding slavery, women's ordination, and homosexual practice; on adoption, the lack of clear, consistent teaching in the ELCA regarding the legitimacy of homosexual practice; lack of representation of the opinions of most ELCA members at the Assembly; on adoption, the effective division of the ELCA's ordained ministry; on adoption, the negative effect on immigrant ELCA Lutheran communities with conservative views on sexuality; on adoption, a negative effect on nationwide and worldwide inter-Lutheran relationships and ecumenical relationships with some other Churches; on adoption, the possibility of a schism within the ELCA, especially in light of similar changes and reactions in the Episcopal Church. On Wednesday, August 19, the Assembly adopted the Social Statement as amended by a vote of 676-338: precisely the two-thirds majority needed for passage. On Thursday, August 20, the assembly also adopted 15 implementing resolutions by a vote of 695-285. Among the implementing resolutions were resolutions that: asked the Presiding Bishop's office to explore the feasibility of developing liturgical rites for use at the time of divorce; affirmed the 2001 ELCA Message "Commercial Sexual Exploitation," and called upon churchwide units to implement the statement and report to the Church Council by 2012. From Thursday, August 20, to Friday, August 21, voting members debated and adopted the four resolutions proposed by the Church Council based on those contained in the "Report and Recommendation on Ministry Policies." The assembly adopted the resolutions in the following order: Resolution 3: Adopted by a vote of 771-230 as amended: "Resolved, that in the implementation of any resolutions on ministry policies, the ELCA commit itself to bear one another's burdens, love the neighbor, and respect the bound consciences of all." Resolution 1: Adopted by a vote of 619-402: "Resolved, that the ELCA commit itself to finding ways to allow congregations that choose to do so to recognize, support and hold publicly accountable lifelong, monogamous, same-gender relationships." Resolution 2: Adopted by a vote of 559-451: "Resolved, that the ELCA commit itself to finding a way for people in such publicly accountable, lifelong, monogamous, same-gender relationships to serve as rostered leaders of this church." Resolution 4: Adopted by a vote of 667-307 as amended: This resolution called upon members to respect the bound consciences of those with whom they disagree; declared the intent to allow structured flexibility in decision-making about candidacy and the call process; eliminated the prohibition of rostered service by members in publicly accountable, lifelong, monogamous same-gender relationships; recognized and committed to respect the conviction of members who believe that the ELCA should not call or roster people in committed same-gender relationships; called for development of accountability guidelines; directed that appropriate amendments to ministry policy documents be drafted and approved by the Church Council; and urged that this church continue to trust congregations, bishops, synods and others responsible for determining who should be called into public ministry. Resolutions 1 and 2 passed by less than a 2/3 majority. Therefore, had the Rules of Procedure been adopted to require a 2/3 majority for the Recommendations, the standards for ministry would have remained the same regardless of the adoption of the Social Statement. Full Communion with the United Methodist Church Full communion is not a church merger, but rather "when two churches develop a relationship based on a common confessing of the Christian faith and a mutual recognition of baptism and sharing of the Lord's Supper...In reaching agreements, churches also respect differences. These denominations likewise jointly worship, may exchange clergy, and also share a commitment to evangelism, witness and service in the world." The ELCA had previously entered into five full communion agreements: with Reformed church bodies (PCUSA, UCC, RCA) in 1997; and with the Episcopal Church, U.S.A. in 1999 and Moravian Church in America in 1999. Of those full communion agreements, the one with the ECUSA was the most controversial, as a condition of that agreement was the inclusion of future Lutheran bishops and clergy into the Episcopalian apostolic succession. This agreement was seen by some Lutherans as violating the Lutheran Confessions and spurred the creation of LCMC. The UMC approved the full communion agreement in 2008; it was the UMC's first such agreement. Although some debate occurred, the adoption of the agreement was not nearly as controversial as the agreements of 1997 and 1999, passing by a vote of 958-24. Other actions Carlos Peña was re-elected to a second term as vice-president of the ELCA. The church adopted an HIV/AIDS funding proposal, and the Assembly approved the Lutheran Malaria Initiative. By a vote of 754-176, the Assembly requested the development of a Social Statement on justice for women in church and society to be brought before the 2015 Assembly. August 19th tornado event On August 19, disturbances in the jet stream caused severe thunderstorms to form in Iowa and the Dakotas. The storms moved to the north and east during the day, spreading into Wisconsin and Minnesota. At 1:50 pm CDT, an EF0 tornado touched down in south Minneapolis, Minnesota, uprooting trees and causing minor structural damage to buildings, including Minneapolis' neo-Gothic-styled Central Lutheran Church. The tornado continued north-northwest for before dissipating near the Minneapolis Convention Center in downtown Minneapolis where the Churchwide Assembly was being held. The timing of this tornado with the day of the 2009 ELCA Churchwide Assembly's vote on the Social Statement "Human Sexuality: Gift and Trust" sparked an increased interest in the Assembly across social media, local print and broadcast news, the religious blogosphere, and a few national-level media outlets including the magazine Christianity Today and a blog by the religion editor of The Washington Times. While this was the first significant tornado to strike the city of Minneapolis since June 14, 1981, ten additional tornadoes also touched down that day in eastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin. After the 2009 Churchwide Assembly In the ELCA While some believed that the Statement did not go far enough in its support for sexual minorities, the adoption of the Statement and Recommendations was hailed by many within the ELCA as a long-overdue redress of justice for LGBT Christians. In 2010, many pastors who had been removed from their positions were reinstated, including Anita C. Hill and Bradley Schmeling. The way was opened for LGBT persons to enter candidacy for ministry. 'Vision and Expectations' was revised to allow for people in publicly accountable, lifelong, monogamous, same-sex relationships. Lutherans Concerned/North America and Goodsoil continue to advocate for full inclusion of LGBT people in the life of the ELCA. The 2011 Churchwide Assembly passed an 'anti-bullying' memorial which was supported by Goodsoil and passed in many ELCA Synods. Also in 2011, Presiding Bishop Mark S. Hanson participated in the 'It Gets Better' campaign, recording a YouTube video and contributing to the book. The ELCA Youth Ministry page also linked to the "It Gets Better" campaign and The Trevor Project. In matters unrelated to "Human Sexuality: Gift and Trust," the 2011 ELCA Churchwide Assembly adopted the ELCA Malaria Initiative, pulling out of the shared relationship with Lutheran World Relief, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, and the United Nations. It also took action to put further social statements on hold until a review of the process for social statements is sent before the 2012 Church Council, and after 2013, Churchwide Assemblies will be held every three years instead of every two. While work continues on the Justice for Women Social Statement, it will not come before an Assembly until at least 2016. Those who opposed the Statement's adoption responded in many different ways. After the 2009 Assembly, several hundred pastors and congregations left the ELCA for new and existing Lutheran church bodies. Other pastors and congregations remained in the ELCA but in various degrees of tension with the current situation. Many congregations who were voting to leave the ELCA affiliated with Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ (LCMC) or other smaller Lutheran 'micro-synods.' Other congregations desired to be part of a church body with more accountability and less congregationally based. In response, Lutheran CORE proposed a new church body, the North American Lutheran Church (NALC), for congregations that had left or were planning to leave the ELCA, while continuing Lutheran CORE as a 'community of confessing Lutherans' across judicatorial lines. The constituting convention of the NALC was held in Grove City, Ohio, in August 2010. The Rev. Paull Spring, a former ELCA synodical Bishop, was elected Bishop for a provisional one-year term. In September, 2011, The Rev. John Bradosky was elected to a four-year term as Bishop. , the NALC has more than 125,000 baptized members in over 300 congregations across North America. LCMC has over 550 congregations with 500 in the United States. At the 2011 ELCA Churchwide Assembly, it was reported that in 2010, the ELCA had a net membership loss of 270,349, or 5.95% of its baptized membership, and a net loss of 340 congregations. From the years 2000 to 2010, the baptized membership of the ELCA had decreased from 5,125,919 to 4,272,688, and the number of congregations decreased from 10,816 to 10,008. Most mainline Protestant denominations have decreased in numbers in the past half-century. Inter-Lutheran Reaction Other Lutheran denominations, such as the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod(LCMS), the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), the Lutheran Church Canada (LCC), and the Evangelical Lutheran Synod (ELS), expressed serious disagreement with the passage of "Human Sexuality: Gift and Trust." The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod retreated further from its already limited cooperation with the ELCA. In July 2011, LCMS President Matthew C. Harrison announced the end of cooperative ministry, including cooperative training, between ELCA and LCMS military chaplains, beginning in 2012. President Harrison wrote, "Today, like two ships at sea sailing apart on different compass headings, the ELCA and the LCMS have lost sight of each other," also citing the decision of the ELCA and ECUSA to pursue cooperative training for their chaplains. The cooperative ministry had been in existence between the LCMS and the ELCA's predecessor bodies since May 1941. In October 2009, the board of one of the ELCA's partner churches, the board of the Evangelical Mekane Yesus Fellowship in North America, voted to declare disunity with the ELCA. An announcement stated the board was no longer "in good conscience able to commune and partner with ELCA Church that has willfully disobeyed the word of God and regrettably departed from the clear instructions of the Holy Scriptures," since the Word of God "declares marriage is only between a man and a woman." References 21st-century Lutheranism Evangelical Lutheran Church in America LGBT and Lutheranism 2009 in Christianity 2009 in LGBT history
后天癫疯病会遗传吗？癫疯病，俗称“羊角风”或“癫痫病”，癫痫是慢性反复发作性短暂脑功能失调综合征。以脑神经元异常放电引起反复痫性发作为特征。癫痫是神经系统常见疾病之一，患病率仅次于脑卒中。癫痫的发病率与年龄有关。一般认为1岁以内患病率最高，其次为1～10岁以后逐渐降低。我国男女之比为1.15∶1～1.7∶1。种族患病率无明显差异。癫痫病因极其复杂，可分三大类，并存在多种影响发病的因素：1.特发性癫痫，可疑遗传倾向无其他明显病因，常在某特殊年龄段起病，有特征性临床及脑电图表现，诊断较明确。2.症状性癫痫，中枢神经系统病变影响结构或功能等，如染色体异常、局灶性或弥漫性脑部疾病，以及某些系统性疾病所致。3.隐源性癫痫，较多见，临床表现提示症状性癫痫，但未找到明确病因，可在特殊年龄段起病，无特定临床和脑电图表现。病因主要有：1、遗传因素。癫痫大部分都是后天性的,这种癫痫遗传的可能性是比较低的，但也有遗传倾向。遗传因素是导致癫疯病，尤其是特发性癫痫癫痫的重要不原因。分子遗传学研究发现，一部分遗传性癫痫病的分子机构为离子通道，和相关分子的结构或功能改变。2、脑部疾病。包括先天性脑发育异常：如大脑灰质异位症，脑穿通畸形等；颅脑肿瘤：原发性或转移性肿瘤；颅内感染：各种脑炎、脑膜炎、脑囊虫病、脑弓形虫病等；颅脑外伤：包括产伤、颅内血肿、脑挫裂伤和各种颅脑的外伤等；脑血管病：如脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑梗死和脑动脉瘤等。变性性疾病：如阿尔茨海默氏病、多发性硬化等。3、全身或代谢性疾病。如肝豆状核变性，感染等。
是一部2010年美國與加拿大合拍的科幻動作電影，由明格爾·薩普什尼克執導，改編自的小說《The Repossession Mambo》。主演是祖迪·羅、科力士·韋德加、里夫·舒韋伯、艾莉絲·布拉加和卡莉絲·范·荷登。 演員 祖迪·羅 飾 Remy 科力士·韋德加 飾 Jake Freivald 里夫·舒韋伯 飾 Frank Mercer 艾莉絲·布拉加 飾 Beth 卡莉絲·范·荷登 飾 Carol 錢德勒·坎特布瑞 飾 Peter RZA 飾 T-Bone 飾 Rhodesia 約翰·李古查摩 飾 Asbury 麗莎·拉琵拉 飾 Alva 飾 Raymond Pearl 飾 年輕的Alva 參考資料 外部連結 2010年美國電影作品 2010年動作驚悚片 美國動作驚悚片 美國科幻動作片 英语电影 英國導演處女作 反烏托邦電影 2025年背景电影 多倫多取景電影 相对论传媒电影 环球影业电影 生物龐克電影 赛博朋克电影 安大略省哈密尔顿取景电影 2010年代追逐片