diff --git "a/raw_rss_feeds/https___www_space_com_feeds_all.xml" "b/raw_rss_feeds/https___www_space_com_feeds_all.xml" --- "a/raw_rss_feeds/https___www_space_com_feeds_all.xml" +++ "b/raw_rss_feeds/https___www_space_com_feeds_all.xml" @@ -10,8 +10,223 @@
The results come courtesy of the Euclid space telescope, which is a European Space Agency mission that's designed to study dark matter and dark energy by measuring and mapping billions of galaxies. Researchers took a "small" subset of a million of the galaxies Euclid is charting and used them to chronicle the causes of AGN.
An AGN describes a supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy that suddenly begins consuming vast amounts of material. That material cannot all fit into the black hole's maw all at once, so it waits its turn in an accretion disk circling around the black hole. Think of it as a logjam of gas, and as more and more gas piles up, the density rises and the temperature increases, causing the disk to shine brilliantly. Furthermore, powerful magnetic fields can whip away some of the charged particles within the disk and spit them out in beams moving at almost the speed of light. When we see an AGN with beams coming towards us we call it a quasar or, for the most powerful that are pointed directly at us, a blazar.
It has long been strongly suspected that mergers play a crucial role in sparking AGN activity, because something needs to push all that gas into the nucleus of a galaxy, but suspecting and having confirmation are two different things. Validating this hasn't been as easy as one might think, because the most powerful AGN are at a great distance from us (the closest quasar is 3C273, which is 2.3 billion light-years away) and clearly resolving galaxies at such distances so that we can see that they are definitely merging has been difficult. While the Hubble Space Telescope and James Webb Space Telescope can resolve them, they don't cover a wide enough area of sky to be able to image enough to obtain a census.
Following its launch in 2023, Euclid has changed all that. With its 1.2-meter telescopic mirror, 600 megapixel camera and wide field of vision, in just one week it can provide higher quality images than most other telescopes while covering an area of sky similar to the total area that has been observed by the Hubble Space Telescope during its entire 35 years in service.
Astronomers in the Euclid Collaboration divided the million galaxies seen by Euclid into two categories: one where the galaxies appear to be merging, and one where no merger is taking place.
They then employed an artificial intelligence image decomposition tool developed by Berta Margalef-Bentabol and Lingyu Wang from SRON, the Netherlands Institute for Space Research, to identify AGN in these galaxies and even quantify their power output to determine which are the most energetic.
"This new approach can even reveal faint AGN that other identification methods will miss," said Margalef-Bentabol in a statement.
The team found that there were between two and six times as many AGN in galaxies in the category of mergers than those not experiencing a merger.
In the case of mergers that have begun relatively recently and which have kicked up a lot of interstellar dust such that it shrouds the nucleus, making it only visible in infrared light, there are six times more AGN. In the case of mergers that are nearing their end stages and in which the dust has all settled, there are still twice as many AGN than in the non-merger galaxies.
"The difference between the two AGN types could mean that many AGN found in non-mergers are actually in merged galaxies that have completed the chaotic stages and appear as a single galaxy in a regular form," said Antonio la Marca of the University of Groningen.
The observational evidence not only heavily supports the concept of mergers being a trigger of AGN activity, but also indicates that mergers are the primary cause, particularly for the most luminous AGN.
"We also conclude that mergers are very likely to be the only mechanism capable of feeding the most luminous AGN," said la Marca. "At the very least they are the primary trigger."
AGN represent the most rapid growth phase of supermassive black holes, and the outpouring of radiation from these gluttonous black holes can heat the molecular gas in a galaxy, preventing it from forming stars. AGN can therefore have a long-term impact on their host galaxy, and understanding that the host is likely to be merging is important to know when modeling the evolution of galaxies.
The findings are set to be published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, and are available as two pre-prints, one detailing the analysis of merging galaxies and AGN, and the other describing the AI image decomposition tool.
We do mean deals, too. The problem with Black Friday and Cyber Monday, or any sale, is that it's hard to know if a deal is genuine or not. We've seen companies, reputable ones, spike prices just to claim a massive discount. That's where our experts come in.
They have picked out the best Cyber Monday deals, ones which will save you money on the average price of these binos, so you know you're getting a real saving. You don't have to spend a fortune, either; we have picked out a range of deals, with prices to suit all pockets. You will have to act quickly, though, as these really are the last-chance Cyber Monday offers. So read on and grab yourself a Cyber Monday binocular bargain, in time to make the most of this month's new moon-darkened skies.

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Matthew Medney, former Heavy Metal magazine CEO and current founder of the invigorating new sci-fi fantasy publishing house Gungnir Books, is embarking on a futuristic fable next year with "Existence Equation," a provocative speculative fiction novel that poses topical questions regarding artificial intelligence, cybernetics, immortality, and our quest to conquer the stars.
Medney ("Beyond Kuiper") and co-author Don Macnab-Stark have crafted an intelligent examination of the human condition in the 23rd century as it surges into an existential era of decision, and we’ve got an exclusive excerpt and book trailer premiere that reveal the project's universal appeal.
There's even a trailer for it. I know, since when does a book get a trailer? Check it out above.
It’s the saga of a teenager in the year 2293 named Liam Kerr who must make the life-altering decision to traverse the heavens as an emotionless android hybrid like his space racing idol, Larkin Downey, or live out his natural biological years on Earth until they expire at the age of 60.
Now strap in for our exclusive chapter excerpt from Gungnir Books' "Existence Equation," which lands in bookstores and online retailers on May 5, 2026.
“It's a good night for speed racing.”
Larkin Downey looked up at the sky. Streaks of iridescent color blazed a trail from horizon to horizon. The green, purple, and orange hues then softly began to fade into the darkening night sky.
Larkin grunted and said nothing. The colors shimmered on his slick metal limbs.
“C'mon. Clear skies, almost no wind, and just enough rain earlier to damp down the dust. What's not to like about that?”
Ricard stared at Larkin’s smooth android face, looking for a reaction, anything to reveal his thoughts, but Larkin’s expression never varied; there was nothing to betray what he might be thinking, let alone feeling. He simply stared out into the desert, visualizing and recalling the course, running the race in his mind for the fiftieth time.
Ricard, a loose-limbed bipedal with nimble fingers and a slim body, tapped the speed racer with a wrench. “Whatever. She’s ready to go when you are.”
The sound of revving engines was slowly building up around them; the smell of unburned fuel hung heavy in the air. Ricard shook his head in irritation. “So, you gonna check her out, or you gonna stand there looking cool and inscrutable all frecking day?”
Larkin finally moved, turning his head and scanning Ricard with his cold blue eyes. “Don’t you ever stop talking?”
Ricard gave a nervous laugh. “You know me, man, I always get nervous before a race.” He grinned. “I remember when you used to look forward to these things, but these days, even if you had a pulse I bet it would be as slow and steady as a deep space hibernation pod.”
Again, Larkin gave a non-committal grunt.
“Really? Don’t you feel the buzz?”
Larkin placed a hand on the fuselage of his speed racer, a slick silver and blue bullet that Ricard had built from scratch. “It’s running a bit rough.”
Ricard grinned. “Nah, that’s not rough you’re feeling, my man, that’s raw, latent power just waiting to be unleashed.”
Larkin looked at Ricard for the first time. “You did it? You fixed the feedback relay?”
Ricard couldn’t keep the smile off his face. He leaned into the cockpit and pointed at a small black switch. “Just toggle that and you’ll instantly get a burn— 20 percent extra power—for around ten seconds.”
“How many shots do I get out of it?”
“Three. But if you run it too long, you’ll burn the whole damn rig out and come grinding to a halt.”
Larkin nodded. “Got it. Ten seconds. Twenty percent. Three times.” The rumble and growl of the other racers’ engines was growing louder by the minute.
Larkin looked around the pits, at the melee of machines, racers, and mechanics, then back at Ricard. “Everyone’s heading towards the start line.”
“Yeah, time to roll,” agreed Ricard. “Oh, and one other thing. I rigged the relay so that when you activate it, there’ll be a quick blast of smoke from your tailpipes. It’s enough to make anyone in your wake have to slow down for a second, but you can claim ignorance and blame it on your dodgy mechanic.”
Larkin’s eyes gleamed a little brighter for a moment, the closest he came to showing any emotion. “Underhanded and ingenious. I like it.”
Ricard gave a mock bow, his long arms sweeping across the ground. “Words that should be inscribed on my epitaph.”
“Indeed.”
With an agile leap, Larkin jumped into the cockpit. He scanned the instruments.
Ricard leaned his head into the cockpit. “All good?”
Larkin nodded. “All good. See you at the finish.”
“Be careful,” Ricard reminded him. “You’ve got a target on your back after some of the stunts you've pulled lately.”
Larkin gave him his deadpan look. “When aren't I careful?”
Ricard stepped back. “Always?”
As Ricard straightened up, Larkin gently eased the throttle forward, and the racer glided towards the starting line. Ricard watched him all the way out of the hangar, wiping his hands on a greasy rag. “Good luck…” he said softly.
The grid was already starting to fill up with machines of all shapes, sizes, colors, and designs. Some were as sleek as a stiletto, while others had all the brutal subtlety of a thirty-pound sledgehammer. They all had one thing in common: they were designed to go fearsomely fast.
The course was a mix of open desert, narrow box canyons, high plateaus and even a few tunnels. This meant that no one design could dominate every race. Each machine had its strengths and weaknesses, meaning that the skill and adaptivity of the driver determined who crossed the finish line first.
Larkin found his place on the grid, then throttled back. He usually started nearer the front, but he’d had a so-so qualifying run, so he was in the third row. Not only had his ailerons been jamming, which slowed him down through the canyons, but he had found himself strangely distracted. His mind was filled with the sort of soul-searching thoughts that normally only visited him late at night when he was alone and his brain was freewheeling. At such times, he recalled his life on Earth, his life before he became an android. Even now, he found them returning to him—the shades of self-doubt and questions about his very existence. Why was he putting his life on the line yet again when the universe still held so many wonders, so much mystery?
“If you had a skin face, I’d say you looked like shit, Downey.”
Larkin turned to his left and stared into the blank insect eyes of his great rival, Sedulous. “You’re a fine one to talk.”
Sedulous made a loud cawing noise that Larkin had learned was his version of laughter. “Is it fear you are feeling?” croaked Sedulous. “Or are you just anticipating the embarrassment you will feel when I beat you. Again.”
In a rivalry going back several years, neither Larkin nor Sedulous had ever had the upper hand for long—until recently. Sedulous had won their last three encounters, the longest winning streak either of them had ever enjoyed, and the pain of defeat had registered even in Larkin’s emotional void.
"Winning isn’t everything." Larkin's voice was barely audible above the roar of engines.
Sedulous stared at him for a long moment, unreadable, then suddenly gave another loud, cawing laugh. “You’re right. It isn’t everything. It’s the only thing.” He turned to scan his instruments and made a minor adjustment. “I’ll wait for you at the finish line. Please don’t make me wait too long, I don't want to miss the medal ceremony.”
Larkin tried to come up with a witty riposte but came up empty. He glanced up at the starting gantry. The large digital clock was ticking down the final thirty seconds of its countdown. All around him, the other racers—forty in total—were running through their final checks, securing their goggles in place, and praying to whatever deity they thought might help them win or at least keep them alive.
Larkin slid his goggles down over his eyes. Although he was an android and impervious to the effects of wind on his eyes, speed racers spent most of the time gliding just a few feet off the ground, and as a consequence, would be awash with clouds of abrasive sand and grit from Kurin’s desert landscape.
As he glanced upwards, he was greeted by the strange experience of seeing his own image on the giant vid-screens, as the commentators introduced the racers to the baying crowds that filled the grandstand at the start/finish line.
Was Ricard actually right? Was he looking even more inscrutable than ever? Androids displayed few emotions at the best of times, but lately Larkin had been experiencing a growing feeling of ennui, needing increasing levels of stimulants—whether external chemical shots or internally generated hormones— to feel anything at all. The countdown clock was almost finished.
"Three, two, one…”
]]>The "Hungry Hippo"-style fairing opens and closes like a clamshell (or the jaws of the colorful game pieces in the "Hungry Hungry Hippos" children's boardgame) and is a novel approach to launch vehicle reusability. While Rocket Lab's workhorse (but expendable) Electron rocket has quickly gained momentum in the small launch market, Neutron is built to compete with SpaceX's heftier Falcon 9 — the only orbital launch vehicle with a proven track record of reusability.
SpaceX, too, has implemented its own recovery and refurbishment plans for Falcon 9 fairings, but the two halves of the shell protecting the rocket's payload on its way to orbit are still designed to split apart and fall back to Earth independently of each other, and of Falcon 9's first stage. Neutron's first stage, by contrast, will open its top like a giant mouth to spit out the vehicle's entire second stage and payload, and will then close the two halves back together before descending back through Earth's atmosphere to land and fly again.
With qualification tests now complete, Neutron's fairing section has been shipped to the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport in Virginia, where it will be mated to the rocket ahead the vehicle's debut launch.
“A rocket like Neutron has never been built before, and we’re doing it at a pace and price point that’s going to bring the innovation and competition needed in today’s industry,“ Rocket Lab Vice President for Neutron Shaun D’Mello said in a Dec. 8 statement.
The company hails Neutron as “the world’s largest carbon composite launch vehicle,“ and said the new rocket's fairing underwent extensive tests before it was finally deemed ready for flight.
Hungry Hippo is on the move 🦛 With qualification and acceptance testing complete, Neutron's fixed reusable fairing and upper module is on its way to LC-3. pic.twitter.com/SlRwCjMYkPDecember 9, 2025
Before departing Rocket Lab's California-based test facility, the fairing was exposed to 275,000 pounds of external force to simulate dynamic pressures during launch, rapid cycling of the open and close mechanisms to ensure faster-than-necessary operations, software integration and load forces exceeding 125% design requirements.
Once the fairing is incorporated with Neutron's first stage, Rocket Lab will perform a series of prelaunch tests, including a static hotfire of the nine Archimedes engines that power the reusable booster. Neutron will stand 141 feet (43 meters) tall with a 23-foot (7 m) diameter, and is expected to deliver up to 28,700 pounds (13,000 kilograms) of payload to low Earth orbit.
]]>In its post-apocalyptic future, an AI fleet of drones and robots has forced humanity underground, but the origins of the robotic invaders are unknown. We cower in bunkers, only emerging to skulk amongst the ruins and scavenge for supplies. Humanity is on the brink. Meanwhile, Earth's doing… fine? ARC's giant robots and laser weapons might seem out there, but this one of the most realistic sci-fi dystopias we've ever seen.
When we think about the post-apocalypse, our minds instantly wander to the irradiated, broken-down wastelands seen in Terminator, Mad Max, or Fallout, that depict what remains of us after a violent downfall of modern civilization. On the surface, ARC Raiders' world-building seems derivative: Humans who still roam the surface are scrappy survivors dodging drone patrols and hulking metal giants. But underneath that is a more hopeful tone. In this future, we're on the back foot, but our planet isn't... even after kicking us out.
But why is this brutal online sandbox — where every interaction with another human can be lethal — so alluring? How have Embark Studios' designers and artists crafted a post-apocalypse that appears welcoming even when deadly machines are on the hunt?

The original Terminator movies weren't all about humanoid killer robots, at least not in the Skynet-dominated future our heroes were trying to prevent. Remember HK-Drones and the terrifying HK-Aerials from the future war sequences? In ARC Raiders, most enemies look and sound a lot like that.
The human shape is inefficient if you're looking to dominate Earth's surface, and whoever created the ARC machines is (or was) well aware of that. Are they the product of a secret AI experiment gone wrong or space invaders akin to Oblivion's aerial attackers?
ARC Raiders' robotic threat doesn't feel as far-fetched as Terminator's unsettling T-800s or the animal-like behemoths often found in the Horizon video game series. They're just drones. Advanced drones that can quickly tase and gun you down, sure, but still an evolution of the drones we see flying around today, whether piloted by civilians or used as tools of destruction by military forces.

We've already seen the cold horror drones capable of in the real world, so their overt presence in the game isn't as shocking as it would have been a decade ago. Somehow, we got used to the idea of unmanned flying machines that can rain down death.
Not all of ARC's robots look like they can be ordered from Amazon, though. If you wander into the wrong neighborhood, you'll get to meet the more unbelievable clankers like Leapers, Bastions, and even the hulking Matriarch. Those are the times when ARC Raiders feels more distant, and they're born out of a need for a bigger challenge in a video game. Even then, it's not hard to imagine humans building similar automated tools of destruction at some point — looking at you, Boston Dynamics… looking at you.

Even before the ARC machines' sudden arrival in 2180, Earth wasn't doing so hot thanks to environmental destruction and climate change.
In an off-screen plot beat which feels quite familiar, the wealthy managed to flee our planet before the environment collapsed; this is the main reason why many areas are tied to space exploration and rocketry. Even a cursory glance at our own homepage shows humanity already stumbling down this path, with corporate launches from SpaceX & Blue Origin now vastly outnumbering those of agencies like NASA.
Who knows? Maybe those same rich people who left Earth behind when things got ugly are responsible for ARC in the first place. They didn't mean to destroy Earth; they were just maximising shareholder value.

As for the rest of us? We become raiders, survivors, and descendants of those left behind, who skulk underground in makeshift cities like Toledo. Raiders regularly visit the surface to recover and loot valuable machinery and resources (and grief each other at extraction points).
It's not just the killer robots you've got to watch out for, though; there's some seriously bad weather in our future. Sandstorms blow through the buried city, deadly electromagnetic storms blast the landscape with lightning, and we've even got snowfall on the way thanks to the Cold Snap event. Such violent and disparate weather conditions, all localised into a small region of Italy, draw obvious parallels to the climate change we're now experiencing ourselves. This more dynamic, aggressive climate is bad for us, but great for ARC Raiders' worldbuilding, making the world feel equal parts ominously real and alive.

Unlike in other works of post-apocalyptic fiction, however, Earth doesn't stop spinning because humanity is having a hard time. The Mediterranean locales you visit during expeditions are thriving and often even lush. What are the machine overlords looking for? We don't know it yet, but they seem to be okay with leaving the other living beings alone. Back at the hideout, players even have a friendly rooster, and fruit-picking topside is a common activity.
Trek in any direction and you'll find the same: In the absence of humans, life continues. As we resist extinction in this digital world and a murderous AI faction seeks to destroy what remains of us, everything looks, sounds, and feels calm and in balance. The hulking remains of ARC monstrosities sit amongst the ruins of our world, now peaceful and overgrown with nature. Desolate human cities covered by the sand sit alone, waiting to be scavenged and reminding visitors of days gone by.
The exact instrument of humanity's undoing in ARC Raiders has been made unclear on purpose, and I'm hoping that magic is never dispelled. As apocalyptic scenarios go, this one ain't so bad. Sure, there's a tale of human ingenuity, grit, and survival against the odds in here, but even more so, it's nice to know that Earth will be just fine without us.
Should the game receive a fully countryside map with even fewer man-made places to see, ARC Raiders' unique brand of survival could become far more soothing, at least until a single bullet cuts through the silence and goes into my avatar's skull. Be nice out there, raiders, and don't shoot.
ARC Raiders is now available to buy on PC (Steam & Epic Games Store), PS5, and Xbox Series X|S.
]]>An Electron rocket had been scheduled to launch the "Bridging the Swarm" mission from Rocket Lab's New Zealand site on Wednesday evening (Dec. 10). But that didn't happen.
"We're standing down from today's launch attempt to assess sensor data, but we have plenty of backup opportunities in the coming days," Rocket Lab said via X on Wednesday night. A new target date will be announced soon, the company added.
"Bridging the Swarm" will launch a single satellite for the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) — NEONSAT-1A, an advanced Earth-observation spacecraft designed to monitor natural disasters throughout the Korean Peninsula.
KAIST already operates one such satellite — NEONSAT-1, which flew to orbit on an Electron in April 2024. But the goal is to build that fleet out over the next few years, and NEONSAT-1A is part of that vision.
The new spacecraft "will be deployed to validate KAIST’s advanced satellite's capability, boost operational utility and pave the way for the single NEONSAT satellite to become a constellation — thus fulfilling the mission's name, 'Bridging the Swarm,'" Rocket Lab wrote in an emailed statement on Tuesday evening (Dec. 9).
If all goes to plan on "Bridging the Swarm," the Electron will deploy NEONSAT-1A into low Earth orbit, 336 miles (540 kilometers) above our planet, about 54 minutes after launch.
We're standing down from today's launch attempt to assess sensor data, but we have plenty of back up opportunities in the coming days. New target launch date for @kaistpr to be posted shortly🚀 pic.twitter.com/KZDQpMHMg8December 11, 2025
Rocket Lab expedited the "Bridging the Swarm" launch, deciding to conduct the mission on a fast timeline, the company announced in Tuesday evening's statement.
"This launch rescheduling is a demonstration of Rocket Lab's operational efficiency, responsiveness, and flexibility to meet the ever-evolving needs of its customers, while continuing to launch more missions every year to support a growing manifest," Rocket Lab wrote.
Editor's note: This story was updated at 8:20 p.m. ET on Dec. 10, then again at 11 p.m. ET, with news of the scrub and the reason for it.
]]>MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) is one of only three NASA missions currently in operation around Mars, and one of five spacecraft serving as a communications relay for the space agency's rover missions on the Martian surface.
During routine operations on Dec. 6, NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) lost communications with MAVEN as it orbited behind the planet. This type of loss of signal (LOS) is anticipated by NASA's tracking systems, which usually reestablish connections with distant spacecraft after they are temporarily blocked by planetary bodies. As MAVEN was expected to emerge from Mars' far side, however, DSN failed to reacquire a signal, according to a Dec. 9 NASA update. "The spacecraft and operations teams are investigating the anomaly to address the situation," NASA wrote in the statement.
MAVEN launched on a ULA Atlas V rocket in Nov. 2013, equipped with instruments to measure the evolution of Mars' atmosphere and its interaction with solar winds. The orbiter arrived 10 months later, and has remained operational in Martian orbit for the last decade.
In addition to its scientific mission, MAVEN also serves as a critical link to the small handful of missions on the Martian surface. MAVEN works in tandem with NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and Odyssey, as well as the European Space Agency's Mars Express (MEX) and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) to provide planet-wide communications relay coverage for missions like the NASA's Perseverance and Curiosity rovers.
Data from MAVEN indicated a nominal trajectory and normal operating status for the spacecraft's systems prior to its disappearance behind the Red Planet, according to NASA. Assuming the satellite's orbit remained unaffected by whatever caused the communications anomaly, NASA and DSN operators can continue attempts to ping the spacecraft along its predicted orbit as they work to determine a cause and subsequent solution.
NASA's statement indicated more information would be shared on MAVEN's status as it becomes available.
"Star Trek: Starfleet Academy" is approaching at warp speed, with the first pair of episodes for its 10-chapter debut season due to arrive on Jan. 15, 2026.
Last week, Paramount+ released a new "people pile" poster to precede this dynamic clip, and it's got an overly-familiar "Friends" feeling to it, which isn't necessarily a bad thing... Is it?
We'll let you ruminate on that after you check out this sneak peek of "Starfleet Academy" recently revealed during the CCXP fanfest in São Paolo, Brazil, which shows the villainous Klingon/Tellarite Nus Braka (Paul Giamatti) mercilessly attacking Chancellor Nahla Ake's (Holly Hunter) school training vessel, the U.S.S Athena. It's a savage looking encounter, but it's the rest of the trailer that has us raising our shields.

Braka's transformable battlecruiser, the Venari Ral, is a formidable opponent, and the two spaceships face off in deep space. Batten down the hatches, forego any evasive maneuvers, and enjoy the sweet symphony of destruction, complete with.... if we're honest, some seriously hammy acting and awkward dialogue.
The young-adult-targeted series takes place in the post-Burn universe of the 32nd century, where the first new class of cadets in 120 years seeks to revive the storied institution aboard the teaching starship U.S.S. Athena, to restore Starfleet as a bright beacon of galactic hope. We're getting real "Star Trek" does "Dawson's Creek" vibes from this. Is that a good thing? No, probably not, but we're excited to be proven wrong.
In addition to Hunter and Giamatti, the young cast includes Sandro Rosta as Caleb Mir, Karim Diané as Jay-Den Kraag, Kerrice Brooks as Sam, George Hawkins as Darem Reymi, and Bella Shepard as Genesis Lythe.
Executive produced by Alex Kurtzman and Noga Landau, "Star Trek: Starfleet Academy" arrives on Paramount+ with a two-episode debut on January 15, 2026.

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When it does release, Star Trek: Starfleet Academy will be available to watch on Paramount+. You can also watch almost every other Star Trek show and movie on there, too, while you wait.View Deal
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The launch of a new batch of SpaceX Starlink satellites lit up the predawn sky in southern California today (Dec. 10) as the company marked its 160th flight of a Falcon 9 rocket this year.
Lifting off at 6:40 a.m. EST (1140 GMT or 3:40 a.m. PST local time) Wednesday from Vandenberg Space Force Base's Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E), the 27 broadband internet satellites (Group 15-11) were deployed into low Earth orbit just over an hour into the flight.
"Deployment of 27 Starlink satellites confirmed," SpaceX officials posted to social media.

USSF-62 | OneWeb Launch 20 | NROL-145 | 14 Starlink missions
The first stage of the Falcon 9 rocket completed its 18th flight, landing back on the autonomous droneship "Of Course I Still Love You" positioned in the Pacific Ocean.
The Starlink megaconstellation now numbers more than 9,000 operational satellites, including the more than 3,000 launched just this year. The network provides access to the internet to areas around the world where there was no or sparse coverage, as well as enables WiFi access on commercial airliners and cell-to-satellite service on select providers.
Wednesday's launch was SpaceX's 165th overall launch of 2025 (including Starship test flights) and the 605th mission in the company's history.
]]>
passed in front of the Eagle Nebula and the iconic Pillars of Creation, from his home in the Chilean Atacama Desert on the night of Oct. 17 earlier this year.
The deep-space vista reveals the glowing green coma of comet C/2025 R2 (SWAN), a little over a month after its closest approach to the sun on Sept. 12, as it journeyed through the stars of the constellation Serpens.
Comet C/2025 R2 (SWAN)'s backdrop is dominated by the Eagle Nebula — a vast cosmic structure of dust and hydrogen-rich gas that glows with its own light, having been ionized by the radiation emitted by its population of energetic young stars.
The nebula gets its name from its resemblance to a cosmic bird of prey and is most famous for playing host to the Pillars of Creation — a collection of stunning radiation-sculpted columns made of interstellar dust and gas. The formation has been immortalized in images captured by both the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope, along with countless others. Though small, the Pillars of Creation can be spotted nestled in the glowing, star-studded heart of the Eagle Nebula, to the left of C/2025 R2 (SWAN)'s glowing coma in Gasparri's image.

Want to capture a nebula shining thousands of light-years from Earth? The ZWO ASI533MC Pro camera is the best dedicated astro camera out there, in our opinion. Check out our ZWO ASI533MC Pro review for a more in-depth look.
Gasparri captured the scene over the course of 40 X 120-second exposures using a 130 mm Newtonian reflector telescope in the skies over the Atacama Desert, close to the Chilean city of Copiapó, where he works as a professional astronomer. "It was also an amazing sight through the eyepiece, with its characteristic green coma drifting across one of the most observed nebulae in the sky," Gasparri told Space.com in an email.
C/2025 R2 (SWAN) was discovered by Ukrainian astronomer Vladimir Bezgly on Sept. 10, 2025, in data collected by the Solar and Heliospheric Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) camera on NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observer (SOHO) spacecraft. The comet is now heading out towards the far reaches of the solar system, having survived its close approach with the sun on Sept. 12 and won't return for approximately 1,400 years.
Ensure that you're prepared to view the next cometary visitor or night sky event by perusing our roundups of the best telescopes and binoculars for exploring the night sky. If you're an astrophotographer looking to upgrade your gear, then you may also want to read our picks of the top cameras and lenses for capturing the majesty of the post-sunset realm!
Editor's Note: If you would like to share your astrophotography with Space.com's readers, then please send your photo(s), comments, and your name and location to spacephotos@space.com.
This realization, resulting from placing old data from Voyager 2 under new scrutiny, could help explain several puzzling aspects of Uranus's magnetic envelope.
When the fast component of the solar wind, which emanates through coronal holes on the sun and is somewhat irregular, slams into slower portions of the solar wind, it results in electromagnetic shocks in the sleet of charged particles carried on the wind. Such an event is referred to as a co-rotating interaction region, and when one occurs near Earth, it can be one of the causes of geomagnetic storms that can result in the aurora.
The solar wind extends out past Earth, and even beyond Uranus, Neptune and the Kuiper Belt to form the 'heliosphere', which is a magnetic bubble around the solar system. The realization that a co-rotating interaction region may have been passing Uranus at the same time as the Voyager 2 encounter on Jan. 24, 1986 could be the missing piece of the puzzle that has eluded scientists for nearly four decades.
Voyager 2 remains the only mission to have visited Uranus (and Neptune, for that matter). What it found was a cold, icy gas bag with a very strange magnetosphere, which is what we call the magnetic envelope generated by the planet's intrinsic magnetic field. The north–south orientation of that magnetic field is tilted by 59 degrees relative to Uranus' axis of rotation, which itself is tilted by 98 degrees relative to the ecliptic plane. Furthermore, the magnetosphere is off-center inside Uranus, allowing for a much stronger magnetic field in the north than in the south.
Just as Earth's magnetosphere is ringed by belts of radiation in the form of charged particles, so is Uranus. Yet, when Voyager 2 arrived in 1986, it found that there was barely any plasma (ionized gas) contained within Uranus' magnetosphere. In fact, the magnetosphere had been compressed and the plasma seemingly squeezed out. What was in abundance were electrons, contained in surprisingly densely populated belts.
Back in 1986, scientists thought that a solar-wind event like a co-rotating interaction region would scatter electrons present in Uranus' magnetosphere into the planet's atmosphere. However, almost four decades of studying the solar wind and how it interacts with planets has taught us something different.
"Science has come a long way since the Voyager 2 fly-by," said the Southwest Research Institute's Robert Allen, who led the new research, in a statement. "We decided to take a comparative approach looking at the Voyager 2 data and compare it to Earth observations we've made in the decades since."
While on some occasions co-rotating interaction regions can scatter electrons into a planet's atmosphere, studies of their interaction with Earth have shown that such an event can also dump a lot of energy into the magnetosphere.
"In 2019, Earth experienced one of these events, which caused an immense amount of radiation-belt electron acceleration," said Sarah Vines, who is also from the Southwest Research Institute. "If a similar mechanism interacted with the Uranian system, it would explain why Voyager 2 saw all this unexpected additional energy."
In the absence of a second mission to Uranus after Voyager 2, scientists have learned to squeeze all they can out of the old Voyager 2 data instead, using new insights and techniques garnered over the past four decades, to learn more about the ice giant. These new findings come just a year after another team looked at the old data to conclude that the solar wind had indeed compressed Uranus' magnetosphere, squeezing out the plasma normally present.

For those four decades, scientists had thought that Uranus' magnetosphere was always in this bizarre state, but now we are learning that we simply caught it at a rare moment, and that what Voyager 2 measured might not be the status quo.
"This is just one more reason to send a mission targeting Uranus," said Allen.
Uranus is not alone in having a strange magnetosphere. When Voyager 2 encountered Neptune three-and-a-half years later, it found that it too had a displaced and tilted magnetosphere, just like Uranus. Indeed, the findings of the new analysis of the old Uranus data "have some important implications for similar systems, such as Neptune's," added Allen.
Perhaps misaligned magnetospheres are typical of all ice giants, both in the solar system or beyond. Or perhaps they are atypical, or symptoms of Uranus and Neptune's unique histories. Either way, new missions are urgently needed to provide the first close-up data in nearly 40 years and counting. Fortunately, a new Uranus mission is currently a top priority for NASA.
The new analysis of the old Voyager 2 data can be found in a paper published on Nov. 21 in Geophysical Research Letters.
Construction on the ELT officially began in 2014, with the observatory designed around a segmented primary mirror that's 128 feet (39 meters) wide — nearly five times larger than any current ground-based optical telescope mirror. Once operational, the ELT will use advanced adaptive optics to correct for atmospheric turbulence, yielding images 15 times sharper than those from the Hubble Space Telescope.
This drone image was taken high above Cerro Armazones, the 9,993 -oot-tall (3,046 m) mountain where the ELT is located.

Given its advanced instruments, the ELT's overarching mission is to push observational astronomy into a new precision era. The huge telescope will directly image small, rocky exoplanets and look for possible conditions suitable for life outside our solar system. The ELT will also help scientists study our universe's origins by looking at distant galaxies while also measuring the universe's rate of expansion. This telescope will also be used to study stellar dynamics and how stars are born, evolve and sometimes turn into black holes.
As the ELT's construction nears completion, the world waits to see just what this cutting-edge telescope will show us about the world we live in.
You can learn more about the Extremely Large Telescope and other ground-based telescopes.
]]>In the letter, Genzel and 30 other world-leading astronomers urge Chilean leaders to protect the pristine, unpolluted night sky above Cerro Paranal, an 8,740-foot-high (2,664-meter) peak in the Atacama Desert that is home to the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) most valuable astronomical observatories including the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), which when built will be the world's largest telescope.
The astronomers believe that the Paranal Observatory, currently considered among the least light-polluted astronomical sites in the world, will suffer if a planned clean hydrogen plant gets a go-ahead. "As currently conceived, the project represents an imminent threat to some of the most advanced astronomical facilities on Earth, operating under one of the world's last pristine dark skies," the scientists wrote in the letter, criticizing the placement of the clean hydrogen plant, called INNA, just a few miles from the summit of Cerro Paranal. "Earlier this year, an in-depth, data-driven technical analysis by ESO revealed that INNA would cause an increase of up to 35% in light pollution above Cerro Paranal."
It's not just light pollution that poses a threat, however. the letter continues. The signing scientists write that the same analysis "also revealed other impacts of the project, from creating micro-vibrations that will negatively affect and possibly impede the operation of some of the most cutting-edge astronomical facilities, to increasing turbulence that blurs our view of the universe."
The Paranal Observatory is home to the Very Large Telescope (VLT), which is actually a quartet of telescopes with 27-foot-wide (8.2 meters) mirrors that can work in concert as a so-called interferometer to maximize the facility's sky-observing abilities.
Genzel, who won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research of the Sagittarius A* black hole at the heart of the Milky Way galaxy, used VLT to observe the movements of stars close to the galaxy's center to determine the black hole's properties.
Cerro Paranal is also home to the Cherenkov Telescope Array, the world's most powerful observatory for research of high-energy gamma rays, extremely energetic radiation emitted from black holes and released in supernova explosions. According to the ESO analysis, the Cherenkov array could suffer an up to 50% light pollution increase from the proposed plant, being located only 3 miles (5 kilometers) away from the prospected site.
The astronomers think that interference from the hydrogen plant might degrade Paranal from being the world's premium astronomy site to a merely mediocre one.
"We might lose the ability to observe about 30% of the faintest galaxies," Xavier Barcons, ESO's Director General, told Space.com in an earlier interview. "We are at the point of starting to be able to see details of exoplanet atmospheres, but if the sky gets brighter, we may not be able to see those details anymore."
The unspoiled nature of the Paranal sky, together with the world's most favorable weather conditions for astronomy, prompted ESO to choose the neighboring Cerro Armazones as a site of the next-generation ELT. ELT, currently under construction, will be fitted with a single 130-foot-wide (39.3m) mirror and will become the world's largest telescope capable of studying the universe in visible light.
The $1.4-billion observer should enable astronomers to directly image exoplanets orbiting nearby stars and observe the most distant galaxies. The presence of INNA, however, is likely to increase the brightness of the sky above ELT by 5%, reducing the telescope's scientific potential.
The $10 billion INNA renewable hydrogen plant, developed by the U.S.-headquartered energy company AES, will spread across 7,500 acres (3,021 hectares) of land and consist of three solar farms, three wind farms, a battery energy storage system and facilities for the production of hydrogen.
AES submitted its environmental assessment for the development a year ago and is awaiting a decision by local authorities. The astronomers call for the plant's relocation away from Atacama's precious observatories.
"While we recognize the need, both in Chile and globally, to develop green energy facilities, the proximity and extent of the infrastructure associated with the INNA project pose a grave threat, which cannot be mitigated given the closeness of the planned installation to the observatory," the scientists wrote in the letter. "We are convinced that economic development and scientific progress can and must coexist to the benefit of all people in Chile, but not at the irreversible expense of one of Earth's unique and irreplaceable windows to the universe."
AES previously told Space.com that the site's impact on the Paranal night sky would be negligible.
Airglow is a faint light emitted by Earth's upper atmosphere, produced when molecules emit energy after being excited by cosmic rays or ultraviolet solar radiation. Although far dimmer than auroras, airglow forms a continuous global layer and is always present, both day and night, though it's best visible from space.
This image was taken from low Earth orbit as the ISS flew 260 miles (418 kilometers) above Texas.

Airglow is more than just visually stunning; it can also be used as a diagnostic tool for understanding the structure and dynamics of Earth's upper atmosphere. Airglow can help shed light on atmospheric disturbances, as well as the impacts of space weather coming from solar radiation.
The different colors of airglow are caused by various chemicals found in the atmosphere, so understanding what chemicals are present can help researchers refine atmospheric models used in climate science to get a more accurate picture of how our planet's atmosphere changes over time.
You can learn more about the International Space Station and airglow.
]]>Airglow is a faint light emitted by Earth's upper atmosphere, produced when molecules emit energy after being excited by cosmic rays or ultraviolet solar radiation. Although far dimmer than auroras, airglow forms a continuous global layer and is always present, both day and night, though it's best visible from space.
This image was taken from low Earth orbit as the ISS flew 260 miles (418 kilometers) above Texas.

Airglow is more than just visually stunning; it can also be used as a diagnostic tool for understanding the structure and dynamics of Earth's upper atmosphere. Airglow can help shed light on atmospheric disturbances, as well as the impacts of space weather coming from solar radiation.
The different colors of airglow are caused by various chemicals found in the atmosphere, so understanding what chemicals are present can help researchers refine atmospheric models used in climate science to get a more accurate picture of how our planet's atmosphere changes over time.
You can learn more about the International Space Station and airglow.
]]>Despite the dramatic name, a green flash isn't an explosion or a burst of energy. It's simply sunlight being bent and split by Earth's atmosphere.
White sunlight is made of all the colors of the rainbow. But as Earth rotates and the sun approaches the horizon, its light has to pass through a very thick slice of the atmosphere. That air acts like a giant prism, refracting (bending) the light slightly and separating colors based on their wavelength. Shorter wavelengths — blue and green — are bent more strongly than red and orange.
At the very last moment before sunset (or the first moment after sunrise), the sun's disk is already mostly hidden below the horizon. What you're seeing is really a stack of slightly displaced images: the "red sun," the "orange sun," the "yellow sun," and so on, all shifted by tiny different amounts. The lower colors disappear first. For a brief instant, the uppermost surviving layer is dominated by green, forming a thin glowing band at the top edge of the sun: the green rim. If the conditions are just right — clear air, a sharp horizon, the right layering in the atmosphere — that skinny rim looks like a small, detached green spark: the famous green flash.
In reality, a green rim is there at every sunset. It's just usually so thin, and so brief (a second or two), that our eyes can't pick it out. Sensitive cameras, high-quality lenses, and fast bursts of images are perfect for catching it.
This image was taken on Cerro Pachón in Chile.

There are lots of reasons that scientists are interested in atmospheric optics like this. The shape, height, and duration of a green flash depend on how temperature, pressure, and density vary with altitude. Layers of warm and cool air can act like stacked lenses, creating mirage effects and stretching or squashing the sun's image. By modeling and measuring green flashes carefully, scientists can test how well we understand the vertical structure of the atmosphere near the horizon.
Telescopes on Cerro Pachón, where this image was taken, and other mountaintops look through the same atmosphere that creates the green flash. The air bends different colors by different amounts, slightly smearing out starlight into a little rainbow. Instruments called atmospheric dispersion correctors are designed to counteract that effect. Understanding exactly how Earth's atmosphere splits and bends light — the same physics behind the green flash — helps astronomers sharpen their images and spectra of distant stars and galaxies.
You can learn more about the green flash and Earth's atmosphere.
]]>Despite the dramatic name, a green flash isn't an explosion or a burst of energy. It's simply sunlight being bent and split by Earth's atmosphere.
White sunlight is made of all the colors of the rainbow. But as Earth rotates and the sun approaches the horizon, its light has to pass through a very thick slice of the atmosphere. That air acts like a giant prism, refracting (bending) the light slightly and separating colors based on their wavelength. Shorter wavelengths — blue and green — are bent more strongly than red and orange.
At the very last moment before sunset (or the first moment after sunrise), the sun's disk is already mostly hidden below the horizon. What you're seeing is really a stack of slightly displaced images: the "red sun," the "orange sun," the "yellow sun," and so on, all shifted by tiny different amounts. The lower colors disappear first. For a brief instant, the uppermost surviving layer is dominated by green, forming a thin glowing band at the top edge of the sun: the green rim. If the conditions are just right — clear air, a sharp horizon, the right layering in the atmosphere — that skinny rim looks like a small, detached green spark: the famous green flash.
In reality, a green rim is there at every sunset. It's just usually so thin, and so brief (a second or two), that our eyes can't pick it out. Sensitive cameras, high-quality lenses, and fast bursts of images are perfect for catching it.
This image was taken on Cerro Pachón in Chile.

There are lots of reasons that scientists are interested in atmospheric optics like this. The shape, height, and duration of a green flash depend on how temperature, pressure, and density vary with altitude. Layers of warm and cool air can act like stacked lenses, creating mirage effects and stretching or squashing the sun's image. By modeling and measuring green flashes carefully, scientists can test how well we understand the vertical structure of the atmosphere near the horizon.
Telescopes on Cerro Pachón, where this image was taken, and other mountaintops look through the same atmosphere that creates the green flash. The air bends different colors by different amounts, slightly smearing out starlight into a little rainbow. Instruments called atmospheric dispersion correctors are designed to counteract that effect. Understanding exactly how Earth's atmosphere splits and bends light — the same physics behind the green flash — helps astronomers sharpen their images and spectra of distant stars and galaxies.
You can learn more about the green flash and Earth's atmosphere.
]]>A 59-foot-tall (18 meters) Electron rocket is scheduled to launch the "RAISE and Shine" mission from Rocket Lab's New Zealand site Thursday at 10 p.m. EST (0300 GMT and 4 p.m. local New Zealand time on Friday, Dec. 12). That represents a delay of five days; Rocket Lab originally targeted Saturday night (Dec. 6) but has pushed things back to allow time for additional checkouts.
Rocket Lab will stream the launch live beginning 30 minutes before liftoff. Space.com will carry the feed if, as expected, the company makes it available.

"RAISE and Shine" is the first flight that Rocket Lab has contracted directly with JAXA (the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency). It's part of a two-flight deal with the Japanese space agency; the second mission is a rideshare launch scheduled for early next year.
The California-based company has a long history with Japan overall, however, launching more than 20 missions to date for companies based in the Land of the Rising Sun.
Thursday's launch will send JAXA's Rapid Innovative payload demonstration Satellite-4, known as RAISE-4, to a circular orbit 336 miles (540 kilometers) above Earth.
The satellite's full name tells us broadly what it will do up there. RAISE-4 "will demonstrate eight technologies developed by private companies, universities, and research institutions throughout Japan," Rocket Lab wrote in a mission description.
"RAISE and Shine" will continue a record-breaking year for Rocket Lab, which has launched 18 missions in 2025 so far, all of them successful. Fifteen of them have been orbital flights. The other three were suborbital launches with HASTE, a modified version of Electron designed to help customers test hypersonic technologies in the final frontier.
Rocket Lab's previous single-year launch record was 16, set in 2024.
Editor's note: This story was updated at 10:45 a.m. ET on Dec. 7 with the new launch date of Dec. 8, then again at 11:15 a.m. ET on Dec. 8 with the new target date of Dec. 11.
]]>JAXA astronaut Kimiya Yui is fond of photographing his home nation of Japan from his vantage point aboard the International Space Station. Thursday (Dec. 4) was no different.
"Last night, I went to bed early and woke up once in the middle of the night to film a video of the Japanese archipelago," Yui posted to social media. "Even from space, it looked very cold."
"There were many areas where it seemed to be snowing or places where it had snowed afterward, and while it looked beautiful from space, I became a little worried when I thought about all of you," he wrote.
In the foreground are Northrop Grumman's Cygnus XL cargo ship, the S.S. William C. "Willie" McCool (at right) and the newly docked Soyuz MS-28 spacecraft.

Among the research that was conducted by the Expedition 73 crew aboard the space station this week was:
CIPHER — Zena Cardman and Jonny Kim of NASA collected samples of Cardman's blood, tested her cognition and measured her exercise, all as activities under the CIPHER human research study tracking astronauts' health before, during and after a spaceflight. Afterward, Cardman used a centrifuge to prepare them for being placed inside a science freezer for future analysis.
Astrobee — Scientists on Earth, working with astronauts on the space station like Kim, assessed robotic free-flying assistants called "Astrobee" to enable astronauts to conduct more research.
The Expedition 73 crew also devoted time to maintaining the space station's systems, including:
New Crew Member Orientation — Having just arrived at the space station the week before, NASA astronaut Chris Williams attended an orientation session, of sorts, as fellow NASA astronaut Mike Fincke and Kimiya Yui of JAXA took turns bringing Williams up to speed about life on orbit. Fincke and Yui familiarized Williams with space station hardware, operations and systems.
'Closet' inventory — Oleg Platonov, a flight engineer with the Russian space agency Roscosmos, spent the first part of his shift documenting the location and amount of clothing and towels remaining in the Russian segment of the space station.
Zero Boil-Off Tank Noncondensables — Flight Engineer Mike Fincke changed out the cameras inside a microgravity science glovebox to photograph how cryogenic fluids behave in microgravity to improve the design of spacecraft fuel tanks.

As part of their work maintaining the systems aboard the International Space Station, NASA astronauts Jonny Kim and Chris Williams spent this week cleaning and inspecting the European Exploration Exercise Device (E4D) after its installation in the European Space Agency's (ESA) Columbus laboratory.
According to NASA, the E4D is being tested for its ability to provide bicycling, rowing and resistance exercises to protect crew members' muscles, bones and heart health in microgravity.
As of Friday (Dec. 5), there are 10 people aboard the International Space Station: Expedition 73 commander Sergey Ryzhikov and Oleg Platonov, Sergey Kud-Sverchkov, Sergey Mikaev and Alexey Zubritsky of Roscosmos; NASA astronauts Zena Cardman, Mike Fincke, Jonny Kim and Chris Williams and JAXA (the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) astronaut Kimiya Yui, all flight engineers.
There are three docked crew spacecraft: SpaceX's Dragon "Endeavour" attached to the space-facing port of the Harmony module, Roscosmos' Soyuz MS-27 attached to the Earth-facing port of the Prichal node and Soyuz MS-28 attached to the Earth-facing port of the Rassvet module.
There are four cargo spacecraft: Roscosmos' Progress MS-31 (92P) docked to the space-facing port of the Poisk module, Progress MS-32 (93P) attached to the aft port of the Zvezda service module, Northrop Grumman's Cygnus XL, the S.S. William C. "Willie" McCool, berthed to the Earth-facing common berthing mechanism (CBM) on the Unity node and Japan's HTV-X1 attached to the Earth-facing CBM on the Harmony node.
As of Friday, the space station has been continuously crewed for 25 years, 1 month and 3 days.
]]>The final integration of the telescope's major observatory components took place on Nov. 25 inside NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, where engineers brought together the spacecraft and telescope assemblies in the facility's largest clean room, according to a statement from NASA.
"Completing the Roman observatory brings us to a defining moment for the agency," Amit Kshatriya, NASA Associate Administrator, said in the statement. "Transformative science depends on disciplined engineering, and this team has delivered — piece by piece, test by test — an observatory that will expand our understanding of the universe. As Roman moves into its final stage of testing following integration, we are focused on executing with precision and preparing for a successful launch on behalf of the global scientific community."
Roman is designed to survey the universe with unprecedented efficiency using two primary instruments: the Wide Field Instrument (WFI) — a powerful infrared camera with a field of view larger than that of the Hubble Space Telescope at comparable resolution — and a next-generation Coronagraph Instrument that will image exoplanets by blocking light from distant stars, making it easier to see the planets in orbit around them. Together, these instruments will map cosmic structures on grand scales, probe dark energy, measure the distribution of dark matter, detect isolated black holes through microlensing and identify potentially tens of thousands of distant exoplanets, according to the statement.
With physical construction complete, Roman now shifts into a lengthy campaign of environmental and performance testing under simulated space conditions designed to verify that the spacecraft can survive the stresses of launch and operate as intended once in space. After that, the telescope will be shipped to NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida this summer for final processing and integration with its launch vehicle. While the mission is slated to launch by May 2027, it could be ready as early as fall 2026, NASA officials said.
If all goes as planned, Roman will launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket to a gravitationally stable orbit around the sun nearly a million miles from Earth. During its planned five-year primary mission, Roman is expected to observe billions of galaxies and hundreds of millions of stars, providing new clues about the accelerating expansion of the universe. Mission scientists also expect the telescope to detect more than 100,000 exoplanets by monitoring subtle gravitational lensing events, whereby a larger foreground object magnifies the light from a more distant source that cannot otherwise be observed directly.
"With Roman's construction complete, we are poised at the brink of unfathomable scientific discovery," Julie McEnery, Roman's senior project scientist at NASA Goddard, said in the statement. "We stand to learn a tremendous amount of new information about the universe very rapidly after Roman launches."
Follow Samantha Mathewson @Sam_Ashley13. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
Below you'll find a quick list of all the sci-fi and space video games that got some love during the show. Some of them are brand new announcements and reveals, while others are games we already knew about, showing off more details, new trailers, and more.
Here's every space and sci-fi game featured in the PC Gaming Show: Most Wanted 2025.
The first High On Life was a shockingly good time full of raunchy humor, colorful alien environments, surprising characters, and varied gameplay with an old-school flavor.
The developers at Squanch Games shared a new developer diary during the event, letting old and new players know about the new skateboarding mechanic. Moving around in retro style as we fight our way through criminals in cartoony extraterrestrial settings?
Count us in.
Progenitor Game Studios' ambitious space flight sim (with full VR support) puts solo players in command of a galactic rebellion "generations after the assassination of the Blessed Mother." Sabotage and subterfuge are key to achieving victory against a big totalitarian regime.
How does such a war look from inside a cockpit? The developers promise "no two playthroughs will be the same" thanks to procedurally-generated plot beats and missions, and so far, Remnant Protocol is looking awesome.
We've been keeping tabs on Lunar Strike for a while now. We're always down for a good cutting-edge narrative adventure, especially when they're set in outer space.
On the Moon's South Pole in the year 2119, a junior archivist must learn about a colony "at the edge of collapse" as it's hit by sabotage. No combat in this one, but it's full of harsh survival mechanics, and its new story trailer promises a lot to chew on.
Though you may think Luna Abyss has something in common with the previous entry, Kwalee Labs' game is its own deeply strange entity (and we mean that as praise).
Luna Abyss is a single-player first-person adventure full of shooting and 'bullet hell' mechanics. You're a prisoner "sentenced to explore a derelict megastructure deep beneath the surface of the mimic moon Luna."
It sounds weird, and it gets weirder. The governing aesthetic is creepy red lighting, alien megastructures, and Eldritch Horror, which is ticking all the boxes for us. We can't wait to check it out, and we don't have to — You can play a demo now on Steam.
FTL meets Pipe Mania? Sure, why not!
Iron Anchor Games' Down with the Ship is a dense "strategic auto battler" which tasks players with designing heavily-armed spaceships for brutal combats. You can choose a hull, "stuff it" with powerful hardware of all sorts, and equip as many weapons on your creation as it can hold. You'll also need to connect all your systems with power and ammo, which adds the pipe puzzle element.
Then, it's time to find out which ship is better and learn from the mistakes. This one has both single-player and player-versus-player modes, and you can also check out its demo right now on Steam.
A new Starship Troopers game? You better believe we'd like to know more.
If you like stomping on murderous alien bugs and anti-fascist satire, then 'Starship Troopers: Ultimate Bug War!' (yes, exclamation point included in the title) should be right up your alley. The retro visuals and focused, old-fashioned bug-hunting action look fantastic, and having Casper Van Dien back as Johnny Rico in FMV cutscenes is the icing on the cake.
The best part is that Auroch Digital – the team behind Warhammer 40K: Boltgun – is the one holding the assault rifles, so we're confident about its combo of chunky 3D graphics and crunchy gunplay. Remember, the only good bug is a dead bug.
Another iconic sci-fi property we're always happy to see more of is Battlestar Galactica, and Scattered Hopes has been on our radar since it was announced earlier this year.
The mix of narrative-oriented gameplay and real-time tactical battles, coupled with in-depth ship and crew management, is a hard one to resist. This isn't a traditional, linear game, however, as it's structured as a roguelite; that means failure is likely and will happen several times, but you'll come out stronger and wiser out of it.
Good luck rejoining the Battlestar Galactica.
Perhaps the biggest surprise of the night was the reveal of SOL Shogunate, which was instantly described by its developers as a "samurai space opera." Yes, it looks as cool as it sounds, and we're really into the ambitious world-building on display.
It's an action-RPG set on Earth's moon, but what we'll find here are massive cities, giant vehicles, and samurai families ruthlessly fighting for dominance. Hack-and-slash video game lovers should be celebrating this one already, and we're truly hoping it delivers on all the promise.
]]>Comets are famous for making brief, dramatic appearances in our skies, but one icy wanderer just received an unprecedented level of attention from one of NASA's newest spacecraft.
For nearly 40 days, NASA's PUNCH mission imaged the recently-discovered Comet C/2025 R2 (SWAN) every four minutes as it drifted through the inner solar system. That near-continuous stare "may be the longest any comet has been tracked" with such a frequency, according to a recent NASA announcement.
"Other comets have been tracked at once-per-day cadence for years," Craig DeForest, the principal investigator for the PUNCH mission at the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado, said in the statement. "What's new here is the few-minute cadence of observation."

The video above stitches together hundreds of PUNCH images taken from Aug. 25 to Oct. 2, showing the comet gliding between two bright objects — Mars at the top and the star Spica in the constellation of Virgo at the bottom. Because the images were not fully processed before being combined, boundaries between individual snaps remain visible as thin black seams, the statement read.
Comet C/2025 R2 (SWAN) was first spotted in September by Ukrainian amateur astronomer Vladimir Bezugly, who noticed the icy visitor a bright blob close to the sun while scanning publicly available images from the sun-watching Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). Just a day after its discovery, the comet reached perihelion, its closest point to the sun, passing at a distance of 46.74 million miles (75.20 million km) of our star.
Early images had revealed the comet’s bluish-green coma, created as the sun's heat vaporized the comet's ices in a process called sublimation. Gas and dust released were swept backward by the solar wind, forming the glowing tail captured in various images. By mid-September, the coma had taken on an unusual triangular "hammerhead" shape, a distortion astronomers often link to a fragmenting nucleus, as outgassing from multiple pieces can stretch a normally round coma into a lopsided form.
At the same time, Comet C/2025 R2 (SWAN) happened to share the same swath of sky with the now-famous interstellar visitor 3I/ATLAS. In the PUNCH time-lapse below, 3I/ATLAS appears briefly near the end of the sequence, zipping left to right beneath SWAN.
As Comet C/2025 R2 (SWAN) moves leftward in the images, its tail is pushed in the same direction by the solar wind, making the comet appear to drift "backward," the NASA statement noted.

Comet tails act as natural tracers of the solar wind, a continuous stream of charged particles flowing outward from the sun and shaping the space environment throughout the solar system.
"Watching the sun's effects from multiple vantage points — and with different types of instruments — is what gives us a complete picture of the space environment," Gina DiBraccio, a heliophysicist and acting director of the Solar System Exploration Division at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, said in the same statement.
"We use these same tools to track and analyze how space weather impacts our astronauts, our spacecraft, and our technology here on Earth."
In late October, the comet made its closest approach to Earth at 25.10 million miles (40.38 million km), putting it on the cusp of naked-eye visibility and easily within reach of binoculars and small telescopes.
Using observations from the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) Very Large Telescope, astronomers documented 51 budding exoplanetary systems after studying 161 nearby stars, offering an unprecedented glimpse at debris disks around stars beyond our solar system. These debris disks are formed by collisions between asteroids or comets that generate large amounts of dust and resemble our own solar system where asteroids collect in the inner belt and comets populate the distant Kuiper Belt, according to a statement.
"This data set is an astronomical treasure," Gaël Chauvin, co-author of the study and SPHERE project scientist, said in the statement. "It provides exceptional insights into the properties of debris disks, and allows for deductions of smaller bodies like asteroids and comets in these systems, which are impossible to observe directly."
Scientists study debris disks because they offer a snapshot of what young solar systems look like after planets begin to form. Young stars form within collapsing clouds of gas and dust, which flatten into broad protoplanetary disks where material gradually clumps into larger bodies. As these systems mature, collisions between leftover asteroids and comets produce fine dust creating the debris disks we see today. By examining how this dust reflects starlight, astronomers can piece together how planets grow and how systems like our own take shape over time.
However, debris disks fade as collisions become less frequent and dust is gradually removed — either because it's blown out by stellar radiation, swept up by planets or remaining planetesimals or has fallen into the central star. Our solar system is an example of the end state of this process, with just the asteroid belt, the Kuiper Belt and faint zodiacal dust remaining.
Using advanced instruments like SPHERE allows astronomers to study the dust in younger systems — roughly the first 50 million years — that can still be detected. Most importantly, SPHERE blocks starlight using a coronagraph, a small disk that physically masks the star to reveal faint surrounding objects. The telescope's adaptive optics system corrects for atmospheric distortions in real time, and optional polarization filters enhance sensitivity to light reflected by dust, making debris disks easier to detect.
The new survey reveals remarkable variety, from narrow rings to wide diffuse belts, lopsided disks and disks viewed both edge-on and face-on. In fact, four of the disks were imaged in this detail for the first time, the researchers said.
Striking views of HD 197481 and HD 39060 capture sharp streams of material darting out from either side of its central star (representing an edge-on view), while incredible views of systems like HD 109573 and 181327 capture a nearly perfect circular debris ring (representing a face-on view).
In many systems, dust congregates in sharply defined rings, hinting at unseen planets shaping the debris, much like Neptune molds the Kuiper Belt in our solar system. On the other hand, the dust distribution in younger systems like HD 145560 and HD 156623 is more chaotic and billowy, where less defined structures suggest material hasn't yet been fully sculpted by planets or cleared by collisions.
Comparing the different structures within the disks revealed clear trends, like more massive stars tend to host more massive disks, and disks with material concentrated farther from the star also generally contain more mass, according to the statement.
"All of these belt structures appear to be associated with the presence of planets, specifically of giant planets, clearing their neighborhoods of smaller bodies," researchers said in the statement. "In some of the SPHERE images, features like sharp inner edges or disk asymmetries give tantalizing hints of as-yet unobserved planets."
While some giant exoplanets have already been detected in these systems, the SPHERE survey offers a guide post for new targets to be studied in greater detail by instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope and ESO's Extremely Large Telescope, which could reveal the exoplanets responsible for sculpting these spectacular disks.
Their findings were published Dec. 3 in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
]]>SPOILER WARNING for 'Torchwood: Children of Earth'
"Ianto's Shrine" is located in Mermaid Quay, next to the fictional back door to Torchwood HQ. Since Ianto Jones' on-screen death in 2009's five-part mini-series "Children of Earth", fans have been leaving notes, flowers, and other items as a tribute to their fallen hero. A particularly passionate section of the fanbase even launched a "Save Ianto Jones" campaign, sending coffee to the BBC in the hope of persuading the show's creator, Russell T Davies, to bring him back from the dead.

And let's be honest, watching Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) die in the arms of immortal boyfriend Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) is a tragic moment, up there with Spock's sacrifice in "The Wrath of Khan" and Wash's demise in "Serenity". Even so, it's far from the most powerful moment in the "Doctor Who" spin-off's third season, a rollercoaster ride of tears, political skulduggery, and "I can't believe they went there" drama.
Sixteen years after its debut, "Children of Earth" remains a sci-fi masterpiece, and arguably the best thing ever to come out of the Whoniverse. The incoming "The War Between the Land and the Sea" (also a five-part mini-series) has a lot to live up to…
"Torchwood" was always a strange concoction. Originally conceived as a British answer to Joss Whedon shows like "Buffy" and "Angel", "Doctor Who"'s edgier, more grown-up cousin focused on the lives and loves of a team of attractive young agents (led by Captain Jack) running around Cardiff hunting fugitive aliens.

The first two 13-episode seasons were the quintessential mixed bag, at times bold and brilliant, but also tonally inconsistent and susceptible to moments of extreme silliness. There had certainly been little to suggest that a watercooler event of seismic proportions was about to be unleashed.
For its third mission, "Torchwood" experienced a major reinvention. Out went deceased series regulars Owen Harper (Burn Gorman) and Tosh Sato (Naoko Mori) and the monster-of-the-week format, as the stripped-back Cardiff team returned to deal with a single, planet-threatening case.
The BBC's then-head of fiction Jane Tranter had suggested that "Children of Earth" could air over five consecutive weeknights in July 2009, with each episode corresponding to a day in a serialised adventure. Barrowman said at the time that he felt "Torchwood" was being "punished" with the shorter run, but the new format turbo-charged the show as Davies crafted a blockbuster that became a surprise hit, and redefined the notion of appointment viewing in the pre-streaming age.

Crucially, the writer had a killer hook for the story. "It was every single child in the world stopping and saying, 'We are coming,'" he recalled in SFX magazine. "I had that idea for years. I remember going with the team to Pizza Express and pitching it at [assistant producer] Brian Minchin, and his face lit up as I described it, which is always a good sign."
At the start of "Children of Earth"'s run, it's not entirely clear who the "we" are, though the upper echelons of the government know rather more than they wish to let on about the nature of "the 456" (the name given to the mysterious visitors, in recognition of the radio frequency they use to communicate).
Torchwood's investigations quickly make them a target, in an action-packed pair of opening episodes that retain much of the out-there silliness of previous seasons. Thought you were having a bad day? In "Day One", Torchwood's base of operations, the Hub, is blown up by a bomb implanted in Captain Jack. Then, while the indestructible former Time Agent is recovering, Wolverine-style, from his obliteration in "Day Two", he's encased in concrete, only to be liberated — in a wonderfully bonkers sequence — by Ianto (in full high-viz, no less) driving a stolen digger.

But it's when the 456 finally beam into their bespoke fish tank in Whitehall — roughly halfway through "Day Three" — that "Children of Earth" attains its classic status. "Doctor Who" has had its fair share of iconic villains over the years, but never anything quite like these guys. Shrouded in mist and prone to spewing noxious green goop over windows, their true form remains a mystery throughout. As with the original "Cloverfield" monster, we're never given the opportunity to grasp how their grotesque arrangement of heads and limbs fit together, and it's a disconcerting experience.
That said, even if they were as cuddly as Paddington Bear, these guys would be bad news. They've arrived on our doorstep with designs on taking 10% of the world's children away with them, and they know we have no choice but to "yield". Eventually — ensuring their removal from everybody's Christmas card lists — the 456 admit that they want the kids for "the hit", promising to sentence them to a hellish, artificially extended life as human narcotics.
As despicable as they are, however, the 456 aren't necessarily the villains of the piece. The United Kingdom — including a complicit Jack Harkness — handed over 12 orphaned children back in 1965, and the one who was left behind (Clem, played by Paul Copley) has been living with the pain ever since. The UK's actions three decades earlier created a problem for the entire world to fix, but this time the Doctor is clearly in no mood to help us out of our bind. "Sometimes," says Torchwood agent Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles), "the Doctor must look at this planet and turn away in shame."

There are heroes, of course — civil service personal assistant Lois Habiba (Cush Jumbo) risks charges of treason to spy on Torchwood's behalf — but mostly this is a ruthless, government-wide deployment of "Slow Horses"-style "London rules": always cover your arse.
Choosing the unfortunate 10% of kids who should make the fateful trip to outer space is an impossible task — Thanos's finger snap was so much easier — but the politicians hardly cover themselves in glory. They even describe children as "units".
Prime Minister Brian Green (Nicholas Farrell) only cares about his approval ratings, and is quite happy to let senior civil servant John Frobisher (future "Doctor Who" star Peter Capaldi) — and his family — take the fall on his behalf. His cabinet, meanwhile, conspires to remove their own children from any ballot, before coldly decreeing that kids from the worst performing schools should be sent away with the 456. These brutal, powerful scenes have now been given extra weight by real-life government responses to the Covid pandemic.
But things get even worse, and not just for poor Ianto, who succumbs to a lethal alien virus in "Day 4"; If this were "24", he'd be given the silent credits treatment.

Captain Jack discovers a way to turn the 456's communications back on them, unleashing a signal so lethal it's guaranteed to send them packing. The problem? They need a child to send the message, and that child will "fry" in the process. Jack's grandson, Steven (Bear McCausland) is the only kid "available", and Jack gives the nod to go ahead with the procedure.
The sequence that follows, as Jack's daughter Alice (Lucy Cohu) powerlessly looks on, is one of the most haunting in TV history, as one of pop culture's big taboos — the on-screen death of a child — is broken before your eyes. Whether or not sacrificing one child to save millions is the "right" decision — that's one for philosophers to debate — the devil-may-care Jack would not (and indeed could not) ever be the same again.
Nor would "Torchwood". The show returned two years later with the 10-part "Miracle Day" — a co-production with US cable channel Starz — but it never hit the heights of its predecessor, an instant classic of British sci-fi. Ianto Jones will never be forgotten, but it's "Children of Earth" that deserves to go down in Whoniverse history.
Every season of "Torchwood" is available to stream on BBC iPlayer in the UK. "The War Between the Land and the Sea" debuts on BBC One and BBC iPlayer on Sunday, December 7.
If you prefer physical media, you can also grab Torchwood: Children of Earth on Blu-ray from Amazon.

Watch "Torchwood: Children of Earth" and "The War Between the Land and the Sea"* on BBC iPlayer. It's FREE to view if you have a valid UK TV Licence.
*When the mini-series debuts on December 7.
Travelling outside the UK in December? You can always use a VPN to access BBC iPlayer from wherever you are. Read on to find out more.

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Griffin testified alongside other witnesses at a hearing held in Washington D.C. on Thursday (Dec. 4) by the Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives. The hearing, titled "Strategic Trajectories Assessing China’s Space Rise and the Risks to U.S. Leadership," was held to discuss the rapid development of China's space program and what that means for America's long-held dominance when it comes to space exploration.
And according to Griffin and the witnesses at the hearing, that dominance might soon cede to China due to policy decisions that continue to plague the Artemis program, NASA's current planned campaign of moon missions. "Sticking to a plan is important when the plan makes sense. China is sticking to a plan that makes sense. It looks a lot, in fact, like what the United States did for Apollo," Griffin said. "We have stuck to a plan that does not make sense."
Griffin said NASA and two consecutive presidential administrations have stuck to an Artemis moon landing architecture that "cannot work" and "poses a level of crew risk that should be considered unacceptable." The former NASA administrator reiterated a previous recommendation he made to Congress, arguing that NASA's Artemis 3 mission, currently planned for 2027, should be canceled — along with every other Artemis mission — so NASA and the U.S. government can rethink the whole plan for America's return to the moon.
"We should start over, proceeding with all deliberate speed," Griffin said. "We have lost a lot of time, and we may not be able to return to the moon before the Chinese execute their own first landing. Or we may; space is hard and despite the progress that China is making, mission success is guaranteed to no one. But though we may not win at this first step, we cannot cede the pursuit and leave the playing field to others."
NASA and SpaceX's current plan for Artemis 3 and other moon missions in the program relies on a complicated in-orbit refueling system. The current moon landing architecture requires a high number of SpaceX Starship launches in order to refuel the lander that would take NASA astronauts to the moon. The exact number still isn't even known, though SpaceX estimates it could require 12 Starship launches to fully refuel the lander. The concept also remains unproven; SpaceX intends to test Starship's in-flight refueling system on an upcoming launch.
Furthermore, Griffin added, the length of time the lander would need to remain in orbit while the refueling flights launch and rendezvous with it would "almost guarantee" the propellant loaded into the lunar lander would boil off before the mission proceeds. "I do not see a way with the current technology we have to overcome those problems, and therefore we should not pursue that line of approach," Griffin said.
Even SpaceX appears to doubt the current Artemis moon landing architecture. In internal company documents obtained by Politico, SpaceX estimates that September 2028 is the earliest timeline for a first crewed lunar landing attempt; however, according to publicly available information, NASA is still aiming for 2027 for that mission.
If Artemis 3 is delayed to late 2028, there will have been an average of two years between the first three Artemis program missions. The Apollo program, by comparison, launched each of its 11 missions an average of once every 4.5 months between 1968 and 1972.

NASA's current acting administrator has even criticized SpaceX for being "behind" on its lunar lander and Starship development. In remarks made in October 2025, acting NASA chief Sean Duffy suggested the Trump administration might be looking for other companies to compete to build and launch NASA's next moon lander. "The president and I want to get to the moon in this president's term, so I'm gonna open up the contract," Duffy told CNBC. "I'm gonna let other space companies compete with SpaceX, like Blue Origin."
But it could be that such programmatic instability is what is holding the United States back from committing to a moon landing program in the long-term, according to Dean Cheng, a China expert at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. Cheng told House representatives during the hearing that the bureaucratic structures of the Chinese government allow the nation to stick to plans over longer timelines than the U.S. government system allows. "China sticks to a plan. It creates a plan that sticks to it for decades," Cheng said. "And the benefit there is programmatic stability, budgetary stability, staff stability."
NASA, meanwhile, has been in a period of turmoil that has seen key science facilities lose capabilities, many flagship science missions put at risk of cancellation due to budget cuts, and thousands of personnel lost due to federal workforce reductions.
But whether or not the United States returns to the moon before China, former NASA chief Griffin said that the real risk is "failing to commit to what winning really means in the long run." Many U.S. government officials have stressed that whichever nation is able to establish a sustained presence on the moon first will have the privilege of establishing norms for how other nations can access and use lunar resources. If China manages to get a foothold on the moon ahead of the United States, it may be able to dictate who uses certain areas of the moon going forward, and how.
"I am confident that China fully understands this," Griffin said.
]]>One traveler on board that mission, which does not yet have a set launch date, is Michaela "Michi" Benthaus. Her voyage carries special significance: She is on a trajectory to become the first wheelchair user in space.
In 2018, Benthaus became wheelchair-bound after a mountain biking accident resulted in a spinal cord injury. Passionate about space travel, Benthaus was selected to fly in 2022 with AstroAccess on a parabolic flight, becoming one of the first wheelchair users to test accessibility experiments in weightlessness.
Since then, Benthaus' journey has included 18 parabolas and first-of-its-kind accessibility experiments, with a focus on demonstrating innovative methods for making sure that differently abled people can anchor, maneuver and secure themselves in microgravity.
Currently, Benthaus is at the TUM School of Engineering and Design in Munich, Germany and is a young graduate trainee at the European Space Agency (ESA).
AstroAccess is a project of SciAccess, Inc., dedicated "to promoting disability inclusion in human space exploration by paving the way for disabled astronauts."
Founded in 2021, AstroAccess has conducted five microgravity missions in which disabled scientists, veterans, students, athletes and artists perform demonstrations onboard parabolic flights with the Zero Gravity Corporation — the first step in a progression toward flying a diverse range of people to space.
The message from AstroAccess: "If we can make space accessible, we can make any space accessible."

Former NASA official Alan Ladwig considers the upcoming suborbital launch of Benthaus as "a historical flight." He is the author of "See You in Orbit? Our Dream Of Spaceflight" (To Orbit Productions, 2019).
Ladwig's career at NASA began in 1981, when he joined as a program manager for the Shuttle Student Involvement Project. He later played a significant role in the Space Flight Participant Program, which was designed to allow civilians, including teachers and journalists, to experience space travel.
"First, some historical context," Ladwig told Space.com. In June 1984, the space shuttle program's STS-41D mission experienced an abort at T-4 seconds. The six astronauts safely egressed, but it was a moment of high anxiety, he said.
"In 1985, a National Finalist for the Journalist in Space Program was a paraplegic," Ladwig said. "Citing the STS-41D incident, an astronaut complained to me that it would be highly dangerous if this person would have been selected. If getting out of the [shuttle] orbiter needed to be done quickly, how was he supposed to exit safely with a paraplegic? At this point, safely flying a civilian was controversial, much less a person with a disability."

Ladwig recalled that the late Harriet Jenkins, who was the head of the then NASA Office of Equal Opportunity, led a study on the possibilities for people with disabilities to fly on the space shuttle.
"If memory serves me, her report came out in late 1985 … and back in the day when equal opportunity wasn't considered woke," he said.
With the space shuttle Challenger accident in January 1986, Jenkins' report was quietly put on the back burner, Ladwig said. "In any case, after the accident, it was clear it would be a long time before any [other] civilian would fly on the space shuttle, much less a person with a disability," he said.

But times have changed. For example, the ESA astronaut class selected in November 2022 included John McFall, a former Paralympic athlete, Ladwig said. His selection was part of a Parastronaut Feasibility Project to determine if people with disabilities can safely participate in a mission to the International Space Station.
"The study, completed in 2024, concluded it was feasible to integrate a person with a disability on ISS," said Ladwig, "but I'm not aware of any specific plans to do so."
In Ladwig's view, AstroAccess is to be commended for flying people with disabilities on parabolic flights. The current effort for a Blue Origin flight with Michaela Benthaus "will be an important step for opening up space travel to all who have orbital dreams," he concluded.
]]>The dazzling image, captured by the European Space Agency's (ESA) Mars Express orbiter captures a slightly elliptical crater measuring roughly 12 miles (20 kilometres) east to west and about 9 miles (15 km) north to south. The crater is surrounded by twin lobes of material that fan out to the north and south, evoking the delicate symmetry of a butterfly's wings.
Using data from the orbiter's High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), the Mars Express team created a detailed video of the crater and its two outstretched wings, according to a statement from ESA.
"Typically we would expect material to be thrown outwards in all directions by a crater-causing collision," ESA officials said in the statement. "However, we know that the space rock that sculpted this martian butterfly came in at a low, shallow angle, resulting in the interesting and atypical shapes seen here: the butterfly's 'body' — the main crater itself — is unusually oval in shape, and the wings are irregular."
This butterfly-shaped crater lies within the Idaeus Fossae region of Mars, in the planet's northern lowlands, an area thought to harbor reservoirs of subsurface ice. The Mars Express imagery reveals debris that appears unusually smooth and rounded, suggesting that the impact may have struck water or frozen ground. As the ice melted, it likely triggered a fast-moving mudslide, leaving behind the distinct fluidized material that now stretches outward in the crater's wing-like extensions, according to the statement.
Several other interesting surface features are also captured in the Mars Express imagery. Around the crater rise steep, flat-topped mesas — some more than a thousand meters high — their dark, exposed edges hinting at ancient lava or ash flows that once shaped this terrain.

"The mesas stand out clearly against the tan-coloured surroundings due to the layers of dark material that have been exposed along their edges," ESA officials said in the statement. "As on Earth, this material is probably rich in magnesium and iron, and created by volcanism. This region likely saw quite a bit of volcanism in the past, with lava and ash deposits building up over time and being buried by other material through the years."
This isn't the first butterfly-like crater discovered on Mars — another sits in Hesperia Planum, a volcanic plain in the southern highlands — but such formations remain rare. Each example helps scientists better understand not only the angle and force of the impacts that formed them, but also the hidden layers of Mars' surface and what conditions existed when the collisions occurred.
]]>Friday's black-tie ceremony — hosted by renowned physicist and science communicator Brian Greene — seeks to establish a "unifying global stage" to recognise the achievements of those fueling the renewed drive to extend humanity's influence out into the solar system.
Its first year drew in over 500 nominations over eight distinct categories ranging from 'Playmaker of the Year' — which will go to an individual whose contributions have impacted the overall trajectory of the space industry — to awards for space investment, scientific breakthroughs, sustainability in space and more.
The winners, as judged by an international panel drawn from academia, policy, finance and industry, will be revealed during the Dec. 5 ceremony, which is dedicated to Gemini and Apollo astronaut James Lovell, following his passing on Aug. 7 earlier this year. Members of Lovell's family will be in attendance to receive the inaugural James Lovell Legacy Award, which will be bestowed in future years to individuals who "honor the spirit" of the late astronaut.
"The Darwinian theory of evolution serves as the foundation for hosting the Global Space Awards at the Natural History Museum, symbolizing humanity's journey toward a civilization that not only adapts but thrives when utilising innovation from space," Sanjeev Gordhan, a member of the steering committee for the Global Space Awards told Space.com in an email. "This event highlights the innovation driven by our exploration of the cosmos and our potential to evolve further."
The 50 finalists for the eight awards were given a thematic reveal on Nov. 6, when their names were broadcast from a screen dangling from a high-altitude balloon floating 23,000 miles (37 kilometers) above Earth's surface in the stratosphere. Stay tuned to find out more about the winners from each category.
]]>The Richat Structure spans around 31 miles (50 km) across, large enough to be a clear landmark for astronauts passing overhead.
On the ground, its rings are hard to appreciate; dunes, heat haze, and uneven terrain all conspire to hide the full shape. But from space, especially in the images taken by the Copernicus satellite, the structure appears as a set of concentric circles, like ripples frozen in rock.
For years, its near-perfect circle led scientists to suspect a dramatic origin: a meteorite impact. A formation that round, in the middle of nowhere, had to be a crater — or so it seemed.
This image was taken over the Adrar region of northern Mauritania.

Further fieldwork and analysis overturned the impact crater theory, as researchers found no signs of shocked quartz, melted rock, or other telltale traces of a high-energy collision. Instead, the Richat Structure turned out to be something more subtle and, in many ways, more impressive: a deeply eroded geological dome.
Millions of years ago, a large bubble of molten rock pushed up beneath the surface, gently doming the overlying sedimentary layers. Over time, wind, water, and sand did what they do best in the Sahara: sandblast and carve away the softer rocks. Harder rocks, like quartzite-rich sandstones, resisted erosion and remained as high ridges, while the softer layers between them were worn into valleys.
The result is a natural cross-section of Earth's crust, peeled back in rings. The outer rings mostly consist of more erosion-resistant rock, while the interior exposes older layers that once lay deep underground. Geologists estimate that parts of this structure are at least 100 million years old.
In the false-color composite images from the Copernicus satellite mission, the story of the landscape becomes much clearer as specific wavelengths of light are combined to highlight different materials and surface features: the tougher quartzite sandstones appear in shades of red and pink, tracing the outer rings and inner ridges; darker patches between these rings mark zones of softer, more eroded rock; and tiny purple specks in the southern part of the structure reveal individual trees and bushes following a dry riverbed that snakes into the Eye. From the vantage point of Earth orbit, the Eye continues to stare back at us: a giant geological bull's-eye, etched into the Sahara, quietly recording a deep history of Earth written in stone.

The images reveal the storm's incredible power and offer vital insights into how such hurricanes form.

A powerful geomagnetic storm created a series of brilliant auroras recently for observers across North America.
You can learn more about Earth-observing satellites and the Copernicus program.
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