diff --git "a/raw_rss_feeds/https___www_popsci_com_rss_xml.xml" "b/raw_rss_feeds/https___www_popsci_com_rss_xml.xml" --- "a/raw_rss_feeds/https___www_popsci_com_rss_xml.xml" +++ "b/raw_rss_feeds/https___www_popsci_com_rss_xml.xml" @@ -1,326 +1,308 @@ -Popular Sciencehttps://www.popsci.comen-USThu, 06 Nov 2025 13:35:41 -0500WordPress 6.8.3hourly1<![CDATA[Travel ancient Rome’s 186,000 miles of roads in new online atlas]]>Itiner-e suggests the empire’s routes were almost double previous estimates.

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The post Travel ancient Rome’s 186,000 miles of roads in new online atlas appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/science/ancient-rome-road-map/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715048Thu, 06 Nov 2025 11:00:00 -0500ScienceArchaeologyEngineeringTechnologyThe Roman Empire paved the way for many modern advancements—including streets themselves. At its apex during the second century CE, the vast empire encompassed more than 55 million citizens living between present-day Britain to the west and as far east as Syria. Its vast network of roadways facilitated tax collection, military transport, trade, and everyday travel. But after almost 2,000 years, today’s historians still lack a complete understanding of the empire’s myriad routes. After analyzing a range of topographical maps, satellite images, firsthand records, and archaeological sites, researchers from Denmark’s Aarhus University and the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona in Spain believe they have digitally recreated the most detailed, accurate map of Rome’s roads circa 150 CE.

+Popular Sciencehttps://www.popsci.comen-USSat, 08 Nov 2025 23:52:24 -0500WordPress 6.8.3hourly1<![CDATA[For sale: Batmobile, John Wick’s Mustang, and more Hollywood cars]]>Own a piece of the 'Fast and the Furious' for $500,000.

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The post For sale: Batmobile, John Wick’s Mustang, and more Hollywood cars appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/technology/hollywood-car-auction/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715234Sat, 08 Nov 2025 15:00:00 -0500TechnologyVehiclesA little more than 30 miles from Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, another kind of church pays homage to movies, TV shows, and cultural touchpoints. Billing itself as “the temple of pop culture,” Pop Central Museum in Étréchy is now selling off an impressive collection of original stunt cars. 

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A publicly available project, Itiner-e also shows a bit of impressive historical revision is in order. It now appears that Rome included around 186,000 miles of roads. This means we’ve underestimated the total length of the empire’s routes by more than 62,100 miles—almost doubling previous mapping efforts.

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The vehicles up for sale were used in the Fast & Furious franchise, John Wick 2, Drive, Back to the Future 2, and The Dukes of Hazzard. Others are replicas seen in classics like The A-Team, Herbie the Love Bug (in all of its late 1960-era glory), Batman, and James Bond movies.

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All in all, auction house Bonhams will be selling off 50 movie and TV series vehicles and motorcycles along with memorabilia like a Jurassic Park T-Rex statue expected to fetch between roughly $40,000 and nearly $70,000. If you had the means, that would be a striking—or perhaps alarming—prehistoric conversation piece in your backyard. 

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Celebrity provenance and real fender benders

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“This increase is due to a higher coverage of roads, but also by the decision to make a spatially explicit dataset that adapts routes to the geographical reality (i.e., to cross a mountain, our roads follow a winding pass rather than a direct line),” Itiner-e’s creators wrote in an accompanying study published on November 6 in the journal Scientific Data.

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Some of the vehicles up for auction, like the 1969 Ford Mustang Mach 1 from John Wick 2, have legitimate celebrity credibility. This vehicle was number 4 out of 5 built for the movie and driven by star Keanu Reeves in a car chase. According to stunt coordinator Darrin Prescott via Vanity Fair, Reeves is an excellent driver. However, the cars were still pretty banged up in the process. 

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The latest updated maps now indicate Rome’s roads covered over 1.5 million square miles. The exponential increase largely comes from Itiner-e’s creators determining that many more routes crisscrossed the Iberian Peninsula, Greece, and North Africa than scholars previously believed. The database currently includes 14,769 road sections, with nearly 63,400 miles of main routes and about another 121,600 miles of secondary roads.

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“For several scenes, a stuntman drove the car from a roof-mounted cockpit so Reeves could focus on acting,” explained The Drive in a 2017 story about the stunt. “Then there were complex tricks like the sweet jump-drift through a warehouse door, which took ‘7 or 8 takes’ and destroyed at least one Mustang when a stunt driver clipped the steel door frame in midair.”

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Map of Roman empire showing its vast network of roads
The Roman road network created by Itiner-e encompasses 1.5 million square miles. Credit: Itiner-e
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a dodge charger with many dents
1969 Ford Mustang Mach 1 seen on screen in the action movie John Wick 2. Image: Bonhams
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Ancient Roman planners placed stone milemarkers at regular intervals along their streets, but only a handful remain today. Meanwhile, even fewer actual roads remain discernible in the modern landscape. Because of this, Itiner-e’s designers say only 2.7 percent of the map can be known with certainty. Although nearly 90 percent of the remaining map is less precisely established, the study’s authors remain confident about their general location based on primary sources and estimates from topographical information. Only 7.4 percent of Itiner-e’s paths are hypothesized. The researchers also note that the map illustrates a single moment in the Roman Empire’s more than 500 years of existence.

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If I had to pick one of these movie cars, I’d choose the circa 1989 Police Cruiser designed by Tim Flattery and built by Gene Winfield. Seen on screen in Back to the Future 2 starring Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd, and Lea Thompson, the police cruiser made an appearance as a futuristic flying car. The one up for auction is one of two built, and the only one fitted with an engine. It was later on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum in California before being acquired by the Pop Culture Museum. 

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“Itiner-e makes such gaps in our current knowledge of Roman roads explicit for the first time…Detailed temporal evidence for road construction, use, and change is only available for a handful of cases, making an evidence-based reconstruction of how the road system changed…currently impossible,” the authors wrote. “This should be the subject of dedicated large-scale efforts in future research.”

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The post Travel ancient Rome’s 186,000 miles of roads in new online atlas appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>en-US<![CDATA[14 hilarious finalists from the 2025 Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards]]>Funny frogs, cheeky gibbons, and annoyed lions.

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The post 14 hilarious finalists from the 2025 Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/environment/comedy-wildlife-awards-finalists-2025/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714942Thu, 06 Nov 2025 09:48:10 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsWildlife“While photographing a pride of lions in the Serengeti, I watched as a group of cubs channeled their inner toddler tantrum, relentlessly demanding milk and attention from their mother, much to the exasperation of the adult lions,” writes photographer Bret Saalwaechter.

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a futuristic police car
Police Cruiser, circa 1989, from Back to the Future Part II. Image: Bonhams
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“Life in the dry season is no picnic—lions are anxiously waiting for the Great Migration and the feast it promises—but it makes for some incredible wildlife behavior and these cubs were the stars of the show. For over an hour, they followed their mother around a famous Serengeti kopje—those iconic rocky outcrops that dot the landscape—alternating between trying to suckle and play. Each time the mother, already in a foul mood from the sweltering heat, would give a quick roar of disapproval and escape the circus. But the cubs, like any persistent little ones, would chase her down, nipping at her and yelping for more attention. This back-and-forth drama played out again and again, until I captured the perfect moment: the entire pride, in perfect unison, seemed to say, ‘Not this again!'”

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Those with a penchant for French cars will be drawn to the 1999 Peugeot 406 V6 from Taxi 2. This iconic machine will be on display at the Salon Époqu’Auto in Lyon, which is closer to Geneva, Switzerland than Paris, France. The Peugeot should draw a decent crowd, as the auction house says it’s “probably the most famous car in French cinema.” It’s expected to draw a bid of roughly $80,000 to $138,000. Oui, monsieur. 

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Saalwaechter’s photograph of the encounter (seen above) is now a finalist at the 2025 Nikon Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards.

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At the top of the heap—from a cost perspective, anyway—is a 2001 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII built for the character portrayed by the late Paul Walker in 2Fast 2Furious. Bonhams believes it will sell for between $290,000 and $500,000, and they probably won’t be far off. Vehicles from the F&F family have raked in big bucks, like the 1994 Toyota Supra that commanded $550,000 at a Barrett-Jackson auction in 2021. Even bigger than that, in 2023 a 2000 Nissan Skyline R34 GT-R driven by Walker in Fast & Furious 4 sold for $1.36 million. 

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a bird with grass covering its face
“Now which direction is my nest?”
A windy day on Bempton Cliffs during the nesting season.
Credit: Alison Tuck / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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a green sedan
2001 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII, stunt car for the late Paul Walker in 2 Fast 2 Furious. Image: Bonhams
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Each year, the awards celebrate the hilarious hijinks of the animal kingdom and this year is no exception. From silly birds to flying squirrels and open-mouthed fish to gossiping leopards, you’ll chuckle at every image. The winners will be announced on December 9.

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The museum makes way for “other automotive projects” 

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Andrew Mortimer Melbourne Australia Title: If I have seen further... Description: If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giant [frog] s. In a bore casing on a minesite tenement around 2 hours drive from Leonora, there live a colony of frogs. Slightly too short to see over the PVC casing, they make do wherever they can. Animal: Frog Location of shot: Leonora
“If I have seen further…”
In a bore casing on a minesite tenement around two hours drive from Leonora, there live a colony of frogs. Slightly too short to see over the PVC casing, they make do wherever they can.
Credit: Andrew Mortimer / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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It appears that at one time, museum owner Franck Galiègue rented out these cars for joyrides, but that function seems to have been halted. Surely there were enough people who wanted to take a ride in a Ghostbusters Ecto-1 replica or a custom vehicle from Fast & Furious 7. 

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Instructor Lemur demonstrates perfect enthusiasm, reaching high to embrace the universe. Student Lemur contemplates whether enlightenment is worth this much effort before breakfast.
“Welcome to Zen Lemur Yoga Course!”
Instructor Lemur demonstrates perfect enthusiasm, reaching high to embrace the universe. Student Lemur contemplates whether enlightenment is worth this much effort before breakfast. Flexibility? Optional. Dramatic flair? Mandatory.
Credit: Andrey Giljov / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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Alas, all of the vehicles are going to be adopted into new homes in the very near future. 

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Annette Kirby Whyalla Australia Title: Go away Description: This was taken in Japan where I was observing a White-Tailed Sea Eagle putting their fish in a hole and protecting it. This one had a fish and saw another Eagle coming in to try and steal it. Animal: White Tailed Sea Eagle Location of shot: Hokkaido Japan
“Go away”
This was taken in Japan where I was observing a White-Tailed Sea Eagle putting their fish in a hole and protecting it. This one had a fish and saw another Eagle coming in to try and steal it.
Credit: Annette Kirby / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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a white car with a spoiler and taxi sign on top
The 1999 Peugeot 406 V6 from Taxi 2. Image: Bonhams
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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Bingqian Gao London United Kingdom Title: What do you mean I need to see a dentist? Description: A porcupine fish that has a mouthful of algae and seems to have trouble closing his mouth. So he has this eternal shocked look, and his dental hygiene is probably bothering me more than it's bothering him! Animal: Porcupine fish Location of shot: Baja California Sur, Mexico
“What do you mean I need to see a dentist?”
 A porcupine fish that has a mouthful of algae and seems to have trouble closing his mouth. So he has this eternal shocked look, and his dental hygiene is probably bothering me more than it’s bothering him!
Credit: Bingqian Gao/ Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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“This museum has been an incredible adventure, but the time has come to move on to new automotive projects,” Galiègue said in a statement from Bonhams. “I have spent many years collecting these cars and have had the pleasure of sharing them with enthusiasts from all over Europe. Now it is time to pass them on to film lovers who will take up the baton and continue to keep these witnesses to mechanical and cinematic history alive.”

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Beate Ammer Warwick Australia Title: "The Frog Prince of the Grape Vine" Description: Meet the Frog Prince of my little garden — he's been lazing around guarding my grape vine, waiting for a kiss, but I think he's just here for the grapes. This charming amphibian seems to have mistaken the vine for his royal court, lounging among the plump fruit as if he's the monarch of the orchard. Animal: Green Tree Frog Location of shot: Southeast QLD, AUSTRALIA
“The Frog Prince of the Grape Vine”
Meet the Frog Prince of my little garden — he’s been lazing around guarding my grape vine, waiting for a kiss, but I think he’s just here for the grapes. This charming amphibian seems to have mistaken the vine for his royal court, lounging among the plump fruit as if he’s the monarch of the orchard.
Credit: Beate Ammer / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Beate Ammer
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Bonhams will host the auction online November 21-28. Bring your wallet (and maybe a trust fund) if you want to start your own house of movie worship.

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The post For sale: Batmobile, John Wick’s Mustang, and more Hollywood cars appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>en-US<![CDATA[How the Witch of November doomed the ‘Edmund Fitzgerald’]]>Fifty years after the Great Lakes freighter sank, scientists can explain the weather that still haunts Lake Superior.

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The post How the Witch of November doomed the ‘Edmund Fitzgerald’ appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/science/edmund-fitzgerald-wreck-science/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715150Sat, 08 Nov 2025 10:00:00 -0500ScienceEnvironmentTechnologyWeatherOn the afternoon of November 9, 1975, when the SS Edmund Fitzgerald set out on its 746-mile run from Superior, Wisconsin, to Detroit, Michigan, Lake Superior was mostly calm. Even so, the crew likely saw the red sky from the intensifying storm gathering over the Great Plains. While the National Weather Service had posted gale warnings for the Lakes region, the approaching storm likely didn’t phase the crew. 

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Antoine Rezer Bonne France Title: Territorial Defence Operation Description: Rest day in Iceland after a scientific field session of 5 weeks in Greenland. White tailed eagle was harassed by a goeland ! Animal: white tailed eagle and goeland Location of shot: NW Iceland
“Territorial Defence Operation”
Rest day in Iceland after a scientific field session of 5 weeks in Greenland. White tailed eagle was harassed by a goeland !
Credit: Antoine Rezer / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Antoine Rezer
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Gales alone rarely troubled ships the size of the Fitzgerald. In 1975, the 700-foot-long and 39-foot-high Fitzgerald was one of the largest boats on the lakes. But as the ship made its way out of port that night, meteorological forces invisible to 1970s forecasting technology were conspiring—the dreaded Witch of November was swooping in unseen. By 1:00 a.m. on November 10, the Fitzgerald was already reporting 60-mile-per-hour winds and 10-foot-high waves. 

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Geoff Martin Little Bookham United Kingdom Title: Hornbill In A Hurry Description: This hornbill was spooked by the incoming tawny eagle and decided a quick exit was probably wise. Its ungainly departure was captured in a sequence of shots but this one for me perfectly captured the panic of the hornbill at that moment. The hornbill safely escaped although I doubt the tawny eagle was seriously interested in tackling that hornbill beak anyway. Animal: Southern Yellow-Billed Hornbill Location of shot: Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
“Hornbill In A Hurry”
This hornbill was spooked by the incoming tawny eagle and decided a quick exit was probably wise. Its ungainly departure was captured in a sequence of shots but this one for me perfectly captured the panic of the hornbill at that moment. The hornbill safely escaped although I doubt the tawny eagle was seriously interested in tackling that hornbill beak anyway.
Credit: Geoff Martin / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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Of magic and mythology

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Diana Rebman Portland United States Title: Relaxing in the trees! Description: This Yellow-cheeked Gibbon was just hanging out in the trees. Looks like he's waiting for a beer to be served. Animal: Yellow-cheeked Gibbon, male Location of shot: Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam
“Relaxing in the trees!”
This Yellow-cheeked Gibbon was just hanging out in the trees. Looks like he’s waiting for a beer to be served.
Credit: Diana Rebman / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Diana Rebman
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Whenever the November Witch sweeps across the Great Lakes in autumn, mariners know to beware. Hurricane-force winds, born from collisions of lingering summer warmth and frigid Arctic air, can slam into the lakes and set loose 40-foot waves. But unlike an ocean hurricane, which builds for days or weeks, the Witch of November—made famous by Canadian singer Gordon Lightfoot’s 1976 ballad—can transform the lakes from glass to fury in just hours.

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Hikkaduwa Liyanage Prasantha Vinod Angoda Sri Lanka Title: Bad mouthing Description: These are two siblings the smaller one being the female leopard. They were playing with each other and for a moment the male just put his arm on her shoulder and appereared as if he is bad mouthing of another leopard. Animal: Sri Lankan Leopard Location of shot: Yala National Park, Sri Lanka.
“Bad mouthing”
These are two siblings the smaller one being the female leopard. They were playing with each other and for a moment the male just put his arm on her shoulder and appereared as if he is bad mouthing of another leopard.
Credit: Hikkaduwa Liyanage Prasantha Vinod / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 H.L.P.VINOD
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To the Anishinaabe, also known as Chippewa, it isn’t a sorceress who terrorizes the largest of the Great Lakes, but a clash between Thunderbirds, wind spirits who rule the upper air, and Mishibijiw, the Great Lynx who guards the lakes’ watery deep. In November, battles between these fearsome rivals can whip the water into chaos.

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Massimo FELICI Rieti Italy Title: Darling, please stop! Description: During a heavy rain, the male shakes his mane several times, annoying his partner. Animal: Lions Location of shot: Tanzania, Serengeti.
“Darling, please stop!”
During a heavy rain, the male shakes his mane several times, annoying his partner.
Credit: Massimo FELICI / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Massimo Felici
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A dramatic, stormy landscape featuring a dark, turbulent sea with large white-capped waves crashing against a rugged coastline. In the foreground, a prominent, dark rock stack juts out of the water, heavily coated in ice and snow, with a few windswept, sparse trees on its peak. To the right, a rocky cliff face, also covered in ice and snow, rises sharply. The sky is overcast and grey, emphasizing the cold and powerful atmosphere of the scene.
Every November, right after Halloween, sailors on the Great Lakes know to beware the unpredictable storms whipped up by the Witch of November. Image: Star Tribune via Getty Images / Contributor / Getty Images
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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Warren Price Upper Gravenhurst United Kingdom Title: Headlock! Description: Two Bridled Guillemots in the midst of a domestic dispute. The island of Hornøya is always a hectic mix of chaos and noise, squabbling seabirds vying for space and nesting sites. Sometimes you just want to bite your neighbours head off … literally ! Animal: Bridled Guillemots Location of shot: Hornøya, Norway.
“Headlock!”
Two Bridled Guillemots in the midst of a domestic dispute. The island of Hornøya is always a hectic mix of chaos and noise, squabbling seabirds vying for space and nesting sites. Sometimes you just want to bite your neighbours head off — literally!
Credit: Warren Price / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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Magic and mythology aside, 50 years ago, the force that spawned such unpredictable weather was physics waiting to be understood. The treacherous storm that engulfed the Fitzgerald on November 10, 1975 bore all the hallmarks of these annual autumn tempests, “with reported winds of 50 to 60 knots and waves of 20 to 30 feet,” according to a later U.S. Coast Guard investigation.

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The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Stefan Cruysberghs Scherpenheuvel Belgium Title: Squirrel airborne: surrender mode Description: This flying squirrel looks like it’s throwing in the towel mid-air—arms wide, total surrender! Animal: Red squirrel Location of shot: Belgium - Diest
“Squirrel airborne: surrender mode”
This flying squirrel looks like it’s throwing in the towel mid-air—arms wide, total surrender!
Credit: Stefan Cruysberghs / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Stefan Cruysberghs
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A stern captain and a faithful crew

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The post 14 hilarious finalists from the 2025 Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>en-US<![CDATA[3 hair loss myths you probably believe]]>Baldness does not only come from your mother’s side—and other myths debunked.

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The post 3 hair loss myths you probably believe appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/health/myths-about-baldness/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714961Thu, 06 Nov 2025 09:00:00 -0500HealthScienceStress causes baldness. Bald men are more fertile. If your hairline is receding, your mother’s family is to blame. Some false ideas about baldness seem to linger in our minds like the theme tune from your favorite old TV show.

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Christened on June 8, 1958, the S. S. Edmund Fitzgerald was named after the president of Northwestern Mutual Life, the insurance company that owned the freighter. Ernest McSorley, the captain who helmed the vessel on its final voyage, had a reputation for being stern, hard-driving, and beloved by his crew. Born in 1912, McSorley became the youngest freighter captain on the Great Lakes when he took command of the S.S. Carrollton in 1953. By the time he was picked to helm the Fitzgerald in 1972, he had already captained eight different Great Lakes vessels. 

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So to set the record straight, Popular Science asked three hair experts to explain what science really says about why people lose their hair. Here’s what they said.

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When McSorley led the Fitzgerald out of port on the afternoon of November 9th, 1975, he knew it would be his last voyage—not because he had some dark premonition, but because he was set to retire. According to a new book, The Gales of November by John Bacon, McSorley added the run from Superior, Wisconsin, to Detroit, Michigan, to his schedule as a bonus to help cover medical bills for his wife.

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Myth 1: You can only inherit baldness on your mother’s side

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[ Related: What to do if you find a shipwreck ]

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You’ve probably heard the saying: “Your mother’s father determines if you’ll go bald.” Turns out it’s wrong.

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But perhaps McSorley did have a sense of what might be brewing out on the lake because he adjusted his course to a more northerly route, which took the Fitzgerald past the shallow waters near Caribou Island. 

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“That’s one of the most common myths I hear, and it’s not true,” says Dr. Jerry Shapiro, dermatologist, hair loss, and alopecia specialist at New York University. “The gene for pattern hair loss isn’t confined to your mom’s side.”

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From the youngest crew member, 20-year-old Karl Peckol from Ohio, to the oldest, the 63-year-old McSorley, the 29 crew members aboard the Fitzgerald—most from the Great Lakes region—brought with them decades of maritime experience. Even though ships in 1975 did not have the technology to “see” weather fronts forming, the crew likely sensed the conditions that compelled McSorley to change course. 

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It’s true that one of the key genes linked to androgenetic alopecia—also known as male (or female) pattern baldness—sits on the X chromosome, which men inherit from their mothers, says Dr. Alan Bauman, a hair transplant surgeon at Bauman Medical. But that’s just one piece of a very complicated puzzle.

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“One of the worst seas I’ve ever been in”

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By midday on November 10, ships across Lake Superior were logging 16- to 18-foot average waves. The National Weather Service later emphasized that wave height reflects only the average of the highest third of waves—individual peaks, or rogue waves, can reach twice that height. 

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There are lots of reasons why some people go bald, from genetics to lifestyle. Image: Why Some Men Go Bald, Insider Science
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At 3:30 p.m., McSorley radioed a nearby freighter, the S.S. Arthur M. Anderson, trailing 15 miles behind, taking the same route to Whitefish Bay on the eastern side of Superior. McSorley reported, “I have sustained some topside damage. I have a fence rail laid down, two vents lost or damaged, and a list.” By then, the ship’s two pumps were faltering and its lifeboats were gone or damaged. McSorley asked the Anderson’s Captain, Jesse Cooper, “Will you stay by me till I get to Whitefish?” Far from shore, radio contact with nearby ships was the only lifeline available at the time.

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Baldness is shaped by many genes from both parents, as well as lifestyle, hormonal, and environmental factors, Bauman explains. “So, if your father, grandfather, or uncles on either side of the family experienced hair loss, your risk may be higher—but it is never determined specifically by your mother’s side alone.”

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Between 5:30 and 6:00 p.m., the Fitzgerald, now only 19 miles from Whitefish Bay, was in communication with another nearby vessel, the Avafors. McSorley radioed, “I have a bad list, lost both radars, and am taking heavy seas over the deck. One of the worst seas I’ve ever been in.”

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Dr. Mehmet Erdoğan, a hair transplant surgeon at Smile Hair Clinic in Turkey, agrees. “We tend to see in clinical practice a family history of hair loss on both sides of the family,” he says.

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“We are holding our own”

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Myth 2: Stress causes baldness

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Around 7:00 p.m. the Anderson, now just 10 miles behind the Fitzgerald, was struck by two successive rogue waves, estimated at 35 feet or more, that rolled over its decks and tore away its starboard lifeboat.

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Stress can wreak havoc on your body—from your digestion to your sleep—but it’s rarely the sole cause of long-term baldness.

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Captain Cooper later reported that when the first wave hit, they felt the ship shudder and saw a massive wave swallowing the ship from behind, driving its bow deep into the water. “Then the Anderson just raised up and shook herself off of all that water—barrooff—just like a big dog,” Cooper said. “Another wave just like the first one or bigger hit us again. I watched those two waves head down the lake toward the Fitzgerald.”

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Bauman says that it typically takes a severe psychological or physical experience, like a natural disaster, death in the family or crash dieting, to cause permanent hair loss.

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What usually happens when you’re stressed, is a temporary shift in your hair growth and hair loss cycle, says Erdoğan. Usually hair goes through three stages: anagen (growth), catagen (resting) and telogen (shedding). After a stressor, up to 70 percent of your hair in the anagen stage can prematurely enter the telogen phase. This condition, known as ‘telogen effluvium,’ causes temporary hair shedding and your hairs thins out all over your scalp, unlike male or female pattern baldness which typically causes a receding hairline or a bald patch on the crown.

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Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot released his song “The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald” in 1976. Video: Gordon Lightfoot – Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald (Official Audio), Gordon Lightfoot
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Although stress does not directly cause balding, it may accelerate the process. In a study of 120 people with androgenetic alopecia, those experiencing high stress appeared to lose hair faster than their non-stressed counterparts.

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Captain Cooper’s first mate Morgan Clark—who was having trouble keeping sight of the Fitzgerald on his radar because of transmission interference from the heavy seas, snow, and rain—radioed McSorley: “How are you making out with your problems?”

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Myth 3: Baldness is linked to higher fertility

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“We are holding our own,” McSorley replied.

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“It’s a story people tell because it sounds flattering, but it’s not science,” says Shapiro.

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Five minutes later, the Fitzgerald entered a likely snow squall, vanishing from the Anderson’s radar. Ten minutes later—about the time it would have taken the waves to travel the distance between the ships—it was gone. 

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“Baldness itself is not a sign of higher fertility,” says Bauman. “The confusion likely comes from the fact that both are influenced by male hormones.” 

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The Fitzgerald sank about 17 miles short of Whitefish Bay, taking all 29 crew members. 

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[ Related: Dead ships find solace under the treacherous surface of the Great Lakes ]

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- Related Myth-Busting Stories

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4 common cat myths, debunked

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Don’t fall for these 4 cybersecurity myths

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4 coffee myths debunked by science

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4 battery myths (and why they’re not true)

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Animals only see in black and white and 5 other color myths

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The science behind the Witch

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Testosterone is essential for sperm production and sex drive, but it also plays a role in hair loss—indirectly—when converted into the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Some men carry genetic variations in the androgen receptor gene that make their hair follicles extra sensitive to DHT. Over time, DHT causes those follicles to shrink and produce finer, weaker strands, eventually leading to thinning and baldness.

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What McSorley and his crew likely sensed as they ventured farther into Lake Superior was an ominous shift in barometric pressure and wind speeds. Two high-speed jet-streams—one sweeping south from Canada, the other racing east over Michigan—met above the developing front. 

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“Baldness means your hair follicles are more sensitive to certain hormones,” says Shapiro, “not that your body produces more of them.”

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According to a 2006 report that reexamined the weather conditions that day, their collision created an atmospheric “vacuum” that pulled surface air upward and rapidly intensified the storm. Warm air rushing north and a deep bend in the jet stream added even more spin and energy. In 1975, forecasters lacked the satellite imagery and fine-scale models to detect those dynamics in time; they relied chiefly on barometer readings relayed by teletype—a typewriter-style terminal used to send and receive printed messages.

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In fact, some evidence points the other way. Studies suggest that men who go bald early—especially before age 30—tend to have lower sperm counts and poorer semen quality than those who keep their hair longer. The connection likely comes from the same elevated DHT levels that drive hair loss, which can also interfere with sperm production, explains Bauman. But the relationship isn’t absolute. “Many balding men father children without issues,” he notes. “Factors like age, lifestyle, and overall health play larger roles.”

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Now, meteorologists can see the “Witch” before she takes flight. Doppler radar, NOAA buoy arrays, satellite wind sensors, and atmosphere-wave models gather and interpret data continuously and feed hour-by-hour forecasts to every corner of the Great Lakes. When similar jet-stream interactions form today, they light up meteorologists’ digital displays as the unmistakable ingredients of an explosive “bomb cyclone.”

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The bottom line

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Advances in ship design and communications

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Baldness myths persist because they make us feel better—by offering someone to blame, something to fix, or a flattering story about virility. But, as the experts tell us, the truth is messier: baldness stems from multiple genes, hormones, and lifestyle factors. Biology, as ever, refuses to be simple.

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The post 3 hair loss myths you probably believe appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>en-US<![CDATA[Ride on a humpback whale with little sucker fish]]>New POV video shows a mutually beneficial relationship between remoras and the gentle giants.

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The post Ride on a humpback whale with little sucker fish appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/environment/whale-ride-remora-video/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714977Wed, 05 Nov 2025 15:38:57 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsFishWhalesWildlifeHumpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) usually don’t travel alone. In addition to its pod, the sizable cetacean generally hosts dozens of remoras. Also known as a suckerfish, these evolutionary wonders in the Echeneidae family hitch rides on whales in order to make a meal of the sea lice and other crustaceans that also make a home on the marine mammal’s skin. To accomplish this, the remora possesses a distinctive, oval dorsal fin that functions like an adapted suction cup. The fin’s flexible membrane ridges raise and lower as needed to generate adhesive force, allowing it to either stick to the whale, or release and swim independently as needed.

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Back in 1975, it was radio chatter between vessels that captured the events of the massive storm. Today, the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) and National Weather Service track storms, wave heights, and pressure gradients in near-real time. Mariners receive automatic alerts via satellite and AIS—the Automatic Identification System that enables ships to broadcast their positions and hazards.

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Although its physical mechanics are generally understood, marine biologists know less about a remora’s day-to-day life alongside its patron whale. To glimpse this symbiotic relationship, marine biologists at Australia’s Griffith University decided to tag humpback whales with underwater cameras during their seasonal migration along the country’s eastern coast. So far, they’ve learned not just the remora’s daily habits, but the fish’s regular menu as well as how some whales view their tagalongs.

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The reason for the “list” that McSorley reported in his communications with other vessels has never been fully determined. Whether he scraped bottom in shallow water near Caribou Island and began taking on water, or whether hatch covers were compromised allowing the water washing over the deck to enter the cargo hold—or whether ore shifted as the freighter rolled in heavy seas—it’s likely that the list added stress to the freighter’s hull. 

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Olaf Meynecke recorded multiple videos from cameras attached to humpback whales. Credit: Griffith University
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A vessel two football fields long, like the Edmund Fitzgerald, can bridge ordinary wave troughs. However, when its bow and stern crest separate waves of 30 to 40 feet high with nothing beneath the midsection and there’s 26,000 tons of ore pressing down, the hull could, in theory, flex past its limits, especially if it was already compromised. Whether the Fitzgerald broke apart on the surface remains debated, but subsequent dives to the wreck have confirmed that its hull rests in two main pieces on the lakebed 500 feet below the surface.

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“I think one of the biggest surprises when we investigate videos captured from our tags was the remoras’ ability to move around freely and keep returning to the whale’s body, even during very fast ascents to the surface and immediately after the whale breaches and returns to the water,” marine scientist Olaf Meynecke said in a statement.

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In June 1996, Popular Science writer Dan McCosh described how the ore carrier Carl D. Bradley likely snapped in half on Lake Michigan during a November 1958 storm. In 1966, the lone survivor of the Daniel J. Morell wreck, Dennis Hale, recounted how he saw the freighter break apart in heavy waves on Lake Huron in November 1966.

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This feat even extended to occasions when a whale made a quick ascent and breached the ocean surface. Immediately after the whale went back under water, remoras were seen easily reattaching to their humpback host.

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A low-key, dark, black-and-white portrait of a middle-aged man with a prominent mustache, wearing a collared denim or work shirt. He is looking directly at the camera with a serious expression, resting his head on his hand. The lighting is harsh, leaving the background almost entirely in shadow and highlighting the texture on his face and shirt.
In November 1958, sailor Frank Mays survived the wreck of the Carl D Bradley by clinging to a raft. Image: Popular Science, June 1996 issue
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“It was amazing to see how fast and nimble they were during several different rides with the whales,” he added.

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In the decades since, naval engineers have strengthened cargo vessel framing, improved hatch-cover design, and introduced specialized stress modeling to simulate wave loads before a ship ever leaves port. Onboard digital sensors now relay real-time data like speed, wind, and hull stress to shore-based operations centers—an infrastructure unimaginable in 1975.

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Remoras also appear to have adapted to the difficult hydrodynamics of whale travel. Technically, they don’t create a suction. Instead, their dorsal plates generate a vacuum effect allowing them to essentially adhere to the whale’s skin.

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A new chapter, but an old foe

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Remora species like the whale sucker (Remora australis) aren’t picky eaters either. When sea lice and other parasites aren’t around, they often will start munching on the skin shed by a whale. But despite the mutual relationship, the whales don’t appear to be the biggest fans.

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According to a Michigan State University analysis of Great Lakes wrecks since 1950, based on Dave Swayze’s Great Lakes Shipwreck dataset, tugs and freighters each account for about a quarter of post-1950 losses, with the rest divided among small workboats, barges, tankers, passenger vessels, and fishing boats. But no Great Lakes freighter has been lost since the Edmund Fitzgerald.

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“Even though they are likely beneficial for the whales, as they eat other host organisms such as sea lice, the whales seem to dislike their presence,” said Meynecke. “We have observed whales eyeing them, undertaking multiple breaches, then checking again.”

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The Fitzgerald’s sinking closed a chapter of paper charts and teletype forecasts and opened one of buoy networks and satellite vigilance. Still, every November, on the heels of Halloween, when the barometer falls and Superior stirs, sailors know the Witch is waiting. Scientists call her a mid-latitude cyclone. The Chippewa remember her as the clash between the Thunderbird and Lynx. All three tell the same truth: the Great Lakes are inland seas, capable of summoning violent autumn storms that often begin with a red-gold sky.

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Despite this peek behind the scenes data gleaned from their whale cameras, Meynecke’s team still has a lot left to learn about the remora. For example, they still don’t know if the fish accompany whales when they travel south towards Antarctica. Then there’s the question of its overall life cycle. Remoras spawn along the East Australian Current, where small larvae grow into miniature suckerfish. These young remoras would need to find a host fast in order to survive.

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Native poet Margaret Noodin wrote about the red skies over Lake Superior in her 2015 collection, Weweni. “At sunset in the lowering / brilliance is written / on the arriving tide / where kisses are ships / curved against the sea / and a clan fish whispers / the language of waves / to the stones of a subterranean cave.” Her words remind us that despite all our scientific insights, Nature still speaks a language all her own.

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The post How the Witch of November doomed the ‘Edmund Fitzgerald’ appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>en-US<![CDATA[AI videos of animals could be dangerous. Here’s how to spot them.]]>Researchers warn that they can distort our connection to wildlife.

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The post AI videos of animals could be dangerous. Here’s how to spot them. appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/technology/how-to-spot-ai-animal-video/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715112Sat, 08 Nov 2025 10:00:00 -0500TechnologyAIAnimalsConservationEnvironmentIt happens more and more frequently. You’re in bed, doom-scrolling through social media (just a few more TikToks!) and you happen upon a fantastic video—a massive leopard leaping into a backyard, where a shockingly courageous house cat scares the predator away from an innocent toddler. You’re about to send it to a friend, but then doubt creeps in at the last moment. Is it real? 

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“That could suggest the time of reproduction could be linked to the whales’ migration cycle,” said Meynecke.

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The post Ride on a humpback whale with little sucker fish appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>en-US<![CDATA[Japan deploys army to fight bears]]>After over 100 bear attacks this year, it's time for reinforcements.

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The post Japan deploys army to fight bears appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/environment/japan-deploys-army-bears/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714963Wed, 05 Nov 2025 14:20:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBearsWildlifeJapan is calling in its army to wrestle its ongoing bear problem. Last month, the country’s Ministry of the Environment reported that Asian black bear or moon bear (Ursus thibetanus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations have attacked over 100 people since March. With at least 10 fatalities among the tally, the government announced on November 5 that it is stepping up control efforts by deploying soldiers to Akita prefecture on the island of Honshu in northern Japan.

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Some videos generated by artificial intelligence are so realistic that it’s almost impossible to tell them apart from actual footage. While it might seem like an innocent enough prank, scientists are sounding the alarm about the potential implications for conservation efforts and children’s relationship with nature. 

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In a statement to reporters, Akita’s Governor Kenta Suzuki called the situation “desperate,” noting that sightings and attacks are now occurring daily. Threats are also increasing as the region’s estimated 880,000 bears continue wandering into populated areas while foraging for food in preparation for winter hibernation.

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In a Conservation Biology study, a team of researchers investigated the virality and potentially problematic nature of AI-generated photos and videos of wild animals on social media. They found three main issues—misperceptions of animal behavior, anthropomorphizing (applying human qualities to animals), and increasing detachment between society and nature.

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The unprecedented rise in attacks is almost entirely due to humans, and not the other way around. Climate change is reducing their food sources, forcing them to venture into neighborhoods and business districts in search of alternatives. Urban development is also pushing further into the animals’ habitats, while Japan’s aging population makes them particularly susceptible to attacks.

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“Our findings indicate that some posts are concerning because they do not reflect reality, which can contribute to misinformation. For effective biodiversity conservation, it is essential that society is well informed,” José Guerrero Casado, co-author of the study and a zoologist at Spain’s  University of Córdoba, tells Popular Science. 

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“Every day, bears intrude into residential areas in the region and their impact is expanding,” Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary Fumitoshi Sato explained, according to the Associated Press. “Responses to the bear problem are an urgent matter.”

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He points to videos of bird parents killing “evil” snakes. “Some users comment in favour of this outcome, but what implications does this have for snake conservation? If public resources are directed towards snake conservation, but there is insufficient public support, efforts may be undermined,” he adds. 

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The threats from bears aren’t only physical. Japan’s NHK news outlet reported that in one recent instance, bears devoured over 200 apples from a local orchard.

“My heart is broken,” the farm’s operator told NHK.

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Such videos can also provide false impressions about the abundance of vulnerable species, further widening the already present disconnect between humans and wildlife, according to a University of Córdoba statement about the study. Along these same lines, these videos might also give young children false expectations about their local wildlife and realistic interaction with wild animals. 

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As of now, the deployed troops aren’t instructed to shoot the bears. Instead, they are currently responsible for setting up food traps, transporting local hunters, and dealing with any of their successful kills. However, Japan’s hunters aren’t generally used to bears as their prey. Because of this, officials are urging residents to undergo training as “government hunters” to properly prepare for their excursions.

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In other words, when they realize that the bunnies in their backyard are not going to have a wonderful time jumping on the trampoline with a blackbear, “it has the opposite effect in terms of connection,” Rocío Serrano, another co-author and a researcher at the University of Cordoba’s department of education.

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In late October, Japan also announced plans to establish an official bear task force by mid-November. Potential future steps may include bear population surveys, hunting law revisions, and even the use of a mass communication warning system for potential sightings.

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The post Japan deploys army to fight bears appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>en-US<![CDATA[The Home Depot’s early Black Friday Ryobi sale: Get two batteries and a power tool for just $99]]>The free tools include popular options like impact drivers, reciprocating saws, yard tools, and more.

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The post The Home Depot’s early Black Friday Ryobi sale: Get two batteries and a power tool for just $99 appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/gear/ryobi-battery-power-tools-early-black-friday-deal-home-depot/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714948Wed, 05 Nov 2025 12:31:12 -0500GearHomeCordless power tools aren’t very useful without batteries. Right now, if you buy a pair of Ryobi batteries (with a charger) from The Home Depot, you can get a free tool worth up to $99 to go with them. The free options aren’t obscure devices, either. You can choose from essential power tools, including a reciprocating saw, a 1/2-inch impact, or even a string trimmer.

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What makes matters worse is people’s—particularly young people’s—increased use of social media as a source of information. Plus, false depictions of friendly exotic animals makes more people want to have them as pets. 

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More broadly as far as animals are concerned, the team suggests counteracting the potential harm propagated by these videos with strategies such as increased media literacy and environmental education in school, “ensuring that children understand from an early age that there are no lions here,” Francisco Sánchez, co-author of the study and a researcher at the University of Cordoba’s zoology department, concludes.

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Moral of the story, be mindful of the content you’re engaging with. While some AI videos might be easier to suspect, you should always watch out for video quality and length, bad text,  strange looking hands. Others still might be harder to identify. 

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“AI-generated wildlife videos can look convincing, but there are some telltale signs,” University of Buffalo computer engineer Siwei Lyu tells Popular Science. “Watch for unnatural movements—animals may move too smoothly or in ways that defy physics. Lighting inconsistencies are another clue: shadows and reflections often don’t match the environment. Finally, look closely at fine details like fur or feathers; AI models sometimes blur textures or repeat patterns unnaturally.”

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The post AI videos of animals could be dangerous. Here’s how to spot them. appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>en-US<![CDATA[Unlock sound and savings with limited-time Bose deals on earbuds, headphones, and speakers]]>Balance punchy and portable at approachable prices with these early Black Friday deals from Bose.

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The post Unlock sound and savings with limited-time Bose deals on earbuds, headphones, and speakers appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/gear/bose-ultra-open-earbuds-soundlink-micro-speaker-early-black-friday-deals-2025/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715215Sat, 08 Nov 2025 08:55:00 -0500GearAudioEarbudsSpeakers
It’s not even Black Friday yet, and Bose is already turning the volume up on value with early audio deals. But you don’t have to sift through splashy banners and suspicious strikethroughs to find savings; just look below for great earbuds for working out and speakers for rockin’ out. Right now, you can get up to 33% off on select colorways—perfect for long runs, porch hangs, and shower singalongs.

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RYOBI ONE+ 18V Starter Kit (2.0Ah + 4.0Ah + Charger) $99 with free tool

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Bose Ultra Open Earbuds — $199 (was $299)

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- Ryobi two-battery kit on sale during the Black Friday free tool event at The Home Depot + Bose Ultra Open Earbuds on a plain white background. -
- - You can never have too many batteries. - -

Ryobi

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This is a great place to start for people jumping into the Ryobi system or a chance to replace or refresh batteries for those who have already bought in. The compact 2.0Ah pack keeps lighter tools nimble—great for drivers, trim sanders, and oscillating tools—while the 4.0Ah pack delivers noticeably longer runtime for saws, grinders, and yard tools. The included charger tops both packs and everything slots into the same ONE+ 18V platform that powers 300+ tools, so you can swap batteries across your setup.

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The Bose Ultra Open Earbuds are a pocket-sized upgrade for those morning miles. These open-ear, cuff-style earbuds keep you aware of the world while your playlist keeps pace. Sound is beamed from just outside your ear canal, so you can hear traffic, a barista, or any other head’s up! Simultaneously, you’re enjoying Bose Immersive Audio for up to 7 hours on a charge. Almost as surprising as the sound is the comfort.

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ONE+ 18V Cordless Reciprocating Saw (Free with purchase, $79 value)

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Bose SoundLink Micro — $109 (was $129)

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- Ryobi reciprocating saw on sale at the home depot + Two women listening to a Bose SoundLink Micro on a patio
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Ryobi

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Bose

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A solid all-around cutter for DIY and yard work, the RYOBI ONE+ 18V Reciprocating Saw chews through 2× lumber, PVC, and branches. A variable-speed trigger lets you ease into delicate cuts or rip quickly when you need to, and the tool-free blade clamp makes swaps fast when you move from wood to metal. An adjustable shoe helps stabilize the saw against your work for better control. Pair it with a 4.0Ah battery if you want more runtime for demolition or pruning sessions.

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The SoundLink Micro is a small portable Bluetooth speaker bringing big vibes (but that doesn’t surprise us, considering how much we’ve liked other Bose speakers). It’s tiny, it’s tough, and it’s ready to strap to bikes, backpacks, strollers, or shower caddies. Rated IP67, it’s waterproof/dustproof, and it packs up to 6 hours of charge, whether clipped to a cooler or hanging from handlebars.

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Cutting & Drilling

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The post Unlock sound and savings with limited-time Bose deals on earbuds, headphones, and speakers appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>en-US<![CDATA[4 common sleep myths, debunked]]>Don't worry, you probably aren't swallowing spiders.

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The post 4 common sleep myths, debunked appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/health/sleep-myths/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715163Sat, 08 Nov 2025 08:00:00 -0500HealthScienceSleep is mysterious. All of us lay down every night and proceed to be completely unaware of what’s happening in the waking world around us as we snooze. It’s an absurd state of affairs.

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Scientific research doesn’t back this at all, however. A paper breaking down common sleep myths published in Sleep Health, the journal of the National Sleep Foundation—written by Rebecca Robbins of NYU Langone Health and several other collaborators—states definitively that there’s no data backing up the idea that you need a buffer between working out and sleeping. “According to survey data from US adults, nighttime exercise was not associated with sleep disturbance for the majority of individuals,” the paper states. “Other experimental evidence shows no impairment in sleep following vigorous nighttime exercise.” 

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Fastening & Automotive

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There are reasons you might not want to work out right before bed, of course, but sleep isn’t one of them. Work out in the evening if that’s what works for you 

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Alcohol doesn’t help you sleep

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Grinding & Sanding

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You might think a bit of booze before going to be—a nightcap—helps you fall asleep. Even if that’s true, though, alcohol means the sleep will leave you feeling less refreshed according to sleep medicine expert Dr. Nancy Foldvary-Schaefer of the Cleveland Clinic. 

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Robbins et al come to the same conclusion in their paper. “The literature on sleep and alcohol shows alcohol consumed close to bedtime reduces sleep latency, but subsequently causes sleep disturbances in the second half of the night,” the experts found. “Across a number of different studies and doses, overall alcohol has a negative overall impact on sleep, delaying the onset of REM sleep.” 

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Cleaning & Airflow

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You might enjoy a nip before bed, sure, but research suggests it’s not helping you sleep better. 

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Basically, there are many factors that affect your ability to recall dreams. Some of those factors are a sign of a good night’s sleep and some are not. There’s simply no data that suggests dream recall reflects the quality of sleep one way or the other. 

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Audio & Jobsite Extras

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You don’t eat spiders while sleeping

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It’s not clear where this myth came from, other than it’s popular online. The idea is that all of us eat around five spiders a year in our sleep. It’s said that the insects, seeking a warm place, climb into the mouths of sleeping people who reflexively swallow them without noticing. 

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Lawn & Garden

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According to the Sleep Foundation there’s no documented evidence of this ever happening, let alone happening regularly. And there are all kinds of reasons to be skeptical. Most people sleep with their mouths closed, spiders tend to stay away from people, and it’s pretty hard to swallow things accidentally. Also, most people notice when a bug is climbing on them, even in their sleep. 

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The post The Home Depot’s early Black Friday Ryobi sale: Get two batteries and a power tool for just $99 appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>en-US<![CDATA[Centuries of Black Death misinformation started with a poem]]>A 14th century trickster tale was misread as fact.

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The post Centuries of Black Death misinformation started with a poem appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/health/black-death-poem-misinformation/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714945Wed, 05 Nov 2025 11:53:36 -0500HealthDiseasesEnvironmentScienceMisinformation surrounding COVID-19 is still a major problem more than five years after its emergence. Unfortunately, time doesn’t always offer clarity. Even after hundreds of years, our understanding of the Black Death (Yersinia pestis) remains clouded by false narratives.

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The good news is, it’s extremely unlikely you’ve swallowed any spiders in your sleep. This is at least one thing you can stop worrying about before bed. 

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The post 4 common sleep myths, debunked appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>en-US<![CDATA[Bird or droid? Starlings nail R2-D2 beeps and boops.]]>The songbirds are even better at mimicking the 'Star Wars' robot than parrots.

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The post Bird or droid? Starlings nail R2-D2 beeps and boops. appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/environment/bird-r2-d2-sounds/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715217Fri, 07 Nov 2025 16:00:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyBirdsRobotsScienceTechnologyWildlifeSongbirds like parrots and parakeets might be well known for squeaking out embarrassing one-liners and certain four-letter words, but those aren’t the only sounds they can mimic. Birds have been observed copying dog barks, car alarms, and even chainsaws. There’s also no shortage of online videos showing particularly adept birds imitating possibly the world’s most famous robot: R2-D2. But it turns out some species are better equipped to copy the Star Wars droid’s high-pitched beeps and boops than others. The findings are detailed in a paper recently published in Scientific Reports 

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In a study recently published in the Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, historians at the UK’s University of Exeter argue the infamous plague likely didn’t move across the continent as quickly as many experts thought. The reason for the common misconception? A 14th century literary tale recounting the dangerous exploits of a fictional, traveling trickster. 

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Researchers from the University of Amsterdam and Leiden University in The Netherlands analyzed a trove of volunteer submitted videos showing various songbirds attempting to imitate the R2-D2’s signature sounds. They specifically compared the results among nine different parrot and European starling species. 

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Tricked by a poet

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While most people might immediately associate parrots with vocal mimicry, the starlings in the study actually performed much better, thanks to a uniquely shaped vocal organ that allows them to produce two tones simultaneously. Interestingly, larger brain size, whether in parrots or starlings, also didn’t appear to translate into better mimicry ability.

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The bubonic plague is largely remembered for the devastation it brought to Europe, but its origins remain steeped in inaccuracies. For decades, most experts believed the plague arose in China before sweeping westward in a matter of years via the Silk Road. While recent palaeogenetic reexaminations have shifted its nexus closer to central Asia, many researchers still contend it took barely a decade for the Black Death to travel as far west as the Black Sea by the 1340s. This “Quick Transit Theory” has remained one of the most popular hypotheses explaining the plague’s advancement.

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When it comes to copying R2-D2, the best bet seems to be small birds with small brains. 

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The theory’s primary evidence isn’t based on genetic records. Instead, it stems from Risālat al-nabaʾ ʿan al-wabāʾ (“An Essay on the Report of the Pestilence”), a story penned by poet and historian Ibn al-Wardi in Aleppo, Syria, around 1348 CE. It’s arguably the most famous example of a maqāma, an Arabic narrative genre focusing on the misdeeds of a roving trickster character. The maqāma originated in the late 10th century, but began flourishing as a genre about two centuries later. By the 14th century, literate mamluk warriors were especially drawn to the tales, which are written to be read aloud in a single session.

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CREDIT: Birdsingalong Project.
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Ibn al-Wardi’s maqāma focuses on an itinerant meddler’s 15-year journey that begins in an unspecified region outside China. From there, he moves into China before leaving a trail of havoc across India, central Asia, Persia, and ultimately the Black Sea and Mediterranean.

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Training birds to beep, whistle, and bloop 

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By the 15th century, Arabic and later European historians interpreted Ibn al-Wardi’s story as a fact-based parable, with al-Wardi’s trickster serving as an embodiment of the Black Death itself. The misunderstanding has skewed the plague’s true history ever since, explains the new study’s co-authors.

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A subset of eccentric bird owners have been trying to teach their feathered friends to reenact Star Wars scenes for years. YouTube and Instagram are full of clips showing starlings and parrots attempting to mimic the droid’s robotic sounds, albeit with varying degrees of success. There are even a handful of videos, some with over one million views, created specifically to help train birds to perfect the impression.

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“All roads to the factually incorrect description of the spread of the plague lead back to this one text. It’s like it is in the center of a spider’s web of the myths about how the Black Death moved across the region,” University of Exeter historian Nahyan Fancy explained in a statement.

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For their experiment, the researchers analyzed a total of 115 videos submitted to the citizen science website The Bird Singalong Project. The study analyzed examples where different bird species successfully mimicked both monophonic (single-tone) and multiphonic (multiple-tone) sounds.  

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Fancy added that the entire accepted narrative has stemmed from this single maqāma, which remains unsubstantiated by any other contemporary accounts and even other maqāmas.

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“The text was written just to highlight the fact the plague traveled and tricked people. It should not be taken literally,” said Fancy.

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CREDIT: Carli Jeffrey.
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The maqāma remains relevant

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For context, R2-D2’s “voice” in the Star Wars films was created by sound designer Ben Burtt, using a “ring modulator” on an ARP 2600 modular synthesizer. The modulator combines multiple audio input signals and merges them to create a multitonal output. The result: the chaotic crescendos of sound that R2-D2 makes when it’s startled or stressed. R2-D2, in other words, can produce both monophonic and multiphonic sounds. 

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This revision isn’t meant to diminish the maqāma’s significance or artistry. If anything, it allows us to read and examine it in its proper contexts.

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As far as the birds are concerned, differences in their anatomy determined which types of robot sounds they could imitate. None of the parrot species analyzed were able to replicate the droid’s multiphonic sounds. Like humans, parrots have a vocal organ shaped in a way that allows them to produce only one tone at a time. By contrast, starlings have vocal organs with two sound sources, giving them the physical ability to mimic R2-D2’s more complex, multi-tonal sounds.

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“These maqāmas may not give us accurate information about how the Black Death spread. But the texts are phenomenal because they help us see how people at the time were living with this awful crisis,” said Fancy.

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The bird research summarized in an infographic. Image: Nick Dam (Leiden University), Henkjan Honing (university of Amsterdam) & Michelle Spierings (Leiden University)
The bird research summarized in an infographic. Image: Nick Dam (Leiden University), Henkjan Honing (university of Amsterdam) & Michelle Spierings (Leiden University)
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At the same time, Fancy says other historians can now look towards other major regional plague outbreaks, like the one in Damascus, Syria, in 1258 CE and China’s 1232-1233 outbreak in Kaifeng. Meanwhile, the need to express oneself creatively amid times of crisis remains universal.

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While the parrots weren’t able to fully replicate R2-D2’s vocabulary, they could imitate some of the robot’s simpler, single-toned beeps and boops. Even then though, some parrots fared better than others. Overall, the study found that smaller parrot species, like budgerigars and cockatiels, mimicked the droid’s simple sounds more accurately than larger species like African greys and Amazon parrots.

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“These writings can help us understand how creativity may have been a way to exercise some control and served as a coping mechanism at this time of widespread death, similar to the way people developed new culinary skills or artistic skills during the COVID-19 pandemic,” Fancy said.

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The post Centuries of Black Death misinformation started with a poem appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>en-US<![CDATA[4 research-backed ways to beat the winter blues in the colder months]]>The post 4 research-backed ways to beat the winter blues in the colder months appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/health/4-research-backed-ways-to-beat-the-winter-blues-in-the-colder-months/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714934Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:30:00 -0500HealthMental HealthPsychologyThis article was originally featured on The Conversation.

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“In our study we found that parrots with larger brains, and also relatively large shell nuclei, imitated monophonic sounds significantly less accurately than budgerigars and cockatiels that have smaller shell regions and larger core regions,” the researchers wrote. “Parrots with smaller brains, however, have a smaller repertoire of imitated sounds.”

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As winter approaches and daylight saving time has ended, many people are bracing themselves for shorter days, colder weather and what’s often dismissed as the “winter blues.” But these seasonal shifts are more than a passing inconvenience, and can disrupt people’s energy, moods and daily routines.

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Related: [We finally know how parrots ‘talk’]

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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a condition that heightens depressive symptoms during the fall and winter months, while the “winter blues” refers to a milder, temporary dip in mood.

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When it comes to speech ‘bird brain’ isn’t an insult 

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In Canada, about 15 per cent of the population experience the winter blues, while two to six per cent experience SAD. Although the exact cause of SAD remains unclear, it’s thought to be linked to reduced exposure to natural light during the fall and winter, which can disrupt our circadian rhythm.

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Recent studies have shed new light on how songbirds are able to learn phrases and copy sounds with such high levels of accuracy. One study published earlier this year in Nature, analyzed the brain regions of parakeets while they were vocalizing, and found surprising similarities to the neural regions that controls speech in humans. 

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Lower light levels affect brain chemistry by reducing serotonin — a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep and appetite — while keeping melatonin elevated during daylight hours, leading to sleepiness and fatigue.

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Other research shows that parrots and macaws even possess the capability to communicate with each other remotely over video calls. Some of these birds can amass vocabularies that rival that of many toddlers. Puck, a pet budgerigar that died in 1994, reportedly learned a shocking 1,728 words. 

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The post Bird or droid? Starlings nail R2-D2 beeps and boops. appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>en-US<![CDATA[On Mars, meteorites can cause miles-long dust slides]]>They're rare events, but the results are dramatic.

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The post On Mars, meteorites can cause miles-long dust slides appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/science/mars-meteorite-dust-slide/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715213Fri, 07 Nov 2025 14:49:59 -0500ScienceMarsSolar SystemSpaceMars receives its fair share of cosmic collisions. With less than one percent the atmosphere as Earth, some meteoroids fail to burn up entirely before reaching the Red Planet’s surface. When they do, they can usher dramatic changes to the barren Martian landscape that stretch for miles. In the future, they may even cause problems for human explorers.

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The good news is that with intention and evidence-based practices, winter can become a season of meaning, connection and even joy. As a clinical social worker and mental health therapist, here are four approaches that research and my clinical practice suggest can make the winter months more liveable.

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The results of these events are detailed in a study published on November 6 in the journal Nature Communications by researchers at the European Space Agency (ESA) and Switzerland’s University of Bern. Planetary scientist Valentin Bickel used deep learning algorithms to identify and analyze images of over two million slope streaks–areas where Mars’ top layers of fine dust have been displaced. Given the planet’s lack of water, Bickel and colleagues theorize that wind is responsible for the vast majority of these feathery streaks.

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1. Make time a friend, not an enemy

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However, around one in 1,000 slope streaks is caused by visitors from outer space. One such example was documented on Christmas Eve 2023 by the ESA’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. In a photo taken by the orbiter’s onboard Color and Stereo Surface Imaging System, a fading cluster of impact craters are visible near the base of Apollinaris Mons, an ancient shield volcano near Mars’equator. The results from the meteoroid’s powerful impacts sit above the crate–a roughly 2.3 square mile patch of discolored slope streaks. It’s an impressive find given their relative rarity.

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Winter can make people feel sluggish and unmotivated, and building small but intentional routines can help.

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“Dust, wind and sand dynamics appear to be the main seasonal drivers of slope streak formation,” Bickel said in a statement. “Meteoroid impacts and quakes seem to be locally distinct, yet globally relatively insignificant drivers.”

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Research in behavioural psychology shows that structured activities, even simple ones, can boost motivation. Try scheduling weekly rituals like coffee with a friend, a library visit or a favourite TV show to function as anchors when energy dips.

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Additional data helped Bickel and colleagues determine the meteoroid impacts and streak formations likely occurred between 2013 and 2017. Although they can be found around the planet, the new survey identified five distinct, still visible hotspots still that likely formed between 2006 and 2024.

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Treat your own time with the same care you give others, and plan moments of quality time with yourself.

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“Obtaining long-term, continuous and global-scale observations that reveal a dynamic Mars is a key objective of present and future orbiters,” added ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter project scientist Colin Wilson.
The valuable information doesn’t just help Martian satellites. Every potential danger and variable requires consideration before humans step foot on the Red Planet. Meteoroid strikes are rare, but their consequences could still be wide-reaching.

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Another useful tool is “body doubling” — doing tasks in parallel or synchrony with someone else, either in person or virtually. This might mean watching the same movie from different locations, chatting on the phone while folding laundry or working together in a cafe. Shared routines foster accountability and connection.

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“These observations could lead to a better understanding of what happens on Mars today,” added Wilson.

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The post On Mars, meteorites can cause miles-long dust slides appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>en-US<![CDATA[This brain implant is smaller than a grain of rice]]>The wireless neural transmitter safely delivers brain signals like a microchip.

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The post This brain implant is smaller than a grain of rice appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/health/smallest-brain-implant/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715190Fri, 07 Nov 2025 12:56:14 -0500HealthMedicineScienceTechnologyToday’s neural implants are smaller than ever, but often remain cumbersome and prone to complications. According to researchers at Cornell University, a new iteration detailed this week in the journal Nature Electronics may offer a novel path forward for brain implants. Small enough to fit on a grain of rice, the microscale optoelectronic tetherless electrode (or MOTE) is vastly smaller than similar implants and its design could be adapted to work in other delicate areas of the body.

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Structured social routines are elements of cognitive behavioural therapy, a type of intervention used for those experiencing SAD and winter blues, which have been shown to prevent a depression relapse.

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“As far as we know, this is the smallest neural implant that will measure electrical activity in the brain and then report it out wirelessly,” electrical engineer and study co-author Alyosha Molnar said in a statement.

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2. Remember to go outside

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MOTE measures only 300 microns long and 70 microns wide, or about the width of a single human hair. It works by encoding neural signals within small pulses of infrared light, before sending the information harmlessly through brain tissue and bone to a receiver. Although Molnar first envisioned an early iteration of MOTE in 2001, it would take over two decades before the project truly got off the ground.

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When the temperature drops, it’s tempting to stay indoors. But even brief time outside in the cold offers real benefits.

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He and collaborators designed the implant to rely on a semiconductor diode made from aluminum gallium arsenide. This material enables it to harvest light energy for power while also emitting light to send data. The diode is supported with a low-noise amplifier and optical encoder using the same transmission principles seen in standard microchips. Data transmission is accomplished through pulse position modulation–the same technology seen in many satellite optical communications arrays. 

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Exposure to natural light, even on overcast days, helps regulate circadian rhythms, improves sleep and stabilizes mood. Aim to go outside for at least 10 minutes a day: a brisk walk, skating or simply standing outside can lift heaviness.

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“We can use very, very little power to communicate and still successfully get the data back out optically,” explained Molnar.

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For those experiencing depressive symptoms, speak with a doctor about bright light therapy. Clinical studies show bright light therapy is one of the most effective treatments for SAD.

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The team initially tested MOTE in lab-grown cell cultures before moving onto mice. For trials, they implanted the device in the rodent’s barrel cortex, the region of the brain evolved to process sensory input from whiskers. For over a year, MOTE reliably recorded neural activity spikes along with wider synaptic activities with both active and healthy mice.

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Try to reframe snow as an invitation rather than an obstacle. Activities can range from winter picnics, pine cone scavenger hunts or snow painting to more contemplative pursuits like birdwatching, photography or snow-shoeing. For adrenaline seekers, winter sports like snowboarding can also provide a thrill.

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One major drawback to most current brain implants is that they cannot function when a patient undergoes electrical monitoring like during an MRI. However, MOTE is made from materials that allow it to bypass this issue entirely. Its wireless capabilities also solve another recurring issue for implants.

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3. Cultivate moments of joy

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“One of the motivations for doing this is that traditional electrodes and optical fibers can irritate the brain. The tissue moves around the implant and can trigger an immune response,” said Molnar. “Our goal was to make the device small enough to minimize the disruption while still capturing brain activity faster than imaging systems, and without the need to genetically modify the neurons for imaging.”

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Joy is often viewed as a trait or capacity some people inherently possess, but it can be cultivated intentionally. Small acts of savouring can gradually rewire the brain toward more positive states.

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The implications go beyond brain monitoring. Molnar’s team is confident that MOTE’s underlying design can allow it to be adapted for other tissues, even in regions as sensitive as the spinal cord. It may also have uses if embedded inside artificial skull plates.

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One way to cultivate joy is by finding activities that invite “flow” — a term researchers use to describe moments when we become fully immersed in an activity and everything else fades away.

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“Our technology provides the basis for accessing a wide variety of physiological signals with small and untethered instrumentation implanted on chronic timescales,” the study’s authors concluded.

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The post This brain implant is smaller than a grain of rice appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>en-US<![CDATA[REI is blowing out winter gloves from The North Face, OR, Smartwool, Fox and more for clearance prices]]>Whether you want a pair of hardcore mountain climbing gloves or just something to keep your hands warm when walking the dog, REI has them all on clearance.

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The post REI is blowing out winter gloves from The North Face, OR, Smartwool, Fox and more for clearance prices appeared first on Popular Science.

+]]>https://www.popsci.com/gear/rei-glove-clearance-sale-north-face-arcteryx-smartwool/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715127Fri, 07 Nov 2025 11:06:16 -0500GearOutdoor GearCold weather is right around the corner, and even if you’re not spending your time in -70-degree temperatures like the researchers at the Mount Washington Observatory, you’re going to want to keep your hands warm. Right now, REI has more than 100 pairs of gloves on clearance. They range from burly models built for mountaineering, to basic hand warmers that let you use your phone while wearing them. REI doesn’t do Black Friday, so these are likely the lowest prices you’re going to see for the rest of the year.

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Flow happens when challenge and skill are in perfect balance; when an activity is engaging but not so difficult that it overwhelms us. It trains the brain’s positive emotion circuits, strengthening pathways linked to attention, motivation and creativity. Activities that invite flow differ from person to person, and can range from puzzling or video games to cooking, crocheting, painting or poetry.

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Outdoor Research Revolution II GORE-TEX Gloves (Men’s) $66.73

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Joy is also collective. Shared laughter, body doubling or acts of hospitality remind us that joy grows stronger when practised in community. Even a potluck dinner, movie night or phone call can counter isolation, making joy a renewable resource generated with others.

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+ + The burly cuffs keep snow from sneaking in, even when it gets deep. + +

Outdoor Research

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4. Create moments of stillness

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A resort workhorse with waterproof/breathable GORE-TEX, warm insulation, and a durable outer, these burly gloves hold up to chairlift grips and tree taps. Gauntlet cuffs seal out snow and the pre-curved fit keeps dexterity for buckles and zippers.

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Mindfulness and meditation are both flexible practices that can be woven into daily life to reduce stress and depression by improving attention, emotional regulation and reducing rumination.

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Meditation is a technique for cultivating calm, such as deep breathing, while mindfulness is the broader act of staying present — for example, savouring the taste of your morning coffee. Both are proven to enhance focus, regulate emotions and reduce repetitive negative thoughts.

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The North Face Etip Recycled Gloves (Women’s) $33.73

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+ The North Face gloves on sale at REI on a snowy rocky background +
+ + These warm gloves allow for phone usage without taking them off. + +

The North Face

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Research shows that as little as 10 minutes a day of pausing — consciously attending to the present — can significantly reduce stress.

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Anchoring these moments in familiar routines can help, such as by taking five deep breaths the moment your feet touch the floor in the morning, pausing after a workout or sitting quietly in your car before entering the house. Apps offering short meditation exercises, sleep stories and reminders can help build this habit as well.

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For those living with others, brief daily check-ins, such as asking, “What were your highs and lows today?” encourage reflection and gratitude. Over time, these small rituals of breathing and reflection can help protect against emotional fatigue during the winter.

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Winter as a season of practice

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Rather than simply surviving winter, we can approach it as a season to learn, adapt and deepen resilience. Making time your ally, seeking wonder outdoors, cultivating joy as a skill and practising meditation and mindfulness in ways that feel personal are all ways to engage meaningfully with the season.

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These strategies won’t erase the challenges of shorter days or colder weather, but research suggests they can help mitigate their impact on mood and well-being. By intentionally framing winter as a period of growth, we can change our mindsets to see winter as an opportunity for renewal.

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The winter solstice offers a symbolic reminder of this potential: that darkness gives way to light. Celebrating the solstice by lighting candles, gathering in community or setting intentions for the months ahead can transform the darkest day of the year into one of connection, renewal and love for the season itself.

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The post 4 research-backed ways to beat the winter blues in the colder months appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>en-US<![CDATA[2025 holiday gift guide: 30+ editor-approved presents for everyone on your list]]>Whether you're shopping for your closest friend who has everything or a grumpy family member who criticizes every gift you've ever given, we have the best suggestions for you.

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The post 2025 holiday gift guide: 30+ editor-approved presents for everyone on your list appeared first on Popular Science.

-]]>https://www.popsci.com/gear/2025-holiday-gift-guide-30-editor-approved-presents-for-everyone-on-your-list/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714833Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:01:14 -0500GearYour friends and family deserve the best possible gifts. But, shopping can be tricky. You don’t want to give them something impersonal, like a gift card, but you also can’t resort to drawing them a card with a Christmas tree on it again. It’s our job to find the best products and deals, so we’ve spent way too much time digging up a ton of products that pretty much anyone would like. There’s something to fit most budgets and tastes. We’ll be regularly updating this list until the last possible moment, so get your shopping done now and save yourself the last minute stress. Also feel free to send us any of these items because they’re all great and we’ve been really, really good this year. Promise.

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These everyday fleece gloves with touchscreen-ready Etip panels allow you to queue playlists and map routes without freezing your fingers. Lightweight, quick-drying fabric makes them ideal for dog walks, commuting, and pretty much anything that requires going outside in the cold.

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Logitech Alto Keys K98M

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Smartwool Active Fleece Gloves $33.73

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- Logitech Alto Keys K98M + Smartwool gloves on a snowy background on sale at REI
- Fill the holiday air with the sound of clicking and clacking. + These lightweight gloves are easy to stash anywhere. -

Logitech

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Smartwool

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This wireless 98-key mechanical board uses a UniCushion gasket structure to damp vibrations for a softer feel and cleaner sound. Hot-swappable linear switches, durable PBT keycaps, and white backlighting make it easy to tune the typing experience without diving into mods. It pairs with up to three devices via Bluetooth or the included Logi Bolt receiver and can run for months with backlighting off across Windows, macOS, ChromeOS, iPadOS, and more.

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Merino-rich fleece adds warmth without bulk, plus reinforced palms for poles or stroller handles. They breathe well on brisk jogs and stash easily in a jacket pocket—great “always-with-you” winter gloves.

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Men’s Gloves

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WOLFBOX MF100 Compressed Air Duster

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WOLFBOX

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The North Face

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  • The North Face Sierra Etip Gloves – Men’s $28.73
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    Canned air will clean your car’s dashboard and center console, but it’s terrible for the environment and lacks the power necessary to get every last crumb. This rechargeable blower has a fan inside that spins at 150,000 RPMs to create wind speeds up to 190 MPB. It offers three speeds, so you don’t need to go full hurricane mode all the time. Despite all that power, it operates relatively quietly so it won’t bother your coworkers or roommates. The 6,000 mAh battery provides up to 100 minutes of airflow on a single charge, so it won’t give up when you’re trying to inflate your favorite pool toy or hide the evidence after eating the last of the tortilla chips after everyone else went to bed. You’re literally giving the gift of cleanliness.

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  • The North Face Front Range Gloves – Men’s $44.73
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Use code: POPsci10 and get $10 off any order through the end of 2025.

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Outdoor Research

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Kaleidescape Strato V & E Movie Players

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- - Your movies and eyeballs deserve it. - -

Kaleidescape

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  • Outdoor Research Adrenaline 3-in-1 Gloves – Men’s $51
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    Kaleidescape will make it hard to go back to lowly streamed movies ever again. The company’s Strato V and Strato E movie players provide high-bitrate 4K video output with SDR, HDR10, and Dolby Vision. Kaleidescape movies are downloaded, not streamed, so there is never buffering or degradation. That allows for the highest possible fidelity across the board. All Kaleidescape movie players support lossless multi-channel and spatial object-based audio, including Dolby Atmos and DTS:X. Strato V stores roughly 10 Kaleidescape 4K movies while Strato E stores about 6, and both can be grouped with Terra movie servers for more storage. There are thousands of titles available for purchase or rent from the Kaleidescape movie store.

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  • Outdoor Research Revolution II GORE-TEX Gloves – Men’s $67
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    ROG Xbox Ally X & ROG Xbox Ally

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  • Outdoor Research Adrenaline Mittens $45
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    DAKINE

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    This handheld gaming PC puts your library in your hands and plays nicely with Xbox services. Dock it to a TV for couch co-op, or keep it portable for Game Pass on the go. You can dock it to a TV for couch co-op or keep it portable for full PC titles on the road. Upgradable storage and broad accessory support make it feel more like a tiny console than a phone.

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    Oakley and Meta collaborated to make sunglasses that blend Oakley’s HSTN frame and Prizm lenses with hands-free photo capture, calls, and voice assistance. On-board controls and a straightforward companion app make setup and daily use simple. The design looks like proper shades while quietly packing Meta’s connectivity and camera features.

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    Gordini

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    AirFly

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    This tiny 3.5mm Bluetooth adapter lets you use wireless headphones with seat-back screens, gym machines, older TVs, and more. It can connect two pairs at once for shared watching, and it switches into receiver mode to add Bluetooth to a car or stereo you already own. The long battery life and simple one-button pairing make it easy to toss in a carry-on and forget about until you need it.

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    Blueair PetAir Pro

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    If fur and dander are part of daily life, this purifier focuses on capturing pet pollutants while running quietly in the background. It is easy to live with in a bedroom or living room and helps with odor control during shedding season. A multi-stage filter and a low-profile design make it practical for apartment dwellers and multi-pet households alike.

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    Boulder Gear

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    Govee Table Lamp 2 Pro x Sound by JBL

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    Fox / Garneau / Zoic / Brooks / Ronhill / NRS

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    The North Face

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    The spring-loaded arms clamp around your legs to deliver deep pressure to quads, hamstrings, and IT bands without a floor routine. Adjustable tension lets you go gentle for warm-ups or dial it in after long runs and hikes. The portable design fits in a gym bag so you can recover right after a workout.

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    Outdoor Research

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    Shokz OpenRun Pro 2

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    Open-ear bone-conduction headphones keep you aware of traffic while still delivering punchy sound for runs and rides. They are sweat-resistant, stable on sprints, and include a reflective strip for visibility during early-morning or after-work miles. The quick-charge feature adds juice for a workout when you are headed out the door.

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    Gordini

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    YETI 16 oz Insulated Food Jar

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  • Gordini AquaBloc Down Gauntlet Mittens – Women’s starting at $54.73
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    Pack hot chili or cold yogurt and trust it to hold temperature until lunch. You could also pack hot yogurt, I guess, but that would probably be pretty weird. The wide mouth makes it easy to fill and clean, and the leak-resistant design stands up to daily commutes and trail time. A durable exterior resists chips and dings so it looks good after a season of use.

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    Boulder Gear / Helly Hansen / Manzella / Smartwool / Icebreaker / PEARL iZUMi / Fox / Giro / Zoic / CTR

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    Belkin UltraCharge 3-in-1 Foldable Magnetic Charger with Qi2 25W

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    The post REI is blowing out winter gloves from The North Face, OR, Smartwool, Fox and more for clearance prices appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>en-US<![CDATA[Medieval duke’s remains recount his grisly murder]]>In 1272, Hungary's Béla of Macsó received over 23 sword gashes–and more.

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    The post Medieval duke’s remains recount his grisly murder appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/medieval-duke-murder-hungary/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715134Fri, 07 Nov 2025 10:52:10 -0500ScienceArchaeologyIn 1272 CE, a Hungarian duke was murdered in cold blood. Details surrounding the grisly killing of the 13th century Hungarian duke named Béla of Macsó have remained murky for centuries. The duke met his demise at the hand of enemies, but far less is known about what motivated his killers or how the attack really unfolded. 

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    This heavy-duty hoodie handles job-site scuffs and weekend projects while staying warm and comfortable. Reinforced details and durable fabric mean it can take real wear without retiring early. The roomy fit layers easily over base layers and under a shell.

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    Now, after years of reexamination and interdisciplinary analysis, an international team of researchers has a much clearer and reliable picture of Béla’s fatal encounter. Their findings published in the journal Forensic Science International: Genetics not only corroborate the dignitary’s skeletal remains–they show that the duke’s death was no crime of passion.

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    Who was Béla of Macsó?

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    Epson Lifestudio Flex Full HD Portable Lifestyle Projector

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    Béla of Macsó was born into the House of Árpád some time around 1243 CE. The grandson of Hungarian King Béla IV on his mother’s side and part of the northern Scandinavian Rurik dynasty from his father, Béla eventually became the Ban (a title similar to a viceroy) of Macsó. Austrian records from the 13th century report that a fellow Ban named Henrik Kőszegi killed Béla sometime in November 1272 CE. His mutilated remains were later collected by his sister Margit and niece Erzsébet to be buried in a Dominican monastery’s sacristy near present-day Budapest.

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    Béla’s body remained interred for around 643 years, until an archaeological excavation in 1915. A subsequent bioanthropological analysis published in 1936 revealed the duke did not die in a duel contrary to some accounts. Instead, the 23 sword gashes and multiple fatal skull injuries indicate that an ambush from multiple assailants was the most likely cause of death. Anthropologists thought for decades that Béla’s bones likely disappeared sometime during World War II. However, his remains were before accidentally rediscovered in a wooden box at the Hungarian Museum of Natural Museum in 2018.

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    This portable smart projector includes built-in Android TV, so you can stream from popular apps without hooking up a separate device. The long-life LED light source starts quickly and delivers consistent brightness, while keystone and focus adjustments help you get a sharp, square image in different rooms. Its compact design and built-in speakers make it easy to move from living room viewing to backyard movie nights.

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    A murder with ‘intense emotional involvement’

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    After this chance discovery,archaeologists, geneticists, and dentists began a multiyear effort to finally understand how and why the duke met his grisly end. 

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    After confirming that the remains actually belonged to Béla of Macsó, the team sought to reconstruct the duke’s crime scene based on his many injuries. Experts identified 26 injuries sustained around the time of death–nine to the skull and 17 to postcranial bones. Given the angles of each trauma, the study’s authors believe the coordinated attack was undertaken by three people. One person approached Béla head-on while the other two met him simultaneously on his left and right.

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    This weatherproof rolltop is made for bike commutes and unpredictable forecasts. It protects a laptop, swallows gym gear, and shrugs off downpours with welded seams and a tough, minimalist shell. The structured back panel and quick-access pockets keep essentials organized.

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    “The location of the injuries suggests that the duke faced his assassins in an open confrontation, was aware of the aggression, and attempted to defend himself,” an accompanying announcement explained. “The attackers used two different types of weapons to commit the murder, likely a sabre and a longsword.”

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    Darn Tough Men’s ABC Cushioned Hiking Boot Socks

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    The deep gashes indicate the duke also wasn’t wearing any body armor. Researchers are even confident they have a potential timeline of injuries. It appears Kőszegi and his accomplices began by striking Béla on the head and upper body before he tried to block them, resulting in grievous defensive wounds. Additional attacks on his sides caused Béla to fall to the ground, at which point his murderers continued to aim at his head and face.

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    Darn Tough

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    “The pattern of injuries indicated both planning and intense emotional involvement,” the study’s authors wrote. In addition to confirming Béla’s identity, they said that their approach illustrates “the power of integrating multidisciplinary methods to confirm historical hypotheses and reconstruct violent deaths from the past with unprecedented detail.”

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    Merino wool regulates temperature and manages moisture, while underfoot cushion keeps feet happy on long days. The lifetime guarantee is a huge plus for people like me who abuse footwear. The durable knit resists pilling and holds its shape after repeated washes.

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    Aside from Béla’s own story, the bones represent the only nearly complete skeleton from a descendant of the House of Árpád apart from King Béla III. Cataloging the genetic information will now allow researchers to learn valuable details about the genetics of the era’s royalty. With this data, it may only be a matter of time before additional medieval cold case files are closed.

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    The post Medieval duke’s remains recount his grisly murder appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[How squirrels actually find all their buried nuts]]>Every fall, squirrels hide hundreds of acorns—and use smell, memory, and even theft to get them back.

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    The post How squirrels actually find all their buried nuts appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/how-squirrels-find-nuts/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715054Fri, 07 Nov 2025 09:00:00 -0500ScienceAnimalsAsk Us AnythingEnvironmentAs someone who routinely “hides” things from myself—car keys, receipts, even my phone while I’m actively talking on it—I felt instantly validated by Sarah Silverman’s joke that squirrels forget where they bury 80% of their nuts. “And that’s how trees are planted!” Silverman concludes in her 2021 Netflix special, A Speck of Dust.

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    If these bold, bushy-tailed little trainwrecks are able to thrive despite that kind of chaos, I figured there might be hope for me: Turns out, it was too good to be true.

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    ororo Men’s 5-Zone Insulated Heated Bomber Vest

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    “I appreciate Sarah Silverman’s comedy, but actually, they’re remarkably good at it,” says Dr. Noah Perlut, a Professor at the University of New England’s School of Marine and Environmental Programs, who leads long-running gray squirrel research on campus. “You can’t be an average squirrel or you’ll die. It’s only the above-average squirrels that survive and make babies.”

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    Every fall, squirrels spend weeks racing against winter to stash hundreds of nuts and seeds across their territories. When food becomes scarce, they rely on these caches to survive the cold months. So, how do these exceptional squirrels relocate the hundreds of nuts they’ve hidden?

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    Five heat zones warm your core without adding bulky layers, which makes dog walks and sideline time more comfortable. You can pick your heat level, pop in the battery, and slide it under a jacket when temperatures drop. The water-resistant shell and hand-warmer pockets make it practical even without the heater turned on.

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    How squirrels find their nuts, in a nutshell

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    According to Perlut, squirrels don’t use a single strategy to recover their stashes. Instead, they draw upon a skill set that includes smell, sight, and even cues from other squirrels’ movements and scent marks. “They use the whole toolkit,” Perlut says.

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    But when it’s time to dig food back up, spatial memory seems to do much of the heavy lifting. In one field experiment, scientists tried to trick squirrels into misplacing their meals. They created fake nut stashes that looked identical to the real ones, and even swapped the grassy patches between them so the imposters carried the real scent.

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    This durable shacket handles cool mornings and shop chores better than a hoodie. It layers easily, resists scuffs, and gives you pockets you will actually use. The snap-front closure speeds up on-and-off when you are bouncing between tasks.

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    The result? The squirrels didn’t waste time going down that rabbit hole. Almost without fail, they ignored the imposters and dug up their actual caches.

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    Grillo’s x P.F. Candle Co. Pickle Candle

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    Even months later, squirrels can easily find where they’ve buried their nuts. Video: Squirrel digging for the nuts I saw him (her?) bury earlier in 2013, William Forsche
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    Decades of research, from that 1999 experiment to earlier fieldwork on gray squirrels, all point to the same conclusion: squirrels are far better at recovering stored food than Silverman’s viral joke suggests. One 1980 urban study estimated that gray squirrels retrieve roughly 85 percent of their cached nuts. 

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    More recently, a 2023 study reports that red squirrels living in an urban park quickly found the majority of nuts they cached, even when faced with stiff competition from other squirrels.

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    It smells like a fresh jar of pickles, which makes it a perfect kitchen gift for the person who adds brine to everything. The clean-burning wax and quality jar make it more than a novelty. It’s a unique smell that will cover up the acrid stench you created while trying to roast your own chestnuts.

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    Squirrels are masters of organization

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    HexClad Griddle Tool Set (8-pc)

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    Another common misconception? That all squirrel stashes are buried underground.

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    “We commonly think of these caches as being buried in the ground, but imagine being a gray squirrel and living in a place that has a lot of snow or ice,” Perlut says. “You can’t go out and dig through two feet of ice every time you want a single acorn.”

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    Heat-resistant handles and rigid blades on these high-class griddle tools give you control when you are flipping or scraping. It comes with a pair of tongs that open and lock closed with one hand. You also get an extremely burly burger smasher and four silicon egg rings so you can make epic breakfast sandwiches with minimal mess.

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    Instead, squirrels in colder climates store food in tree hollows and branches—further evidence of how sophisticated their mental maps can be. “They have to rely on remembering where inside many trees they’ve placed food,” Perlut says.

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    Gozney Tread Portable Pizza Oven

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    Most tree-dwelling squirrels, including the familiar Eastern gray that’s common in the Eastern and Midwestern United States, are what biologists call scatter-hoarders, stashing hundreds of nuts across a wide area rather than keeping them all in one place. Other species, like red squirrels, prefer larder-hoarding, a fancy scientific term for stockpiling food in a single defended “pantry.” Considering the average squirrel’s home range spans six to eight acres (roughly the size of four football fields) and can include several nests, that’s a lot of terrain to keep track of. 

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    And they’re not only tracking their own assets; they’re keeping tabs on everyone else’s dinner plans, too. “Squirrels are not territorial, and they are watching each other’s caching behavior, stealing their food, and then caching them in other places,” Perlut says. Their memory, in other words, isn’t just about Where did I put my food? but also Where did that other squirrel put theirs?

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    This compact oven heats fast and bakes blistered pies wherever you set up. A pair of burly handles on top make it easier to lug around than a typical cooler. Plus, it can hit the same super-high temperatures as larger pizza ovens so you can have the classiest possible camping grub you could ever want.

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    Perlut notes that a squirrel’s memory remains excellent for about two weeks and can stay strong for up to two months. They’re also smart about retrieval timing, Perlut says: Acorns from white oak trees sprout quickly, so squirrels prioritize eating those before slower-germinating red oak acorns.

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    No morals, just nuts

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    Trying supportive insoles can be the fastest route to happier feet during long shifts or travel days. This bundle makes it easy to dial in fit and alignment without guessing at the store wall. The trim-to-fit design and arch options let you customize support for different shoes.

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    When hunger hits, many squirrels rely on a tried-and-true strategy year-round: theft. A strategy researchers politely refer to as pilfering. 

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    Traeger Flatrock 3 Zone Griddle

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    Essentially, Perlut says squirrels visualize a color-coded mental map of their territory: one “color” for where they buried their own nuts and another for spots where other squirrels have stored their food. From a tree branch, they can scan the ground and remember not only their personal pantries, but also the best places to steal from. 

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    When it’s time to eat, Perlut believes they often opt for theft first. “I think they tend to try to rob, and then, if the robbing fails, they go directly to their own cache,” he says.

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    Three independent heat zones let you run eggs, smash burgers, and veggies at once without juggling pans. The broad surface and grease management keep a crowd fed and the cleanup sane after weekend cookouts. The thick plate holds heat evenly so you can sear and sauté without hot spots.

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    Although squirrels don’t intentionally share food, they rarely punish one another for the occasional acorn heist. Still, some performative misdirection is fair game: a squirrel may go through the motions of burying a nut that’s actually still hidden in its mouth—a fakeout designed to mislead anyone watching.

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    Believe it or not, this system of mutual thievery is usually enough to keep the peace among squirrels. It’s so efficient, in fact, that it affords them a leisurely life much of the time. 

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    Native Union Pocket Cable

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    “Gray squirrels spend an incredible amount of time not foraging. They’re resting, watching, and socializing,” Perlut says. “That just shows me how effective they must be at stashing and stealing—to be able to do that and not have to be busy all day long.”

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    This story is part of Popular Science’s Ask Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.

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    The post How squirrels actually find all their buried nuts appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The ‘Farmer’s Almanac’ says goodbye after 208 years]]>The 2026 edition will be its last.

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    The post The ‘Farmer’s Almanac’ says goodbye after 208 years appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/goodbye-farmers-almanac/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715116Fri, 07 Nov 2025 08:51:21 -0500EnvironmentAgricultureScienceWeatherAfter more than 200 years of weather wisdom, folklore, and time-tested advice, editors announced that the 2026 Farmer’s Almanac will be the last edition. The website will remain operational through the end of December 2025. 

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    This short, tangle-free charging cable lives in a hard case so it stays clean in pockets and sling bags. It is the dependable backup you forget about until the moment you really need it. The integrated keeper prevents frayed ends and mangled connectors.

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    “Many of you grew up hearing your parents or grandparents quote from the Almanac, always having a copy nearby. Maybe you have planted by our Moon phases, consulted the Almanac for the ‘Best Days’ to potty train, wean, or go fishing,” Editor Sandi Duncan and Editor Emeritus Peter Geiger wrote in the announcement. “We’re grateful to have been part of your life and trust that you’ll help keep the spirit of the Almanac alive.”

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    Anker Prime Charger (250W, 6 Ports, GaNPrime)

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    The 2026 edition of the Farmers’ Almanac. This will be the last edition. Image: Farmer’s Almanac.
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    First printed in 1818, the publication based in Lewiston, Maine, has used sunspots, lunar cycles, and planetary positions to generate its long-range weather forecasts. They predict that winter 2025-2026 will be a “wild ride” with dramatic swings, wintry weather, and a cycle of  “chill, snow, repeat.” The season’s coldest temperatures are expected to be in the Northern Plains to New England.

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    This desktop hub shares up to 250W across four USB-C and two USB-A ports, with USB-C1 delivering up to 140W for fast laptop top-offs. PowerIQ 4.0 and adjustable modes balance output intelligently, while the LCD and app controls let you see and fine-tune distribution at a glance. The compact GaN build keeps heat in check and replaces a mess of bricks with one travel-friendly unit.

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    2025 winter out look map of the united states calling for a lot of cold and snow
    The Farmers’ Almanac Winter Weather Forecast 2025-2026 for the United States. Image: Farmer’s Almanac.
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    Dremel 8150-N/20 Brushless USB-C Rechargeable 8V Rotary Tool

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    The handy guide also included advice for gardeners, trivia, fun jokes, and even some natural remedies such as catnip as a pain reliever.  Its cover now features an old farmhouse as well as a cityscape, as the publication reported that many of its readers live in cities. 

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    The 233-year-old Old Farmer’s Almanac (based in neighboring New Hampshire) will continue to publish their annual edition and maintain their website.

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    A cordless rotary tool unlocks sanding, cutting, polishing, and small fixes without dragging a cord around the bench. The included accessories help beginners jump straight into repairs and craft projects. Variable speeds and a compact grip give you control for delicate jobs.

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    “In 2026, The Old Farmer’s Almanac continues to grow with new gardening books, new digital tools and calculators, and more seasonal weather forecasts—while maintaining the same reliable gardening, astronomy, and folklore content readers have loved for generations,” Old Farmer’s Almanac editors wrote in a statement, which congratulated the Farmer’s Almanac on their run. “In an ever-changing world, our mission endures: to offer practical, uplifting wisdom rooted in nature and time-tested experience.”

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    The post The ‘Farmer’s Almanac’ says goodbye after 208 years appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Woodpeckers grunt like tennis players]]> ‘They take the pecking that we see all birds doing and take it to the extreme.’

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    The post Woodpeckers grunt like tennis players appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/woodpeckers-grunt/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715096Thu, 06 Nov 2025 18:00:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyBirdsScienceWildlifeWoodpeckers really know how to punch above their weight. The woodland birds can attack a tree at about 15 miles per hour with their powerful beaks. To achieve this, woodpeckers essentially turn themselves into hammers, by bracing their head, neck, abdomen, and tail muscles to hold their bodies completely rigid when they pound into wood. 

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    The post 2025 holiday gift guide: 30+ editor-approved presents for everyone on your list appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[New species looks like a fuzzy pink hermit crab wig]]>The pair lives in a symbiotic relationship over 1,000 feet below the Pacific.

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    The post New species looks like a fuzzy pink hermit crab wig appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/pink-fuzzy-anemone-species/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714922Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:00:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsHumans don’t need to blast off into space to find some truly alien-looking wonders. The deepest depths of our ocean are like another planet, teeming with the charismatic “Casper” octopus, the carnivorous Bathyphysa siphonophore (aka the flying spaghetti monster), and even some sharks. 

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    While each impact is driven with their hip flexor and front neck muscles, biologists have learned that there is a more breathy force at play here. Like tennis stars grunting to sync and stabilize their core and whack a ball, woodpeckers also synchronize their breathing with their movement when they strike wood. The findings are detailed in a study published today in the Journal of Experimental Biology.

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    A team from Kumamoto University in Japan recently uncovered a deep-sea anemone that has a tight bond with hermit crabs. These wispy pink invertebrates build shell-like “homes” for the crabs. The discovery highlights an exciting case of biological mutualism–a relationship where both species benefit. Their findings were recently published in the journal Royal Society Open Science.

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    “What is exciting about woodpeckers is that they take the pecking that we see all birds doing and take it to the extreme,” Nicholas Antonson, a study co-author and an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow Brown University and integrative organismal biologist, tells Popular Science. “These extreme performances are great to study in biology because they give us a better understanding of how ordinary movements are organized and coordinated when put to high intensity tasks.”

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    This newly identified anemone is named Paracalliactis tsukisome, and was found living on the shells inhabited by the hermit crab Oncopagurus monstrosus. The pair lives about 656 to 1,640 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean, near Mie and Shizuoka Prefectures in southern Japan. Most sea anemones lack hard skeletons and are instead built with softer tissues. However, this new species secretes a hard shell-like structure called carcinoecium. The carcinoecium then expands to reinforce the hermit crab’s shell. 

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    A woodpecker’s world

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    a four-panel image of an anemone attached to a crab shell
    Paracalliactis tsukisome, a newly discovered sea anemone living in symbiosis with hermit crabs on the deep-sea floor off Japan. Its name is derived from the ancient Japanese poetry anthology Man’yōshū. Image: Yoshigawa et al. 2025/Kumamoto University.
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    Woodpeckers are well adapted to their life among the trees from their beaks down to their feet. Two of their toes point inward and two point rearward with sharp pointed claws. With these feet, they can scale tree trunks in order to find food and shelter.

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    The anemone primarily feeds on organic particles and the crab’s feces. According to the team, this is an unusual but efficient form of recycling food resources on the deep-sea floor. 3D imaging and micro-CT scanning revealed that the anemone attaches to the hermit crab’s shell using a consistent, one-directional pattern that is potentially linked to its feeding and shell-building behavior. 

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    Most bird species use pecking to find food. However, woodpeckers also use their signature pecking behaviors to dig into nests and use that drumming to let other animals know what species they are–and that they are ready to defend their territory.

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    The hermit crab benefits from this partnership with the anemone by achieving a larger body size than its relatives. This growth suggests a mutualistic relationship between these two deep-sea species. Similarly, the Atlantic hermit crab species Pagurus arrosor will carry a single Calliactis anemone on top of the snail shell it lives in. 

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    “These drumming interactions are similar to how other birds sing and woodpeckers can assess each other’s quality based on their skill as drummers,” says Antonson. “They are also generating very high impact forces when they are performing these behaviors, making them particularly challenging to produce.”

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    The soft pink anemone was named tsukisome, which translates to a pale pink color, after an ancient Japanese word found in the Man’yōshū, Japan’s oldest anthology of poetry. The Man’yōshū or “Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves,” is a collection of 4,500 poems, some dating back to the 7th century or earlier. In this ancient poetry, a tsukisome-dyed kimono symbolized gentle yet sincere affection. The team believes that this name honors the anemone’s delicate color and its partnership with its hermit crab host.

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    Ace grunters

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    “This discovery shows how even simple animals like sea anemones can evolve surprisingly sophisticated behaviors,” study co-author and Kumamoto University marine biologist Akihiro Yoshikawa said in a statement. “Their ability to build a shell-like structure is a fascinating clue to understanding how animals perceive space and direction.”

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    The post New species looks like a fuzzy pink hermit crab wig appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Why some scientists say our universe is Sad Millennial Beige ]]>Plus loud rats and other weird things we learned this week.

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    The post Why some scientists say our universe is Sad Millennial Beige  appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/cosmic-latte-weirdest-thing-podcast/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714915Wed, 05 Nov 2025 09:13:18 -0500ScienceDeep SpaceSpaceThe Weirdest Thing I Learned This WeekWhat’s the weirdest thing you learned this week? Well, whatever it is, we promise you’ll have an even weirder answer if you listen to PopSci’s hit podcast. -The Weirdest Thing I Learned This Week hits Apple, Spotify, YouTube, and everywhere else you listen to podcasts every-other Wednesday morning. It’s your new favorite source for the strangest science-adjacent facts, figures, and Wikipedia spirals the editors of Popular Science can muster. If you like the stories in this post, we guarantee you’ll love the show.

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    To learn more about how woodpeckers use these muscles when drilling into a tree, Antonson and the team caught eight wild downy woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens). Over three days, they filmed the birds with high-speed video, recording when they drilled and tapped on a piece of hardwood. While recording, the team measured the electrical signals in the muscles that control the birds’ head, neck, abdomen, tail, and leg to see when they contracted as the birds pounded with their beaks.

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    Additionally, they recorded the air pressure in one section of the airway of six birds and the amount of air two of them exhaled through their voice boxes. This helped them track the birds’  breathing before returning to the wild.

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    The team found that their hip flexor and front neck muscles are essential. They propel the birds forward as they drive their beaks into wood. The other muscles appear to play more supportive roles. Antonson says that the birds tip their heads back and brace with three muscles that are at the base of the skull and back of the neck. They also appear to brace their whole bodies to turn themselves into a hammer. And breathing helps.

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    FACT: “Cosmic latte” could be the aggregate color of our universe—depending on who you ask 

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    “The woodpeckers exhale on every strike,” explains Antonson. “We show that they are breathing out just as they make contact with the wood, similar to how a tennis player grunts as they strike the ball. This is likely because this athletic strategy stabilizes their core and can boost striking power in both contexts.”

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    By Rachel Feltman

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    The birds also perfectly synchronized their breathing with each impact, at rates of up to 13 strikes per second. They inhaled mini-breath (about 40 milliseconds) between each rapid blow. However, it is a bit difficult to hear, as the grunts are drowned out by the drumming.

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    In 2002, two astronomers analyzing data from more than 200,000 galaxies decided to answer a question nobody asked: if you could trap all the light in the universe (from the perspective of someone on Earth) in a box and look at it in a dark room, what color would it be? They crunched the numbers and announced the universe was a lovely turquoise. This made perfect sense to them, since the light of young blue stars mixed with an ever-increasing number of older red stars could create a greenish hue. 

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    As drummers, woodpeckers aren’t just “one-hit wonders” either. They will fine-tune the power of their impacts, based on if they are tapping more softly to send a message or drilling hard. When the team compared the strength of the muscle contractions as the woodpeckers pecked, they found that the front hip flexor muscle contracted harder while the birds were drilling. This contraction helped the birds drive a harder impact. The muscles then eased when tapping more softly. 

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    Right? Wrong. A color science expert named Mark Fairchild caught one glaring error in the fun little thought experiment: the astronomers came up with the color using free software that had been calibrated with the wrong white point. Basically, their results presumed that the viewer was looking at the universe while standing in a room with neon red lighting. When they corrected the issue, the real color turned out to be a slightly pinkish beige—so close to white that they insisted you probably couldn’t even tell the difference.

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    “It’s a whole-body endeavor that requires tight coordination of muscles from the tail, to the hips, abs, neck and head in precision timing with breathing that forge them as nature’s hammer and make these strikes so effective,” says Antonson.

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    The researchers then held a public naming contest via email (this was 2002, after all). Submissions included “Big Bang Buff,” “Cosmic Cream,” “Astronomer Green” (someone didn’t get the memo about the correction), and the winning entry: “Cosmic Latte.” Though “Cappuccino Cosmico” actually got more votes, they went with Latte because it means milk in Italian (Galileo’s native tongue) and connects to the Milky Way. When some folks complained that the universe is actually mostly empty space, which reads as black to a human viewer, the researchers basically said that, since the parts of the universe we perceive as black contain zero information, calling the universe black would be boring and pointless. 

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    The beat goes on

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    Listen to learn why “Primordial Clam Chowder” only got four votes (!) and what the actual research project this silly experiment sprang out of taught us about star formation history.

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    In future studies, the team hopes to see how this drumming varies among other woodpecker species. Some can strike even faster than the downy woodpeckers in this study. 

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    FACT: New York City rats yell louder when ambulances pass by, and AI is helping us eavesdrop on their conversations

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    “One species is able to drum at rates up to 40 beats per second,” Antonson says. “It would be exciting to see if the muscle coordination and exhaling on each strike we observed in our study hold at that even greater extreme, or if that species potentially uses a different physiological strategy.”

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    The post Woodpeckers grunt like tennis players appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[These toads don’t start as tadpoles]]>They're born as tiny 'toadlets.'

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    The post These toads don’t start as tadpoles appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/new-toad-species-toadlets/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715108Thu, 06 Nov 2025 15:24:26 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyClimate ChangeConservationEndangered SpeciesEvolutionScienceWildlifeA frog’s lifecycle is likely one of the earliest bits of science that many of us remember learning. They start as eggs, hatch into tadpoles, and soon grow into the recognizable adult amphibians. Pretty simple and straightforward, right?

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    By Tom Lum

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    While that remains true for the vast majority of the planet’s nearly 8,000 known frog species, a handful of the amphibians have evolved a more streamlined reproductive process. Members of the Nectophrynoides genus (more commonly known as tree toads) don’t bother with the egg and tadpole stages. Instead, they give birth to tiny, live “toadlets.”

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    This week’s episode of The Weirdest Thing I Learned This Week features science communicator Tom Lum. He’s sort of been on the show before, thanks to his first viral TikTok back in 2021. Bee jet lag, anyone? 

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    Nectophrynoides comprise only about one percent of all frogs and toads, but that number is officially increasing. In a study published in the journal Vertebrate Zoology, biologists describe an additional three tree toad species discovered living in the jungles of Tanzania that have this tadpole-less life cycle.

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    Tom recently made a video for Scientific American about new research on New York City rat communication. He took a deeper dive into that study for this week’s episode. 

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    pink tree toad on fern leaf
    Nectophrynoides, like this N. viviparus, live in the low vegetation. Credit: Michele Menegon + +
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    Brown rats have lived alongside humans for thousands of years, and arrived in NYC when the Big Apple was just getting off the ground. But as ubiquitous as they are in the five boroughs, studying their behavior in these urban wilds has always been tricky. How do you quantitatively analyze animal movements and behavior in one of the noisiest environments on Earth?

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    “It’s common knowledge that frogs grow from tadpoles—it’s one of the classic metamorphosis paradigms in biology,” Mark Scherz, study co-author and herpetology curator at the Natural History Museum Denmark, said in a statement. “But [frogs] actually have a wide variety of reproductive modes, many of which don’t closely resemble that famous story.”

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    Enter computational ecology. Researchers used thermal imaging, ultrasonic microphones, and AI models to parse countless hours of footage and isolate rat squeaks. 

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    To confirm these three newest tree toad species, Scherz and colleagues needed to consult some of the very first Nectophrynoides specimens ever collected. In 1905, German researcher Gustav Tornier announced the discovery of a Tanzanian toad whose live births contradicted common knowledge of the amphibians. Those initial specimens have since spent 120 years in the archives of Berlin’s Museum für Naturkunde. The team visited the museum and collected DNA samples from the original toads using a technique known as museuomics. As its name implies, museuomics is the process of obtaining genomic data from biological material housed in museums.

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    They found that NYC rats are… a lot like human New Yorkers, actually. The rodents talk constantly—yapping in groups, yapping alone, and making “human audible vocalizations from aggressive interactions in the park.” Younger rats explore in groups and move slowly like NYU freshmen, while solo rats are much quicker. When an ambulance passed by during one recording, two rats increased their volume to be heard over the siren. 

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    Black and white tree toad on leaf
    One of the newly described toad species, Nectophrynoides uhehe. Credit: Michele Menegon + +
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    The results suggest that rats have adapted to city life in ways that feel pretty familiar—and remind us that AI can actually be used for awesome academic purposes and not just scammy startups and sloppy propaganda.

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    brown and black tree toad on rock
    Like its relatives, Nectophrynoides luhomeroensis has large skin glands all over its body. Credit: Michele Menegon
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    You can find more of Tom’s work on his website. And if you’re in the NYC area, you can catch his science game show Our Findings Show at Caveat on November 11! Streaming tickets are also available. 

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    “Phylogenetic work from a few years ago had already let us know there was previously unrecognized diversity among these toads,” explained University of Copenhagen biologist and study co-author Christian Thrane. “But by travelling to different natural history museums and examining hundreds of preserved toads, I was able to get a better idea of their morphological diversity, so we could describe these new species.”

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    FACT: If you flip part of this single-celled organism backwards, its offspring will be born with the same wonky body plan—and we have no idea why

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    “Our museomics work was able to reveal exactly which populations those old specimens belonged to, giving us a lot more confidence for future work on these toads,” added University of Potsdam museuomics expert and study co-author Alice Petzold.

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    By Lauren Leffer

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    Small grey and white tree toad on fern
    Nectophrynoides viviparus and its relatives vary greatly in color. Credit: Michele Menegon
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    Imagine cutting off your hands and reattaching them backwards. If you went on to have kids one day, they would be born with their hands in the proper place, right? It turns out that’s not always how inheritance works.

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    The prevailing theory is that tree toads evolved their unique birthing strategy due to their habitats. Simply put, it’s easier to forgo laying eggs for live birth if your home is far from a habitable body of water. Unfortunately, the remarkable evolutionary adaptation is exacerbating the threat of extinction. The Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania are one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth, but they’re also disappearing due to deforestation and climate change.

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    We know this because, in the 1960s, a Baltimore scientist named Tracy Sonneborn decided to Frankenstein some parameciums (single-celled organisms covered in tiny hair-like appendages called cilia). He’d chop off part of a paramecium, rotate it 180 degrees, stick it back on, and watch what happened. Shockingly, the offspring of these collaged cells were born with the same deformities. Despite no changes to DNA whatsoever, flipped cilia stayed flipped for generations. And this isn’t just one guy’s weird experiment. It’s been replicated multiple times. 

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    The study’s authors noted that most known tree toads are already on the verge of eradication. One species, Nectophrynoides asperginis, is already extinct in the wild, while Nectophrynoides poyntoni hasn’t been seen since 2003. As wonderful as it is to find new examples of the impressive toads, conservation efforts will be the only way to ensure they can continue breeding new generations of toadlets.

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    The post These toads don’t start as tadpoles appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Meet Blue and Gold: NASA’s first twin satellites bound for Mars]]>The ESCAPADE mission will help predict space weather for future crewed missions to the Red Planet.

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    The post Meet Blue and Gold: NASA’s first twin satellites bound for Mars appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/nasa-escapade-satellite-mars/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715084Thu, 06 Nov 2025 14:15:32 -0500ScienceEngineeringMarsNASASolar SystemSpaceTechnologyNASA is readying the first dual-satellite mission to another planet. Currently scheduled to launch no earlier than Sunday November 9 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers (ESCAPADE) are a pair of identical spacecraft tasked with traveling to Mars. Once in the Red Planet’s orbit, the spacecraft will create three-dimensional maps of our cosmic neighbor’s upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetic fields.

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    We still don’t really know why it happens, though there are some vague theories. And it’s not just parameciums, either: more recent studies showed that after being exposed to viruses, worms could inherit immune proteins not coded in their DNA for up to 100 generations.

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    A 12 month journey

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    All of this is kind of awkward for the people who write biology textbooks, because we’ve spent centuries dunking on Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and his theory of inheritance. If you’re not familiar, that’s the idea that, to name one infamous example, giraffes got long necks by stretching for tall leaves and passing the resulting increase in length to their offspring. While that’s not how inheritance actually works, broadly speaking, it does seem like Lamarck might deserve some retroactive credit. Between paramecium experiments and modern epigenetics, we now know of a surprising number of exceptions to our neat Mendelian genetics rules. 

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    The post Why some scientists say our universe is Sad Millennial Beige  appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Black hole unleashes brightest flare ever—brighter than 10 trillion suns]]>A supermassive black hole’s star snack lit up the cosmos like never before.

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    The post Black hole unleashes brightest flare ever—brighter than 10 trillion suns appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/brightest-black-hole-flare/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714860Tue, 04 Nov 2025 15:49:42 -0500ScienceBlack HolesDeep SpaceSpaceIt’s hard to wrap your head around the fundamentals of a black hole. From event horizons to singularity points and the general collapse of space-time as we understand it—the list goes on. That said, you don’t need to be an astrophysicist to grasp the enormity of the cosmic event recently recorded by researchers at Caltech’s Palomar Observatory.

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    ESCAPADE is overseen by the University of California Berkeley, who named the spacecraft’s onboard satellites Blue and Gold after the school’s colors. In addition to its primary objectives, the spacecraft will be the first to reach Mars using a new trajectory path. Past missions to Earth’s closest planetary neighbor have relied on a 7 to 11 month-long route known as the Hohmann Transfer. While fuel-efficient, the trajectory necessitated extremely narrow launch windows that typically only a few weeks every 26 months.

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    Using the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey, the team witnessed a supermassive black hole roughly 500 million times more massive than the sun make a months’ long meal out of a nearby star. At one point, the resultant black hole flare was 30 times brighter than any similar scene on record, producing 10 trillion suns’ worth of light. The activities of active galactic nucleus (AGN) J2245+3743 are detailed in a study published on November 4 in the journal Nature Astronomy.

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    Instead of harnessing the Hohmann Transfer, ESCAPADE will first travel to a Lagrange point, or a location in space where the gravitational pull of the Earth and sun are equal. From there, it will arc in a kidney bean-shaped, 12-month orbit back towards Earth. In early November 2026, ESCAPADE is scheduled to engage its engines and slingshot around our planet and use that momentum to carry to Mars.

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    “This is unlike any AGN we’ve ever seen,” Caltech astronomy professor, ZTF project scientist, and study co-author Matthew Graham said in a statement.

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    A new way to map Mars

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    Brightened by a factor of 40

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    The Martian satellites are expected to arrive in early 2027, at which point Blue and Gold will fire up its instrument arrays and data processing computers, as well as deploy boom arrays. A comprehensive map of the Red Planet’s magnetic fields is necessary to help humans step foot on Mars in future missions. 

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    Graham and colleagues first noticed increasing luminosity from J2245+3743 on April 2, 2018. However,an initial scan using Palomar Observatory’s 200-inch Hale Telescope didn’t flag anything particularly odd. But by 2023, astronomers realized that the flare was decaying slower than predicted. It was only after another spectrum scan from the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii that they learned just how bright J2245+3743 had gotten. Astronomers ultimately watched as the AGN’s energy flare brightened by a factor of 40.

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    Unlike Earth, Mars lost its atmosphere around four billion years ago. Without it, the planet is routinely bombarded by the sun’s high-energy particle radiation. Last year, for example, NASA’s Curiosity rover recorded a solar storm that generated 100 days’ worth of the Milky Way’s normal background radiation over the span of a single day. Solar storms are bad enough to fry electrical grids on Earth even with its atmosphere, but they would be outright deadly to anyone lacking proper protection on Mars.

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    Initially, the team was not quite sure what might cause such a dramatic outburst and ran through a list of possibilities. They quickly determined the most obvious explanation–a supermova–just wouldn’t cut it.

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    According to ESCAPADE principle investigator Robert Lillis, the satellites will make space weather measurements necessary “to understand the system well enough to forecast solar storms whose radiation could harm astronauts on the surface of Mars or in orbit.”

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    “Supernovae are not bright enough to account for this,” explained study co-author and City University of New York astronomer K.E. Saavik Ford. “If you convert our entire Sun to energy, using Albert Einstein’s famous formula E=mc2, that’s how much energy has been pouring out from this flare since we began observing it.”

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    Measuring magnetized crust

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    The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory, where ZTF resides. Credit: Palomar / Caltech
    The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory, where ZTF resides. Credit: Palomar / Caltech
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    Previous missions showed that although it no longer possesses a global magnetic field like Earth, Mars still has localized magnetic fields generated by its highly magnetized crust. These remain capable of pushing solar wind as much as 932 miles away from the planet’s surface, where they could interfere with communications abilities.

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    What is a tidal disruption event?

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    “Understanding how the ionosphere varies will be a really important part of understanding how to correct the distortions in radio signals that we will need to communicate with each other and to navigate on Mars,” said Lillis.

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    Graham, Ford, and their team eventually settled on a tidal disruption event as the most likely explanation for this burst of light. Also known as a TDE, a tidal disruption event kicks off when a supermassive black hole’s gargantuan gravitational pull snags a nearby star. The black hole then begins siphoning the star’s energy as it begins its inescapable death spiral. But that doesn’t mean a star constantly shrinks after an AGN captures it. Occasionally, the energy transfer is a two-way street.

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    Although Blue and Gold will travel together to Mars, they’ll set off on separate orbits to supply a 3D view of the Martian atmosphere as it encounters blasts of million-mile-per-hour solar wind.

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    “Stars this massive are rare, but we think stars within the disk of an AGN can grow larger. The matter from the disk is dumped onto stars, causing them to grow in mass,” said Ford.

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    “To understand how the solar wind drives different kinds of atmospheric escape is a key piece of the puzzle of the climate evolution of Mars,” explained Lillis. “ESCAPADE gives us what you might call a stereo perspective—two different vantage points simultaneously.”

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    The post Meet Blue and Gold: NASA’s first twin satellites bound for Mars appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Travel ancient Rome’s 186,000 miles of roads in new online atlas]]>Itiner-e suggests the empire’s routes were almost double previous estimates.

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    The post Travel ancient Rome’s 186,000 miles of roads in new online atlas appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/ancient-rome-road-map/https://www.popsci.com/?p=715048Thu, 06 Nov 2025 11:00:00 -0500ScienceArchaeologyEngineeringTechnologyThe Roman Empire paved the way for many modern advancements—including streets themselves. At its apex during the second century CE, the vast empire encompassed more than 55 million citizens living between present-day Britain to the west and as far east as Syria. Its vast network of roadways facilitated tax collection, military transport, trade, and everyday travel. But after almost 2,000 years, today’s historians still lack a complete understanding of the empire’s myriad routes. After analyzing a range of topographical maps, satellite images, firsthand records, and archaeological sites, researchers from Denmark’s Aarhus University and the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona in Spain believe they have digitally recreated the most detailed, accurate map of Rome’s roads circa 150 CE.

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    Around 100 tidal disruption events have been recorded to date, but most haven’t featured an active galactic nucleus like the newly observed J2245+3743. That’s because an active galactic nucleus’ surrounding disk of feeding material generally hides any TDE emissions from even the most sensitive observatory tools. In this case, J2245+3743 was so gigantic that there was no way to miss it.

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    A publicly available project, Itiner-e also shows a bit of impressive historical revision is in order. It now appears that Rome included around 186,000 miles of roads. This means we’ve underestimated the total length of the empire’s routes by more than 62,100 miles—almost doubling previous mapping efforts.

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    The new record-holder is far more powerful than the previous top tier TDE. First observed in April 2021, ZTF20abrbeie (nicknamed “Scary Barbie”) was ultimately 30 times weaker than J2245+3743 and involved a star 3 to 10 times larger than the sun. At 10 billion light-years away, J2245+3743 is also one of the oldest black holes ever seen, and took place when the universe was comparatively young.

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    A slow-mo black hole

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    Given all of the weirdness that accompanies a black hole, astronomers are technically watching the event play out in slow-motion.

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    “This increase is due to a higher coverage of roads, but also by the decision to make a spatially explicit dataset that adapts routes to the geographical reality (i.e., to cross a mountain, our roads follow a winding pass rather than a direct line),” Itiner-e’s creators wrote in an accompanying study published on November 6 in the journal Scientific Data.

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    “It’s a phenomenon called cosmological time dilation due to stretching of space and time. As the light travels across expanding space to reach us, its wavelength stretches, as does time itself,” said Graham. “Seven years here is two years there. We are watching the event play back at quarter-speed.”

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    The latest updated maps now indicate Rome’s roads covered over 1.5 million square miles. The exponential increase largely comes from Itiner-e’s creators determining that many more routes crisscrossed the Iberian Peninsula, Greece, and North Africa than scholars previously believed. The database currently includes 14,769 road sections, with nearly 63,400 miles of main routes and about another 121,600 miles of secondary roads.

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    While J2245+3743 is now the record holder for brightest black hole flare ever seen, astronomers say its top spot may not be permanent. As powerful as it is, they suspect that similar events are occurring throughout the universe at any given time. Only by keeping an eye to the sky will they find any worthy competitors.

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    Map of Roman empire showing its vast network of roads
    The Roman road network created by Itiner-e encompasses 1.5 million square miles. Credit: Itiner-e
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    “We never would have found this rare event in the first place if it weren’t for ZTF,” said Graham. “We’ve been observing the sky with ZTF for seven years now, so when we see anything flare or change, we can see what it has done in the past and how it will evolve.”

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    Ancient Roman planners placed stone milemarkers at regular intervals along their streets, but only a handful remain today. Meanwhile, even fewer actual roads remain discernible in the modern landscape. Because of this, Itiner-e’s designers say only 2.7 percent of the map can be known with certainty. Although nearly 90 percent of the remaining map is less precisely established, the study’s authors remain confident about their general location based on primary sources and estimates from topographical information. Only 7.4 percent of Itiner-e’s paths are hypothesized. The researchers also note that the map illustrates a single moment in the Roman Empire’s more than 500 years of existence.

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    As for J2245+3743, it still isn’t quite finished with its stellar snack. Even after two of its own years, the AGN’s flux still remains two magnitudes above its pre-flare level.

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    The post Black hole unleashes brightest flare ever—brighter than 10 trillion suns appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Endangered rhino horns and elephant tusks seized in California]]>Poachers kill over 20,000 African elephants every year for their ivory.

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    The post Endangered rhino horns and elephant tusks seized in California appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/endangered-elephant-tusks-poaching-california/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714825Tue, 04 Nov 2025 14:00:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsConservationEndangered SpeciesWildlifeThe California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) recently broke up an alleged illegal poaching front in Los Angeles County. According to the department, thousands of elephant ivory pieces along with multiple “large, intricately carved tusks,” a sea turtle shell, and at least nine rhinoceros horns were confiscated from an unnamed business. 

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    “Itiner-e makes such gaps in our current knowledge of Roman roads explicit for the first time…Detailed temporal evidence for road construction, use, and change is only available for a handful of cases, making an evidence-based reconstruction of how the road system changed…currently impossible,” the authors wrote. “This should be the subject of dedicated large-scale efforts in future research.”

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    The post Travel ancient Rome’s 186,000 miles of roads in new online atlas appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[14 hilarious finalists from the 2025 Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards]]>Funny frogs, cheeky gibbons, and annoyed lions.

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    The post 14 hilarious finalists from the 2025 Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/comedy-wildlife-awards-finalists-2025/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714942Thu, 06 Nov 2025 09:48:10 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsWildlife“While photographing a pride of lions in the Serengeti, I watched as a group of cubs channeled their inner toddler tantrum, relentlessly demanding milk and attention from their mother, much to the exasperation of the adult lions,” writes photographer Bret Saalwaechter.

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    “The global demand for ivory and rhino horn fuels poaching and organized crime,” CDFW Deputy Director and Chief of Law Enforcement Nathaniel Arnold said in a statement, adding that these and other operations “send a clear message” to black market vendors.

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    “Life in the dry season is no picnic—lions are anxiously waiting for the Great Migration and the feast it promises—but it makes for some incredible wildlife behavior and these cubs were the stars of the show. For over an hour, they followed their mother around a famous Serengeti kopje—those iconic rocky outcrops that dot the landscape—alternating between trying to suckle and play. Each time the mother, already in a foul mood from the sweltering heat, would give a quick roar of disapproval and escape the circus. But the cubs, like any persistent little ones, would chase her down, nipping at her and yelping for more attention. This back-and-forth drama played out again and again, until I captured the perfect moment: the entire pride, in perfect unison, seemed to say, ‘Not this again!'”

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    Despite global conservation efforts, poaching remains one of the biggest threats to many endangered species. Illegal rhino hunting has increased significantly in recent years, with an estimated 12,000 of the endangered animals in Africa killed since 2008. South Africa, home to over half the world’s roughly 27,000 rhinos, consistently experiences the biggest burden.

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    Saalwaechter’s photograph of the encounter (seen above) is now a finalist at the 2025 Nikon Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards.

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    The statistics are even starker for elephants. The World Wildlife Fund estimates that poachers annually kill over 20,000 African elephants for their tusks. Prices wildly fluctuate in the unregulated market, but 2.2 pounds of ivory can sell for well over $500. The consequences aren’t simply a threat to population numbers either. In 2021, researchers discovered that a growing number of elephants are being born without tusks.

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    a bird with grass covering its face
    “Now which direction is my nest?”
    A windy day on Bempton Cliffs during the nesting season.
    Credit: Alison Tuck / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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    Aside from investigating and holding poachers accountable, conservation organizations are getting creative in how to curb the deadly situation. Everything from irradiating rhino horns for tracking purposes to training giant rats to search for contraband has been suggested.

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    Each year, the awards celebrate the hilarious hijinks of the animal kingdom and this year is no exception. From silly birds to flying squirrels and open-mouthed fish to gossiping leopards, you’ll chuckle at every image. The winners will be announced on December 9.

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    While the Los Angeles County samples still require testing and confirmation from the CDFW’s Wildlife Forensics Lab, the operation comes almost exactly a decade after the state enacted a law to expand its prohibition on ivory and rhino horn sales. Prior to the passage of Assembly Bill 96 , ivory and rhino horn sales were prohibited for any items harvested after 1977. Today, all sales are illegal and can result in tens of thousands of dollars in fines.

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    The post Endangered rhino horns and elephant tusks seized in California appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Stinky ‘rotten egg’ gas could fight nail infections]]>Don't worry, scientists are working on the odor.

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    The post Stinky ‘rotten egg’ gas could fight nail infections appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/nail-infections-rotten-eggs/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714821Tue, 04 Nov 2025 13:00:00 -0500HealthBiologyMedicineScienceIf you have ever let a container of hardboiled eggs spoil or visited a volcano that is spewing lava and gas, you’ve likely taken a whiff of hydrogen sulfide. This colorless and flammable gas has a uniquely unpleasant rotten egg smell.  However that nasty smell (and the gas it belongs to) could have a new use treating pesky infections. 

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Andrew Mortimer Melbourne Australia Title: If I have seen further... Description: If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giant [frog] s. In a bore casing on a minesite tenement around 2 hours drive from Leonora, there live a colony of frogs. Slightly too short to see over the PVC casing, they make do wherever they can. Animal: Frog Location of shot: Leonora
    “If I have seen further…”
    In a bore casing on a minesite tenement around two hours drive from Leonora, there live a colony of frogs. Slightly too short to see over the PVC casing, they make do wherever they can.
    Credit: Andrew Mortimer / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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    Specifically, a team from the University of Bath and King’s College London believes that the gas could be used to treat difficult nail infections. In a study recently published in the journal Scientific Reports, a treatment made from hydrogen sulfide could heal nail infections faster and with fewer side effects than what’s currently on the market.

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    Instructor Lemur demonstrates perfect enthusiasm, reaching high to embrace the universe. Student Lemur contemplates whether enlightenment is worth this much effort before breakfast.
    “Welcome to Zen Lemur Yoga Course!”
    Instructor Lemur demonstrates perfect enthusiasm, reaching high to embrace the universe. Student Lemur contemplates whether enlightenment is worth this much effort before breakfast. Flexibility? Optional. Dramatic flair? Mandatory.
    Credit: Andrey Giljov / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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    The nitty gritty of nail infections

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Annette Kirby Whyalla Australia Title: Go away Description: This was taken in Japan where I was observing a White-Tailed Sea Eagle putting their fish in a hole and protecting it. This one had a fish and saw another Eagle coming in to try and steal it. Animal: White Tailed Sea Eagle Location of shot: Hokkaido Japan
    “Go away”
    This was taken in Japan where I was observing a White-Tailed Sea Eagle putting their fish in a hole and protecting it. This one had a fish and saw another Eagle coming in to try and steal it.
    Credit: Annette Kirby / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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    Fungi and bacteria cause infections in the toenails and fingernails. One common nail infection, called paronychia, occurs when bacteria enters the skin through the cuticle or nail fold. Toenail fungus (sometimes called Onychomycosis) can make the toenails thick and yellow and occur when fungi get between the toenail and the tissue right underneath it. 

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Bingqian Gao London United Kingdom Title: What do you mean I need to see a dentist? Description: A porcupine fish that has a mouthful of algae and seems to have trouble closing his mouth. So he has this eternal shocked look, and his dental hygiene is probably bothering me more than it's bothering him! Animal: Porcupine fish Location of shot: Baja California Sur, Mexico
    “What do you mean I need to see a dentist?”
     A porcupine fish that has a mouthful of algae and seems to have trouble closing his mouth. So he has this eternal shocked look, and his dental hygiene is probably bothering me more than it’s bothering him!
    Credit: Bingqian Gao/ Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
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    These infections affect between four and 10 percent of the global population, rising to nearly half of those over the age of 70. These types of infections can lead to medical complications, especially in vulnerable groups including those with diabetes and the elderly. They are also notoriously difficult to treat with topical ointments and oral antifungals taken in pill form. 

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Beate Ammer Warwick Australia Title: "The Frog Prince of the Grape Vine" Description: Meet the Frog Prince of my little garden — he's been lazing around guarding my grape vine, waiting for a kiss, but I think he's just here for the grapes. This charming amphibian seems to have mistaken the vine for his royal court, lounging among the plump fruit as if he's the monarch of the orchard. Animal: Green Tree Frog Location of shot: Southeast QLD, AUSTRALIA
    “The Frog Prince of the Grape Vine”
    Meet the Frog Prince of my little garden — he’s been lazing around guarding my grape vine, waiting for a kiss, but I think he’s just here for the grapes. This charming amphibian seems to have mistaken the vine for his royal court, lounging among the plump fruit as if he’s the monarch of the orchard.
    Credit: Beate Ammer / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Beate Ammer
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    While oral antifungals are fairly effective, they can take around two to four months to actually get rid of the infection. Antifungal pills also carry risks in patients who are immunocompromised or have other underlying medical conditions. 

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Antoine Rezer Bonne France Title: Territorial Defence Operation Description: Rest day in Iceland after a scientific field session of 5 weeks in Greenland. White tailed eagle was harassed by a goeland ! Animal: white tailed eagle and goeland Location of shot: NW Iceland
    “Territorial Defence Operation”
    Rest day in Iceland after a scientific field session of 5 weeks in Greenland. White tailed eagle was harassed by a goeland !
    Credit: Antoine Rezer / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Antoine Rezer
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    Topical treatments that are applied right on the nail are safer, but can sometimes take years to work. These treatments can also frequently fail because it is difficult for the active ingredients to penetrate through the nail to the area where the infection resides. 

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Geoff Martin Little Bookham United Kingdom Title: Hornbill In A Hurry Description: This hornbill was spooked by the incoming tawny eagle and decided a quick exit was probably wise. Its ungainly departure was captured in a sequence of shots but this one for me perfectly captured the panic of the hornbill at that moment. The hornbill safely escaped although I doubt the tawny eagle was seriously interested in tackling that hornbill beak anyway. Animal: Southern Yellow-Billed Hornbill Location of shot: Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
    “Hornbill In A Hurry”
    This hornbill was spooked by the incoming tawny eagle and decided a quick exit was probably wise. Its ungainly departure was captured in a sequence of shots but this one for me perfectly captured the panic of the hornbill at that moment. The hornbill safely escaped although I doubt the tawny eagle was seriously interested in tackling that hornbill beak anyway.
    Credit: Geoff Martin / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
    -

    Even the most effective of these topical treatments have fairly low cure rates, emphasizing the need for new approaches that are not only safe and effective, but can reach the microbes that are embedded deep within the nail. 

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Diana Rebman Portland United States Title: Relaxing in the trees! Description: This Yellow-cheeked Gibbon was just hanging out in the trees. Looks like he's waiting for a beer to be served. Animal: Yellow-cheeked Gibbon, male Location of shot: Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam
    “Relaxing in the trees!”
    This Yellow-cheeked Gibbon was just hanging out in the trees. Looks like he’s waiting for a beer to be served.
    Credit: Diana Rebman / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Diana Rebman
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    Rotten egg gas to the rescue?

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Hikkaduwa Liyanage Prasantha Vinod Angoda Sri Lanka Title: Bad mouthing Description: These are two siblings the smaller one being the female leopard. They were playing with each other and for a moment the male just put his arm on her shoulder and appereared as if he is bad mouthing of another leopard. Animal: Sri Lankan Leopard Location of shot: Yala National Park, Sri Lanka.
    “Bad mouthing”
    These are two siblings the smaller one being the female leopard. They were playing with each other and for a moment the male just put his arm on her shoulder and appereared as if he is bad mouthing of another leopard.
    Credit: Hikkaduwa Liyanage Prasantha Vinod / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 H.L.P.VINOD
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    Hydrogen sulfide, a small and naturally occurring gas that is known for that “rotten egg” smell, offers a potential new treatment. Previous studies have shown that it can penetrate the nail plate more effectively than current topical drugs. This new research shows it also works well against several different nail pathogens, including some fungi that are resistant to common antifungal pills.

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Massimo FELICI Rieti Italy Title: Darling, please stop! Description: During a heavy rain, the male shakes his mane several times, annoying his partner. Animal: Lions Location of shot: Tanzania, Serengeti.
    “Darling, please stop!”
    During a heavy rain, the male shakes his mane several times, annoying his partner.
    Credit: Massimo FELICI / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Massimo Felici
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    In lab tests, the team used a chemical that releases the hydrogen sulphide gas into the nail. The gas itself then disrupts the way that the microbes in the fungi produce energy. Once the microbes can’t get enough energy, they die along with the fungi. According to the team, this process efficiently reaches the infection at the source. 

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Warren Price Upper Gravenhurst United Kingdom Title: Headlock! Description: Two Bridled Guillemots in the midst of a domestic dispute. The island of Hornøya is always a hectic mix of chaos and noise, squabbling seabirds vying for space and nesting sites. Sometimes you just want to bite your neighbours head off … literally ! Animal: Bridled Guillemots Location of shot: Hornøya, Norway.
    “Headlock!”
    Two Bridled Guillemots in the midst of a domestic dispute. The island of Hornøya is always a hectic mix of chaos and noise, squabbling seabirds vying for space and nesting sites. Sometimes you just want to bite your neighbours head off — literally!
    Credit: Warren Price / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025
    -

    “We believe that a topically applied medicine containing hydrogen sulphide could become a highly effective new treatment for nail infections,” study co-author and University of Bath microbiologist Dr. Albert Bolhuis said in a statement. “Our research lays the foundation for a compelling alternative to existing treatments, with the potential to improve outcomes for patients suffering from persistent and drug-resistant fungal nail infections.”

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    The Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards 2025 Stefan Cruysberghs Scherpenheuvel Belgium Title: Squirrel airborne: surrender mode Description: This flying squirrel looks like it’s throwing in the towel mid-air—arms wide, total surrender! Animal: Red squirrel Location of shot: Belgium - Diest
    “Squirrel airborne: surrender mode”
    This flying squirrel looks like it’s throwing in the towel mid-air—arms wide, total surrender!
    Credit: Stefan Cruysberghs / Nikon Comedy Wildlife Awards 2025 Stefan Cruysberghs
    -

    Treatment down the road

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    +

    The post 14 hilarious finalists from the 2025 Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[3 hair loss myths you probably believe]]>Baldness does not only come from your mother’s side—and other myths debunked.

    +

    The post 3 hair loss myths you probably believe appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/myths-about-baldness/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714961Thu, 06 Nov 2025 09:00:00 -0500HealthScienceStress causes baldness. Bald men are more fertile. If your hairline is receding, your mother’s family is to blame. Some false ideas about baldness seem to linger in our minds like the theme tune from your favorite old TV show.

    -

    While hydrogen sulphide does have some toxicity, the researchers believe that the amounts required to treat nail infections are well below toxicity levels and that the correct formulation will limit any unpleasant odours.

    +

    So to set the record straight, Popular Science asked three hair experts to explain what science really says about why people lose their hair. Here’s what they said.

    -

    So far, the treatment has only been conducted in a lab, but the team hopes to develop a product for patient use in the next five years.

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    Myth 1: You can only inherit baldness on your mother’s side

    -

    “We are looking forward to translating these findings into an innovative topical product that can treat nail infection,” added Stuart Jones, Director of the Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research at King’s College London.

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    The post Stinky ‘rotten egg’ gas could fight nail infections appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Why we (probably) aren’t living in a computer simulation]]>Mathematicians say they proved reality is real. Critics already say otherwise.

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    The post Why we (probably) aren’t living in a computer simulation appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/not-living-in-computer-simulation/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714815Tue, 04 Nov 2025 11:24:07 -0500ScienceTechnologyDespite how it may feel some days, we probably aren’t stuck in a computer simulation. An international team of mathematicians says that they have once-and-for-all determined that our reality is, in fact, real. According to some of the latest mindbending quantum theories combined with centuries’ old mathematical theorems, their study published in the Journal of Holography Applications in Physics states the popular simulation theory is more than improbable—it’s fundamentally impossible.

    +

    You’ve probably heard the saying: “Your mother’s father determines if you’ll go bald.” Turns out it’s wrong.

    -

    What is the ‘Simulation Hypothesis?’

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    “That’s one of the most common myths I hear, and it’s not true,” says Dr. Jerry Shapiro, dermatologist, hair loss, and alopecia specialist at New York University. “The gene for pattern hair loss isn’t confined to your mom’s side.”

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    The possibility that our entire universe merely exists inside a computer simulation is more than an idle science fiction thought experiment. Physicists, mathematicians, philosophers, and college dorm roommates have argued over the scenario’s feasibility since the dawn of the digital age in the 20th century. 

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    It’s true that one of the key genes linked to androgenetic alopecia—also known as male (or female) pattern baldness—sits on the X chromosome, which men inherit from their mothers, says Dr. Alan Bauman, a hair transplant surgeon at Bauman Medical. But that’s just one piece of a very complicated puzzle.

    -

    However, the debate about whether or not any of this is “real” stretches thousands of years into the past. Indian mystics, ancient Greek thinkers, Chinese theorists, and Aztec priests all put forth various takes on the validity of what we see around us. These discussions get even more complicated when you add modern supercomputers into the situation.

    +
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    “If such a simulation were possible, the simulated universe could itself give rise to life, which in turn might create its own simulation,” University of British Columbia quantum researcher Mir Faizal explained in a statement. “This recursive possibility makes it seem highly unlikely that our universe is the original one, rather than a simulation nested within another simulation.”

    +
    There are lots of reasons why some people go bald, from genetics to lifestyle. Image: Why Some Men Go Bald, Insider Science
    -

    Although many experts initially believed that the concept was impossible to reliably explore using logical reasoning, Faizal and his colleagues believe their research shows, “it can, in fact, be scientifically addressed.” 

    +

    Baldness is shaped by many genes from both parents, as well as lifestyle, hormonal, and environmental factors, Bauman explains. “So, if your father, grandfather, or uncles on either side of the family experienced hair loss, your risk may be higher—but it is never determined specifically by your mother’s side alone.”

    -

    But first, it’s probably best to prepare for some truly mindbending subject matter.

    +

    Dr. Mehmet Erdoğan, a hair transplant surgeon at Smile Hair Clinic in Turkey, agrees. “We tend to see in clinical practice a family history of hair loss on both sides of the family,” he says.

    -

    Quantum gravity and Gödelian guideposts

    +

    Myth 2: Stress causes baldness

    -

    The extremely condensed history of physics goes like this: Newtonian physics rooted in his laws of motion, then Einstein’s theory of relativity, and finally quantum mechanics. This most recent era centers on a field called quantum gravity. As its name implies, quantum gravity seeks to unify the theories of gravity and quantum physics without ignoring either’s effects. So far, the results suggest that even space and time aren’t fundamental. Instead, they are rooted in a mathematical foundation of pure information that exists in a “Platonic realm.” This math dimension is what generates space and time, and is therefore more “real” than the physical universe as experienced by humans.

    +

    Stress can wreak havoc on your body—from your digestion to your sleep—but it’s rarely the sole cause of long-term baldness.

    -

    With all that in mind, Faizal’s team says that this foundation of mathematical information can’t describe reality solely through computation. The only way to generate a complete, reliable theory of everything necessitates a concept they call non-algorithmic understanding. 

    +

    Bauman says that it typically takes a severe psychological or physical experience, like a natural disaster, death in the family or crash dieting, to cause permanent hair loss.

    -

    In order to get to a non-algorithmic understanding, Gödel’s incompleteness theorem must be integrated into the equation. Introduced by its namesake Kurt Gödel in 1931, the idea is deceptively simple at first glance–no collection of algorithms or axioms alone can indisputably prove every true fact about numbers or computation.

    +

    What usually happens when you’re stressed, is a temporary shift in your hair growth and hair loss cycle, says Erdoğan. Usually hair goes through three stages: anagen (growth), catagen (resting) and telogen (shedding). After a stressor, up to 70 percent of your hair in the anagen stage can prematurely enter the telogen phase. This condition, known as ‘telogen effluvium,’ causes temporary hair shedding and your hairs thins out all over your scalp, unlike male or female pattern baldness which typically causes a receding hairline or a bald patch on the crown.

    -

    The study’s authors use this basic statement as an example of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem: “This true statement is not provable.” 

    +

    Although stress does not directly cause balding, it may accelerate the process. In a study of 120 people with androgenetic alopecia, those experiencing high stress appeared to lose hair faster than their non-stressed counterparts.

    -

    If you could prove the statement, then it wouldn’t be “true.” If it’s not provable, then it’s technically true…and yet it would be impossible to show the evidence. 

    +

    Myth 3: Baldness is linked to higher fertility

    -

    Regardless, computation falls apart in the face of Gödel’s theorem. 

    +

    “It’s a story people tell because it sounds flattering, but it’s not science,” says Shapiro.

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    “Therefore, no physically complete and consistent theory of everything can be derived from computation alone,” argued Faizal. “Rather, it requires a non-algorithmic understanding, which is more fundamental than the computational laws of quantum gravity and therefore more fundamental than spacetime itself.”

    +

    “Baldness itself is not a sign of higher fertility,” says Bauman. “The confusion likely comes from the fact that both are influenced by male hormones.” 

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    If non-algorithmic understanding is beyond the capabilities of a computer, then even the most advanced supercomputer possible could never properly simulate reality.

    +
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    + Related Myth-Busting Stories

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    4 common cat myths, debunked

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    Don’t fall for these 4 cybersecurity myths

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    4 coffee myths debunked by science

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    4 battery myths (and why they’re not true)

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    Animals only see in black and white and 5 other color myths

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    “Any simulation is inherently algorithmic—it must follow programmed rules,” Faizal summarized. “But since the fundamental level of reality is based on non-algorithmic understanding, the universe cannot be, and could never be, a simulation.”

    +

    Testosterone is essential for sperm production and sex drive, but it also plays a role in hair loss—indirectly—when converted into the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Some men carry genetic variations in the androgen receptor gene that make their hair follicles extra sensitive to DHT. Over time, DHT causes those follicles to shrink and produce finer, weaker strands, eventually leading to thinning and baldness.

    -

    Study co-author Lawrence Krauss added that many researchers assumed they might one day describe a fundamental theory of everything through purely computational methods. 

    +

    “Baldness means your hair follicles are more sensitive to certain hormones,” says Shapiro, “not that your body produces more of them.”

    -

    “We have demonstrated that this is not possible,” he said. “A complete and consistent description of reality requires something deeper.”

    +

    In fact, some evidence points the other way. Studies suggest that men who go bald early—especially before age 30—tend to have lower sperm counts and poorer semen quality than those who keep their hair longer. The connection likely comes from the same elevated DHT levels that drive hair loss, which can also interfere with sperm production, explains Bauman. But the relationship isn’t absolute. “Many balding men father children without issues,” he notes. “Factors like age, lifestyle, and overall health play larger roles.”

    -

    A possibly ‘profound logical fallacy’

    +

    The bottom line

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    As with most great debates, not everyone is convinced. University of Portsmouth physicist and the head of the Information Physics Institute Melvin Vopson has spent years investigating the possibilities of simulated reality. Most recently, Vopson proposed that gravity itself may prove we really are in a computer simulation. As it stands, Vopson is unmoved.

    +

    Baldness myths persist because they make us feel better—by offering someone to blame, something to fix, or a flattering story about virility. But, as the experts tell us, the truth is messier: baldness stems from multiple genes, hormones, and lifestyle factors. Biology, as ever, refuses to be simple.

    +

    The post 3 hair loss myths you probably believe appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Ride on a humpback whale with little sucker fish]]>New POV video shows a mutually beneficial relationship between remoras and the gentle giants.

    +

    The post Ride on a humpback whale with little sucker fish appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/whale-ride-remora-video/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714977Wed, 05 Nov 2025 15:38:57 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsFishWhalesWildlifeHumpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) usually don’t travel alone. In addition to its pod, the sizable cetacean generally hosts dozens of remoras. Also known as a suckerfish, these evolutionary wonders in the Echeneidae family hitch rides on whales in order to make a meal of the sea lice and other crustaceans that also make a home on the marine mammal’s skin. To accomplish this, the remora possesses a distinctive, oval dorsal fin that functions like an adapted suction cup. The fin’s flexible membrane ridges raise and lower as needed to generate adhesive force, allowing it to either stick to the whale, or release and swim independently as needed.

    -

    “While I have the greatest respect for any attempt to apply mathematical rigor to fundamental questions, the conclusion…appears to be the product of a profound logical fallacy,” he tells Popular Science.

    +

    Although its physical mechanics are generally understood, marine biologists know less about a remora’s day-to-day life alongside its patron whale. To glimpse this symbiotic relationship, marine biologists at Australia’s Griffith University decided to tag humpback whales with underwater cameras during their seasonal migration along the country’s eastern coast. So far, they’ve learned not just the remora’s daily habits, but the fish’s regular menu as well as how some whales view their tagalongs.

    -

    Vopson cites the authors’ attempt to use the rules experienced in our perceived reality to, “set limits upon the system that hosts our reality.” He also believes that reality doesn’t need to be a simulation to still function as a cosmic computational process.

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    “It could mean that our universe is a giant computer that computes itself,” says Vopson.

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    Olaf Meynecke recorded multiple videos from cameras attached to humpback whales. Credit: Griffith University
    -

    Both Vopson and Information Physics Institute colleague Javier Moreno call Faizal’s argument “superficially compelling,” but guilty of a “profound category error” in the assumption that a simulation must run on computations existing in the simulation itself. For example, it doesn’t account for a simulation that operates on a higher order of physics or dimensionality unbound by the simulation’s internal laws. It could be that the underlying mechanics of our simulation aren’t limited by the speed of light or standard particle physics behavior.

    +

    “I think one of the biggest surprises when we investigate videos captured from our tags was the remoras’ ability to move around freely and keep returning to the whale’s body, even during very fast ascents to the surface and immediately after the whale breaches and returns to the water,” marine scientist Olaf Meynecke said in a statement.

    -

    “Any ‘mathematical proof’ derived from our physics [or] mathematics like those mentioned in the article is merely a calculation of the computational cost using our own rules,” Vopson and Moreno concluded.

    +

    This feat even extended to occasions when a whale made a quick ascent and breached the ocean surface. Immediately after the whale went back under water, remoras were seen easily reattaching to their humpback host.

    -

    As confident as Faizal’s team is in their own results, for now, the true reality of the simulation hypothesis may remain elusive—no pun intended.

    -

    The post Why we (probably) aren’t living in a computer simulation appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Rare seabird saved after swallowing four large fishhooks]]>Veterinarians successfully removed the debris from the juvenile Salvin’s albatross.

    -

    The post Rare seabird saved after swallowing four large fishhooks appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/rare-sea-bird-swallows-fishhooks/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714801Tue, 04 Nov 2025 10:09:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBirdsConservationOceanScienceWildlifeA rare seabird is recovering from a successful and life-saving surgery. A fisherman from Anconcito, Ecuador, found the juvenile Salvin’s albatross after he noticed that it appeared unwell. The bird had ingested four large fishing hooks and some fishing line and was brought to Puerto Lopez for rehabilitation and care. Local veterinarian Ruben Aleman removed the discarded fishing gear from the bird. After some extra R&R, the bird was released in late October on a nearby beach in Manabí province.

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    “It was amazing to see how fast and nimble they were during several different rides with the whales,” he added.

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    “Through coordination with Ecuador’s Ministry of the Environment’s local representative (REMACOPSE) and a specialized veterinarian, we successfully removed four fishing hooks from the bird, including one that caused injuries to its esophagus,” Giovanny Suárez Espín, Ecuador Seabird Bycatch Coordinator for American Bird Conservancy, said in a statement.

    +

    Remoras also appear to have adapted to the difficult hydrodynamics of whale travel. Technically, they don’t create a suction. Instead, their dorsal plates generate a vacuum effect allowing them to essentially adhere to the whale’s skin.

    -

    “The type and size of the hooks suggest they came from the artisanal mahi-mahi fishery, which poses a risk to albatrosses. While reducing bycatch in this type of fishery is challenging, we continue to promote best practices and more sustainable tools to minimize incidental seabird capture.”

    +

    Remora species like the whale sucker (Remora australis) aren’t picky eaters either. When sea lice and other parasites aren’t around, they often will start munching on the skin shed by a whale. But despite the mutual relationship, the whales don’t appear to be the biggest fans.

    -
    fishing hooks and line that was removed from a bird's stomach
    Fishing gear surgically removed from a Salvin’s albatross. Image: Ruben Aleman, Fundación Juvimar.
    +

    “Even though they are likely beneficial for the whales, as they eat other host organisms such as sea lice, the whales seem to dislike their presence,” said Meynecke. “We have observed whales eyeing them, undertaking multiple breaches, then checking again.”

    -

    The Salvin’s albatross (also called Salvin’s mollymawk) is a rare seabird species. It breeds in several rugged and remote subantarctic islands south of New Zealand. They spend the majority of their life at sea, foraging around Australia and New Zealand during their breeding period. After breeding, they fly thousands of miles nonstop to the Pacific coast off South America for food.

    +

    Despite this peek behind the scenes data gleaned from their whale cameras, Meynecke’s team still has a lot left to learn about the remora. For example, they still don’t know if the fish accompany whales when they travel south towards Antarctica. Then there’s the question of its overall life cycle. Remoras spawn along the East Australian Current, where small larvae grow into miniature suckerfish. These young remoras would need to find a host fast in order to survive.

    -

    Since seabirds are so mobile and live in such a large area, protecting them takes a great deal of effort. Researchers in Ecuador and Peru and New Zealand’s Department of Conservation work closely with each other to study this species, advocating the fishing industry to do whatever it can to prevent seabirds from ingesting discarded fishing gear or getting tangled in nets and traps.

    +

    “That could suggest the time of reproduction could be linked to the whales’ migration cycle,” said Meynecke.

    +

    The post Ride on a humpback whale with little sucker fish appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Japan deploys army to fight bears]]>After over 100 bear attacks this year, it's time for reinforcements.

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    The post Japan deploys army to fight bears appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/japan-deploys-army-bears/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714963Wed, 05 Nov 2025 14:20:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBearsWildlifeJapan is calling in its army to wrestle its ongoing bear problem. Last month, the country’s Ministry of the Environment reported that Asian black bear or moon bear (Ursus thibetanus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations have attacked over 100 people since March. With at least 10 fatalities among the tally, the government announced on November 5 that it is stepping up control efforts by deploying soldiers to Akita prefecture on the island of Honshu in northern Japan.

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    In a statement to reporters, Akita’s Governor Kenta Suzuki called the situation “desperate,” noting that sightings and attacks are now occurring daily. Threats are also increasing as the region’s estimated 880,000 bears continue wandering into populated areas while foraging for food in preparation for winter hibernation.

    -
    CREDIT: American Bird Conservancy
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    The unprecedented rise in attacks is almost entirely due to humans, and not the other way around. Climate change is reducing their food sources, forcing them to venture into neighborhoods and business districts in search of alternatives. Urban development is also pushing further into the animals’ habitats, while Japan’s aging population makes them particularly susceptible to attacks.

    -

    “While we collect tracking data from devices attached to adult Salvin’s Albatross, currently information on the movements of juveniles comes solely from observations,” added New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) Senior Science Advisor Dr. Johannes Fischer. “DOC plans to fit trackers onto juveniles at the end of this breeding season through a collaboration with Universidad Científica del Sur in Lima, Peru, which will directly inform seabird research partnerships in Peru, Ecuador, and other countries.” 

    +

    “Every day, bears intrude into residential areas in the region and their impact is expanding,” Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary Fumitoshi Sato explained, according to the Associated Press. “Responses to the bear problem are an urgent matter.”

    -

    Over the past 50 years, the Salvin’s albatross population has declined significantly. During the 1970s, there were roughly 88,000 breeding pairs, compared to about 50,000 today. These birds tend to begin breeding at 11 years old and only lay one egg per year. If the juveniles of the population are affected, there can be a long lag before negative impacts are seen.  

    +

    The threats from bears aren’t only physical. Japan’s NHK news outlet reported that in one recent instance, bears devoured over 200 apples from a local orchard.

    “My heart is broken,” the farm’s operator told NHK.

    -

    While seabird populations have declined by more than 70 percent since 1950, they’re essential to the health of the entire ocean for one reason–their poop. Seabird droppings nourish the whole ocean and island ecosystems. 

    +

    As of now, the deployed troops aren’t instructed to shoot the bears. Instead, they are currently responsible for setting up food traps, transporting local hunters, and dealing with any of their successful kills. However, Japan’s hunters aren’t generally used to bears as their prey. Because of this, officials are urging residents to undergo training as “government hunters” to properly prepare for their excursions.

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    an x ray showing a fishing hook in a bird's stomach
    Salvin’s albatross x-ray. Image: Ruben Aleman, Fundación Juvimar.
    +

    In late October, Japan also announced plans to establish an official bear task force by mid-November. Potential future steps may include bear population surveys, hunting law revisions, and even the use of a mass communication warning system for potential sightings.

    +

    The post Japan deploys army to fight bears appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The Home Depot’s early Black Friday Ryobi sale: Get two batteries and a power tool for just $99]]>The free tools include popular options like impact drivers, reciprocating saws, yard tools, and more.

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    The post The Home Depot’s early Black Friday Ryobi sale: Get two batteries and a power tool for just $99 appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/ryobi-battery-power-tools-early-black-friday-deal-home-depot/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714948Wed, 05 Nov 2025 12:31:12 -0500GearHomeCordless power tools aren’t very useful without batteries. Right now, if you buy a pair of Ryobi batteries (with a charger) from The Home Depot, you can get a free tool worth up to $99 to go with them. The free options aren’t obscure devices, either. You can choose from essential power tools, including a reciprocating saw, a 1/2-inch impact, or even a string trimmer.

    -

    “These long-distance travelers depend on the productivity of the Humboldt Current to feed, yet each migration carries the silent risk of being hooked on longlines–a reminder that effective protection must transcend national boundaries,” said Dr. Carlos Zavalaga, Director of the Seabird Ecology and Conservation Research Unit from Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru.

    -

    Fishing vessels and equipment including gillnets, baited longlines, and trawls remain a major threat since they attract numerous foraging seabirds that are drawn to discarded fish and other food sources. In September, veterinarians in eastern Massachusetts successfully removed a large fishing hook from a black backed gull’s GI tract. 

    +
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    RYOBI ONE+ 18V Starter Kit (2.0Ah + 4.0Ah + Charger) $99 with free tool

    + + + +
    + +
    + Ryobi two-battery kit on sale during the Black Friday free tool event at The Home Depot +
    + + You can never have too many batteries. + +

    Ryobi

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    + + + + See It -
    a large bird with grey and white plummage
    The juvenile Salvin’s albatross was released in October. Image: Ruben Aleman, Fundación Juvimar.
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    “Seabirds are one of the most threatened groups of birds globally, facing additional threats like overfishing, climate change, plastic pollution, and habitat loss. We all need to work together to protect these remarkable, wide-ranging animals,” Fischer said.

    +

    This is a great place to start for people jumping into the Ryobi system or a chance to replace or refresh batteries for those who have already bought in. The compact 2.0Ah pack keeps lighter tools nimble—great for drivers, trim sanders, and oscillating tools—while the 4.0Ah pack delivers noticeably longer runtime for saws, grinders, and yard tools. The included charger tops both packs and everything slots into the same ONE+ 18V platform that powers 300+ tools, so you can swap batteries across your setup.

    -

    In Ecuador, the American Bird Conservancy’s Marine Program has been working alongside artisanal longline fisheries to reduce bycatch by developing new methods that are safer for seabirds. 

    +
    + +

    ONE+ 18V Cordless Reciprocating Saw (Free with purchase, $79 value)

    + + + +
    + +
    + Ryobi reciprocating saw on sale at the home depot +
    + + This is an essential demolition tool. + +

    Ryobi

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    “More than 2,000 fishers are helping us with bird conservation now,” said Espín. “The fishermen know that whenever they see a seabird species injured or one that has an issue, they have to let us know. And that’s what this fisherman colleague from Anconcito did.”

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    The post Rare seabird saved after swallowing four large fishhooks appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>en-US<![CDATA[Do you need more sleep in fall and winter? Probably.]]>Less sunlight, colder weather, and diet changes make us sleepier—and that’s OK.

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    The post Do you need more sleep in fall and winter? Probably. appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/do-you-sleep-more-in-winter/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714744Tue, 04 Nov 2025 09:00:00 -0500ScienceAsk Us AnythingIt’s a crisp, fall day in mid-November, and though your calendar is filled with evening get-togethers and morning runs, you’re feeling sluggish. All you really want to do is sleep in, or to curl up on the couch and nap. Are you being lazy, or do you really need more sleep as the temperature lowers and the amount of daylight decreases? The answer isn’t so clear-cut. 

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    “I don’t think we need more sleep as the days get shorter, but people will often feel sleepier,” says Dr. Karin Johnson, a sleep medicine specialist and spokesperson for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), a global network of sleep medicine specialists that advances sleep health worldwide.

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    A solid all-around cutter for DIY and yard work, the RYOBI ONE+ 18V Reciprocating Saw chews through 2× lumber, PVC, and branches. A variable-speed trigger lets you ease into delicate cuts or rip quickly when you need to, and the tool-free blade clamp makes swaps fast when you move from wood to metal. An adjustable shoe helps stabilize the saw against your work for better control. Pair it with a 4.0Ah battery if you want more runtime for demolition or pruning sessions.

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    Reasons we feel more lethargic in winter and fall

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    Cutting & Drilling

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    Overall, we naturally tend to sleep more in winter and as the weather generally gets colder into fall. Johnson believes that there are a couple of theories as to why. “One is that when the days are shorter our melatonin levels are higher,” she says. Melatonin is a naturally produced hormone that regulates our sleep-wake cycle. But having too much of it can make us drowsy and reduce our energy levels, causing us to want to snooze longer. 

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    - Related Ask Us Anything Stories

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    Is sleeping outside good for you? Science has a clear answer.

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    What causes you to jolt awake right before falling asleep?

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    Is it better to sleep in cycles?

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    Why do some people need less sleep?

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    Can tracking make my sleep worse? The quiet torment of sleep tech.

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    Fastening & Automotive

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    REM Sleep in Winter 

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    Data published in 2023 in the scientific journal Frontiers in Neuroscience shows that people experience longer REM sleep—the fourth and final stage of the sleep cycle which is when most dreaming occurs—in winter than they do in summer. REM sleep is essential to healthy brains, mood regulation, and mental clarity. 

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    Grinding & Sanding

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    While humans don’t “hibernate” like animals do, we do tend to go into a hibernation-like mode when the seasons change: slowing down, eating heartier foods, and feeling more lethargic overall. Our bodies also compensate for less sunlight by providing us with more REM sleep.

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    “In general, people sleep better when it’s cooler,” says Johnson. However, if it’s cold outside and we jack up the heat, then we might become even sleepier. Our bodies also work harder to preserve heat when it’s cold out, which can bring on “winter fatigue” and make us feel groggier. 

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    Cleaning & Airflow

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    We tend to eat heavier, more carbohydrate-dense foods (a.k.a. “comfort foods”) in winter, which can lower our overall energy level since these types of meals take longer to digest. With less energy, we’re also prone to less exercise. It’s almost a ricochet effect. 

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    How to handle winter sluggishness

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    Audio & Jobsite Extras

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    In short, while our bodies might not have a biological need for more sleep in winter, changes in daylight, diets, temperatures, and moods often make us want to stay in bed longer. Which is OK. The trick, says Johnson, is sticking to a schedule. 

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    “Sleep when it feels natural. Wake when you feel refreshed,” she says. “Just make sure you prioritize time for sleep, which a lot of people don’t do.” Johnson stresses the importance of morning light in keeping up with our daily routines. “If you don’t get that natural light exposure, using a light box for about 30 minutes each morning can be very helpful.”

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    Lawn & Garden

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    Since most people’s waking time is usually out of our control due to school or work schedules, Johnson says going to sleep earlier in the winter might help accommodate human seasonality. “Try turning off electronics in the evening, keep a regular eating schedule during the day, and make sure you’re getting good exercise.” It’s about adjusting to the season as much as possible, which simply might mean sleeping more. 

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    The post The Home Depot’s early Black Friday Ryobi sale: Get two batteries and a power tool for just $99 appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Centuries of Black Death misinformation started with a poem]]>A 14th century trickster tale was misread as fact.

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    The post Centuries of Black Death misinformation started with a poem appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/black-death-poem-misinformation/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714945Wed, 05 Nov 2025 11:53:36 -0500HealthDiseasesEnvironmentScienceMisinformation surrounding COVID-19 is still a major problem more than five years after its emergence. Unfortunately, time doesn’t always offer clarity. Even after hundreds of years, our understanding of the Black Death (Yersinia pestis) remains clouded by false narratives.

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    And really, what’s so wrong with an extra hour or two of zzzs?

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    In a study recently published in the Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, historians at the UK’s University of Exeter argue the infamous plague likely didn’t move across the continent as quickly as many experts thought. The reason for the common misconception? A 14th century literary tale recounting the dangerous exploits of a fictional, traveling trickster. 

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    This story is part of Popular Science’s Ask Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.

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    The post Do you need more sleep in fall and winter? Probably. appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Heybike Mars 3.0 review: The folding e-bike built for adventure]]>This full-suspension, fat-tire folder is happiest bouncing down gravel paths and camping trails, though it does a good job rolling over city potholes, too.

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    The post Heybike Mars 3.0 review: The folding e-bike built for adventure appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/heybike-mars-3-folding-fat-tire-e-bike-review/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714776Tue, 04 Nov 2025 08:55:00 -0500GearOutdoor GearI see a lot of folding electric bikes where I live. In the dense D.C. metro area, space is a luxury and efficiency is the name of the game, at least until you get to the ex-burbs. Most of these folders are polite little machines with undersized wheels and tight wheelbases, purpose-built to collapse neatly into apartments and office corners. Not the Heybike Mars 3.0. This beefy beauty is about big adventure, starting with its four-inch fat tires and full suspension that smooth out rough terrain—and bad decisions—with equal ease.

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    Tricked by a poet

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    The Mars 3.0 reimagines the previous 2.0 model with one simple philosophy: more. More power, more torque, more range, more security, more cushion. It’s a folding e-bike that wants to roll out, not fit in.

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    The bubonic plague is largely remembered for the devastation it brought to Europe, but its origins remain steeped in inaccuracies. For decades, most experts believed the plague arose in China before sweeping westward in a matter of years via the Silk Road. While recent palaeogenetic reexaminations have shifted its nexus closer to central Asia, many researchers still contend it took barely a decade for the Black Death to travel as far west as the Black Sea by the 1340s. This “Quick Transit Theory” has remained one of the most popular hypotheses explaining the plague’s advancement.

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    The theory’s primary evidence isn’t based on genetic records. Instead, it stems from Risālat al-nabaʾ ʿan al-wabāʾ (“An Essay on the Report of the Pestilence”), a story penned by poet and historian Ibn al-Wardi in Aleppo, Syria, around 1348 CE. It’s arguably the most famous example of a maqāma, an Arabic narrative genre focusing on the misdeeds of a roving trickster character. The maqāma originated in the late 10th century, but began flourishing as a genre about two centuries later. By the 14th century, literate mamluk warriors were especially drawn to the tales, which are written to be read aloud in a single session.

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    Heather Kuldell-Ware

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    Ibn al-Wardi’s maqāma focuses on an itinerant meddler’s 15-year journey that begins in an unspecified region outside China. From there, he moves into China before leaving a trail of havoc across India, central Asia, Persia, and ultimately the Black Sea and Mediterranean.

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    - Pros

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    • 750 W (1,400 W peak) motor with serious torque
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    • Full suspension and fat tires for comfort and traction
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    • Multiple security layers: NFC cards, PIN, app, and key
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    • High-capacity battery for longer ranges
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    • Comes with built-in electronic horn, brake lights, and turn signals
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    • Comes in three colors: orange, blue and black
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    - Cons

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    • Stiff center hinge can make removing the battery or folding a two-person affair
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    • Dynamic battery gauge can be hard to predict
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    • Hard to secure to a bike rack without a long, flexible chain
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    • It folds, but it still requires larger vehicles for transport
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    • It’s easy to forget the key required for riding
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    - Specs

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    • - - Folded size - - - 38.2 inches tall x 19.7 inches wide x 33.1 inches deep -
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    • - - Motor - - - 750 W (1,400 W peak) rear hub with 95 Nm torque -
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    • - - Battery - - - 624 Wh -
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    • - - Removable - - - Yes, lockable -
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    • - - Compliance - - - UL 2849 -
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    • - - Range - - - Up to 65 miles -
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    • - - Class - - - Ships as Class 2, can be changed to 1 or 3 -
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    • - - Top speed - - - Unlock up to 30 mph -
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    • - - Throttle - - - Yes -
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    • - - Tires - - - 20″ × 4″ fat tires -
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    • - - Suspension - - - Front hydraulic fork with 65mm travel and rear Horst-link -
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    • - - Drivetrain - - - Shimano Altus 8-speed -
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    • - - Weight - - - about 70 lb -
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    • - - Frame size - - - One, fits riders from 4’11” to 6’2” -
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    • - - Connectivity - - - HeyBike app -
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    By the 15th century, Arabic and later European historians interpreted Ibn al-Wardi’s story as a fact-based parable, with al-Wardi’s trickster serving as an embodiment of the Black Death itself. The misunderstanding has skewed the plague’s true history ever since, explains the new study’s co-authors.

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    How we tested the Heybike Mars 3.0

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    “All roads to the factually incorrect description of the spread of the plague lead back to this one text. It’s like it is in the center of a spider’s web of the myths about how the Black Death moved across the region,” University of Exeter historian Nahyan Fancy explained in a statement.

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    I’m a short (5’4”) woman who rides bikes for fun and function in a population-dense suburb of Washington, D.C. That means I ride on city streets—sometimes with protected lanes, sometimes without, but always with traffic signs and lights—plus a healthy network of multi-use trails full of parents with strollers, joggers, other cyclists, and, occasionally, a rogue roller skater. Gathering my favorite accessories (a helmet mandatory, the rest left to preference), I took the Heybike Mars 3.0 through this gauntlet for errands and just pure joy-riding, plus extra time on gravel towpaths. In addition, I had two other riders—one 5’6” and one 6’1”—take turns on test rides to gauge their comfort and fun factor.

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    Fancy added that the entire accepted narrative has stemmed from this single maqāma, which remains unsubstantiated by any other contemporary accounts and even other maqāmas.

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    “The text was written just to highlight the fact the plague traveled and tricked people. It should not be taken literally,” said Fancy.

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    Design and details: A folder that doesn’t want to fold in with the pack

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    The maqāma remains relevant

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    I confess: I’m a thin-tire, lightweight-bike kind of girl who likes to pedal and treats throttles as a cheat code on the rare occasion I use them. I knew the upgraded Heybike Mars 3.0 would challenge all of that. Still, I’d become curious about the brand after spotting an increasing number of food delivery riders zipping past on them. The riders were always up for a quick chat—bike people usually are—and most mentioned the same two things: comfort and affordability. Then, without fail, they’d twist the throttle and vanish into traffic. Time is money, after all.

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    This revision isn’t meant to diminish the maqāma’s significance or artistry. If anything, it allows us to read and examine it in its proper contexts.

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    The Mars 3.0 arrives mostly assembled, leaving the head tube, handlebars, front tire, fender, light, and pedals to be attached. The box includes the tools you need, and the YouTube tutorials make setup easy to follow. It’s doable solo, though having a second pair of hands helps steady the frame.

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    “These maqāmas may not give us accurate information about how the Black Death spread. But the texts are phenomenal because they help us see how people at the time were living with this awful crisis,” said Fancy.

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    At about 70 pounds, the Mars 3.0 is no dainty commuter. It’s a dirtbike-ish with a step-through aluminum frame and a full commuter kit, including lights, turn signals, an electric horn, and a 440-pound payload capacity. The rear hub motor cranks out 750 watts (1,400 at peak) and 95 newton-meters of torque, which is serious muscle for a folding e-bike. It ships as a Class 2 e-bike limited to 20 mph, but you can unlock speeds up to 30 mph through the display or app. (Note: That’s not street legal in most places, so save it for open spaces.)

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    At the same time, Fancy says other historians can now look towards other major regional plague outbreaks, like the one in Damascus, Syria, in 1258 CE and China’s 1232-1233 outbreak in Kaifeng. Meanwhile, the need to express oneself creatively amid times of crisis remains universal.

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    Design-wise, the Mars 3.0 super-sizes a familiar e-bike silhouette. The larger frame pairs a front hydraulic fork with a rear Horst-link suspension and 20-inch by 4-inch all-terrain tires for a smooth, sometimes bouncy ride. Full suspension at $1,299 is uncommon, and the Mars 3.0 aims to help you make the most of it by increasing the range to 65 miles, 20 more than the previous model. 

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    “These writings can help us understand how creativity may have been a way to exercise some control and served as a coping mechanism at this time of widespread death, similar to the way people developed new culinary skills or artistic skills during the COVID-19 pandemic,” Fancy said.

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    The post Centuries of Black Death misinformation started with a poem appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[4 research-backed ways to beat the winter blues in the colder months]]>The post 4 research-backed ways to beat the winter blues in the colder months appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/4-research-backed-ways-to-beat-the-winter-blues-in-the-colder-months/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714934Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:30:00 -0500HealthMental HealthPsychologyThis article was originally featured on The Conversation.

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    Security gets the same overbuilt treatment. You can unlock it with an NFC card, a PIN code, or your phone’s app via Bluetooth, but to ride, you’ll still need to insert a physical key into the frame. It’s overkill, and frankly, a little old-school, but it fits the Mars 3.0’s personality: more is more.

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    As winter approaches and daylight saving time has ended, many people are bracing themselves for shorter days, colder weather and what’s often dismissed as the “winter blues.” But these seasonal shifts are more than a passing inconvenience, and can disrupt people’s energy, moods and daily routines.

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    Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a condition that heightens depressive symptoms during the fall and winter months, while the “winter blues” refers to a milder, temporary dip in mood.

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    Performance and ride feel: Pedaling optional

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    In Canada, about 15 per cent of the population experience the winter blues, while two to six per cent experience SAD. Although the exact cause of SAD remains unclear, it’s thought to be linked to reduced exposure to natural light during the fall and winter, which can disrupt our circadian rhythm.

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    I like the upright posture; though at 5′4″, there were moments I felt a little small on the frame. On paved roads, the combo of fat tires and full suspension smooths out cracks, curbs, and general city neglect. But those nubby, off-road tires roar like a prop plane on takeoff every time you throttle up on pavement. Even my riding buddies commented. Hit dirt or rocky bits, though, and the Mars 3.0 turns bouncy in the best way—almost gleeful about rough terrain.

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    Lower light levels affect brain chemistry by reducing serotonin — a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, sleep and appetite — while keeping melatonin elevated during daylight hours, leading to sleepiness and fatigue.

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    Twist the throttle or tap the pedals, and the Mars 3.0 surges forward like it’s been waiting for permission. In Eco mode, pedaling feels effortless and hills … well, what hills? In the top Boost level, pedaling becomes purely performative. You can coast for ages between strokes and still rocket ahead. The rhythm feels off because, really, this bike isn’t asking you to pedal—it wants you to throttle.

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    The good news is that with intention and evidence-based practices, winter can become a season of meaning, connection and even joy. As a clinical social worker and mental health therapist, here are four approaches that research and my clinical practice suggest can make the winter months more liveable.

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    Heybike says the 3.0 uses torque sensors for smoother assist, but to me, the response feels closer to cadence sensors. That’s a blast on open trails but twitchy in stop-and-go city riding. A few times at lights, I accidentally tapped a pedal and lurched forward—not ideal in traffic. I only noticed this in the highest settings. However, the Heybike app allows you to customize max speeds, throttle use, and tailor pedal assist levels to your liking (shown above). It also tracks rides, if you want. 

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    1. Make time a friend, not an enemy

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    Folded, the Mars 3.0 fits into the back of an SUV or RV, though its 70-pound frame isn’t something I can hoist casually. There’s a smart little stand to keep weight off moving parts, but a stiff hinge and those fat tires make closing it a two-person job. Ditto lifting it into my hatchback, where it just fit (as you can see above). Locking it up is another puzzle: with no classic triangle frame and extra-thick tires, U-locks won’t cut it unless you’re using a motorcycle version. Two flexible chains—or a folding lock—work best to secure both the frame and rear motor.

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    Winter can make people feel sluggish and unmotivated, and building small but intentional routines can help.

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    On a breezy fall day, I ran a full-throttle battery test and managed 23.6 miles with maximum assist with lights blazing. That’s solid for max output and suggests that lower assist levels with steady pedaling could reach Heybike’s claimed 65-mile range. The dynamic battery gauge, though, is its own little drama. One minute you have three-quarters of a charge, the next it’s gasping for volts. It bounces with effort, showing less on climbs and more on coasts, which caught me out mid-ride. When it finally dies, it does so politely but abruptly: no flashing lights, just silence and resistance.

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    Research in behavioural psychology shows that structured activities, even simple ones, can boost motivation. Try scheduling weekly rituals like coffee with a friend, a library visit or a favourite TV show to function as anchors when energy dips.

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    The Mars 3.0 isn’t subtle. It’s fast, and sometimes a handful. It’s built for people who like their rides the way Heybike likes its upgrades: more of everything.

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    Treat your own time with the same care you give others, and plan moments of quality time with yourself.

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    Another useful tool is “body doubling” — doing tasks in parallel or synchrony with someone else, either in person or virtually. This might mean watching the same movie from different locations, chatting on the phone while folding laundry or working together in a cafe. Shared routines foster accountability and connection.

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    So, who should buy the Heybike Mars 3.0?

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    Structured social routines are elements of cognitive behavioural therapy, a type of intervention used for those experiencing SAD and winter blues, which have been shown to prevent a depression relapse.

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    The Heybike Mars 3.0 is here to make your weekends longer, not to make your commute easier. It’s the e-bike equivalent of a portable adventure machine: heavy, capable, and a little wild. It’s for the “toss it in the truck and find a trail” crowd. RV travelers. Van-lifers. Weekend wanderers. City riders tired of bone-rattling pavement. If you measure value in smiles per mile instead of folding dimensions, this one earns its keep.

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    The post Heybike Mars 3.0 review: The folding e-bike built for adventure appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Brightest supermoon of 2025 lights up the sky this week]]>This month's full moon will come within about 222,000 miles of Earth. Here's how to prepare.

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    The post Brightest supermoon of 2025 lights up the sky this week appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/brightest-supermoon-november-2025/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714762Mon, 03 Nov 2025 14:56:00 -0500ScienceMoonsSolar SystemSpaceAs the year’s penultimate month kicks off, the year’s brightest supermoon is almost here. The Full Beaver Moon rises on Wednesday, November 5 and you can view it through Thursday, November 6. While this is the second in a series of three consecutive supermoons, it will be brighter than December’s Cold Moon. Here is what you need to know. 

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    2. Remember to go outside

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    When is November’s supermoon?

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    When the temperature drops, it’s tempting to stay indoors. But even brief time outside in the cold offers real benefits.

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    November’s full moon will reach peak illumination in the US Wednesday, November 5, 2025, at 8:19 a.m. EST.  

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    However, since the sun will already be up for many of us, be sure to look out on Wednesday and Thursday evenings, as the moon rises in the east during twilight. You can use this handy moonrise and moonset calculator from the Farmer’s Almanac to calculate when the moon rises and sets where you live. 

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    Exposure to natural light, even on overcast days, helps regulate circadian rhythms, improves sleep and stabilizes mood. Aim to go outside for at least 10 minutes a day: a brisk walk, skating or simply standing outside can lift heaviness.

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    What is a supermoon?

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    For those experiencing depressive symptoms, speak with a doctor about bright light therapy. Clinical studies show bright light therapy is one of the most effective treatments for SAD.

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    November’s full moon is only the second supermoon of 2025 and it is expected to be its brightest. The moon will come within about 222,000 miles of Earth this week.

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    Try to reframe snow as an invitation rather than an obstacle. Activities can range from winter picnics, pine cone scavenger hunts or snow painting to more contemplative pursuits like birdwatching, photography or snow-shoeing. For adrenaline seekers, winter sports like snowboarding can also provide a thrill.

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    When the moon orbits the Earth, it does not follow a perfect circle. As it moves around our home planet, it will get nearer and farther in more of an elliptical shape.

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    3. Cultivate moments of joy

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    Supermoons occur when the full moon is closer to Earth in its orbit. NASA says the full moon may look up to 14 percent bigger and about 30 percent brighter than the faintest moon of the year. April’s Pink Moon was the faintest full moon of 2025. 

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    Joy is often viewed as a trait or capacity some people inherently possess, but it can be cultivated intentionally. Small acts of savouring can gradually rewire the brain toward more positive states.

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    Why is it called the Beaver Moon?

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    One way to cultivate joy is by finding activities that invite “flow” — a term researchers use to describe moments when we become fully immersed in an activity and everything else fades away.

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    Every full moon has names that generally come from Native American tradition. The name Beaver Moon refers to the time of year when beavers begin to take shelter in their lodges, according to the Farmer’s Almanac. By November in North America, these ace ecosystem engineers already have enough food stores for the long winter and hunker down in their lodges along rivers and streams. During the height of the fur trade in North America, autumn was also the season to trap beavers, as their pelts were thick and ready for winter.  

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    Flow happens when challenge and skill are in perfect balance; when an activity is engaging but not so difficult that it overwhelms us. It trains the brain’s positive emotion circuits, strengthening pathways linked to attention, motivation and creativity. Activities that invite flow differ from person to person, and can range from puzzling or video games to cooking, crocheting, painting or poetry.

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    According to the Center for Native American Studies, November’s full moon is also sometimes called “Baashkaakodin Giizis,” or the Freezing Moon.

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    Joy is also collective. Shared laughter, body doubling or acts of hospitality remind us that joy grows stronger when practised in community. Even a potluck dinner, movie night or phone call can counter isolation, making joy a renewable resource generated with others.

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    Does the supermoon affect tides?

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    4. Create moments of stillness

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    Earth’s tides are caused by the gravitational pull between our oceans, the sun, and the moon. When the moon is closer to the Earth during a supermoon, the gravitational pull is slightly stronger and the tides are bigger. Yet this effect does not really make a huge difference, since there are only a few inches of difference between a regular moon tide and a supermoon tide, according to Royal Museums Greenwich in the United Kingdom.

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    Mindfulness and meditation are both flexible practices that can be woven into daily life to reduce stress and depression by improving attention, emotional regulation and reducing rumination.

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    The full moon and new moon tides can actually be bigger than those at other times during the lunar month, even a super moon. When the sun adds its own gravitational pull a strong spring or king tide is generated due to all of the water “springing forth” during a full and new moon.

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    Meditation is a technique for cultivating calm, such as deep breathing, while mindfulness is the broader act of staying present — for example, savouring the taste of your morning coffee. Both are proven to enhance focus, regulate emotions and reduce repetitive negative thoughts.

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    The same general skygazing rules are key when looking up at the supermoon. Try and travel to a dark spot away from the bright lights of a city or town and let your eyes adjust to the darkness for about a half an hour. You can also consult these handy tips to photograph the moon like a pro. 

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    The post Brightest supermoon of 2025 lights up the sky this week appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Celtic women held power—and were sacrificed]]>A teenager's remains indicate an Iron Age Briton tribe practiced human sacrifice.

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    The post Celtic women held power—and were sacrificed appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/celtic-women-human-sacrifice/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714755Mon, 03 Nov 2025 14:07:54 -0500ScienceArchaeologyThere’s a grisly murder mystery playing out in southern England. However, in this case, there’s no chance of bringing its perpetrators to justice. Still, a team of archeologists from Bournemouth University hope to use this cold case to better understand the culture of a 2,000-year-old Iron Age tribe—one whose beliefs and rituals likely included human sacrifice.

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    Research shows that as little as 10 minutes a day of pausing — consciously attending to the present — can significantly reduce stress.

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    The Durotriges were a Celtic tribe that lived in present-day southern England prior to Roman conquest during the 1st century CE. Extensive archaeological excavations and DNA analysis indicate that the group was highly matrilineal, meaning both personal inheritance and familial lineage passed through women instead of men. This contradicts many experts’ longtime assumptions about prehistoric European gender roles, although it corroborates with ancient Roman historical documents that recounted Celtic women in positions of power and land ownership.

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    Anchoring these moments in familiar routines can help, such as by taking five deep breaths the moment your feet touch the floor in the morning, pausing after a workout or sitting quietly in your car before entering the house. Apps offering short meditation exercises, sleep stories and reminders can help build this habit as well.

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    “It marks the first time that evidence of matrilineal communities have been documented in western European prehistory,” archaeologist Miles Russell said in a university announcement. 

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    For those living with others, brief daily check-ins, such as asking, “What were your highs and lows today?” encourage reflection and gratitude. Over time, these small rituals of breathing and reflection can help protect against emotional fatigue during the winter.

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    Despite the likely matrilineal social organization, at least some women here weren’t spared from a violent sacrificial fate. Russell and colleagues recently uncovered the remains of a teenage girl from the Iron Age buried face down in a pit at the Dorset site. The lack of accompanying grave items and her body’s positioning do not align with typical Durotrigan burial. A closer inspection revealed evidence of injuries sustained to her arms and upper torso, as well as signs that she may have been bound at the wrists. Archaeologists believe all of these signs point to some form of ceremonial or religious death.

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    Winter as a season of practice

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    “This appears to be the execution of a person carried out in a very theatrical manner,” Russell added in a statement to Arkeonews.

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    Rather than simply surviving winter, we can approach it as a season to learn, adapt and deepen resilience. Making time your ally, seeking wonder outdoors, cultivating joy as a skill and practising meditation and mindfulness in ways that feel personal are all ways to engage meaningfully with the season.

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    While this is one of the oldest skeletal remains of its kind to be found in Great Britain, it’s not the only one. The team’s recent find is the third grave to feature young women buried face-down with signs of trauma at the Dorset archeological site. Numerous questions surround these individuals, including their origins and possible roles in the community.

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    These strategies won’t erase the challenges of shorter days or colder weather, but research suggests they can help mitigate their impact on mood and well-being. By intentionally framing winter as a period of growth, we can change our mindsets to see winter as an opportunity for renewal.

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    Researchers now hope to conduct additional DNA and isotopic analyses on the latest excavation to learn details like the woman’s diet, health conditions, and even her ancestry. This information would clarify if the apparent sacrifices were members of the Durotriges tribe or outsiders brought to fulfill the grim ritual role.

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    The post Celtic women held power—and were sacrificed appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Portuguese Man O’War species honors ‘One-Eyed Dragon’ samurai]]>The newly discovered P. mikazuki is a tribute the famous warrior Date Masamune.

    -

    The post Portuguese Man O’War species honors ‘One-Eyed Dragon’ samurai appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/portuguese-man-o-war-samurai-species/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714747Mon, 03 Nov 2025 12:01:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyClimate ChangeConservationOceanScienceWildlifeA team of university students in Japan identified an entirely new species of the mighty Portuguese Man O’War. Described in a study recently published in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science, the creature’s distinct features and fearsome venom have earned it a name that honors a famous 16th century samurai warrior.

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    The winter solstice offers a symbolic reminder of this potential: that darkness gives way to light. Celebrating the solstice by lighting candles, gathering in community or setting intentions for the months ahead can transform the darkest day of the year into one of connection, renewal and love for the season itself.

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    It’s easy to mistake the Portuguese Man O’War (Physalia physalis) for a jellyfish. After all, it features a squishy “head” and venomous tendrils extending as far as 100 feet down into the ocean waters. These tentacles contain a potent neurotoxin that immobilizes its prey—as well as injure thousands of beachgoers around the world every year. But while the Man O’War (also known as a bluebottle) resembles a jellyfish, it’s actually an evolutionary relative known as a siphonophore. Instead of a single animal, siphonophores are composed of individual, genetically identical organisms called zooids. Different zooids focus on specific functions like reproduction, hunting, and digestion, allowing them to operate as a single, collaborative creature.

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    The post 4 research-backed ways to beat the winter blues in the colder months appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[2025 holiday gift guide: 30+ editor-approved presents for everyone on your list]]>Whether you're shopping for your closest friend who has everything or a grumpy family member who criticizes every gift you've ever given, we have the best suggestions for you.

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    The post 2025 holiday gift guide: 30+ editor-approved presents for everyone on your list appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/2025-holiday-gift-guide-30-editor-approved-presents-for-everyone-on-your-list/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714833Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:01:14 -0500GearYour friends and family deserve the best possible gifts. But, shopping can be tricky. You don’t want to give them something impersonal, like a gift card, but you also can’t resort to drawing them a card with a Christmas tree on it again. It’s our job to find the best products and deals, so we’ve spent way too much time digging up a ton of products that pretty much anyone would like. There’s something to fit most budgets and tastes. We’ll be regularly updating this list until the last possible moment, so get your shopping done now and save yourself the last minute stress. Also feel free to send us any of these items because they’re all great and we’ve been really, really good this year. Promise.

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    For around 250 years, marine biologists believed the Man O’War was its own distinct species. However, in June 2025, researchers confirmed that the infamous siphonophore is actually at least four separate species. Now, that number has been upped to five after a student’s unexpected encounter in Japan.

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    “I was working on a completely different research project around Sendai Bay in the Tohoku region, when I came across this unique ‘jellyfish’ I had never seen around here before,” study co-author Yoshiki Ochiai said in a statement. “I scooped it up, put it in a Ziplock bag, hopped on my scooter, and brought it back to the lab.”

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    This wireless 98-key mechanical board uses a UniCushion gasket structure to damp vibrations for a softer feel and cleaner sound. Hot-swappable linear switches, durable PBT keycaps, and white backlighting make it easy to tune the typing experience without diving into mods. It pairs with up to three devices via Bluetooth or the included Logi Bolt receiver and can run for months with backlighting off across Windows, macOS, ChromeOS, iPadOS, and more.

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    The animal’s arguably most striking feature was its strikingly cobalt blue pneumatophore. This gas-filled bladder allows it to continually float on the ocean’s surface, while its lengthy tentacles trawl along for prey. Ochiai showed the find to marine ecologist Chanikarn Yongstar, who helped describe and record the animal’s morphology.

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    “I looked at each individual part, comparing its appearance to old tomes where scholars drew out the jellyfish anatomy by hand,” said Yongstar. “A real challenge when you look at just how many tangled parts it has.”

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    Before their examination, biologists thought only one Man O’War now known as Physalia utriculus swam in the region between Okinawa and Sagami Bay off Japan’s eastern coast. They soon realized the area actually has been home to two separate species this entire time. 

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    Canned air will clean your car’s dashboard and center console, but it’s terrible for the environment and lacks the power necessary to get every last crumb. This rechargeable blower has a fan inside that spins at 150,000 RPMs to create wind speeds up to 190 MPB. It offers three speeds, so you don’t need to go full hurricane mode all the time. Despite all that power, it operates relatively quietly so it won’t bother your coworkers or roommates. The 6,000 mAh battery provides up to 100 minutes of airflow on a single charge, so it won’t give up when you’re trying to inflate your favorite pool toy or hide the evidence after eating the last of the tortilla chips after everyone else went to bed. You’re literally giving the gift of cleanliness.

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    The latest discovery is now classified as Physalia mikazuki, which translates to, “crescent helmet Man O’War.” The name is an ode to Date Masamune who lived from 1567-1636 CE. Masamune was one of the city of Sendai’s feudal lords, or daimyō, and displayed a recognizable crescent moon on his helmet. Also known as “One-Eyed Dragon of Ōshū,” Masamune is a renowned figure in the nation’s history and was even the subject of multiple Japanese period dramas.

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    Use code: POPsci10 and get $10 off any order through the end of 2025.

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    In addition to its distinct characteristics, P. mikazuki is the first recorded Physalia sighting that far north. This prompted researchers to wonder about its origins.

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    “[It] is an exciting finding in and of itself, but we still had questions about how it got here,” added study co-author Kei Chloe Tan.

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    To investigate, colleagues ran a particle simulation to test P. mikazuki’s possible travel routes atop the ocean currents. These scenarios tracked potential paths over the course of weeks or even months based on environmental factors like current speed, water temperatures, and weather patterns. The results indicate P. mikazuki likely followed the warm and powerful Kuroshio Current. The current has begun to extend further north in conjunction with high ocean-surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific Ocean. Although the first of its kind to be documented, the planet’s shifting climate suggests it will be far from the last P. mikazuki sighting.

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    The post Portuguese Man O’War species honors ‘One-Eyed Dragon’ samurai appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Digital linguists work to save the Arapaho language]]>New database built with over 100,000 Arapaho sentences.

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    The post Digital linguists work to save the Arapaho language appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/linguists-arapaho-language/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714738Mon, 03 Nov 2025 11:09:00 -0500ScienceTechnologyArapaho is one of the many an Indigenous languages that are severely at risk of disappearing. According to the United Nations, 4 in 10 Indigenous languages are currently at risk due to aging populations and ongoing discrimination against native speakers. For Arapaho, the population of native speakers of the language rooted in the Great Plains is aging. In an effort to fend off its disappearance, a team at the University of Colorado (CU) Boulder and the Northern Arapaho Language and Culture Commission are deploying digital tools including databases and language education projects. 

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    Kaleidescape will make it hard to go back to lowly streamed movies ever again. The company’s Strato V and Strato E movie players provide high-bitrate 4K video output with SDR, HDR10, and Dolby Vision. Kaleidescape movies are downloaded, not streamed, so there is never buffering or degradation. That allows for the highest possible fidelity across the board. All Kaleidescape movie players support lossless multi-channel and spatial object-based audio, including Dolby Atmos and DTS:X. Strato V stores roughly 10 Kaleidescape 4K movies while Strato E stores about 6, and both can be grouped with Terra movie servers for more storage. There are thousands of titles available for purchase or rent from the Kaleidescape movie store.

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    “Arapaho was the native language of Boulder, so when I got hired at CU I decided, well, I’ll look into Arapaho,” Andrew Cowell, a University of Colorado Boulder professor of linguistics and faculty director of the Center for Native American and Indigenous Studies, said in a statement. “I started looking into Arapaho more and more and doing more work on the side and eventually decided to switch departments into linguistics so I could focus all my energy on indigenous languages.”

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    Cowell has been working on a free online lexical database, with over 20,000 entries, akin to a dictionary, and a text database with over 100,000 Arapaho sentences. These sentences include several natural conversations and stories that the team has recorded throughout the years. Cowell has transcribed and translated the recordings, and the sentences are accompanied with a linguistic analysis. Altogether, their data represents close to 100 native speakers. 

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    While the text database is unpublished, it has already underpinned important projects aiming to preserve Arapaho and make learning the language more accessible.  

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    [ Related: A lost ancient language may be hiding in plain sight. ]

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    This handheld gaming PC puts your library in your hands and plays nicely with Xbox services. Dock it to a TV for couch co-op, or keep it portable for Game Pass on the go. You can dock it to a TV for couch co-op or keep it portable for full PC titles on the road. Upgradable storage and broad accessory support make it feel more like a tiny console than a phone.

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    “We’ve gotten a list of the frequency of all the nouns in the language and all the verbs,” Cowell explained. “We ranked those, and it allowed us to produce a really small student dictionary where we only included words that occurred around 40 times or more. It means (students) don’t have to flip through rare and uncommon words they’re unlikely to be really interested in as initial learners.”

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    Cowell and his colleagues are also working on a curriculum to teach Arapaho. The language was traditionally learned at home and not in an academic setting, so the team needed to develop the educational structure from scratch. 

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    “It’s all based on looking at the text we’ve collected and looking at the frequency of certain kinds of grammatical features that occur,” Cowell explained. “With Arapaho, no one’s really ever tried to teach it as a second language. Now we’re trying to learn it and teach it, and the databases have allowed us to really produce that scaled curriculum.” 

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    Oakley and Meta collaborated to make sunglasses that blend Oakley’s HSTN frame and Prizm lenses with hands-free photo capture, calls, and voice assistance. On-board controls and a straightforward companion app make setup and daily use simple. The design looks like proper shades while quietly packing Meta’s connectivity and camera features.

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    These efforts align with his aim to produce work that will benefit the Indigenous community. In Cowell’s experience, Indigenous communities consider language a vital part of their identity. One of the reasons that the full text database isn’t publicly available is the fear that it will be used or exploited by artificial intelligence. Nevertheless, 5,000 sentences approved by native Arapaho speakers will be published online. 

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    The post Digital linguists work to save the Arapaho language appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[‘Extremely rare’ Roman tomb discovered in Germany]]>No riches or remains are inside—but it probably wasn’t tomb raiders.

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    The post ‘Extremely rare’ Roman tomb discovered in Germany appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/rare-roman-tomb-germany/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714358Mon, 03 Nov 2025 10:12:00 -0500ScienceArchaeologyIn 15 BCE, the Romans invaded parts of Austria, Switzerland, and Germany. The region would eventually become the province of Raetia, but it was not valued for its economic resources. Instead, Raetia provided Rome with a strategic defensive position against potential invaders. Over 2,000 years later, the mighty ancient empire’s historic presence in the region still comes up to the surface every once in a while.

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    Construction work and related archaeological endeavors in the German Upper Bavarian district of Eichstätt has revealed the foundations of a Roman tumulus, or burial mound. Structures like these are rare in the former province of Raetia, and the excavations also revealed evidence of prehistoric settlements and ceramic remains.  

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    “We did not expect to discover a burial monument of this age and size here,” Mathias Pfeil, General Conservator of the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Historical Monuments, said in a translated statement. “The tumulus was located directly on an important Roman transport axis, allowing the family to commemorate a deceased person in a way that was visible from afar. The tomb was both a place of remembrance and an expression of social status.”

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    This tiny 3.5mm Bluetooth adapter lets you use wireless headphones with seat-back screens, gym machines, older TVs, and more. It can connect two pairs at once for shared watching, and it switches into receiver mode to add Bluetooth to a car or stereo you already own. The long battery life and simple one-button pairing make it easy to toss in a carry-on and forget about until you need it.

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    A square extension measuring 6.5 feet by 6.5 feet. -
    A square extension measuring 6.5 feet by 6.5 feet. Image: Archäologiebüro.
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    The discovery consists of a carefully arranged 39-foot-wide stone ring with a square extension that likely featured a statue or stele (a stone slab engraved with text and/or images). The stone circle is all that remains of the wall that once encircled the tumulus, and a tumuli with such large stone ring walls are “extremely rare” in Raetia.

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    Most burial mounds in the region date back further to the Bronze and Iron Ages. In fact, the researchers are now trying to determine if the  tumulus represents an intentional revival of pre-Roman sepulture traditions. Nevertheless, Roman central Europe and Italy had a long tradition of tumuli starting in the first century CE. Romans sometimes even reused Bronze and Iron Age structures to build their  burial mounds. 

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    Interestingly, the tumulus in question is empty of both a skeleton and grave goods. That doesn’t necessarily mean tomb raiders got there first, however. Since the burial mound is located along an important Roman road and close to a former Roman country estate, researchers theorize that the tumulus is a cenotaph, a memorial—sometimes an empty tomb—to someone interred elsewhere. 

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    The post ‘Extremely rare’ Roman tomb discovered in Germany appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[How to use AI Mode instead of regular Google searches (or avoid it altogether)]]>AI for search has arrived, and it can be useful, in moderation.

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    The post How to use AI Mode instead of regular Google searches (or avoid it altogether) appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-use-ai-mode-google/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714733Mon, 03 Nov 2025 10:00:00 -0500DIYAITech HacksTechnologyAI has made its way into nearly all of the apps and websites we use regularly, whether you like it or not. From editing images to  planning trips, or doing anything else on our digital devices, AI is now more likely to show up.

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    If fur and dander are part of daily life, this purifier focuses on capturing pet pollutants while running quietly in the background. It is easy to live with in a bedroom or living room and helps with odor control during shedding season. A multi-stage filter and a low-profile design make it practical for apartment dwellers and multi-pet households alike.

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    That extends to web searches as well. Instead of just typing “best bars in Paris” or “how does the Moon affect the tides?” into a Google box, you can have a back-and-forth with AI and get answers that may be more useful. Bots such as ChatGPT and Claude now offer web search, and Google has added its own dedicated AI Mode, which we’ll cover here.

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    While this more conversational way of searching the web may feel more natural and give you quicker responses, you’re also going to get some inaccuracies—it’s just the way AI works. Google itself admits “AI responses may include mistakes” while you’re using AI Mode, so bear that in mind.

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    Questions also remain about energy use and the ethics of AI scraping work by human writers without recompense or acknowledgement (AI bots have never actually visited bars in Paris, they’re just regurgitating existing information). With that in mind, if you’d rather avoid Google AI Mode, we’ll cover how to do that too.

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    This cordless smart lamp doubles as a JBL speaker, so it handles bedtime playlists and ambient lighting from the same spot on your nightstand. It syncs light to music, supports Matter for simple control, and includes preset scenes for study sessions or wind-down time. The rechargeable battery keeps the setup cable-free for desks, dorms, and side tables.

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    Get started with Google AI Mode

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    ai mode popup
    You might have already been invited to try AI Mode. Screenshot: Google
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    You might find yourself invited to try out AI Mode via a large pop-up dialog the next time you visit Google, but if not, you’ll now find an AI Mode button to the right of the search box on the Google homepage. Click this to enter the AI mode interface, which invites you to “ask detailed questions for detailed responses”.

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    You can then type in whatever query you like. Maybe you want to know what the best smartphone under $500 dollars is, or the best craft activities for kids under 5. On the right, there’s a microphone button if you’d rather speak out your search request, or there are also picture and paperclip icons for uploading images and files respectively.

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    This multi-tool brings everyday essentials plus backcountry extras like a ferro rod and blade sharpener. It is the kind of “fix almost anything” pocket gear that earns a permanent place in a pack, glovebox, or tackle box. One-handed access and a solid pocket clip make it useful even when you are mid-task.

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    For example, you can upload an image of a broken bicycle and ask AI Mode the best way to fix it, or give it a multi-page PDF and ask what the key points are. It’s this sort of versatility that can make AI Mode several times more useful than a standard Google search, which returns a series of links to elsewhere on the web.

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    If you go for a regular search, without images or attachments, AI Mode will scour the web for answers and then present them in summarized form. You’ll see small web link icons that will direct you to the websites where the information’s been pulled from, as well as larger previews of these sites on the right.

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    Part of the reason for using AI Mode is so that you can keep the conversation going, and you can ask any follow-up questions you like beyond your main query. Perhaps you want to restrict your original search somehow, or ask Google more about what it’s found, or get the AI Mode to explain one of its answers.

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    Access your AI Mode history—or avoid it

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    google search screenshot
    AI Mode is more like a chatbot conversation. Screenshot: Google
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    There are a few different features to know about in Google AI Mode besides the basics. At the end of each response, you’ll find thumbs up and thumbs down buttons for rating the quality of the output you’ve been given. There’s also a share icon (the lesser-than icon) you can use to share the results with someone else.

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    On the left, you’ve got options for starting a new search (the pen inside the rectangle) and for accessing your AI Mode search history (the clock symbol). Using the three dots by the side of each search they can be shared and deleted, while via the three dots at the top of the list you can delete your entire AI Mode search history.

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    You can also manage your AI Mode history in the same way as your history in other Google apps and services: Through your Google account activity page. From here you’re able to delete any AI Mode searchers you’ve previously run, go back to them, or tell Google to delete them automatically after a certain time period.

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    Along the top of the AI Mode screen you’ll see the usual Google search categories, including Images and Shopping. You can also click All to run a standard Google search—which should give you an idea of whether or not a regular search is going to suit you better. If you run a regular Google search, meanwhile, you can click AI Mode in the top left corner to switch to the new AI interface.

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    As for how to turn AI Mode off, you can’t—Google is betting big on AI, along with almost everyone else. All you can do is avoid it (and the AI Overviews), and run your Google searches as normal. Quitting Google doesn’t really work either: Even the alternative search engine DuckDuckGo now has an AI element, though it’s currently easier to ignore than Google’s AI Mode.

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    The post How to use AI Mode instead of regular Google searches (or avoid it altogether) appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Is microwave cooking nuking all the nutrients?]]>Short answer? Probably not.

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    The post Is microwave cooking nuking all the nutrients? appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/do-microwaves-destroy-nutrients/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714429Mon, 03 Nov 2025 09:00:00 -0500HealthAsk Us AnythingScienceOriginally used for radar and other technologies, the power of microwaves was first harnessed specifically for heating food in 1947. By the late 1960s, commercial microwave ovens were small and inexpensive enough to become fixtures of the modern kitchen. And by the 1970s, scientists were starting to wonder just how this form of electromagnetic radiation might be affecting the food that it heated. Microwaving food produces different textures and flavors than other cooking methods. So what, if anything, happens to the nutrition in food when it gets nuked in your microwave oven?

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    In 2009, a review of research studies on microwave cooking plainly spelled out their conclusion: “no significant nutritional differences exist between foods prepared by conventional and microwave methods.” However, this doesn’t mean that microwave ovens don’t change or reduce the nutrition in your food at all; they just don’t appear to do so any more than other methods of cooking.

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    All cooking transforms food, to the benefit of some nutrients and the detriment of others. For example, heating causes structural changes to protein molecules that make them easier for our bodies to absorb and digest. This, along with other factors like the destruction of pathogens, is likely why prehistoric humans started cooking meat. Other nutrients, such as vitamin C and B-vitamins like thiamine and niacin, are soluble in water and easily destroyed by heat. This means that they tend to be reduced during the cooking process, especially when you boil cabbage or other nutritious veggies.

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    Open-ear bone-conduction headphones keep you aware of traffic while still delivering punchy sound for runs and rides. They are sweat-resistant, stable on sprints, and include a reflective strip for visibility during early-morning or after-work miles. The quick-charge feature adds juice for a workout when you are headed out the door.

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    A vintage black and white photograph shows a blonde woman, Jackie Copeland, in a dark dress demonstrating the Raytheon Radarange, one of the earliest commercial microwave ovens, in 1946. The large, industrial-looking appliance is resting on a tall pedestal, and she is holding a small item next to the heating compartment.
    Jackie Copeland demonstrates the Raytheon Radarange’s hamburger cooking abilities on October 7, 1946 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The Radarange was a precursor to later, smaller microwave ovens. The Radarange itself needed a very large cooling system. The oven had only two buttons and a dial timer. Image: Bettmann / Contributor / Getty Images Bettmann
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    YETI 16 oz Insulated Food Jar

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    In 2009, Chinese researchers measured the concentration of vitamin C and other nutrients in broccoli before and after five common home cooking methods: boiling, steaming, stir-frying, stir-frying followed by boiling, and microwaving. They determined that microwaving did produce different effects on nutrients from the other cooking methods. However, microwaving did not cause the greatest loss of any measured nutrient out of the five cooking methods compared. For example, in the case of vitamin C, “all cooking treatments, except steaming, caused a dramatic loss,” researchers reported. This was likely because steaming was the method that placed the broccoli in the least direct contact with water. Boiling produced the greatest losses of vitamin C (more than 30 percent). In comparison, microwaving reduced vitamin C in the broccoli by only 16 percent.

    - - - -

    How do microwaves cook food?

    - - - -

    The main way in which microwaving differs from other methods of cooking is not its effect on nutrition, but its effect on a food’s molecules. Microwaves heat food by acting on polar molecules: those with differently-charged ends, such as water, sugar, and fat molecules. As the electromagnetic fields inside a microwave oven shift, polar molecules spin rapidly, aligning and realigning themselves with their opposite charge. The kinetic energy generated by these vibrating molecules is converted into thermal energy, or heat, by friction, and that heat then transfers to the rest of the food and warms it up. 

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    + + Keep your Spaghetti-Os hot all day. + +

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    Non-polar molecules inside a microwave oven, such as air molecules, are not affected and therefore not heated directly by microwaves. And as microwaves do not penetrate all the way through solid food, heating is most consistent only in the outermost surface layer. This is why you may have to stir food after microwaving to ensure even heating, and why microwaving frozen foods doesn’t always thaw them all the way through.

    +

    Pack hot chili or cold yogurt and trust it to hold temperature until lunch. You could also pack hot yogurt, I guess, but that would probably be pretty weird. The wide mouth makes it easy to fill and clean, and the leak-resistant design stands up to daily commutes and trail time. A durable exterior resists chips and dings so it looks good after a season of use.

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    Healthy microwaving 

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    Belkin UltraCharge 3-in-1 Foldable Magnetic Charger with Qi2 25W

    -

    In a separate study on nutrient loss in microwaved broccoli from 2007, researchers advised shorter microwave times with less water to retain the greatest amount of nutrients. Similar conclusions may be drawn about other cooking methods, such as boiling. The more water used and the longer the food is cooked for, the more nutrients can leach out of the food and into the cooking water. That’s why broth is a thing.

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    - -

    - Related Ask Us Anything Stories

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    Seriously, stop microwaving your food in plastic

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    Does eating spicy food help you lose weight? Science has a clear answer.

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    Is raw milk safe? Science has a clear answer.

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    Should you keep eggs in the fridge? Short answer: Yes.

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    Can you survive on a single food forever?

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    So when you’re using the microwave, you can rest assured that it isn’t decimating the nutritional value of your food. However, you should still be wary of other possible impacts microwaving can have. The label of “microwave-safe” seen on some plastic containers refers to the integrity of the container itself: It means that the container won’t melt in the microwave, not that it poses no risk to your health. Scientists have long recognized the ability of plastic containers to release potentially harmful chemicals into food when heated by microwaves. In 2023, a study from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln found that some microwaved plastic containers release micro- and nanoplastic particles in the billions. For this reason, glass or ceramic containers are considered safer choices for microwaving food.

    +

    This compact stand powers your phone, earbuds, and watch from a single outlet, then folds flat for a tidy bag or nightstand. Magnetic alignment keeps your phone in place, which is helpful for video calls or StandBy mode. A single cable simplifies travel and reduces charger sprawl on the desk.

    -

    There has also been speculation that microwaves account for a greater production of the compound acrylamide than other cooking methods. Acrylamide, which develops naturally in starchy foods like potatoes during cooking, has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies. But there’s still more research to be done on the connection between microwaves and acrylamide as well as between acrylamide and cancer in humans, according to a 2024 BBC report on the safety of microwaved food. For precaution, says the same report, you can boil your potatoes or soak them in water before microwaving them, which inhibits acrylamide from forming.

    +
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    Victorinox Huntsman Swiss Army Knife

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    The short answer as to whether microwaves destroy nutrients is that it depends which nutrient you’re talking about. From a nutritional standpoint, to nuke or not to nuke may also depend on the food in question and just how long you plan on microwaving it for. Like any other device in your kitchen, the microwave comes with both benefits and drawbacks; it’s not necessarily your one-stop solution for everything culinary, but it can be a useful tool.

    +
    + + I carry one of these every day. + +

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    -

    This story is part of Popular Science’s Ask Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.

    -

    The post Is microwave cooking nuking all the nutrients? appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Orcas are hunting young great white sharks for their livers]]>Moctezuma’s pod continues their dominance in the Gulf of California.

    -

    The post Orcas are hunting young great white sharks for their livers appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/orcas-hunt-great-white-shark/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714444Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsSharksWhalesWildlifeOrca whales are skilled pack hunters with an ever-growing list of prey. Some killer whales devour other marine mammals like seals, while others primarily dine on salmon. Recently, ocean researchers discovered that the apex predators aren’t afraid of taking on equally formidable foes—great white sharks. Now, a study published on November 3 in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science documented even more remarkable hunting behavior. In the Gulf of California, members of the much-studied Moctezuma’s pod were observed killing juvenile white sharks by flipping them upside-down to feast on their energy-packed livers.

    +

    This 91 mm Swiss Army Knife adds a real wood saw to everyday essentials like the blade, scissors, can and bottle openers, and tweezers, so it is equally useful in a camp kit or desk drawer. The slim profile still fits a pocket organizer, but the corkscrew, awl, and parcel hook give you handy tools you will actually use. The durable build and easy-to-clean scales make it a reliable multitool you can keep for years.

    -

    The latest observations suggest that orcas may be incorporating great white sharks into their diets more than marine biologists realized, but the researchers stopped short of making any definitive conclusions. However, study co-author Erick Higuera Rivas thinks it’s a possibility.

    -

    “I believe that orcas that eat elasmobranchs—sharks and rays—could eat a great white shark, if they wanted to, anywhere they went looking for one,” the project director at Conexiones Terramar and Pelagic Life said in a statement. “This behavior is a testament to orcas’ advanced intelligence, strategic thinking, and sophisticated social learning, as the hunting techniques are passed down through generations within their pods.”

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    An orca strikes a shark in the belly. Image by Marco Villegas.
    Orcas hunted the juvenile sharks in groups of five. Credit: Marco Villegas Marco Villegas Martínez
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    Regardless, Rivas and colleagues know for certain that at least some members of Moctezuma’s pod in the Gulf of California regularly pursue great whites. In 2020, the team documented two separate hunts that collectively resulted in three white shark deaths during routine orca monitoring. In the first instance, five orcas ambushed a juvenile great white shark, then pushed it to the surface before working collaboratively to flip it onto its back. The whales and their prey soon disappeared underwater, with only the attackers reappearing later—with chunks of the shark’s liver in their mouths. Not long after, they repeated the strategy with another young great white. Another documented great white shark feast took place two years’ later, and followed similar steps.

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    This midweight pullover uses soft recycled fleece that feels cozy on its own and layers cleanly under a shell. The snap-neck lets you dump heat on the move, and the kangaroo pocket keeps hands warm while holding keys or a trail pass. It works as an everyday layer for cool commutes, camp mornings, and weekend chores.

    -

    Turning sharks upside-down isn’t simply to disorient them. Doing so induces tonic immobility, effectively paralyzing them and altering their environmental awareness.

    “This temporary state renders the shark defenseless, allowing the orcas to extract its nutrient-rich liver and likely consume other organs as well, before abandoning the rest of the carcass,” said Rivas.

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    -

    The sharks’ injuries imply that the pod’s orcas have developed this signature technique as a way to reduce the chance of being bitten. Researchers believe focusing on juvenile targets might also be easier than taking on a full-sized adult shark.

    + + + + See It + +
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    An orca subdues a white shark.
    The young great whites may offer a seasonal variation to their usual diet. Credit: Marco Villegas Marco Villegas MartínezMarco Villegas
    +

    This heavy-duty hoodie handles job-site scuffs and weekend projects while staying warm and comfortable. Reinforced details and durable fabric mean it can take real wear without retiring early. The roomy fit layers easily over base layers and under a shell.

    -

    “Adult white sharks react quickly to hunting orcas, completely evacuating their seasonal gathering areas and not returning for months. But these juvenile white sharks may be naive to orcas,” said study co-author Salvador Jorgensen. “We just don’t know yet whether white shark anti-predator flight responses are instinctual or need to be learned.” 

    +
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    Great white sharks may not be orcas’ first choice of prey. Instead, they could be meals of opportunity for this pod. Shifting climates along with events like El Niño have likely altered white shark nursery regions, thereby increasing their presence in the Gulf of California. This may be what ultimately led to initial run-ins with Moctezuma’s pod. Now, juvenile sharks may present a seasonal addition to the orcas’ diets.

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    -

    All of this remains conjecture for the time being. The authors say that more detailed surveys are needed before offering concrete answers. Even so, it’s at least abundantly clear by now that when push comes to shove, orcas will willingly take on some of the ocean’s most terrifying predators.

    -

    The post Orcas are hunting young great white sharks for their livers appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[How to fix your Google Discover page]]>It's just a swipe away on most Android phones.

    -

    The post How to fix your Google Discover page appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-optimize-google-discover/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714488Sun, 02 Nov 2025 13:00:00 -0500DIYTech HacksThe Google Discover page is just a swipe away from the home screen on millions of Android phones—including on the Google Pixel and Samsung Galaxy. But a lot of users aren’t necessarily aware that it’s there, or how they can make the most of it.

    +

    This portable smart projector includes built-in Android TV, so you can stream from popular apps without hooking up a separate device. The long-life LED light source starts quickly and delivers consistent brightness, while keystone and focus adjustments help you get a sharp, square image in different rooms. Its compact design and built-in speakers make it easy to move from living room viewing to backyard movie nights.

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    As the name suggests, the aim of the page is to help you discover information of interest. It could be news stories, sports scores, or weather forecasts for example, and over time the page should get better at figuring out what you want.

    -

    If you’ve never taken a proper look at the Google Discover page, or don’t feel you’ve ever really understood how it works, read on. It’s not something you’ll find built into iPhones, though you can find a similar page inside the Google app for iOS.

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    Chrome Urban Ex Backpack 30L

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    + +
    + Chrome Urban Ex Backpack 30L +
    + + You can transport your cargo without getting it wet. + +

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    Navigating to the Google Discover page

    + +
    -
    screenshot of discover feed
    Google Discover will serve up a host of news stories for your feed. Screenshot: Google
    +

    This weatherproof rolltop is made for bike commutes and unpredictable forecasts. It protects a laptop, swallows gym gear, and shrugs off downpours with welded seams and a tough, minimalist shell. The structured back panel and quick-access pockets keep essentials organized.

    -

    All it takes to get to the Discover page on an Android phone is a swipe from left to right on the home screen. If you’ve got several home screens in play, you need to keep swiping until you get to the one that’s furthest to the left—then the next swipe should open up Google Discover for you.

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    Darn Tough Men’s ABC Cushioned Hiking Boot Socks

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    + Men's ABC Boot Midweight Hiking Sock Darn Tough +
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    You might find some slight variations depending on the type of Android phone you’ve got. For example, Google Discover is enabled by default on Galaxy phones, but can be replaced by a Samsung News screen. To get Google Discover back, open up Samsung News, then tap the three dots (top right): Choose Add media page to Home screen, and you’re able to choose between Google Discover and Samsung News.

    + + + + See It + +
    -

    At first, if you’ve just started using the Google Discover feature, the news stories you see might not be all that relevant to you. They’ll be based on a variety of factors and information that Google has access to, which might include your Chrome browsing history and your past Google searches—so these stories should be at least somewhat related to what you’ve previously looked up online.

    +

    Merino wool regulates temperature and manages moisture, while underfoot cushion keeps feet happy on long days. The lifetime guarantee is a huge plus for people like me who abuse footwear. The durable knit resists pilling and holds its shape after repeated washes.

    -

    You can tap on any story to read it within the built-in Google Discover browser: Use the down arrow and cross icons (top left) to minimize or close the browser as needed, and get back to Discover. There are also buttons underneath each story to like the story and to share it with others (you can pick a specific contact or app, or get a link to share).

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    ororo Men’s 5-Zone Insulated Heated Bomber Vest

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    Keep scrolling down the Discover page to get more and more stories. Up at the top, you get some information widgets that serve up sports scores, weather forecasts, stock prices, sunrise and sunset times, currently playing media, and other content Google thinks you’ll be interested in. At the very top, you can tap Google to run a web or AI search.

    +
    + + This guy is warmer than he looks. + +

    ororo

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    Customizing the Google Discover page

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    Five heat zones warm your core without adding bulky layers, which makes dog walks and sideline time more comfortable. You can pick your heat level, pop in the battery, and slide it under a jacket when temperatures drop. The water-resistant shell and hand-warmer pockets make it practical even without the heater turned on.

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    screenshot of search data on phone
    You can customize Discover and run searches from it too. Screenshot: Google
    -

    Now you know where to find the Google Discover page and how to get around it, you’ll want to start customizing it. To some extent this should happen automatically, as Google learns more about you through your browsing history (if it’s in Chrome on the desktop or mobile), and through your Google searches.

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    If you tap the three dots next to any story in your Discover feed, you’ll find there are several options you can use to refine the sort of news you’re seeing: You can choose to See less content like this, or tell Google that you’re Not interested in a topic. It’s also possible to block a particular website from Discover via this pop-up menu.

    + +
    -

    In the other direction, you can express approval for a story choice by tapping the heart icon underneath it. You also have the option to Save a story to look at later (tap on the three dots to find it). To find stories you’ve saved, tap on your Google account picture (top right), then Saves and collections.

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    This durable shacket handles cool mornings and shop chores better than a hoodie. It layers easily, resists scuffs, and gives you pockets you will actually use. The snap-front closure speeds up on-and-off when you are bouncing between tasks.

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    You’re able to customize the Discover feed in several other ways: Tap your Google account picture (top right), then Search personalization, and you can tweak the stories you’ve liked, the topics you’re following (like “soccer” and “tech” for example), and the list of items that you’re not interested in—so if you’ve previously never cared for cat content, but now you love it, you can edit that here. You can also edit your Google search history.

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    Grillo’s x P.F. Candle Co. Pickle Candle

    -

    There’s also a way to set your preferred news stories across Google Discover and Google search: You need to run a standard Google search from Discover about a topic in the news, then click the icon next to the right of the Top Stories box. From there you can add preferred sources—so you might want to include Popular Science, for example.

    -

    The post How to fix your Google Discover page appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[What do you see? 12 extreme close-ups bring ‘hidden science’ to life]]>New photography book encourages us to look for science everywhere.

    -

    The post What do you see? 12 extreme close-ups bring ‘hidden science’ to life appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/12-extreme-close-ups-bring-hidden-science-to-life/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714351Sun, 02 Nov 2025 12:00:00 -0500ScienceEnvironmentPhotographyTechnologyScience is all around. Phenomenal Moments: Revealing the Hidden Science Around Us (Candlewick/MiTeenPress, November 4, 2025) is a joyful invitation to discover just how amazing our world is. Organized into five thematic sections, the book turns learning about science into a guessing game. Detailed photographs like the ones below taken by MIT researcher and science photographer Felice Frankel challenge readers to deduce the underlying chemical, natural, or physical processes at play. Then, with the a turn of the page, the scientific explanation is revealed. Images are republished with permission. (Click to expand images to full screen.)

    +
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    + +
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    + + Cinnamon has officially been replaced as the holiday scent. + +

    Grillo’s x P.F. Candle Co.

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    -
    a close up of a pink gerbera daisy
    Although it appears to be a single stunningly beautiful flower, the gerbera is a composite of hundreds of flowers with three different subgroups. The central disk, appearing green here, contains the subgroup called disk florets. Surrounding the central disk are the trans florets. Look carefully in the trans area to find the small yellow structures. These are stamens. Image: Felice Frankel.
    + + + + See It + +
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    droplets of multicolored paint
    While walking past a storefront that was being painted with all sorts of colors, I noticed quite
    a bit of the paint splattered on the sidewalk. It reminded me of a Jackson Pollock painting. The patterns of droplets, dribbles, and swaths of paint depend on the viscosity among other things. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    It smells like a fresh jar of pickles, which makes it a perfect kitchen gift for the person who adds brine to everything. The clean-burning wax and quality jar make it more than a novelty. It’s a unique smell that will cover up the acrid stench you created while trying to roast your own chestnuts.

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    sandy steps leading down to a beach
    The traces of sand on the stairs, previously suspended in the ocean’s water, were brought in with high tide, which occurs when the moon exerts its gravitational pull on the Earth. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    HexClad Griddle Tool Set (8-pc)

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    Autumn is my favorite time of the year. The colors of the leaves are caused by the breakdown of the green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps the leaves extract energy from sunlight. Since the chlorophyll is not being replenished in the autumn, the yellowish and red pigments now can be seen. Image: Felice Frankel.
    Autumn is my favorite time of the year. The colors of the leaves are caused by the breakdown of the green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps the leaves extract energy from sunlight. Since the chlorophyll is not being replenished in the autumn, the yellowish and red pigments now can be seen. Image: Felice Frankel.
    +
    + + Smash your burgers in style. + +

    Hexclad

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    bubbles in a slear liquid
    I always find it fascinating seeing bubbles form after I pour carbonated water into a glass. The bubbles are carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the liquid under pressure. When we open a bottle or can, the pressure is released and the carbon dioxide comes out of the solution as bubbles or effervescence. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    Heat-resistant handles and rigid blades on these high-class griddle tools give you control when you are flipping or scraping. It comes with a pair of tongs that open and lock closed with one hand. You also get an extremely burly burger smasher and four silicon egg rings so you can make epic breakfast sandwiches with minimal mess.

    -
    green leaves with a wavy texture
    Lamb’s ear has a hairy surface that makes the leaves hydrophobic. When water comes into contact with the leaves, it beads up and rolls off rather than sitting on the leaf surface. The effect provides nature with a way of cleaning the leaves. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    a close up of sauteed vegetables where the colors are blurred
    While sautéing yellow, orange, red, and green peppers for a pasta dish on my induction stove, the glass cover on my pan began to reflect all the wonderful colors. Heat from the cooking surface caused the water from the peppers to vaporize, creating steam that was captured by the glass cover. The water coalesced into larger drops, forming condensation on the glass. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    white and red strawberries
    Have you ever seen white strawberries? It turns out that they are not strawberries, but pineberries, which are very similar to the red strawberries we are used to seeing. Both of these types of berries appear to have “seeds” on the surface, but those dots are not actually seeds. They are the plant’s ovaries, called achenes. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    tarnished metal with green, orange, and brown splotches
    This metal fence was originally painted green, but corrosion has caused the steel of the fence to rust and paint to flake off. Rust (iron oxide, which is red or yellowish) is formed from oxidation. Image: Felice Frankel. 
    +

    This compact oven heats fast and bakes blistered pies wherever you set up. A pair of burly handles on top make it easier to lug around than a typical cooler. Plus, it can hit the same super-high temperatures as larger pizza ovens so you can have the classiest possible camping grub you could ever want.

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    the bottom of a copper pt with red, orange, blue, and green tarnish
    When the bottom of my copper pot was exposed to heat and air, it was oxidized, leading to the formation of a thin layer of copper compounds—especially copper carbonate—on its surface. We call the process patina formation (or just patination). Over time, different types of oxidation reactions take place, forming various copper compounds. The different compounds produce the colors. Image: Felice Frankel. 
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    -
    sunlight reflecting off of water
    The bright sun glitter in the foreground is a result of sunlight reflecting off a rippled surface of water. The angle of the sun hitting the waves determines the shapes of the sun’s reflection. Where you stand makes a difference to what you see. Image: Felice Frankel. 
    + + + + See It + +
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    a close up of opal, with blue lights and dots of red and green
    Over many years of geological time, opal is slowly formed as many small spheres of silica (what
    glass is made of) self-assemble into perfectly ordered layers. Diffraction (not to be confused with refraction) occurs when light passes through the spheres and gaps, and it is split into the colors of the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    Trying supportive insoles can be the fastest route to happier feet during long shifts or travel days. This bundle makes it easy to dial in fit and alignment without guessing at the store wall. The trim-to-fit design and arch options let you customize support for different shoes.

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    Phenomenal Moments: Revealing the Hidden Science Around Us (Candlewick/MiTeenPress, November 4, 2025).

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    Traeger Flatrock 3 Zone Griddle

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    Felice Frankel is a renowned science photographer and MIT research scientist. Her work has appeared in National Geographic, Newsweek, Nature, and Scientific American, she is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

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    The post What do you see? 12 extreme close-ups bring ‘hidden science’ to life appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>en-US<![CDATA[6 hip stretches for tightness and pain]]>Is hip tightness to blame for your back or knee pain? It could be.

    -

    The post 6 hip stretches for tightness and pain appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/hip-stretches-for-tightness-and-pain/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714084Sun, 02 Nov 2025 08:00:00 -0500HealthFitness & ExerciseYou’re not getting any younger. That’s not a dig, it’s a call to action—or, more specifically, activity. Because, even among those of us who exercise regularly, the further we get from childhood the more limited our varieties of movement typically become, leading to weaker muscles, brittler bones and less mobile joints. Especially the hips.

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    + + Cooking inside is boring. + +

    Traeger

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    + + + + See It + +
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    “We don’t move laterally as much anymore, as we get older and we’re not playing sports. Even if you’re long-distance running, you’re just moving in one plane [of motion],” says Patrick Suarez, OCS, SCS, a physical therapist based in Albany, New York. “We don’t extend as much.”

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    Three independent heat zones let you run eggs, smash burgers, and veggies at once without juggling pans. The broad surface and grease management keep a crowd fed and the cleanup sane after weekend cookouts. The thick plate holds heat evenly so you can sear and sauté without hot spots.

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    The result of this abbreviated movement can be tightness in the hips due to shortened muscles and ligaments that are unaccustomed to moving through full ranges of motion. Those effects can be compounded by the trappings of modern living, which involves a lot of just… sitting there.

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    “When we’re younger, we run a lot more, sprinting-wise. So our leg gets behind us, which is where our glutes are most powerful,” Suarez says. “So if we’re sitting a lot, we’re not extending our hips, we’re not using our glutes as much. If we’re not moving side to side as much, we’re not using our lateral hip muscles and trying to get those glutes firing in that direction as well.”

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    Native Union Pocket Cable

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    Native Union

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    If you experience tightness in your hips — or pain in your back or knees (more on that below) — Suarez has identified six stretches that can help make them feel 19 again.

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    -

    Is hip tightness to blame for your back or knee pain?

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    This short, tangle-free charging cable lives in a hard case so it stays clean in pockets and sling bags. It is the dependable backup you forget about until the moment you really need it. The integrated keeper prevents frayed ends and mangled connectors.

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    With the exception of the shoulder, the hip is your most mobile joint. It’s also supported by the largest muscle in your body, the gluteus maximus. If you’re deficient at the hips, say with weak glutes or stiff connective tissues, their duties can get redistributed to neighboring anatomy.

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    + +

    Anker Prime Charger (250W, 6 Ports, GaNPrime)

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    + + The built-in display lets you track how fast your gadgets charge. + +

    Anker

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    “When you have issues at the hip, you’re generally going to feel it at the knee or at the low back,” Suarez says. “Because you’ll start using your back more in ways that it’s not meant to be used, to accommodate for your lack of hip strength or mobility. And if you’re a long-distance runner, that knee can start to rotate a little bit, which it’s not meant to do.”

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    Over time, Suarez says, repetitive misallocation of the workload to your back and knees most often manifests as lateral or anterior knee pain or low back soreness. It can even lead to injury, compounding the importance of hip mobility.

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    This desktop hub shares up to 250W across four USB-C and two USB-A ports, with USB-C1 delivering up to 140W for fast laptop top-offs. PowerIQ 4.0 and adjustable modes balance output intelligently, while the LCD and app controls let you see and fine-tune distribution at a glance. The compact GaN build keeps heat in check and replaces a mess of bricks with one travel-friendly unit.

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    “You’ll notice it when you’re trying to come out of a deep knee flexion,” Suarez says. “So if you’re bending your knee to go up a stair—especially if you’re trying to skip a step—and that knee buckles in a little bit, you’re essentially trying to find your glute.”

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    Dremel 8150-N/20 Brushless USB-C Rechargeable 8V Rotary Tool

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    That can go for rotation of the legs, too, especially internally. “From a research perspective, a lack of hip internal rotation has a direct correlation to low back pain,” Suarez says.

    +
    + + Think of all the projects you could do. + +

    Dremel

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    +     +
    + + + + See It + +
    -

    Try these 6 hip stretches for lower-body mobility

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    A cordless rotary tool unlocks sanding, cutting, polishing, and small fixes without dragging a cord around the bench. The included accessories help beginners jump straight into repairs and craft projects. Variable speeds and a compact grip give you control for delicate jobs.

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    The hip is a complex joint with many stabilizing muscles as well as, of course, its prime movers. The following movements are designed to improve strength and flexibility in the hips, especially with internal rotation, which has a direct correlation to low back and knee pain.

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    The post 2025 holiday gift guide: 30+ editor-approved presents for everyone on your list appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[New species looks like a fuzzy pink hermit crab wig]]>The pair lives in a symbiotic relationship over 1,000 feet below the Pacific.

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    The post New species looks like a fuzzy pink hermit crab wig appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/pink-fuzzy-anemone-species/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714922Wed, 05 Nov 2025 10:00:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsHumans don’t need to blast off into space to find some truly alien-looking wonders. The deepest depths of our ocean are like another planet, teeming with the charismatic “Casper” octopus, the carnivorous Bathyphysa siphonophore (aka the flying spaghetti monster), and even some sharks. 

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    However, if your pain is intense, seek clearance from a healthcare professional before participating in any type of exercise—these movements included. Even with a greenlight from your doctor, you should avoid any activity that causes or worsens pain in your hips.

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    A team from Kumamoto University in Japan recently uncovered a deep-sea anemone that has a tight bond with hermit crabs. These wispy pink invertebrates build shell-like “homes” for the crabs. The discovery highlights an exciting case of biological mutualism–a relationship where both species benefit. Their findings were recently published in the journal Royal Society Open Science.

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    1. Shin box

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    This newly identified anemone is named Paracalliactis tsukisome, and was found living on the shells inhabited by the hermit crab Oncopagurus monstrosus. The pair lives about 656 to 1,640 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean, near Mie and Shizuoka Prefectures in southern Japan. Most sea anemones lack hard skeletons and are instead built with softer tissues. However, this new species secretes a hard shell-like structure called carcinoecium. The carcinoecium then expands to reinforce the hermit crab’s shell. 

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    90/90 stretch
    Repeat this position each side. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    a four-panel image of an anemone attached to a crab shell
    Paracalliactis tsukisome, a newly discovered sea anemone living in symbiosis with hermit crabs on the deep-sea floor off Japan. Its name is derived from the ancient Japanese poetry anthology Man’yōshū. Image: Yoshigawa et al. 2025/Kumamoto University.
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    Also known as a 90/90 hip switch, this sit-up for your glutes helps you move through both internal and external hip rotation to promote greater stability. 

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    The anemone primarily feeds on organic particles and the crab’s feces. According to the team, this is an unusual but efficient form of recycling food resources on the deep-sea floor. 3D imaging and micro-CT scanning revealed that the anemone attaches to the hermit crab’s shell using a consistent, one-directional pattern that is potentially linked to its feeding and shell-building behavior. 

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    • Sit upright on a mat or rug, with your right leg in front of you and your left leg behind you, both knees bent 90 degrees. Your right shin should be flat on the floor and roughly parallel to the top of your mat.
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      The hermit crab benefits from this partnership with the anemone by achieving a larger body size than its relatives. This growth suggests a mutualistic relationship between these two deep-sea species. Similarly, the Atlantic hermit crab species Pagurus arrosor will carry a single Calliactis anemone on top of the snail shell it lives in. 

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    • Making sure to keep your torso upright and core engaged, squeeze your glutes to drive your hips up and forward, lifting your upper body off the mat.
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      The soft pink anemone was named tsukisome, which translates to a pale pink color, after an ancient Japanese word found in the Man’yōshū, Japan’s oldest anthology of poetry. The Man’yōshū or “Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves,” is a collection of 4,500 poems, some dating back to the 7th century or earlier. In this ancient poetry, a tsukisome-dyed kimono symbolized gentle yet sincere affection. The team believes that this name honors the anemone’s delicate color and its partnership with its hermit crab host.

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    • With control, slowly lower your body to the starting position. Perform an equal number of reps on both sides.
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    “This discovery shows how even simple animals like sea anemones can evolve surprisingly sophisticated behaviors,” study co-author and Kumamoto University marine biologist Akihiro Yoshikawa said in a statement. “Their ability to build a shell-like structure is a fascinating clue to understanding how animals perceive space and direction.”

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    The post New species looks like a fuzzy pink hermit crab wig appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Why some scientists say our universe is Sad Millennial Beige ]]>Plus loud rats and other weird things we learned this week.

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    The post Why some scientists say our universe is Sad Millennial Beige  appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/cosmic-latte-weirdest-thing-podcast/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714915Wed, 05 Nov 2025 09:13:18 -0500ScienceDeep SpaceSpaceThe Weirdest Thing I Learned This WeekWhat’s the weirdest thing you learned this week? Well, whatever it is, we promise you’ll have an even weirder answer if you listen to PopSci’s hit podcast. +The Weirdest Thing I Learned This Week hits Apple, Spotify, YouTube, and everywhere else you listen to podcasts every-other Wednesday morning. It’s your new favorite source for the strangest science-adjacent facts, figures, and Wikipedia spirals the editors of Popular Science can muster. If you like the stories in this post, we guarantee you’ll love the show.

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    If you’re unable to fully extend at the top of the movement, Suarez says you’ll feel where your tightness is, whether it’s in the front hip (external rotation) or the back hip (internal rotation).

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    Watch Shin Box:

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    FACT: “Cosmic latte” could be the aggregate color of our universe—depending on who you ask 

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    By Rachel Feltman

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    2. Frog stretch with internal rotation

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    In 2002, two astronomers analyzing data from more than 200,000 galaxies decided to answer a question nobody asked: if you could trap all the light in the universe (from the perspective of someone on Earth) in a box and look at it in a dark room, what color would it be? They crunched the numbers and announced the universe was a lovely turquoise. This made perfect sense to them, since the light of young blue stars mixed with an ever-increasing number of older red stars could create a greenish hue. 

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    Right? Wrong. A color science expert named Mark Fairchild caught one glaring error in the fun little thought experiment: the astronomers came up with the color using free software that had been calibrated with the wrong white point. Basically, their results presumed that the viewer was looking at the universe while standing in a room with neon red lighting. When they corrected the issue, the real color turned out to be a slightly pinkish beige—so close to white that they insisted you probably couldn’t even tell the difference.

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    This movement combines lumbar (lower back) flexion with internal rotation of your legs at the hip for increased mobility.

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    The researchers then held a public naming contest via email (this was 2002, after all). Submissions included “Big Bang Buff,” “Cosmic Cream,” “Astronomer Green” (someone didn’t get the memo about the correction), and the winning entry: “Cosmic Latte.” Though “Cappuccino Cosmico” actually got more votes, they went with Latte because it means milk in Italian (Galileo’s native tongue) and connects to the Milky Way. When some folks complained that the universe is actually mostly empty space, which reads as black to a human viewer, the researchers basically said that, since the parts of the universe we perceive as black contain zero information, calling the universe black would be boring and pointless. 

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    • Start on all fours, with your hands on the floor directly below your shoulders, your knees greater than hip-width apart and your heels touching.
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      Listen to learn why “Primordial Clam Chowder” only got four votes (!) and what the actual research project this silly experiment sprang out of taught us about star formation history.

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    • Keeping your core engaged and your hands planted, bring your hips back toward your heels.
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      FACT: New York City rats yell louder when ambulances pass by, and AI is helping us eavesdrop on their conversations

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    • As you shift forward to return to the starting position, keep your chest up as you internally rotate your right leg so your right foot points out toward your right side. Don’t let your right hip drop.
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      By Tom Lum

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    • Bring your right foot back to meet the left and again bring your hips back toward your heels.
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      This week’s episode of The Weirdest Thing I Learned This Week features science communicator Tom Lum. He’s sort of been on the show before, thanks to his first viral TikTok back in 2021. Bee jet lag, anyone? 

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    • Repeat on the other side, performing an equal number of reps on each.
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    Tom recently made a video for Scientific American about new research on New York City rat communication. He took a deeper dive into that study for this week’s episode. 

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    Watch Frog Stretch:

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    Brown rats have lived alongside humans for thousands of years, and arrived in NYC when the Big Apple was just getting off the ground. But as ubiquitous as they are in the five boroughs, studying their behavior in these urban wilds has always been tricky. How do you quantitatively analyze animal movements and behavior in one of the noisiest environments on Earth?

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    Enter computational ecology. Researchers used thermal imaging, ultrasonic microphones, and AI models to parse countless hours of footage and isolate rat squeaks. 

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    3. Single-leg bridge with knee drive

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    They found that NYC rats are… a lot like human New Yorkers, actually. The rodents talk constantly—yapping in groups, yapping alone, and making “human audible vocalizations from aggressive interactions in the park.” Younger rats explore in groups and move slowly like NYU freshmen, while solo rats are much quicker. When an ambulance passed by during one recording, two rats increased their volume to be heard over the siren. 

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    One-legged glute bridge
    Repeat this on the other side. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    The results suggest that rats have adapted to city life in ways that feel pretty familiar—and remind us that AI can actually be used for awesome academic purposes and not just scammy startups and sloppy propaganda.

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    A unilateral version of the traditional hip bridge, this movement helps isolate one side at a time to improve strength, symmetry and hip extension.

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    You can find more of Tom’s work on his website. And if you’re in the NYC area, you can catch his science game show Our Findings Show at Caveat on November 11! Streaming tickets are also available. 

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    • Lie on your back, with your arms by your sides, your right foot flat on the floor and your left knee drawn in toward your chest.
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      FACT: If you flip part of this single-celled organism backwards, its offspring will be born with the same wonky body plan—and we have no idea why

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    • Keeping your core engaged, squeeze your glutes and drive through your right heel to lift your hips off the floor. 
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      By Lauren Leffer

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    • Hold at the top of the move for one or two seconds, squeezing your glutes, and slowly lower your hips to the starting position.
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      Imagine cutting off your hands and reattaching them backwards. If you went on to have kids one day, they would be born with their hands in the proper place, right? It turns out that’s not always how inheritance works.

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    • Switch sides and repeat, performing an equal number of reps on each.
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    We know this because, in the 1960s, a Baltimore scientist named Tracy Sonneborn decided to Frankenstein some parameciums (single-celled organisms covered in tiny hair-like appendages called cilia). He’d chop off part of a paramecium, rotate it 180 degrees, stick it back on, and watch what happened. Shockingly, the offspring of these collaged cells were born with the same deformities. Despite no changes to DNA whatsoever, flipped cilia stayed flipped for generations. And this isn’t just one guy’s weird experiment. It’s been replicated multiple times. 

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    If you can’t perform the movement on one leg, simply do the bilateral version with both feet on the floor and work up to it. “Most of everyday life is unilateral — walking, running, scaling stairs,” Suarez says. “Asymmetries have the potential to lead to injuries, so the idea is to try and be as symmetrical as possible. The main way to do that is by doing unilateral exercises.”

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    We still don’t really know why it happens, though there are some vague theories. And it’s not just parameciums, either: more recent studies showed that after being exposed to viruses, worms could inherit immune proteins not coded in their DNA for up to 100 generations.

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    Watch Single-Leg Bridge with Knee Drive:

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    All of this is kind of awkward for the people who write biology textbooks, because we’ve spent centuries dunking on Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and his theory of inheritance. If you’re not familiar, that’s the idea that, to name one infamous example, giraffes got long necks by stretching for tall leaves and passing the resulting increase in length to their offspring. While that’s not how inheritance actually works, broadly speaking, it does seem like Lamarck might deserve some retroactive credit. Between paramecium experiments and modern epigenetics, we now know of a surprising number of exceptions to our neat Mendelian genetics rules. 

    +

    The post Why some scientists say our universe is Sad Millennial Beige  appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Black hole unleashes brightest flare ever—brighter than 10 trillion suns]]>A supermassive black hole’s star snack lit up the cosmos like never before.

    +

    The post Black hole unleashes brightest flare ever—brighter than 10 trillion suns appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/brightest-black-hole-flare/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714860Tue, 04 Nov 2025 15:49:42 -0500ScienceBlack HolesDeep SpaceSpaceIt’s hard to wrap your head around the fundamentals of a black hole. From event horizons to singularity points and the general collapse of space-time as we understand it—the list goes on. That said, you don’t need to be an astrophysicist to grasp the enormity of the cosmic event recently recorded by researchers at Caltech’s Palomar Observatory.

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    Using the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey, the team witnessed a supermassive black hole roughly 500 million times more massive than the sun make a months’ long meal out of a nearby star. At one point, the resultant black hole flare was 30 times brighter than any similar scene on record, producing 10 trillion suns’ worth of light. The activities of active galactic nucleus (AGN) J2245+3743 are detailed in a study published on November 4 in the journal Nature Astronomy.

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    “This is unlike any AGN we’ve ever seen,” Caltech astronomy professor, ZTF project scientist, and study co-author Matthew Graham said in a statement.

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    4. with single-leg balance

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    Brightened by a factor of 40

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    Banded walk
    A resistance band is a great mobility investment. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    Graham and colleagues first noticed increasing luminosity from J2245+3743 on April 2, 2018. However,an initial scan using Palomar Observatory’s 200-inch Hale Telescope didn’t flag anything particularly odd. But by 2023, astronomers realized that the flare was decaying slower than predicted. It was only after another spectrum scan from the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii that they learned just how bright J2245+3743 had gotten. Astronomers ultimately watched as the AGN’s energy flare brightened by a factor of 40.

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    This slight variation on a very popular exercise adds a balance component and allows you to better feel the muscles around the hip engage.

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    Initially, the team was not quite sure what might cause such a dramatic outburst and ran through a list of possibilities. They quickly determined the most obvious explanation–a supermova–just wouldn’t cut it.

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    • Loop an exercise band around both legs just above your knees, and stand with your feet hip-width apart.
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      “Supernovae are not bright enough to account for this,” explained study co-author and City University of New York astronomer K.E. Saavik Ford. “If you convert our entire Sun to energy, using Albert Einstein’s famous formula E=mc2, that’s how much energy has been pouring out from this flare since we began observing it.”

      -
    • Keeping your chest up and core engaged, sink into a half squat by pushing your hips back and bending at your knees, shifting your weight onto your heels.
      • +
      The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory, where ZTF resides. Credit: Palomar / Caltech
      The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory, where ZTF resides. Credit: Palomar / Caltech
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    • Maintain squat form as you step your right foot out to your right, following with the left foot, for three to four steps.
      • +

      What is a tidal disruption event?

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    • On your last step, shift your weight onto your right foot and pause, balancing for several seconds
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      Graham, Ford, and their team eventually settled on a tidal disruption event as the most likely explanation for this burst of light. Also known as a TDE, a tidal disruption event kicks off when a supermassive black hole’s gargantuan gravitational pull snags a nearby star. The black hole then begins siphoning the star’s energy as it begins its inescapable death spiral. But that doesn’t mean a star constantly shrinks after an AGN captures it. Occasionally, the energy transfer is a two-way street.

      -
    • Step your left foot out to your left and follow with the right to return to the starting position, pausing on the left foot, and repeat.
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    “Stars this massive are rare, but we think stars within the disk of an AGN can grow larger. The matter from the disk is dumped onto stars, causing them to grow in mass,” said Ford.

    -

    Watch Lateral Band Walk:

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    Around 100 tidal disruption events have been recorded to date, but most haven’t featured an active galactic nucleus like the newly observed J2245+3743. That’s because an active galactic nucleus’ surrounding disk of feeding material generally hides any TDE emissions from even the most sensitive observatory tools. In this case, J2245+3743 was so gigantic that there was no way to miss it.

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    The new record-holder is far more powerful than the previous top tier TDE. First observed in April 2021, ZTF20abrbeie (nicknamed “Scary Barbie”) was ultimately 30 times weaker than J2245+3743 and involved a star 3 to 10 times larger than the sun. At 10 billion light-years away, J2245+3743 is also one of the oldest black holes ever seen, and took place when the universe was comparatively young.

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    5. Seated hip internal rotation

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    A slow-mo black hole

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    Sitting hip rotations
    You can use whatever is comfortable between your knees. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    Given all of the weirdness that accompanies a black hole, astronomers are technically watching the event play out in slow-motion.

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    Strength in your internal rotators has a high correlation to low back pain and decreased hip mobility, according to Suarez. “Hip internal rotation should be part of everyone’s routine,” he says.”

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    “It’s a phenomenon called cosmological time dilation due to stretching of space and time. As the light travels across expanding space to reach us, its wavelength stretches, as does time itself,” said Graham. “Seven years here is two years there. We are watching the event play back at quarter-speed.”

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    • Sit on a bench or box high enough that your feet don’t touch the floor, and squeeze a foam roller, yoga block or equivalent object upright between your knees.
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      While J2245+3743 is now the record holder for brightest black hole flare ever seen, astronomers say its top spot may not be permanent. As powerful as it is, they suspect that similar events are occurring throughout the universe at any given time. Only by keeping an eye to the sky will they find any worthy competitors.

      -
    • Keeping your chest up and core engaged, internally rotate your hips by flaring both feet out to the sides while maintaining tension on the foam roller.
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      “We never would have found this rare event in the first place if it weren’t for ZTF,” said Graham. “We’ve been observing the sky with ZTF for seven years now, so when we see anything flare or change, we can see what it has done in the past and how it will evolve.”

      -
    • Return your feet to the starting position and repeat.
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    As for J2245+3743, it still isn’t quite finished with its stellar snack. Even after two of its own years, the AGN’s flux still remains two magnitudes above its pre-flare level.

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    The post Black hole unleashes brightest flare ever—brighter than 10 trillion suns appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Endangered rhino horns and elephant tusks seized in California]]>Poachers kill over 20,000 African elephants every year for their ivory.

    +

    The post Endangered rhino horns and elephant tusks seized in California appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/endangered-elephant-tusks-poaching-california/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714825Tue, 04 Nov 2025 14:00:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsConservationEndangered SpeciesWildlifeThe California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) recently broke up an alleged illegal poaching front in Los Angeles County. According to the department, thousands of elephant ivory pieces along with multiple “large, intricately carved tusks,” a sea turtle shell, and at least nine rhinoceros horns were confiscated from an unnamed business. 

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    Watch Seated Hip Internal Rotation:

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    “The global demand for ivory and rhino horn fuels poaching and organized crime,” CDFW Deputy Director and Chief of Law Enforcement Nathaniel Arnold said in a statement, adding that these and other operations “send a clear message” to black market vendors.

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    Despite global conservation efforts, poaching remains one of the biggest threats to many endangered species. Illegal rhino hunting has increased significantly in recent years, with an estimated 12,000 of the endangered animals in Africa killed since 2008. South Africa, home to over half the world’s roughly 27,000 rhinos, consistently experiences the biggest burden.

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    Suarez says many people will experience cramping as a result of this movement because they’re not accustomed to using their hip internal rotators, which get a lot of action here.

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    The statistics are even starker for elephants. The World Wildlife Fund estimates that poachers annually kill over 20,000 African elephants for their tusks. Prices wildly fluctuate in the unregulated market, but 2.2 pounds of ivory can sell for well over $500. The consequences aren’t simply a threat to population numbers either. In 2021, researchers discovered that a growing number of elephants are being born without tusks.

    -

    6. Copenhagen

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    Aside from investigating and holding poachers accountable, conservation organizations are getting creative in how to curb the deadly situation. Everything from irradiating rhino horns for tracking purposes to training giant rats to search for contraband has been suggested.

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    Copenhagen stretch
    Yes, it looks a little weird, but it works. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    While the Los Angeles County samples still require testing and confirmation from the CDFW’s Wildlife Forensics Lab, the operation comes almost exactly a decade after the state enacted a law to expand its prohibition on ivory and rhino horn sales. Prior to the passage of Assembly Bill 96 , ivory and rhino horn sales were prohibited for any items harvested after 1977. Today, all sales are illegal and can result in tens of thousands of dollars in fines.

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    The post Endangered rhino horns and elephant tusks seized in California appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Stinky ‘rotten egg’ gas could fight nail infections]]>Don't worry, scientists are working on the odor.

    +

    The post Stinky ‘rotten egg’ gas could fight nail infections appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/nail-infections-rotten-eggs/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714821Tue, 04 Nov 2025 13:00:00 -0500HealthBiologyMedicineScienceIf you have ever let a container of hardboiled eggs spoil or visited a volcano that is spewing lava and gas, you’ve likely taken a whiff of hydrogen sulfide. This colorless and flammable gas has a uniquely unpleasant rotten egg smell.  However that nasty smell (and the gas it belongs to) could have a new use treating pesky infections. 

    -

    A slightly more advanced movement targeting the adductors of the inner thigh, this hip internal rotation exercise helps improve hip mobility.

    +

    Specifically, a team from the University of Bath and King’s College London believes that the gas could be used to treat difficult nail infections. In a study recently published in the journal Scientific Reports, a treatment made from hydrogen sulfide could heal nail infections faster and with fewer side effects than what’s currently on the market.

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    • Lie on your left side propped up on your forearm with your elbow directly under your shoulder, your hips stacked and the inside edge of your right (top) foot on a bench, chair or other stable object with room below for your extended left leg.
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      The nitty gritty of nail infections

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    • Engage your core and press onto your right (top) leg to lift your hips off the floor, allowing your left (bottom) leg to float beneath it. Your body should form a straight line from your knee to your hip to your shoulder.
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      Fungi and bacteria cause infections in the toenails and fingernails. One common nail infection, called paronychia, occurs when bacteria enters the skin through the cuticle or nail fold. Toenail fungus (sometimes called Onychomycosis) can make the toenails thick and yellow and occur when fungi get between the toenail and the tissue right underneath it. 

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    • Hold the position, and then slowly lower your hips back down to the floor. Perform an equal number of reps on both sides.
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    These infections affect between four and 10 percent of the global population, rising to nearly half of those over the age of 70. These types of infections can lead to medical complications, especially in vulnerable groups including those with diabetes and the elderly. They are also notoriously difficult to treat with topical ointments and oral antifungals taken in pill form. 

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    Watch Copenhagen:

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    While oral antifungals are fairly effective, they can take around two to four months to actually get rid of the infection. Antifungal pills also carry risks in patients who are immunocompromised or have other underlying medical conditions. 

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    Topical treatments that are applied right on the nail are safer, but can sometimes take years to work. These treatments can also frequently fail because it is difficult for the active ingredients to penetrate through the nail to the area where the infection resides. 

    -
    -
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    Even the most effective of these topical treatments have fairly low cure rates, emphasizing the need for new approaches that are not only safe and effective, but can reach the microbes that are embedded deep within the nail. 

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    If you need to modify the movement, you can perform the Copenhagen plank with your bottom leg on the floor and/or your top calf or knee on the bench instead. This will shorten the distance from your body to the bench, reducing the load.

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    The post 6 hip stretches for tightness and pain appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[In 1925, seven students went 60 hours without sleep—for science]]>Scientists were out to prove sleep was just a waste of time.

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    The post In 1925, seven students went 60 hours without sleep—for science appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/why-need-sleep-study/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714217Sat, 01 Nov 2025 13:00:00 -0400ScienceDiseasesHealthHeart DiseaseMental HealthPsychologyThe grueling Medical College Admission Test, or MCAT, was first devised in the 1920s by George Washington University professor Frederick August Moss. Originally called the Scholastic Aptitude Test for Medical Students, Moss developed the readiness test as a way to curb high dropout rates in medical schools. The MCAT paved the way for other standardized admission exams, like the SAT, and the many sleepless nights college-bound students still endure in preparation. But Moss likely wouldn’t have minded that sleepless legacy: To Moss, a psychology professor at GWU, sleep was a useless habit. 

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    Rotten egg gas to the rescue?

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    In November 1925, Popular Science writer Newton Burke described an experiment Moss conceived of to assess whether sleep was a “tragic waste of a third of the precious hours of a lifetime.” His study was one of several then cutting-edge experiments to assess the effects of sleeplessness and determine whether humans might be trained to do without sleep altogether.

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    Hydrogen sulfide, a small and naturally occurring gas that is known for that “rotten egg” smell, offers a potential new treatment. Previous studies have shown that it can penetrate the nail plate more effectively than current topical drugs. This new research shows it also works well against several different nail pathogens, including some fungi that are resistant to common antifungal pills.

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    A century later, the health-bestowing benefits of sleep have been well documented. Yet, in a curious way, a corollary to Moss’s central question still lingers—not whether sleep is a waste of time, but whether there can be too much of it. 

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    In lab tests, the team used a chemical that releases the hydrogen sulphide gas into the nail. The gas itself then disrupts the way that the microbes in the fungi produce energy. Once the microbes can’t get enough energy, they die along with the fungi. According to the team, this process efficiently reaches the infection at the source. 

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    A century ago, seven undergraduates stayed awake for more than two days

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    “We believe that a topically applied medicine containing hydrogen sulphide could become a highly effective new treatment for nail infections,” study co-author and University of Bath microbiologist Dr. Albert Bolhuis said in a statement. “Our research lays the foundation for a compelling alternative to existing treatments, with the potential to improve outcomes for patients suffering from persistent and drug-resistant fungal nail infections.”

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    On a late-August weekend in 1925, Moss gathered seven undergraduates in Foggy Bottom, GWU’s bustling neighborhood sandwiched between the White House and Georgetown in Washington, DC. Their mission: stay awake for at least 60 hours, during which time Moss would periodically monitor vital signs and reflexes, administer intelligence tests, and assign simple tasks, like parallel parking a car to test alertness. 

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    Treatment down the road

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    Among the volunteers was the aptly named Louise Omwake, just 17 years old and already an exceptional student and athlete. Her classmate, Thelma Hunt, reportedly sharp-witted and fiercely ambitious, had her sights set on a career in psychology. For Omwake and Hunt, the sleeplessness study was just one adventure in remarkable lives. Both went on to lead noteworthy careers—Omwake as a national education trailblazer, and Hunt as a psychologist, physician, and department head at GWU. 

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    While hydrogen sulphide does have some toxicity, the researchers believe that the amounts required to treat nail infections are well below toxicity levels and that the correct formulation will limit any unpleasant odours.

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    A faded, vintage photograph shows a woman, possibly Thelma Hunt, seated in the driver's seat of a black, early 20th-century automobile with the window down. She is looking forward, and her arm is resting on the door. The car is parallel parked on a city street in front of brick buildings, and a man in a cap is standing next to another vehicle on the right.
    Psychology graduate student Thelma Hunt participates in a sleep deprivation study by parallel parking in front of buildings on the George Washington University campus after not sleeping. Image: Public Domain
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    So far, the treatment has only been conducted in a lab, but the team hopes to develop a product for patient use in the next five years.

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    For the next two and a half days, the group of seven drove through the Virginia countryside, played baseball, and sang songs to stay awake, ultimately succeeding in their mission. To sum up Moss’s preliminary findings, Popular Science’s Burke wrote, “Too much sleep, like too much intoxication, actually may be harmful, deadening the activities of mind and body.” 

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    “We are looking forward to translating these findings into an innovative topical product that can treat nail infection,” added Stuart Jones, Director of the Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research at King’s College London.

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    The post Stinky ‘rotten egg’ gas could fight nail infections appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Why we (probably) aren’t living in a computer simulation]]>Mathematicians say they proved reality is real. Critics already say otherwise.

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    The post Why we (probably) aren’t living in a computer simulation appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/not-living-in-computer-simulation/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714815Tue, 04 Nov 2025 11:24:07 -0500ScienceTechnologyDespite how it may feel some days, we probably aren’t stuck in a computer simulation. An international team of mathematicians says that they have once-and-for-all determined that our reality is, in fact, real. According to some of the latest mindbending quantum theories combined with centuries’ old mathematical theorems, their study published in the Journal of Holography Applications in Physics states the popular simulation theory is more than improbable—it’s fundamentally impossible.

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    In the 1920s, lots of people wondered if we really needed that much sleep

    - - - -

    The 1920s obsession with sleep—or rather sleeplessness—echoed the cultural mood of the time, shaped by a rapidly industrializing America, and embodied by ambitious leaders like inventor Thomas Edison, who, in an 1889 interview with Scientific American, claimed, “I get through twenty hours a day. I find four hours sleep quite sufficient for all purposes.”

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    To his credit, Burke remained skeptical of Moss’s findings, and of other sleeplessness experiments conducted at the time, including one at the nation’s first sleep research lab at the University of Chicago, chronicled by Popular Science in July 1925. Summing up the results of such experiments, Burke concluded, “It is the consensus of scientific opinion that thus far there has been developed no way for the average man to reduce his sleep materially without a bad effect on his health.”

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    What is the ‘Simulation Hypothesis?’

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    A century later, we know that sleep is really important

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    The possibility that our entire universe merely exists inside a computer simulation is more than an idle science fiction thought experiment. Physicists, mathematicians, philosophers, and college dorm roommates have argued over the scenario’s feasibility since the dawn of the digital age in the 20th century. 

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    In the century since, scientists have confirmed Burke’s conclusion that sleep isn’t a waste of time, nor is it passive. Rather, it involves active, essential biological work. But sleep is still poorly understood. Only in the last two decades have scientists had the tools to tease apart the biological activity that happens at a cellular level during sleep. 

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    However, the debate about whether or not any of this is “real” stretches thousands of years into the past. Indian mystics, ancient Greek thinkers, Chinese theorists, and Aztec priests all put forth various takes on the validity of what we see around us. These discussions get even more complicated when you add modern supercomputers into the situation.

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    Specialized laser lights, or optogenetics, can measure and activate neural pathways. And advanced imaging techniques like deep ultrasound can reveal what happens in different brain regions. Such research has found that during sleep the brain consolidates memories, repairs itself, and clears toxins, like beta-amyloid, a protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease. The immune system recharges during sleep and hormones are dispatched to regulate metabolism and cell growth. 

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    “If such a simulation were possible, the simulated universe could itself give rise to life, which in turn might create its own simulation,” University of British Columbia quantum researcher Mir Faizal explained in a statement. “This recursive possibility makes it seem highly unlikely that our universe is the original one, rather than a simulation nested within another simulation.”

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    Where in 1925 some scientists may have been caught up in the popular desire to dismiss sleep, today it is viewed as essential to health and quality of life. But there may be a twist.

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    Although many experts initially believed that the concept was impossible to reliably explore using logical reasoning, Faizal and his colleagues believe their research shows, “it can, in fact, be scientifically addressed.” 

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    Too much or inconsistent sleep can be a problem (but probably not one you need to worry about)

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    But first, it’s probably best to prepare for some truly mindbending subject matter.

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    Recent epidemiological analyses and systematic reviews involving millions of participants have uncovered a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and health outcomes. Both too little sleep and too much sleep have been associated with higher risks of disease and early death. Some studies found that too much sleep has a higher association with poor health outcomes than too little sleep.

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    Quantum gravity and Gödelian guideposts

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    While the optimal amount of sleep varies by age range, for adults there is a sweet spot between seven and nine hours a night that yields the lowest risk of bad health outcomes. Importantly, these findings don’t suggest that too much sleep necessarily causes poor health, but rather that it is correlated with health risks. In other words, oversleeping may be a red flag for underlying issues such as chronic illness, depression, apnea, or other conditions that cause fatigue or interrupt sleep patterns. Habitual oversleeping is worth medical attention.

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    The extremely condensed history of physics goes like this: Newtonian physics rooted in his laws of motion, then Einstein’s theory of relativity, and finally quantum mechanics. This most recent era centers on a field called quantum gravity. As its name implies, quantum gravity seeks to unify the theories of gravity and quantum physics without ignoring either’s effects. So far, the results suggest that even space and time aren’t fundamental. Instead, they are rooted in a mathematical foundation of pure information that exists in a “Platonic realm.” This math dimension is what generates space and time, and is therefore more “real” than the physical universe as experienced by humans.

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    - Related History Stories

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    100 years ago, ‘ghost ship’ sails baffled Einstein—now they’re making a comeback

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    How a hatter and railroad clerk kickstarted cancer research

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    100 years ago, scientists predicted we’d live to 1,000 years old

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    100 years ago, the battle for television raged

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    A century ago, suspended monorails were serious mass-transit contenders

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    100 years of deep-sea filmmaking and ocean exploration

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    100 years of aliens: From Mars beavers to little gray men

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    With all that in mind, Faizal’s team says that this foundation of mathematical information can’t describe reality solely through computation. The only way to generate a complete, reliable theory of everything necessitates a concept they call non-algorithmic understanding. 

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    Recent research also suggests that sleep regularity may be as important as duration. Consistent bedtimes and wake times contribute to lower risks of bad health outcomes. Individuals whose sleep times vary dramatically may face higher risks of conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and mood disorders. Good sleep hygiene emphasizes habits that encourage regular bedtimes as well as optimal sleeping conditions, like limiting stimulating screen time before bed and maintaining a dark and cool bedroom environment. 

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    In order to get to a non-algorithmic understanding, Gödel’s incompleteness theorem must be integrated into the equation. Introduced by its namesake Kurt Gödel in 1931, the idea is deceptively simple at first glance–no collection of algorithms or axioms alone can indisputably prove every true fact about numbers or computation.

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    Not surprisingly, overnighters and sleepless marathons—such as cramming for a college admission test or final exam—also disrupt good sleep hygiene and quality sleep. According to The Evening Star, however, when the 1925 sleeplessness study ended, none of the students “experienced any difficulty falling asleep, although it is generally believed that when a person remains awake for such a long period he finds it difficult to slumber once he does take to bed.” 

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    The study’s authors use this basic statement as an example of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem: “This true statement is not provable.” 

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    Even though most of us will, like Rip Van Winkle, spend more than 20 years of our lives taking to bed, today we know that sleep is not a “tragic waste,” but rather an investment in health, longevity, and quality of life. While too little sleep has been found to be harmful, the possibility that too much sleep might also be problematic—a warning sign—keeps one aspect of Moss’s original analysis alive. 

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    If you could prove the statement, then it wouldn’t be “true.” If it’s not provable, then it’s technically true…and yet it would be impossible to show the evidence. 

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    Thelma Hunt, one of Moss’s star students, went on to earn a PhD and MD, eventually attaining Moss’s position as the chair of GWU’s psychology department, a post she held for 25 years. Of her many contributions to the field of psychology, Hunt is reported to have said, “all my life I’ve had a tremendous amount of energy, I think largely because of my physiological makeup, so I can do a lot of things, and not wear down right away.” 

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    Regardless, computation falls apart in the face of Gödel’s theorem. 

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    “Physiological makeup” notwithstanding, in what would have been an irresistible challenge to most teens in any century, on a sultry summer weekend a hundred years ago when seven undergraduate students proudly defied sleep for 60 straight hours. At the time, they couldn’t have known that their sleepless odyssey was on the forefront of a century-long effort to unravel sleep’s mysteries. 

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    The post In 1925, seven students went 60 hours without sleep—for science appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Food scraps could power future airplanes]]>Scientists are turning last night’s leftovers into tomorrow’s takeoff.

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    The post Food scraps could power future airplanes appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/technology/food-scraps-airplane-fuel/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714430Sat, 01 Nov 2025 10:00:00 -0400TechnologyAgricultureAviationEnergyEngineeringEnvironmentScienceOne person’s trash is another person’s… jet fuel? Strange as it might sound, researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign believe that they’ve figured out a process to make that unlikely scenario a reality–at least on a small scale.

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    “Therefore, no physically complete and consistent theory of everything can be derived from computation alone,” argued Faizal. “Rather, it requires a non-algorithmic understanding, which is more fundamental than the computational laws of quantum gravity and therefore more fundamental than spacetime itself.”

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    Writing this week in Nature Communications, the agricultural engineers outlined a strategy for taking excess food waste, converting it into biofuel, and then “upgrading” that fuel into jet fuel that can go straight into a plane without requiring additional changes to the aircraft’s infrastructure. They compared their food-waste-derived fuel against industry benchmarks and found that it met all the necessary standards for conventional jet fuel.

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    If non-algorithmic understanding is beyond the capabilities of a computer, then even the most advanced supercomputer possible could never properly simulate reality.

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    Though these findings are still more of a proof of concept, they open up the exciting possibility of using food waste (which there’s certainly no shortage of) to help the aviation industry move closer to its ambitious goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions within the next three decades.

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    “Any simulation is inherently algorithmic—it must follow programmed rules,” Faizal summarized. “But since the fundamental level of reality is based on non-algorithmic understanding, the universe cannot be, and could never be, a simulation.”

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    “In a linear economy, we just produce something, use it, and throw it away. In this project, we take the waste and recover the energy and materials to make a usable product. This fills a missing link in the circular paradigm,” University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign professor and corresponding author Yuanhui Zhang said in a statement. 

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    Study co-author Lawrence Krauss added that many researchers assumed they might one day describe a fundamental theory of everything through purely computational methods. 

    -

    Planes lag  behind cars in emission reductions

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    “We have demonstrated that this is not possible,” he said. “A complete and consistent description of reality requires something deeper.”

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    The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that transportation accounted for roughly 29 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States in 2022 alone. Of that, about seven percent came from commercial aircraft. Modern cars have reduced emissions in recent years, in part thanks to the shift toward electric battery power. And while battery-powered airplanes are theoretically possible for some short flights, they simply don’t provide enough energy to power a passenger jet traveling across the country(jet fuel carries around 50 times more energy per kilogram than conventional lithium-ion batteries. As a result, jets have lagged behind cars in reducing emissions.

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    A possibly ‘profound logical fallacy’

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    But what about so-called biomass-based sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)? Some estimates suggest that SAF, which largely refers to fuels derived from organic materials, could reduce emissions from flying by up to 80 percent, compared to conventional jet fuel. While ethanol and other biomass-based derivatives have been available for cars for decades, they have remained more elusive for airplanes because their chemical composition does not meet the much stricter requirements necessary for jet fuel.

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    As with most great debates, not everyone is convinced. University of Portsmouth physicist and the head of the Information Physics Institute Melvin Vopson has spent years investigating the possibilities of simulated reality. Most recently, Vopson proposed that gravity itself may prove we really are in a computer simulation. As it stands, Vopson is unmoved.

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    a scientist wearing protective eyewear and a university of illinois polo shirt works in a lab
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    Sabrina Summers of the University of Illinois demonstrates hydrotreating biocrude oil from food waste. Image: University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign. 
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    “While I have the greatest respect for any attempt to apply mathematical rigor to fundamental questions, the conclusion…appears to be the product of a profound logical fallacy,” he tells Popular Science.

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    Upgrading biomass to jet fuel 

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    Vopson cites the authors’ attempt to use the rules experienced in our perceived reality to, “set limits upon the system that hosts our reality.” He also believes that reality doesn’t need to be a simulation to still function as a cosmic computational process.

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    Meeting these requirements is where food waste comes in. In this new experiment, the team  started by collecting food waste from nearby food-processing plants. They then used a chemical process called hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), which essentially mimics the way the Earth naturally creates crude oil from organic matter over millions of years, except without all the waiting. HTL kind of acts like an advanced “pressure cooker” to fast-forward nature’s timeline.

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    “It could mean that our universe is a giant computer that computes itself,” says Vopson.

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    With plenty of crude oil extracted from the food scraps, the researchers then set out to convert it into jet fuel through a two-part process. The first step involved removing salt, ash, moisture, and other impurities. After that, they used a cleaning process called catalytic hydrotreating to eliminate other undesirable elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. What remained were the specific hydrocarbons required to make jet fuel. They tested different catalysts and found that cobalt–molybdenum stood out as the most effective and commercially available metallic catalyst for driving the chemical reactions needed to refine the oil into aviation fuel.

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    Both Vopson and Information Physics Institute colleague Javier Moreno call Faizal’s argument “superficially compelling,” but guilty of a “profound category error” in the assumption that a simulation must run on computations existing in the simulation itself. For example, it doesn’t account for a simulation that operates on a higher order of physics or dimensionality unbound by the simulation’s internal laws. It could be that the underlying mechanics of our simulation aren’t limited by the speed of light or standard particle physics behavior.

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    The team  took their food-waste derived aviation fuels and tested it against current fuel standards set by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Federal Aviation Administration. It passed the screening test and met industry requirements without needing to introduce any special additives. That means, the fuel would theoretically power a commercial airplane. 

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    “Any ‘mathematical proof’ derived from our physics [or] mathematics like those mentioned in the article is merely a calculation of the computational cost using our own rules,” Vopson and Moreno concluded.

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    Related: [All your burning questions about sustainable aviation fuel, answered]

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    As confident as Faizal’s team is in their own results, for now, the true reality of the simulation hypothesis may remain elusive—no pun intended.

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    The post Why we (probably) aren’t living in a computer simulation appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Rare seabird saved after swallowing four large fishhooks]]>Veterinarians successfully removed the debris from the juvenile Salvin’s albatross.

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    The post Rare seabird saved after swallowing four large fishhooks appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/rare-sea-bird-swallows-fishhooks/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714801Tue, 04 Nov 2025 10:09:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBirdsConservationOceanScienceWildlifeA rare seabird is recovering from a successful and life-saving surgery. A fisherman from Anconcito, Ecuador, found the juvenile Salvin’s albatross after he noticed that it appeared unwell. The bird had ingested four large fishing hooks and some fishing line and was brought to Puerto Lopez for rehabilitation and care. Local veterinarian Ruben Aleman removed the discarded fishing gear from the bird. After some extra R&R, the bird was released in late October on a nearby beach in Manabí province.

    -

    The findings are a first step to show aviation fuel derived from food waste is at least possible. Actually making enough of it to supply an entire passenger jet, however, is another beast altogether. Scaling up at this level requires time, resources, and deep pocket books outside of academia. 

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    “Through coordination with Ecuador’s Ministry of the Environment’s local representative (REMACOPSE) and a specialized veterinarian, we successfully removed four fishing hooks from the bird, including one that caused injuries to its esophagus,” Giovanny Suárez Espín, Ecuador Seabird Bycatch Coordinator for American Bird Conservancy, said in a statement.

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    “Our research helps solve the science and engineering problems, and then the industry can step in,” Zhang said.  

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    The post Food scraps could power future airplanes appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Hellbender salamanders are huge—and in trouble]]>The elusive 'snot otters' can grow up to two feet long.

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    The post Hellbender salamanders are huge—and in trouble appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/hellbender-salamander-conservation/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714420Fri, 31 Oct 2025 15:00:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyConservationScienceWildlifeThe Eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis) isn’t nearly as fearsome as its name implies. They’re actually somewhat cute, if you can get past the salamander’s slimy, mucousy skin that’s earned it such nicknames, such as “snot otter” and “lasagna lizard.”

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    “The type and size of the hooks suggest they came from the artisanal mahi-mahi fishery, which poses a risk to albatrosses. While reducing bycatch in this type of fishery is challenging, we continue to promote best practices and more sustainable tools to minimize incidental seabird capture.”

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    Although hellbenders can grow up to two feet long, the amphibians are notoriously elusive and prefer to reside under large, flat rocks in well-oxygenated waterways that snake through Appalachia and the Ohio River basin. They are also increasingly difficult to spot, because their numbers are declining due to ecological issues. Based on a recent environmental study encompassing 90 sites across 73 rivers, researchers at the University of Kentucky now believe that they have identified one of the hellraiser’s main problems. They are losing their habitats to increasingly murky, sediment-filled waters, according to a study published in the journal Freshwater Biology.

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    fishing hooks and line that was removed from a bird's stomach
    Fishing gear surgically removed from a Salvin’s albatross. Image: Ruben Aleman, Fundación Juvimar.
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    Study co-author and biologist Steven Price said that it’s pretty difficult to nab a hellbender even if you aren’t conducting a United States Department of Natural Resources-funded survey. 

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    The Salvin’s albatross (also called Salvin’s mollymawk) is a rare seabird species. It breeds in several rugged and remote subantarctic islands south of New Zealand. They spend the majority of their life at sea, foraging around Australia and New Zealand during their breeding period. After breeding, they fly thousands of miles nonstop to the Pacific coast off South America for food.

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    “They live under big rocks. Lifting those safely takes time, people and care,” he said in an accompanying statement from the university. “When you see one in the wild in Kentucky, it’s special.”

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    Since seabirds are so mobile and live in such a large area, protecting them takes a great deal of effort. Researchers in Ecuador and Peru and New Zealand’s Department of Conservation work closely with each other to study this species, advocating the fishing industry to do whatever it can to prevent seabirds from ingesting discarded fishing gear or getting tangled in nets and traps.

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    Rather than spend untold hours wading through rivers in the hopes of spotting their hellbenders, Tomke, Price, and their colleagues instead relied on trace evidence from living organisms known as environmental DNA (eDNA). After collecting and filtering river water, the team tested the samples for a gene only seen in this species. This allowed them to avoid wasting time by shifting the massive stones or snorkeling for salamanders. The biologists ultimately detected hellbender DNA at 22 locations across Kentucky, 12 of which had existing historical records related to the animals. Next, they used a statistical occupancy framework to determine where hellbenders live, and when their eDNA is easiest to pinpoint.

    “We could clearly tie stream habitat quality to where hellbender DNA turns up,” added study co-author Sarah Tomke. “It brought the science together and showed what managers can do on the ground.”

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    CREDIT: American Bird Conservancy
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    The team determined that the amphibian’s local habitat was a larger factor in where it lives than overall water chemistry or land cover. Larger streams lined with greater amounts of gravel, cobble, and bedrock correlated to more hellbenders. However, their numbers declined where grain and silt started blocking the crevices underneath rocks.

    “Fine sediment is a big problem,” explained Tomke. “It fills potential nest sites and the small spaces that larvae use for shelter. Without that space under rocks, animals can’t reproduce or survive for long.”

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    “While we collect tracking data from devices attached to adult Salvin’s Albatross, currently information on the movements of juveniles comes solely from observations,” added New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) Senior Science Advisor Dr. Johannes Fischer. “DOC plans to fit trackers onto juveniles at the end of this breeding season through a collaboration with Universidad Científica del Sur in Lima, Peru, which will directly inform seabird research partnerships in Peru, Ecuador, and other countries.” 

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    They also discovered what time of year is best to sample for hellbenders. Early fall, especially during September’s breeding period, appears to be the most sensible time. The creatures shed extra genetic material in early fall, making them easier to detect.

    +

    Over the past 50 years, the Salvin’s albatross population has declined significantly. During the 1970s, there were roughly 88,000 breeding pairs, compared to about 50,000 today. These birds tend to begin breeding at 11 years old and only lay one egg per year. If the juveniles of the population are affected, there can be a long lag before negative impacts are seen.  

    -

    Beyond their uniqueness, the study’s authors add that hellbenders can act as excellent bellweathers for an ecosystem’s health. When their populations diminish, it frequently hurts other species who prey on the amphibians.

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    While seabird populations have declined by more than 70 percent since 1950, they’re essential to the health of the entire ocean for one reason–their poop. Seabird droppings nourish the whole ocean and island ecosystems. 

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    “Sarah’s project gives us clear habitat targets,” Price said. “First, keep sediment out of streams. Then protect and rebuild rocky beds and forested streambanks. That’s how we give this species a chance.”

    +
    an x ray showing a fishing hook in a bird's stomach
    Salvin’s albatross x-ray. Image: Ruben Aleman, Fundación Juvimar.
    -

    Thankfully, it sounds like the most extensive hellbender mapping effort of its kind wasn’t a total bust for its participants.

    +

    “These long-distance travelers depend on the productivity of the Humboldt Current to feed, yet each migration carries the silent risk of being hooked on longlines–a reminder that effective protection must transcend national boundaries,” said Dr. Carlos Zavalaga, Director of the Seabird Ecology and Conservation Research Unit from Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru.

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    “Seeing a hellbender is incredible, and holding one is next level,” Tomke said.

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    The post Hellbender salamanders are huge—and in trouble appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[MacPaw’s Moonlock offers a full suite of Mac security tools in a slick, simple package]]>The makers of CleanMyMac have spun off its robust security features into a stand-alone app for Mac users that offers malware protection and a built-in VPN.

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    The post MacPaw’s Moonlock offers a full suite of Mac security tools in a slick, simple package appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/macpaw-moonlock-mac-security-antivirus-app/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714412Fri, 31 Oct 2025 13:37:53 -0400GearComputersThinking about computer security isn’t fun. You spend time and money on software just to keep your computer running as it was meant to in the first place. This inconvenient fact makes app design a crucial consideration: you want something easy enough to use that it doesn’t feel like a chore, but comprehensive and serious enough to instill the confidence and sense of safety you were seeking in the first place. That’s the balance MacPaw’s new Moonlock software aims to achieve. It combines the company’s proven security features (including a built-in VPN and real-time malware protection) with a polished graphical interface that guides users through the security process.

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    Fishing vessels and equipment including gillnets, baited longlines, and trawls remain a major threat since they attract numerous foraging seabirds that are drawn to discarded fish and other food sources. In September, veterinarians in eastern Massachusetts successfully removed a large fishing hook from a black backed gull’s GI tract. 

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    Try it: Get a 7-day free trial of Moonlock

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    a large bird with grey and white plummage
    The juvenile Salvin’s albatross was released in October. Image: Ruben Aleman, Fundación Juvimar.
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    “Seabirds are one of the most threatened groups of birds globally, facing additional threats like overfishing, climate change, plastic pollution, and habitat loss. We all need to work together to protect these remarkable, wide-ranging animals,” Fischer said.

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    In Ecuador, the American Bird Conservancy’s Marine Program has been working alongside artisanal longline fisheries to reduce bycatch by developing new methods that are safer for seabirds. 

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    What is it?

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    “More than 2,000 fishers are helping us with bird conservation now,” said Espín. “The fishermen know that whenever they see a seabird species injured or one that has an issue, they have to let us know. And that’s what this fisherman colleague from Anconcito did.”

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    The post Rare seabird saved after swallowing four large fishhooks appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Do you need more sleep in fall and winter? Probably.]]>Less sunlight, colder weather, and diet changes make us sleepier—and that’s OK.

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    The post Do you need more sleep in fall and winter? Probably. appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/do-you-sleep-more-in-winter/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714744Tue, 04 Nov 2025 09:00:00 -0500ScienceAsk Us AnythingIt’s a crisp, fall day in mid-November, and though your calendar is filled with evening get-togethers and morning runs, you’re feeling sluggish. All you really want to do is sleep in, or to curl up on the couch and nap. Are you being lazy, or do you really need more sleep as the temperature lowers and the amount of daylight decreases? The answer isn’t so clear-cut. 

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    MacPaw is best known for its all-in-one Apple maintenance suite, CleanMyMac. Moonlock spins off CleanMyMac’s dedicated security features into a standalone app that’s cheaper and lighter than the full suite. For readers new to private connections, our PopSci explainers on how a VPN works and how to use a VPN are a good primer before diving in.

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    “I don’t think we need more sleep as the days get shorter, but people will often feel sleepier,” says Dr. Karin Johnson, a sleep medicine specialist and spokesperson for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), a global network of sleep medicine specialists that advances sleep health worldwide.

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    Moonlock’s headliners are its VPN and real-time malware protection. Beyond that, it can restrict data from flowing to specific countries, walk you through a guided audit of your Mac’s built-in defenses, and encourage better security habits overall. If you’ve ever used mainstream antivirus on a PC, Moonlock provides a similar safety net for Mac users.

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    Reasons we feel more lethargic in winter and fall

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    Pros

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    Overall, we naturally tend to sleep more in winter and as the weather generally gets colder into fall. Johnson believes that there are a couple of theories as to why. “One is that when the days are shorter our melatonin levels are higher,” she says. Melatonin is a naturally produced hormone that regulates our sleep-wake cycle. But having too much of it can make us drowsy and reduce our energy levels, causing us to want to snooze longer. 

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    The roles of temperature and food in sleep 

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    Cons

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    “In general, people sleep better when it’s cooler,” says Johnson. However, if it’s cold outside and we jack up the heat, then we might become even sleepier. Our bodies also work harder to preserve heat when it’s cold out, which can bring on “winter fatigue” and make us feel groggier. 

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    • Mac malware is growing, but still isn’t that widespread
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      We tend to eat heavier, more carbohydrate-dense foods (a.k.a. “comfort foods”) in winter, which can lower our overall energy level since these types of meals take longer to digest. With less energy, we’re also prone to less exercise. It’s almost a ricochet effect. 

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    • VPN may slow internet speeds on some connections
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      Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) 

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    • VPN may take longer to connect than others on some networks
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      About five percent of adults in the U.S. experience Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), symptoms of depression that occur during the winter months. SAD is linked to reduced sunlight, which along with increasing melatonin levels and disrupting our circadian rhythms, also reduces the amount of serotonin—a natural mood enhancer—that our bodies produce. Feeling sleepy is often a common symptom. 

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    Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) affects about five percent of adults in the United States.Video: Seasonal Affective Disorder, Mayo Clinic Health System
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    Setup and installation

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    How to handle winter sluggishness

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    MacPaw Moonlock setup screen
    The setup screens are very slick and polished. MacPaw
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    In short, while our bodies might not have a biological need for more sleep in winter, changes in daylight, diets, temperatures, and moods often make us want to stay in bed longer. Which is OK. The trick, says Johnson, is sticking to a schedule. 

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    MacPaw aims for simplicity and largely nails it from the start. A quick download and install lead into a guided setup: an initial scan and enabling automatic protections, both of which took me under ten minutes. It scanned my built-in 2TB drive and found no threats, which is always reassuring.

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    “Sleep when it feels natural. Wake when you feel refreshed,” she says. “Just make sure you prioritize time for sleep, which a lot of people don’t do.” Johnson stresses the importance of morning light in keeping up with our daily routines. “If you don’t get that natural light exposure, using a light box for about 30 minutes each morning can be very helpful.”

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    After the scan, Moonlock walks you through macOS’s built-in security features—useful if you haven’t recently reviewed Apple’s own guidance on protecting your Mac from malware or the newer Rapid Security Responses. In my case, it recommended nine changes; I applied six immediately, and left three minor ones because they conflicted with software I knowingly use.

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    Since most people’s waking time is usually out of our control due to school or work schedules, Johnson says going to sleep earlier in the winter might help accommodate human seasonality. “Try turning off electronics in the evening, keep a regular eating schedule during the day, and make sure you’re getting good exercise.” It’s about adjusting to the season as much as possible, which simply might mean sleeping more. 

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    Using Moonlock on a regular basis

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    And really, what’s so wrong with an extra hour or two of zzzs?

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    MacPaw Moonlock scanning screen
    The graphic styling is friendly, but feels a bit dated sometimes. MacPaw
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    This story is part of Popular Science’s Ask Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.

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    The post Do you need more sleep in fall and winter? Probably. appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Heybike Mars 3.0 review: The folding e-bike built for adventure]]>This full-suspension, fat-tire folder is happiest bouncing down gravel paths and camping trails, though it does a good job rolling over city potholes, too.

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    The post Heybike Mars 3.0 review: The folding e-bike built for adventure appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/heybike-mars-3-folding-fat-tire-e-bike-review/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714776Tue, 04 Nov 2025 08:55:00 -0500GearOutdoor GearI see a lot of folding electric bikes where I live. In the dense D.C. metro area, space is a luxury and efficiency is the name of the game, at least until you get to the ex-burbs. Most of these folders are polite little machines with undersized wheels and tight wheelbases, purpose-built to collapse neatly into apartments and office corners. Not the Heybike Mars 3.0. This beefy beauty is about big adventure, starting with its four-inch fat tires and full suspension that smooth out rough terrain—and bad decisions—with equal ease.

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    Once installed, automatic protection can run continuously in the background, scanning each file as you interact with it. If you’d rather not keep it always-on, you can schedule periodic scans instead. There are three depths—quick, balanced, and deep—and even the deep scan only took a few minutes to churn through my 2TB of files. If you ever do get into cleanup mode, our guides to removing malware from your computer and giving your system a digital spring-clean pair nicely with Moonlock’s tools.

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    The Mars 3.0 reimagines the previous 2.0 model with one simple philosophy: more. More power, more torque, more range, more security, more cushion. It’s a folding e-bike that wants to roll out, not fit in.

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    The Moonlock VPN

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    Moonlock’s VPN shines on unfamiliar networks. I used it at a coffee shop, a train station, and even a sketchy laundromat Wi-Fi, and it connected quickly when I let it pick the optimal location. Manually choosing a location added some variability; a few times I needed multiple attempts to connect, but the hiccups resolved quickly. For benchmarking, I use the straightforward Fast.com test: my home connection averages ~500 Mbps, which dropped to ~200 Mbps with the VPN enabled—about what I see with other services. On slower public networks, the hit wasn’t as noticeable, and the convenience outweighed the speed trade-off.

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    Heather Kuldell-Ware

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    Do you really need malware protection if you’re using a Mac?

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    + Pros

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    • 750 W (1,400 W peak) motor with serious torque
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    • Full suspension and fat tires for comfort and traction
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    • Multiple security layers: NFC cards, PIN, app, and key
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    • High-capacity battery for longer ranges
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    • Comes with built-in electronic horn, brake lights, and turn signals
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    • Comes in three colors: orange, blue and black
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    + Cons

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    • Stiff center hinge can make removing the battery or folding a two-person affair
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    • Dynamic battery gauge can be hard to predict
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    • Hard to secure to a bike rack without a long, flexible chain
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    • It folds, but it still requires larger vehicles for transport
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    • It’s easy to forget the key required for riding
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    + Specs

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    • + + Folded size + + + 38.2 inches tall x 19.7 inches wide x 33.1 inches deep +
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    • + + Motor + + + 750 W (1,400 W peak) rear hub with 95 Nm torque +
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    • + + Battery + + + 624 Wh +
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    • + + Removable + + + Yes, lockable +
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    • + + Compliance + + + UL 2849 +
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    • + + Range + + + Up to 65 miles +
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    • + + Class + + + Ships as Class 2, can be changed to 1 or 3 +
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    • + + Top speed + + + Unlock up to 30 mph +
      • +
    • + + Throttle + + + Yes +
      • +
    • + + Tires + + + 20″ × 4″ fat tires +
      • +
    • + + Suspension + + + Front hydraulic fork with 65mm travel and rear Horst-link +
      • +
    • + + Drivetrain + + + Shimano Altus 8-speed +
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    • + + Weight + + + about 70 lb +
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    • + + Frame size + + + One, fits riders from 4’11” to 6’2” +
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    • + + Connectivity + + + HeyBike app +
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    MacPaw Moonlock clean scan screen
    This is the alert you want to see when the scan is over. MacPaw
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    How we tested the Heybike Mars 3.0

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    In roughly 15 years since moving from Windows, I’ve cycled through several Mac antivirus tools. Mac malware remains less common than on PCs, but it does exist and appears to be trending upward. Moonlock cites growing threats over the last half-decade; outside research (e.g., ThreatDown’s annual State of Malware report) points in the same direction. If you avoid risky browsing and sketchy downloads, your baseline risk is relatively low—but the penalties for a mistake can be severe, ranging from adware and ransomware to clandestine cryptominers. For broader account safety, we also recommend tightening settings using our guide to securing your Apple and iCloud accounts.

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    I’m a short (5’4”) woman who rides bikes for fun and function in a population-dense suburb of Washington, D.C. That means I ride on city streets—sometimes with protected lanes, sometimes without, but always with traffic signs and lights—plus a healthy network of multi-use trails full of parents with strollers, joggers, other cyclists, and, occasionally, a rogue roller skater. Gathering my favorite accessories (a helmet mandatory, the rest left to preference), I took the Heybike Mars 3.0 through this gauntlet for errands and just pure joy-riding, plus extra time on gravel towpaths. In addition, I had two other riders—one 5’6” and one 6’1”—take turns on test rides to gauge their comfort and fun factor.

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    Cost and availability

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    MacPaw Moonlock settings panel
    You can find some more advanced settings if you dig into the menus. MacPaw
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    Design and details: A folder that doesn’t want to fold in with the pack

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    There’s a free seven-day trial to see if Moonlock fits your workflow; after that, it runs $54 per year. I’m not generally a fan of subscriptions, but security software is one category where ongoing updates—to both the app and its threat databases—justify the model. You can learn more or download it directly from Moonlock by MacPaw.

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    I confess: I’m a thin-tire, lightweight-bike kind of girl who likes to pedal and treats throttles as a cheat code on the rare occasion I use them. I knew the upgraded Heybike Mars 3.0 would challenge all of that. Still, I’d become curious about the brand after spotting an increasing number of food delivery riders zipping past on them. The riders were always up for a quick chat—bike people usually are—and most mentioned the same two things: comfort and affordability. Then, without fail, they’d twist the throttle and vanish into traffic. Time is money, after all.

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    Verdict

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    The Mars 3.0 arrives mostly assembled, leaving the head tube, handlebars, front tire, fender, light, and pedals to be attached. The box includes the tools you need, and the YouTube tutorials make setup easy to follow. It’s doable solo, though having a second pair of hands helps steady the frame.

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    While malware may not top most Mac users’ to-do lists, peace of mind is valuable. Even if Moonlock never flags a threat, you get the reassurance of active protection plus thoughtful touches like the guided macOS audit and built-in VPN. For anyone who wants a simple, set-and-forget solution without spelunking through endless menus, Moonlock is an appealing choice.

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    The post MacPaw’s Moonlock offers a full suite of Mac security tools in a slick, simple package appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[This mosquito death trap is all-natural and very deadly]]>The power of flowers and fungi is no match for these insects.

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    The post This mosquito death trap is all-natural and very deadly appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/natural-mosquito-trap-fungus/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714401Fri, 31 Oct 2025 13:33:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyInsectsScienceNever underestimate the power of fungi. It can turn ants into “zombies,” help fictional plumbers grow, and even look like creepy fingers. One newly engineered strain of fungus uses the power of smell to kill Earth’s deadliest animal—mosquitoes.

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    At about 70 pounds, the Mars 3.0 is no dainty commuter. It’s a dirtbike-ish with a step-through aluminum frame and a full commuter kit, including lights, turn signals, an electric horn, and a 440-pound payload capacity. The rear hub motor cranks out 750 watts (1,400 at peak) and 95 newton-meters of torque, which is serious muscle for a folding e-bike. It ships as a Class 2 e-bike limited to 20 mph, but you can unlock speeds up to 30 mph through the display or app. (Note: That’s not street legal in most places, so save it for open spaces.)

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    Mosquito-borne diseases, including malaria and dengue, kill thousands of people per year. In 2023 alone, malaria killed over 500,000 people in 83 countries. These illnesses are often difficult to control, and mosquitoes have gotten better at resisting chemical pesticides that used to work. 

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    Design-wise, the Mars 3.0 super-sizes a familiar e-bike silhouette. The larger frame pairs a front hydraulic fork with a rear Horst-link suspension and 20-inch by 4-inch all-terrain tires for a smooth, sometimes bouncy ride. Full suspension at $1,299 is uncommon, and the Mars 3.0 aims to help you make the most of it by increasing the range to 65 miles, 20 more than the previous model. 

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    However, fighting nature with nature could be one solution. A fungus called Metarhizium can be used to deactivate mosquito sperm, keeping the deadly ones from spreading disease. It may also help catch and kill the deadly insects.

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    Security gets the same overbuilt treatment. You can unlock it with an NFC card, a PIN code, or your phone’s app via Bluetooth, but to ride, you’ll still need to insert a physical key into the frame. It���s overkill, and frankly, a little old-school, but it fits the Mars 3.0’s personality: more is more.

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    Since mosquitoes are drawn to flowers, a team of researchers created a new strain of the Metarhizium fungus that imitates a flower’s sweet scent. That natural aroma comes from a chemical called longifolene in many types of flowers. The lab-grown fungus in this study essentially uses the longifolene to lure the bloodsucking mosquitoes to their deaths and is described in a study recently published in the journal Nature Microbiology.

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    “Mosquitoes need flowers because they provide nectar, a crucial source of food for them, and they are drawn to flowers through their scents,” Raymond St. Leger, a study co-author and entomologist at the University of Maryland, said in a statement. 

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    Performance and ride feel: Pedaling optional

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    “After observing that some types of fungi could trick mosquitoes into thinking they were flowers, we realized we could turbo-charge the attraction by engineering fungi to produce more longifolene, a sweet-smelling compound that’s already very common in nature,” St. Leger said. “Before this study, longifolene wasn’t known to attract mosquitoes. We’re letting nature give us a hint to tell us what works against mosquitoes.” 

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    I like the upright posture; though at 5′4″, there were moments I felt a little small on the frame. On paved roads, the combo of fat tires and full suspension smooths out cracks, curbs, and general city neglect. But those nubby, off-road tires roar like a prop plane on takeoff every time you throttle up on pavement. Even my riding buddies commented. Hit dirt or rocky bits, though, and the Mars 3.0 turns bouncy in the best way—almost gleeful about rough terrain.

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    Once the fungus spores are put into a container, the longifolene chemicals are released instantly. They can be effective for months because they also come out gradually and not in one initial burst.  

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    Twist the throttle or tap the pedals, and the Mars 3.0 surges forward like it’s been waiting for permission. In Eco mode, pedaling feels effortless and hills … well, what hills? In the top Boost level, pedaling becomes purely performative. You can coast for ages between strokes and still rocket ahead. The rhythm feels off because, really, this bike isn’t asking you to pedal—it wants you to throttle.

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    several dead mosquitoes in a white container
    Mosquitoes placed in a container. Image: Mark Sherwood and Raymond St. Leger.
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    Heybike says the 3.0 uses torque sensors for smoother assist, but to me, the response feels closer to cadence sensors. That’s a blast on open trails but twitchy in stop-and-go city riding. A few times at lights, I accidentally tapped a pedal and lurched forward—not ideal in traffic. I only noticed this in the highest settings. However, the Heybike app allows you to customize max speeds, throttle use, and tailor pedal assist levels to your liking (shown above). It also tracks rides, if you want. 

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    As soon as the mosquitoes encounter the fungus, they become infected and die within a few days. In lab tests, the fungus killed 90 to 100 percent of mosquitoes, even when it was placed in a large room and had to compete with the scents of humans and real flowers. While this fragrant fungus is deadly to mosquitoes, it does not hurt humans. Longiflorine is actually commonly used in perfumes. 

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    Folded, the Mars 3.0 fits into the back of an SUV or RV, though its 70-pound frame isn’t something I can hoist casually. There’s a smart little stand to keep weight off moving parts, but a stiff hinge and those fat tires make closing it a two-person job. Ditto lifting it into my hatchback, where it just fit (as you can see above). Locking it up is another puzzle: with no classic triangle frame and extra-thick tires, U-locks won’t cut it unless you’re using a motorcycle version. Two flexible chains—or a folding lock—work best to secure both the frame and rear motor.

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    “This makes it much safer than many chemical pesticides. We’ve also designed the fungus and its containers to target mosquitoes specifically rather than any other insects and longifolene breaks down naturally in the environment,” said St. Leger.

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    On a breezy fall day, I ran a full-throttle battery test and managed 23.6 miles with maximum assist with lights blazing. That’s solid for max output and suggests that lower assist levels with steady pedaling could reach Heybike’s claimed 65-mile range. The dynamic battery gauge, though, is its own little drama. One minute you have three-quarters of a charge, the next it’s gasping for volts. It bounces with effort, showing less on climbs and more on coasts, which caught me out mid-ride. When it finally dies, it does so politely but abruptly: no flashing lights, just silence and resistance.

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    Using a natural alternative like this fungus may also make it difficult or impossible for mosquitoes to outsmart or avoid, as they have with chemical alternatives. 

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    The Mars 3.0 isn’t subtle. It’s fast, and sometimes a handful. It’s built for people who like their rides the way Heybike likes its upgrades: more of everything.

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    “If mosquitoes evolve to avoid longifolene, that could mean they’ll stop responding to flowers,” St. Leger explained. “But they need flowers as a food source to survive, so it would be very interesting to see how they could possibly avoid the fungus yet still be attracted to the flowers they need. It’ll be very difficult for them to overcome that hurdle, and we have the option of engineering the fungus to produce additional floral odors if they evolve to specifically avoid longifolene.”

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    Other forms of Metarhizium are already used around the world to ward off mosquitoes on cheap materials such as chicken droppings, rice husks, and wheat scraps. The affordability and simplicity of the fungus could be key to reducing mosquito disease-related deaths in many parts of the world, particularly in poorer regions in the global south where mosquito-borne diseases are expected to rise due to climate change. The same diseases that are currently limited to tropical regions could also begin to threaten other places due to rising global temperatures.

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    So, who should buy the Heybike Mars 3.0?

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    The team from this study is currently working on larger-scale outdoor trials of the new mosquito control method to submit for regulatory approval. 

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    The Heybike Mars 3.0 is here to make your weekends longer, not to make your commute easier. It’s the e-bike equivalent of a portable adventure machine: heavy, capable, and a little wild. It’s for the “toss it in the truck and find a trail” crowd. RV travelers. Van-lifers. Weekend wanderers. City riders tired of bone-rattling pavement. If you measure value in smiles per mile instead of folding dimensions, this one earns its keep.

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    The post Heybike Mars 3.0 review: The folding e-bike built for adventure appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Brightest supermoon of 2025 lights up the sky this week]]>This month's full moon will come within about 222,000 miles of Earth. Here's how to prepare.

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    The post Brightest supermoon of 2025 lights up the sky this week appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/brightest-supermoon-november-2025/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714762Mon, 03 Nov 2025 14:56:00 -0500ScienceMoonsSolar SystemSpaceAs the year’s penultimate month kicks off, the year’s brightest supermoon is almost here. The Full Beaver Moon rises on Wednesday, November 5 and you can view it through Thursday, November 6. While this is the second in a series of three consecutive supermoons, it will be brighter than December’s Cold Moon. Here is what you need to know. 

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    “It’s not as if you’re going to necessarily find a silver bullet to control mosquitoes everywhere, but we’re trying to develop a very diverse and flexible set of tools that people in different parts of the world can use and choose from,” St. Leger said. “Different people will find different approaches work best for their particular situation and the particular mosquitoes they’re dealing with. In the end, our goal is to give people as many options as possible to save lives.”

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    The post This mosquito death trap is all-natural and very deadly appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Beware, beachgoers: New spider discovered in California’s sand dunes]]>This tiny tarantula relative lives like a vampire.

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    The post Beware, beachgoers: New spider discovered in California’s sand dunes appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/new-spider-california-dunes/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714396Fri, 31 Oct 2025 12:08:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyScienceSpidersWildlifeJust in time for Halloween, researchers have identified a new species of trapdoor spider. The newly discovered Aptostichus ramirezae is about the size of a quarter, brown, and pretty chunky. It’s the fourth known species of trapdoor spiders in California whose habitat is limited to sandy coastal dunes.

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    When is November’s supermoon?

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    Female trapdoor spiders are basically vampires. They spend their entire lives in underground, silky burrows behind a hinged, camouflaged door. They only leave their lair for lunch, when they feel vibrations indicating the passing above of an unfortunate prey. Good thing these tarantula relatives are small. 

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    November’s full moon will reach peak illumination in the US Wednesday, November 5, 2025, at 8:19 a.m. EST.  

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    In a study recently published in Ecology and Evolution, a team from the University of California, Davis (UC Davis) discovered that this new trapdoor species is closely related to Aptostichus simus. 

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    However, since the sun will already be up for many of us, be sure to look out on Wednesday and Thursday evenings, as the moon rises in the east during twilight. You can use this handy moonrise and moonset calculator from the Farmer’s Almanac to calculate when the moon rises and sets where you live. 

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    “While there are over 50,000 species of spiders worldwide, there are probably hundreds of thousands left to be discovered,” Jason Bond, senior author of the study and a biologist at UC Davis, said in a statement, “even along the coast where new spider species may be hiding just underfoot of California beachgoers.” 

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    What is a supermoon?

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    a scientists digging in a sand dune
    Emma Jochim digs into a coastal sand dune in search of trapdoor spider burrows. Image: Emma Jochim / UC Davis.
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    November’s full moon is only the second supermoon of 2025 and it is expected to be its brightest. The moon will come within about 222,000 miles of Earth this week.

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    Suspecting that Aptostichus simus was hiding some cryptic species—visually similar but genetically distinct species—the team analyzed the genomic DNA of different specimens from across its range, as well as their distributions. 

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    When the moon orbits the Earth, it does not follow a perfect circle. As it moves around our home planet, it will get nearer and farther in more of an elliptical shape.

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    “Based on what we know about their natural history and lifestyles, they’re not going to be able to disperse to different coastal dunes to reproduce and ‘mix’ with each other,” said Emma Jochim, a UC Davis doctoral student and study co-author. 

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    Supermoons occur when the full moon is closer to Earth in its orbit. NASA says the full moon may look up to 14 percent bigger and about 30 percent brighter than the faintest moon of the year. April’s Pink Moon was the faintest full moon of 2025. 

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    Bond named the new species Aptostichus ramirezae in honor of Martina Giselle Ramirez, an esteemed arachnologist known for his work on trapdoor spider population genetics and dean of the College of Science at California State University, Stanislaus. Previously, Bond has found inspiration for new species names among celebrities and musicians, among others, with examples being Aptostichus stephencolberti, Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi, and Aptostichus barackobamai.

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    Why is it called the Beaver Moon?

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    Unfortunately, Aptostichus simus and Aptostichus ramirezae are vulnerable species. They live in limited and shrinking habitats—coastal dunes from central California to northern Baja California, Mexico, and some in the Channel Islands. According to Jochim, the Aptostichus simus lineage is particularly at risk. Researchers have realized that the species today is mostly only found in San Diego, where sea-level rise estimates don’t paint a pretty picture. What’s more, the spiders don’t adapt quickly to new environments. 

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    Every full moon has names that generally come from Native American tradition. The name Beaver Moon refers to the time of year when beavers begin to take shelter in their lodges, according to the Farmer’s Almanac. By November in North America, these ace ecosystem engineers already have enough food stores for the long winter and hunker down in their lodges along rivers and streams. During the height of the fur trade in North America, autumn was also the season to trap beavers, as their pelts were thick and ready for winter.  

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    Investigating their genetic differences helps scientists recognize the most vulnerable populations. More broadly, tracking spider species sheds light on our planet’s diversity. 

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    According to the Center for Native American Studies, November’s full moon is also sometimes called “Baashkaakodin Giizis,” or the Freezing Moon.

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    “If we don’t know how many species are in an area or understand the patterns of genetic diversity between populations, we don’t really know what areas would be most important for conservation efforts.”

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    The post Beware, beachgoers: New spider discovered in California’s sand dunes appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[This tiny bat is one of the world’s deadliest hunters]]>Lions wish they killed this well.

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    The post This tiny bat is one of the world’s deadliest hunters appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/bat-deadliest-hunter/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714390Fri, 31 Oct 2025 11:00:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBatsBiologyScienceWildlifeThe lion is an undisputed contender for the planet’s most iconic predator, but a new study indicates there is an underdog contender coming for its top spot. Or, more accurately, an under-bat. According to researchers at Aarhus University in Denmark and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, small flying mammals such as the fringe-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus) aren’t only comparable to a lion in terms of efficient hunting. They’re also often far more successful at getting the job done. The proof is laid out in a study appropriately published on October 31 in the journal Current Biology.

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    Does the supermoon affect tides?

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    The findings come from data collected by miniature biologging tags that were attached like backpacks to 20 fringe-lipped bats in the rainforests of Panama. These sensors recorded each wearer’s every sound and movement, as well as similar information from its surrounding environment. Biologists discovered that the winged hunters tracked comparatively large prey like birds, frogs, and other small mammals by adopting a “hang-and-wait” strategy. Using their acute sense of hearing, the bats could then zero-in on their unsuspecting targets as they neared, then quickly attack while expending very little overall energy. Bats spent 89 percent of their time hanging in place, and typically spent less than three minutes flying. By comparison, a hunting excursion only lasted eight seconds on average.

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    Earth’s tides are caused by the gravitational pull between our oceans, the sun, and the moon. When the moon is closer to the Earth during a supermoon, the gravitational pull is slightly stronger and the tides are bigger. Yet this effect does not really make a huge difference, since there are only a few inches of difference between a regular moon tide and a supermoon tide, according to Royal Museums Greenwich in the United Kingdom.

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    Bat splashing while catching a tungara frog from a pond
    The bats spend most of their time hanging in wait for prey to come near them. Credit: Grant Maslowski Grant Maslowski
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    The full moon and new moon tides can actually be bigger than those at other times during the lunar month, even a super moon. When the sun adds its own gravitational pull a strong spring or king tide is generated due to all of the water “springing forth” during a full and new moon.

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    The size of their prey also surprised the study’s authors. An average meal for a fringe-lipped bat weighed about seven percent of its own body weight. That’s similar to a 154 pound person consuming an 11 pound meal. In some instances, however, prey like the roughly 20 gram Rosenberg’s gladiator tree frog weighed nearly as much as its devourer. Those dining sessions took time, too. The longest meal recorded by the biologgers tallied 84 minutes. Like many big cats, the bats then spent most of the remainder of the night resting.

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    The same general skygazing rules are key when looking up at the supermoon. Try and travel to a dark spot away from the bright lights of a city or town and let your eyes adjust to the darkness for about a half an hour. You can also consult these handy tips to photograph the moon like a pro. 

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    The post Brightest supermoon of 2025 lights up the sky this week appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Celtic women held power—and were sacrificed]]>A teenager's remains indicate an Iron Age Briton tribe practiced human sacrifice.

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    The post Celtic women held power—and were sacrificed appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/celtic-women-human-sacrifice/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714755Mon, 03 Nov 2025 14:07:54 -0500ScienceArchaeologyThere’s a grisly murder mystery playing out in southern England. However, in this case, there’s no chance of bringing its perpetrators to justice. Still, a team of archeologists from Bournemouth University hope to use this cold case to better understand the culture of a 2,000-year-old Iron Age tribe—one whose beliefs and rituals likely included human sacrifice.

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    “It was incredible to discover that these bats hunt like big predators trapped in tiny bodies,” study co-author Leonie Baier said in a statement. “Instead of spending the night constantly on the wing, they wait patiently, strike with high precision, and sometimes end up catching enormous, energy-rich prey. The discovery that an animal this small can do this really turned our assumptions upside down.”

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    The Durotriges were a Celtic tribe that lived in present-day southern England prior to Roman conquest during the 1st century CE. Extensive archaeological excavations and DNA analysis indicate that the group was highly matrilineal, meaning both personal inheritance and familial lineage passed through women instead of men. This contradicts many experts’ longtime assumptions about prehistoric European gender roles, although it corroborates with ancient Roman historical documents that recounted Celtic women in positions of power and land ownership.

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    When it comes to success rates, there simply is no comparison. Fringe-lipped bats caught their prey about half the time. For reference, lions only catch around 14 percent of their prey, while polar bears can grab as little as two percent of their targets. The bats also often improved with age, suggesting that they hone their hunting skills over time. Researchers have previously confirmed that the species recognizes specific frog calls for years at a time, and gains new strategies by watching their fellow bats.

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    “It marks the first time that evidence of matrilineal communities have been documented in western European prehistory,” archaeologist Miles Russell said in a university announcement. 

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    “We wanted to understand what these bats are actually doing out there in the dark–so we listened in, much like the bats themselves listen to their prey,” said study co-author Laura Stidsholt.

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    The post This tiny bat is one of the world’s deadliest hunters appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The world’s largest plane will transport wind turbines blades and fighter jets ]]>When completed, the WindRunner will stretch the length of a football field.

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    The post The world’s largest plane will transport wind turbines blades and fighter jets  appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/technology/worlds-largest-airplane/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714327Fri, 31 Oct 2025 10:00:00 -0400TechnologyAviationA little-known company based in Boulder, Colorado, is pursuing an ambitious, borderline outlandish goal: creating the world’s largest airplane. When completed, the incredibly long 108-meter plane (roughly the length of an NFL football field) is expected to have a wingspan of over 260 feet and could offer 12 times the cargo space of Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. It would also be roughly 1.5 times the size of the largest commercial airplane currently in operation.

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    Despite the likely matrilineal social organization, at least some women here weren’t spared from a violent sacrificial fate. Russell and colleagues recently uncovered the remains of a teenage girl from the Iron Age buried face down in a pit at the Dorset site. The lack of accompanying grave items and her body’s positioning do not align with typical Durotrigan burial. A closer inspection revealed evidence of injuries sustained to her arms and upper torso, as well as signs that she may have been bound at the wrists. Archaeologists believe all of these signs point to some form of ceremonial or religious death.

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    But you won’t find any cramped airplane seats or flight attendants carts within that space. In fact, you probably won’t see any humans in the “cabin” at all. Instead, all of that open space was initially designed for a single primary purpose: transporting lengthy, cumbersome wind turbine blades. Radia, the company building this “WindRunner,” is betting that its gas‑guzzling behemoth will drive an uptick in large wind-power projects, both in the U.S. and abroad, especially in rural, developing countries where the infrastructure needed to move turbine blades is limited or nonexistent. 

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    “This appears to be the execution of a person carried out in a very theatrical manner,” Russell added in a statement to Arkeonews.

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    Radia CEO Mark Lundstrom told Popular Science that he views his company’s behemoth as “a platform to move the world’s biggest things to the hardest-to-reach locations.” 

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    While this is one of the oldest skeletal remains of its kind to be found in Great Britain, it’s not the only one. The team’s recent find is the third grave to feature young women buried face-down with signs of trauma at the Dorset archeological site. Numerous questions surround these individuals, including their origins and possible roles in the community.

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    “Our main goal when we started Radia was to take 10% of the CO2 out of the world,” Radia writes on its website. This remains our intent. The product we have been designing happens to also be spot-on to fill the under-investment in strategic airlift.”

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    Researchers now hope to conduct additional DNA and isotopic analyses on the latest excavation to learn details like the woman’s diet, health conditions, and even her ancestry. This information would clarify if the apparent sacrifices were members of the Durotriges tribe or outsiders brought to fulfill the grim ritual role.

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    The post Celtic women held power—and were sacrificed appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Portuguese Man O’War species honors ‘One-Eyed Dragon’ samurai]]>The newly discovered P. mikazuki is a tribute the famous warrior Date Masamune.

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    The post Portuguese Man O’War species honors ‘One-Eyed Dragon’ samurai appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/portuguese-man-o-war-samurai-species/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714747Mon, 03 Nov 2025 12:01:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyClimate ChangeConservationOceanScienceWildlifeA team of university students in Japan identified an entirely new species of the mighty Portuguese Man O’War. Described in a study recently published in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science, the creature’s distinct features and fearsome venom have earned it a name that honors a famous 16th century samurai warrior.

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    Radia, which has received funding from a number of investors including Caruso Ventures and ConocoPhillips, started work on the project in 2017 and is projecting its first flight in 2029. While that date is fast approaching, external forces may create new turbulent obstacles for the world’s largest airplane. Shifting political priorities in the U.S. and elsewhere could make the once enticing economic allure of supplying wind energy less appealing. Steep tariffs on everything from the steel used to build turbine blades to the critical minerals powering them add yet another layer of complication for wind turbine manufacturers. And if recent announcements are any guide, the plane’s more immediate money maker may come from a different albeit more controversial source: transporting tanks and planes. 

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    It’s easy to mistake the Portuguese Man O’War (Physalia physalis) for a jellyfish. After all, it features a squishy “head” and venomous tendrils extending as far as 100 feet down into the ocean waters. These tentacles contain a potent neurotoxin that immobilizes its prey—as well as injure thousands of beachgoers around the world every year. But while the Man O’War (also known as a bluebottle) resembles a jellyfish, it’s actually an evolutionary relative known as a siphonophore. Instead of a single animal, siphonophores are composed of individual, genetically identical organisms called zooids. Different zooids focus on specific functions like reproduction, hunting, and digestion, allowing them to operate as a single, collaborative creature.

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    huge airplane in hangar
    What a WindRunner parked in a hangar could look like. Image: Courtesy of Radia
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    For around 250 years, marine biologists believed the Man O’War was its own distinct species. However, in June 2025, researchers confirmed that the infamous siphonophore is actually at least four separate species. Now, that number has been upped to five after a student’s unexpected encounter in Japan.

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    Why making massive onshore wind turbines is so tricky 

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    Wind, like other renewable energy sources, has seen massive growth in recent years. An analysis by the nonprofit group Climate Central estimates that overall wind energy capacity in the U.S. alone doubled between 2014 and 2023. By the end of 2023, wind accounted for roughly 10 percent of all energy produced in the U.S. Globally, the International Energy Agency estimates that wind will make up 14 percent of all generated energy, with roughly two-thirds of that coming from China.

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    But transporting the materials needed to build those turbines isn’t straightforward. Ideally, when constructing a wind turbine, the optimal strategy would be to design it with tremendously long blades. Longer blades can catch more wind, which means more energy generated from a single turbine. This is largely the current approach for offshore wind farms, where single blades can span upwards of 230 feet. 

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    “I was working on a completely different research project around Sendai Bay in the Tohoku region, when I came across this unique ‘jellyfish’ I had never seen around here before,” study co-author Yoshiki Ochiai said in a statement. “I scooped it up, put it in a Ziplock bag, hopped on my scooter, and brought it back to the lab.”

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    That approach becomes much trickier when building onshore turbines, which accounts for the overwhelming majority (around 93 percent) of wind energy generated. The massive blades required for larger installations, which Radia refers to as  “GigaWind” projects, are simply too big to transport over typical roads and bridges. Interstate highway clearances, which are around 16 feet, aren’t tall enough to allow a large turbine blade to pass through. 

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    The animal’s arguably most striking feature was its strikingly cobalt blue pneumatophore. This gas-filled bladder allows it to continually float on the ocean’s surface, while its lengthy tentacles trawl along for prey. Ochiai showed the find to marine ecologist Chanikarn Yongstar, who helped describe and record the animal’s morphology.

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    airplane opening to unload a wind turbine blade
    Can the world’s largest airplane actually make wind energy greener? Image: Courtesy of Radia
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    “I looked at each individual part, comparing its appearance to old tomes where scholars drew out the jellyfish anatomy by hand,” said Yongstar. “A real challenge when you look at just how many tangled parts it has.”

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    Add in various physical obstacles, like overhead power lines and street signs, and the process becomes even more dicey—and expensive. All that constant back-and-forth transporting of blade components on commercial trucks and cargo ships also consumes considerable amounts of gasoline, which is potentially counterproductive if the ultimate goal is to reduce fossil fuel emissions.

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    Before their examination, biologists thought only one Man O’War now known as Physalia utriculus swam in the region between Okinawa and Sagami Bay off Japan’s eastern coast. They soon realized the area actually has been home to two separate species this entire time. 

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    “If you could put an offshore size turbine on shore, you can triple the capacity,” Lundstrom said. “You can reduce the cost of the electron by a third.”

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    The latest discovery is now classified as Physalia mikazuki, which translates to, “crescent helmet Man O’War.” The name is an ode to Date Masamune who lived from 1567-1636 CE. Masamune was one of the city of Sendai’s feudal lords, or daimyō, and displayed a recognizable crescent moon on his helmet. Also known as “One-Eyed Dragon of Ōshū,” Masamune is a renowned figure in the nation’s history and was even the subject of multiple Japanese period dramas.

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    That’s where the WindRunner comes in. The plane’s 344-foot payload length and 261-foot wingspan contribute to a total payload volume of about 270,000 cubic feet. That means it can safely transport a single blade over 300 feet long, or possibly several smaller ones. (For a sense of scale, it could reportedly hold the equivalent of three Olympic-sized swimming pools.) Despite its absurd size, the WindRunner is actually relatively light. That’s due to the company’s decision to optimize internal space over weight. Once fully loaded, it would carry a payload of about 160,000 pounds, which is slightly less than the much smaller Boeing C-17. Radia claims the aircraft will have a range of roughly 1,200 miles (about the distance from New York City to Miami) and can cruise at Mach 0.6, or about 396–400 mph, depending on environmental conditions.

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    In addition to its distinct characteristics, P. mikazuki is the first recorded Physalia sighting that far north. This prompted researchers to wonder about its origins.

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    “I think this is the first time that an aircraft has ever been designed to optimize volume versus mass,” Lundstrom added. 

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    “[It] is an exciting finding in and of itself, but we still had questions about how it got here,” added study co-author Kei Chloe Tan.

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    But besides maximizing volume, Radia didn’t necessarily want to reinvent the wheel when it came to airplane design. In fact, Lundstrom says they approached the design with a philosophy of “do nothing new.” That means no new engines, or avionic flight controls. Though it might look quite different from other planes visually, the CEO says WindRunner was intentionally designed around parts and technologies in aircraft already flying today. In addition to making things simpler, that tactic cuts down on production costs and lengthy timelines.

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    To investigate, colleagues ran a particle simulation to test P. mikazuki’s possible travel routes atop the ocean currents. These scenarios tracked potential paths over the course of weeks or even months based on environmental factors like current speed, water temperatures, and weather patterns. The results indicate P. mikazuki likely followed the warm and powerful Kuroshio Current. The current has begun to extend further north in conjunction with high ocean-surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific Ocean. Although the first of its kind to be documented, the planet’s shifting climate suggests it will be far from the last P. mikazuki sighting.

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    The post Portuguese Man O’War species honors ‘One-Eyed Dragon’ samurai appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Digital linguists work to save the Arapaho language]]>New database built with over 100,000 Arapaho sentences.

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    The post Digital linguists work to save the Arapaho language appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/linguists-arapaho-language/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714738Mon, 03 Nov 2025 11:09:00 -0500ScienceTechnologyArapaho is one of the many an Indigenous languages that are severely at risk of disappearing. According to the United Nations, 4 in 10 Indigenous languages are currently at risk due to aging populations and ongoing discrimination against native speakers. For Arapaho, the population of native speakers of the language rooted in the Great Plains is aging. In an effort to fend off its disappearance, a team at the University of Colorado (CU) Boulder and the Northern Arapaho Language and Culture Commission are deploying digital tools including databases and language education projects. 

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    “The novelty here is probably not necessarily designing something new, but the novelty perhaps is designing an airplane around the supply chain of stuff that already exists,”  Lundstrom said. 

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    “Arapaho was the native language of Boulder, so when I got hired at CU I decided, well, I’ll look into Arapaho,” Andrew Cowell, a University of Colorado Boulder professor of linguistics and faculty director of the Center for Native American and Indigenous Studies, said in a statement. “I started looking into Arapaho more and more and doing more work on the side and eventually decided to switch departments into linguistics so I could focus all my energy on indigenous languages.”

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    Despite all that size (the cockpit alone is about the size of a Gulfstream private jet) the WindRunner is being built to have some flexibility in terms of where it can land. It can land at local airports when available, but more often the more sensible option will be to arrive in “semi-prepared” fields near turbine factories. To do that, the WindRunner will have massive rugged tires. It’s also being designed in a way that keeps the engine high off the ground to prevent it from sucking up any dirt or debris that might pop up during landing. That ability to land away from airports could be particularly useful when serving newer power plants constructed in remote areas with limited infrastructure.

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    Cowell has been working on a free online lexical database, with over 20,000 entries, akin to a dictionary, and a text database with over 100,000 Arapaho sentences. These sentences include several natural conversations and stories that the team has recorded throughout the years. Cowell has transcribed and translated the recordings, and the sentences are accompanied with a linguistic analysis. Altogether, their data represents close to 100 native speakers. 

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    Related:[Why bigger planes mean cramped quarters]

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    While the text database is unpublished, it has already underpinned important projects aiming to preserve Arapaho and make learning the language more accessible.  

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    Still, relatively light or not, actually flying a football-field-sized aircraft requires jet fuel– and lots of it. Though Radia hasn’t specified exactly how much fuel the WindRunner will use, the world’s next largest plane, the recently destroyed Ukrainian Antonov An-225 Myrida, reportedly burned through more than 50 liters of jet fuel per hour. The fact that something intended to cut back on emissions is itself creating them, of course, can seem like a contradiction. That’s a point not lost amongst a handful of skeptics online and on social media. 

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    [ Related: A lost ancient language may be hiding in plain sight. ]

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    “All that jet fuel wasted for something that may never generate more energy than it takes to create,” one critical Reddit user wrote. 

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    “We’ve gotten a list of the frequency of all the nouns in the language and all the verbs,” Cowell explained. “We ranked those, and it allowed us to produce a really small student dictionary where we only included words that occurred around 40 times or more. It means (students) don’t have to flip through rare and uncommon words they’re unlikely to be really interested in as initial learners.”

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    Defending its approach, Radia argues that transportation—which the EPA estimates accounts for about 29 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions—is a “negligible contributor to the carbon footprint” once large onshore GigaWind turbines are factored in. The company says that transporting components to and from wind farms currently represents only about 7 percent of a wind farm’s total carbon footprint, with the vast majority of emissions coming from manufacturing.

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    Cowell and his colleagues are also working on a curriculum to teach Arapaho. The language was traditionally learned at home and not in an academic setting, so the team needed to develop the educational structure from scratch. 

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    Radia hopes that future GigaWind turbines, made possible in part by the WindRunner, will generate enough additional clean energy to “mitigate” the emissions impacts from both transportation and manufacturing. The ends, in other words, justify the means. Eventually, Radia says it plans to operate the aircraft on 100% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), which would theoretically further reduce its carbon footprint.

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    “It’s all based on looking at the text we’ve collected and looking at the frequency of certain kinds of grammatical features that occur,” Cowell explained. “With Arapaho, no one’s really ever tried to teach it as a second language. Now we’re trying to learn it and teach it, and the databases have allowed us to really produce that scaled curriculum.” 

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    “Larger turbines equate to a substantial reduction in the wind farm’s CO2e emissions footprint,” Radia writes on its website. “And over time, the initial negative impact is balanced and will indeed become net positive.”

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    These efforts align with his aim to produce work that will benefit the Indigenous community. In Cowell’s experience, Indigenous communities consider language a vital part of their identity. One of the reasons that the full text database isn’t publicly available is the fear that it will be used or exploited by artificial intelligence. Nevertheless, 5,000 sentences approved by native Arapaho speakers will be published online. 

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    The post Digital linguists work to save the Arapaho language appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[‘Extremely rare’ Roman tomb discovered in Germany]]>No riches or remains are inside—but it probably wasn’t tomb raiders.

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    The post ‘Extremely rare’ Roman tomb discovered in Germany appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/rare-roman-tomb-germany/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714358Mon, 03 Nov 2025 10:12:00 -0500ScienceArchaeologyIn 15 BCE, the Romans invaded parts of Austria, Switzerland, and Germany. The region would eventually become the province of Raetia, but it was not valued for its economic resources. Instead, Raetia provided Rome with a strategic defensive position against potential invaders. Over 2,000 years later, the mighty ancient empire’s historic presence in the region still comes up to the surface every once in a while.

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    Related: [All your burning questions about sustainable aviation fuel, answered]

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    Construction work and related archaeological endeavors in the German Upper Bavarian district of Eichstätt has revealed the foundations of a Roman tumulus, or burial mound. Structures like these are rare in the former province of Raetia, and the excavations also revealed evidence of prehistoric settlements and ceramic remains.  

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    How shifting policy preferences could chart WindRunner’s course 

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    “We did not expect to discover a burial monument of this age and size here,” Mathias Pfeil, General Conservator of the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Historical Monuments, said in a translated statement. “The tumulus was located directly on an important Roman transport axis, allowing the family to commemorate a deceased person in a way that was visible from afar. The tomb was both a place of remembrance and an expression of social status.”

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    Years into development, Radia now faces another challenge: the Trump administration. A substantial portion of the recent growth in the renewable energy sector was catalyzed by tax incentives and infrastructure legislation enacted during Joe Biden’s presidency. President Trump is now making good on his promise to reverse course. Earlier this year, he signed multiple executive orders aimed at curbing “preferential treatment” for wind power expansion. At the same time, his administration has declared a national energy emergency and called for increased domestic energy production—particularly from fossil fuel sources.

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    A square extension measuring 6.5 feet by 6.5 feet. +
    A square extension measuring 6.5 feet by 6.5 feet. Image: Archäologiebüro.
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    When asked about the challenges presented by shifting presidential policies, Lundstrom told Popular Science he believes their vision for larger, efficient turbines may align with where the administration wants to go in terms of simply creating large base loads of energy. He also expects the current unpredictability to “stabilize” by the time the WindRunner is up and flying. Lundstrom also said he sees an opportunity for additional wind power to help meet the soaring energy needs associated with new, power-hungry AI data centers.

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    The discovery consists of a carefully arranged 39-foot-wide stone ring with a square extension that likely featured a statue or stele (a stone slab engraved with text and/or images). The stone circle is all that remains of the wall that once encircled the tumulus, and a tumuli with such large stone ring walls are “extremely rare” in Raetia.

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    Trump, who regularly refers to turbines as “windmills,” has called them “the worst form of energy.” 

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    Most burial mounds in the region date back further to the Bronze and Iron Ages. In fact, the researchers are now trying to determine if the  tumulus represents an intentional revival of pre-Roman sepulture traditions. Nevertheless, Roman central Europe and Italy had a long tradition of tumuli starting in the first century CE. Romans sometimes even reused Bronze and Iron Age structures to build their  burial mounds. 

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    Uncertainty surrounding on-again, off-again tariff policies may also play a significant role in the WindRunner’s development costs and timeline. Though difficult to quantify given their volatility, a report from the research and consulting firm Wood Mackenzie estimates various tariffs proposed earlier this year against Canada, Mexico, and China could increase U.S. onshore wind turbine costs by about 7 percent. While that might sound like a relatively modest impact, it could lead to major shifts in decision-making among wind turbine operators, Radia’s target clients, when considering expanded development. When asked about the tariff issue, Lundstrom said it’s less of an issue for them compared to turbine manufacturers.

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    Interestingly, the tumulus in question is empty of both a skeleton and grave goods. That doesn’t necessarily mean tomb raiders got there first, however. Since the burial mound is located along an important Roman road and close to a former Roman country estate, researchers theorize that the tumulus is a cenotaph, a memorial—sometimes an empty tomb—to someone interred elsewhere. 

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    The post ‘Extremely rare’ Roman tomb discovered in Germany appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[How to use AI Mode instead of regular Google searches (or avoid it altogether)]]>AI for search has arrived, and it can be useful, in moderation.

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    The post How to use AI Mode instead of regular Google searches (or avoid it altogether) appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-use-ai-mode-google/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714733Mon, 03 Nov 2025 10:00:00 -0500DIYAITech HacksTechnologyAI has made its way into nearly all of the apps and websites we use regularly, whether you like it or not. From editing images to  planning trips, or doing anything else on our digital devices, AI is now more likely to show up.

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    A shift toward defense 

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    That extends to web searches as well. Instead of just typing “best bars in Paris” or “how does the Moon affect the tides?” into a Google box, you can have a back-and-forth with AI and get answers that may be more useful. Bots such as ChatGPT and Claude now offer web search, and Google has added its own dedicated AI Mode, which we’ll cover here.

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    It might not be entirely surprising, given all that uncertainty, that Radia is more heavily exploring a range of other, non-wind-related use cases for the WindRunner. In May, the company announced a research agreement with the U.S. Department of Defense to “assess the utility” of the WindRunner in supporting the Pentagon’s logistics and transportation needs. As part of that agreement, the agency will evaluate whether the world’s largest plane could be a good fit for transporting space launch materials and oversized vehicles.

    +

    While this more conversational way of searching the web may feel more natural and give you quicker responses, you’re also going to get some inaccuracies—it’s just the way AI works. Google itself admits “AI responses may include mistakes” while you’re using AI Mode, so bear that in mind.

    -
    WindRunner loading F-16s
    Rendering of a WindRunner loading F-16s. Image: Courtesy of Radia
    +

    Questions also remain about energy use and the ethics of AI scraping work by human writers without recompense or acknowledgement (AI bots have never actually visited bars in Paris, they’re just regurgitating existing information). With that in mind, if you’d rather avoid Google AI Mode, we’ll cover how to do that too.

    -

    Radia doubled down on the defense angle last month by announcing WindRunner for Defense. The company argues that its massive aircraft could be especially valuable for military units seeking to transport entire helicopters, fighter jets, and other vehicles in one piece, without the need for disassembly and reassembly between locations. 

    +

    Get started with Google AI Mode

    -

    It’s worth noting that this same general use case–transporting heavy military equipment–was also the primary mission of the previous aircraft to hold the title of world’s largest plane. That was, at least before it was destroyed by Russian military forces invading Ukraine. Radia, and its prospective wind plants hoping to use its plane for transport, will likely want to try and avoid a similar fate. 

    -

    The post The world’s largest plane will transport wind turbines blades and fighter jets  appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Giant pumpkin growers face off for world gourd domination]]>There's a surprisingly competitive global race on to grow a 3,000-pound pumpkin.

    -

    The post Giant pumpkin growers face off for world gourd domination appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/giant-pumpkin-growers/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714293Fri, 31 Oct 2025 09:01:00 -0400EnvironmentAgricultureThe pumpkin’s name was Muggle and it weighed as much as a bull moose. At 2,819 pounds and over 21 feet in circumference, this enormous gourd claimed the dual titles of “heaviest pumpkin” and “largest pumpkin by circumference” in the Guiness Book of World Records on October 4, 2025. 

    +
    ai mode popup
    You might have already been invited to try AI Mode. Screenshot: Google
    -

    For British twins Ian and Stuart Paton, it’s a hard fought victory 51 years in the making. “When we were 13, we were given some seeds,” Ian Paton says. “One of them grew into a 54-pound pumpkin and that was it. Once you grow one, you get pumpkin sickness.”

    +

    You might find yourself invited to try out AI Mode via a large pop-up dialog the next time you visit Google, but if not, you’ll now find an AI Mode button to the right of the search box on the Google homepage. Click this to enter the AI mode interface, which invites you to “ask detailed questions for detailed responses”.

    -

    Several of the twins’ pumpkins, many of which are named for Harry Potter characters like Hagrid, have come painfully close over the years. In 2022, they nabbed the title of heaviest pumpkin in the UK—an honor, to be sure, but not quite on par with beating the Americans for world pumpkin domination. One might think that decades of near misses would put anyone off the giant pumpkin game for good. Yet the Patons never considered stopping. Even now, although Stuart has said he will retire after this year, Ian plans to keep going.

    +

    You can then type in whatever query you like. Maybe you want to know what the best smartphone under $500 dollars is, or the best craft activities for kids under 5. On the right, there’s a microphone button if you’d rather speak out your search request, or there are also picture and paperclip icons for uploading images and files respectively.

    -

    “I think it’s just the sheer size—these things grow to the size of a small car,” he says. “It’s like James and the Giant Peach. You plant the seed and you produce a monster.”

    +

    For example, you can upload an image of a broken bicycle and ask AI Mode the best way to fix it, or give it a multi-page PDF and ask what the key points are. It’s this sort of versatility that can make AI Mode several times more useful than a standard Google search, which returns a series of links to elsewhere on the web.

    -

    Today, “pumpkin sickness” is a global affliction, although its roots are very much American. In 1992, the Great Pumpkin Commonwealth was founded in Indiana as a kind governing body of the world of giant fruits and vegetables. Although pumpkins are their raison d’être, they also preside over watermelons, tomatoes, and long gourds. Today, it oversees more than 70 officially sanctioned giant pumpkin weigh-off sites from as far away as South Africa, Japan, and Australia. The competition is fierce, the stakes high and often lucrative. But there’s a real science behind growing gourds of unusual size, and a little bit of luck, too. 

    +

    If you go for a regular search, without images or attachments, AI Mode will scour the web for answers and then present them in summarized form. You’ll see small web link icons that will direct you to the websites where the information’s been pulled from, as well as larger previews of these sites on the right.

    -

    A brief history of giant pumpkins

    +

    Part of the reason for using AI Mode is so that you can keep the conversation going, and you can ask any follow-up questions you like beyond your main query. Perhaps you want to restrict your original search somehow, or ask Google more about what it’s found, or get the AI Mode to explain one of its answers.

    -

    Growers duking it out over giant vegetables is nothing new. The Western Alaska State Fair has been holding monster cabbage weigh-offs since the 1920s. The Half Moon Bay Pumpkin Festival Contest—the ultimate crown in the giant pumpkin world—first started back in 1974. Back then, the champion was a measly 132 pounds, a figure that has grown exponentially since. 

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    Access your AI Mode history—or avoid it

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    A celebratory outdoor scene shows a man giving a thumbs-up while standing next to a massive, pale orange pumpkin at a weigh-off event. Two young children are sitting happily atop the pumpkin. A digital scale displaying "2346" is visible in the background, along with banners for the "Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off," under a bright blue sky.
    In 2025, eIectrical vehicle engineer Brandon Dawson won the top prize at the Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off in Half Moon Bay, California with his massive 2,346-pound pumpkin. Image: 2025 Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off Image: 2025 Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off
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    google search screenshot
    AI Mode is more like a chatbot conversation. Screenshot: Google
    -

    “At one point, no one thought we’d ever have a one-ton pumpkin, but we got there, and we’re going beyond it,” says Steve Reiners, a professor at the School of Integrative Plant Science at Cornell AgriTech. In 2012, Ron Wallace from Rhode Island smashed through the pumpkin glass ceiling with a specimen weighing 2,009 pounds. Since then, pumpkins have reached Brobdingnagian proportions, with the 3,000-pound threshold growing steadily closer.

    +

    There are a few different features to know about in Google AI Mode besides the basics. At the end of each response, you’ll find thumbs up and thumbs down buttons for rating the quality of the output you’ve been given. There’s also a share icon (the lesser-than icon) you can use to share the results with someone else.

    -

    “I read some years back that some engineer came up with the figure that he thinks they could get close to 20,000 pounds before it would just collapse in on itself,” Reiner says. The exterior of a giant pumpkin is often a foot thick and tough enough you’d need a chainsaw to get through it. “I think what’s limiting us now is the season. You’ve only got so much time to grow this.”

    +

    On the left, you’ve got options for starting a new search (the pen inside the rectangle) and for accessing your AI Mode search history (the clock symbol). Using the three dots by the side of each search they can be shared and deleted, while via the three dots at the top of the list you can delete your entire AI Mode search history.

    -

    Muggle, the Paton twins’ pumpkin, grew from a seed to the size of Cinderella’s carriage in a mere 131 days. 

    +

    You can also manage your AI Mode history in the same way as your history in other Google apps and services: Through your Google account activity page. From here you’re able to delete any AI Mode searchers you’ve previously run, go back to them, or tell Google to delete them automatically after a certain time period.

    -

    It all starts with a seed 

    +

    Along the top of the AI Mode screen you’ll see the usual Google search categories, including Images and Shopping. You can also click All to run a standard Google search—which should give you an idea of whether or not a regular search is going to suit you better. If you run a regular Google search, meanwhile, you can click AI Mode in the top left corner to switch to the new AI interface.

    -

    As with many world record-smashers before it, the Patons’ prize pumpkin was an Atlantic Giant, a variety of Cucurbita maxima first developed in the 1970s. The seeds for these behemoths are only slightly larger than that of a regular jack o’ lantern, and they grow at alarming speeds. Once the plants get going, the vines sprawl a foot a day in every direction. Early on, the grower must choose his or her fighter from the baby pumpkins on the vine. By culling the smaller ones, they force the plant to focus all of its energy on one.

    +

    As for how to turn AI Mode off, you can’t—Google is betting big on AI, along with almost everyone else. All you can do is avoid it (and the AI Overviews), and run your Google searches as normal. Quitting Google doesn’t really work either: Even the alternative search engine DuckDuckGo now has an AI element, though it’s currently easier to ignore than Google’s AI Mode.

    +

    The post How to use AI Mode instead of regular Google searches (or avoid it altogether) appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Is microwave cooking nuking all the nutrients?]]>Short answer? Probably not.

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    The post Is microwave cooking nuking all the nutrients? appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/do-microwaves-destroy-nutrients/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714429Mon, 03 Nov 2025 09:00:00 -0500HealthAsk Us AnythingScienceOriginally used for radar and other technologies, the power of microwaves was first harnessed specifically for heating food in 1947. By the late 1960s, commercial microwave ovens were small and inexpensive enough to become fixtures of the modern kitchen. And by the 1970s, scientists were starting to wonder just how this form of electromagnetic radiation might be affecting the food that it heated. Microwaving food produces different textures and flavors than other cooking methods. So what, if anything, happens to the nutrition in food when it gets nuked in your microwave oven?

    -

    “Our pumpkins can grow 70 pounds a day, so 700 pounds in 10 days,” Paton says with pride, then adds slyly, “People say what do you feed them and I say, ‘A small child everyday!’”

    + +

    In 2009, a review of research studies on microwave cooking plainly spelled out their conclusion: “no significant nutritional differences exist between foods prepared by conventional and microwave methods.” However, this doesn’t mean that microwave ovens don’t change or reduce the nutrition in your food at all; they just don’t appear to do so any more than other methods of cooking.

    -

    Jokes aside, pumpkin-growers feed these monstrosities an alarming amount of water—in the case of the Patons’ pumpkins, about 130 gallons a day. “They’re thirsty,” Paton says. “They need no more fertilizer [per square foot] than your normal tomato plant would—just bulked up, since it’s about 1,200 times your tomato plant.”

    +

    What does cooking do to your food?

    + + + +

    All cooking transforms food, to the benefit of some nutrients and the detriment of others. For example, heating causes structural changes to protein molecules that make them easier for our bodies to absorb and digest. This, along with other factors like the destruction of pathogens, is likely why prehistoric humans started cooking meat. Other nutrients, such as vitamin C and B-vitamins like thiamine and niacin, are soluble in water and easily destroyed by heat. This means that they tend to be reduced during the cooking process, especially when you boil cabbage or other nutritious veggies.

    + + + +
    A vintage black and white photograph shows a blonde woman, Jackie Copeland, in a dark dress demonstrating the Raytheon Radarange, one of the earliest commercial microwave ovens, in 1946. The large, industrial-looking appliance is resting on a tall pedestal, and she is holding a small item next to the heating compartment.
    Jackie Copeland demonstrates the Raytheon Radarange’s hamburger cooking abilities on October 7, 1946 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The Radarange was a precursor to later, smaller microwave ovens. The Radarange itself needed a very large cooling system. The oven had only two buttons and a dial timer. Image: Bettmann / Contributor / Getty Images Bettmann
    + + + +

    In 2009, Chinese researchers measured the concentration of vitamin C and other nutrients in broccoli before and after five common home cooking methods: boiling, steaming, stir-frying, stir-frying followed by boiling, and microwaving. They determined that microwaving did produce different effects on nutrients from the other cooking methods. However, microwaving did not cause the greatest loss of any measured nutrient out of the five cooking methods compared. For example, in the case of vitamin C, “all cooking treatments, except steaming, caused a dramatic loss,” researchers reported. This was likely because steaming was the method that placed the broccoli in the least direct contact with water. Boiling produced the greatest losses of vitamin C (more than 30 percent). In comparison, microwaving reduced vitamin C in the broccoli by only 16 percent.

    + + + +

    How do microwaves cook food?

    + + + +

    The main way in which microwaving differs from other methods of cooking is not its effect on nutrition, but its effect on a food’s molecules. Microwaves heat food by acting on polar molecules: those with differently-charged ends, such as water, sugar, and fat molecules. As the electromagnetic fields inside a microwave oven shift, polar molecules spin rapidly, aligning and realigning themselves with their opposite charge. The kinetic energy generated by these vibrating molecules is converted into thermal energy, or heat, by friction, and that heat then transfers to the rest of the food and warms it up. 

    + + + +

    Non-polar molecules inside a microwave oven, such as air molecules, are not affected and therefore not heated directly by microwaves. And as microwaves do not penetrate all the way through solid food, heating is most consistent only in the outermost surface layer. This is why you may have to stir food after microwaving to ensure even heating, and why microwaving frozen foods doesn’t always thaw them all the way through.

    + + + +

    Healthy microwaving 

    + + + +

    In a separate study on nutrient loss in microwaved broccoli from 2007, researchers advised shorter microwave times with less water to retain the greatest amount of nutrients. Similar conclusions may be drawn about other cooking methods, such as boiling. The more water used and the longer the food is cooked for, the more nutrients can leach out of the food and into the cooking water. That’s why broth is a thing.

    @@ -4304,884 +4392,772 @@

    - Related Hobby Stories

    + Related Ask Us Anything Stories
    -

    Teen turns his suburban home into elaborate haunted house every October

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    A dedicated son brings Fenway Park to his dad’s backyard

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    In Vermont, one man is bringing pay phones back to life

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    Illinois man has spent 40 years rebuilding a WWII-era B-17 bomber

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    A life-long car lover recreated the Griswold’s famous station wagon

    -

    Amateur paleontologist opens fossil museum in rural Minnesota

    +

    Seriously, stop microwaving your food in plastic

    +

    Does eating spicy food help you lose weight? Science has a clear answer.

    +

    Is raw milk safe? Science has a clear answer.

    +

    Should you keep eggs in the fridge? Short answer: Yes.

    +

    Does eating late at night really cause weight gain? A nutritionist explains.

    +

    Can you survive on a single food forever?

    -

    Although growing giant pumpkins is certainly an art, the champions insist that there’s no real magic bullet or secrets to it. Travis Gienger, a horticulture teacher at Anoka Technical College in Minnesota, attributes his success to genetics, patience, and careful plant-management techniques. Each year, he carefully hand-pollinates his plants to combine the genes of the pumpkin with a large circumference with a pumpkin with an exceptionally thick shell.

    - +

    So when you’re using the microwave, you can rest assured that it isn’t decimating the nutritional value of your food. However, you should still be wary of other possible impacts microwaving can have. The label of “microwave-safe” seen on some plastic containers refers to the integrity of the container itself: It means that the container won’t melt in the microwave, not that it poses no risk to your health. Scientists have long recognized the ability of plastic containers to release potentially harmful chemicals into food when heated by microwaves. In 2023, a study from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln found that some microwaved plastic containers release micro- and nanoplastic particles in the billions. For this reason, glass or ceramic containers are considered safer choices for microwaving food.

    -

    “You need a thick shell to win,” Gienger says, citing the fact that champions are usually ranked on weight. He would know. A four-time winner of the Half Moon Bay Pumpkin Festival Contest, Gienger set the North American record in 2022. In 2023, his 2,749-pound goliath nicknamed Michael Jordan set the previous world record.

    +

    There has also been speculation that microwaves account for a greater production of the compound acrylamide than other cooking methods. Acrylamide, which develops naturally in starchy foods like potatoes during cooking, has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies. But there’s still more research to be done on the connection between microwaves and acrylamide as well as between acrylamide and cancer in humans, according to a 2024 BBC report on the safety of microwaved food. For precaution, says the same report, you can boil your potatoes or soak them in water before microwaving them, which inhibits acrylamide from forming.

    -

    Like the Patons, Gienger has been obsessed for almost his entire life. “My dad was raising little pumpkins, say, maybe 100-pounders that we put in a wheelbarrow as a kid,” he says. “Then I went to the state fair and saw some big ones, and I’m like, ‘I wonder if I can do that.’ Nearly three decades later, I had the world record.”

    +

    The short answer as to whether microwaves destroy nutrients is that it depends which nutrient you’re talking about. From a nutritional standpoint, to nuke or not to nuke may also depend on the food in question and just how long you plan on microwaving it for. Like any other device in your kitchen, the microwave comes with both benefits and drawbacks; it’s not necessarily your one-stop solution for everything culinary, but it can be a useful tool.

    -

    Gourd glory and riches

    +

    This story is part of Popular Science’s Ask Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.

    +

    The post Is microwave cooking nuking all the nutrients? appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Orcas are hunting young great white sharks for their livers]]>Moctezuma’s pod continues their dominance in the Gulf of California.

    +

    The post Orcas are hunting young great white sharks for their livers appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/orcas-hunt-great-white-shark/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714444Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 -0500EnvironmentAnimalsSharksWhalesWildlifeOrca whales are skilled pack hunters with an ever-growing list of prey. Some killer whales devour other marine mammals like seals, while others primarily dine on salmon. Recently, ocean researchers discovered that the apex predators aren’t afraid of taking on equally formidable foes—great white sharks. Now, a study published on November 3 in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science documented even more remarkable hunting behavior. In the Gulf of California, members of the much-studied Moctezuma’s pod were observed killing juvenile white sharks by flipping them upside-down to feast on their energy-packed livers.

    -

    The road to pumpkin fame and fortune is fraught with peril. A single, tiny hole in the side of Gienger’s prospective entry this year allowed air to enter the main cavity. The entire gourd rotted. “There’s a lot of factors that are out of your control,” Gienger says. “Weather, obviously, the big one. If we get smoked with rain, that’s no good. If we’re too hot or too cold, too cold is usually the problem around here. Halestorms, that’s your enemy.”

    +

    The latest observations suggest that orcas may be incorporating great white sharks into their diets more than marine biologists realized, but the researchers stopped short of making any definitive conclusions. However, study co-author Erick Higuera Rivas thinks it’s a possibility.

    -
    A high-angle photograph shows a giant, pale yellow pumpkin being pulled on a parade float through a street lined with a large crowd of spectators. A man, a woman, and a baby are seated on hay bales in front of the enormous pumpkin, with the man giving a thumbs-up. The float is decorated with large, orange artificial sunflowers.
    Giant pumpkin grower Travis Gienger (left) poses along his family with his 2,560-pound gourd during the pumpkin parade at the Half Moon Bay Pumpkin Festival in 2022. Image: Anadolu / Contributor / Getty Images Anadolu
    +

    “I believe that orcas that eat elasmobranchs—sharks and rays—could eat a great white shark, if they wanted to, anywhere they went looking for one,” the project director at Conexiones Terramar and Pelagic Life said in a statement. “This behavior is a testament to orcas’ advanced intelligence, strategic thinking, and sophisticated social learning, as the hunting techniques are passed down through generations within their pods.”

    -

    Even once the pumpkins make it to maturity, there are still hurdles to cross. Just hoisting a 2000-plus-pound fruit requires a special harness. Last year, Gienger drove his winning pumpkin more than 2,000 miles over 35 hours to California for the weigh-off. After the contest, it had to journey all the way to New York, where it took three growers five days to hack it apart.  

    +
    An orca strikes a shark in the belly. Image by Marco Villegas.
    Orcas hunted the juvenile sharks in groups of five. Credit: Marco Villegas Marco Villegas Martínez
    -

    It was all worth it though. A single seed from Michael Jordan goes for $349. Gienger also took home $30,000, plus a weekend at The Ritz-Carlton in Half Moon Bay. “It’s a pretty sweet deal,” he says. “You get a coat and an engraved ring. And they put you on a pumpkin float for the big parade.”

    +

    Regardless, Rivas and colleagues know for certain that at least some members of Moctezuma’s pod in the Gulf of California regularly pursue great whites. In 2020, the team documented two separate hunts that collectively resulted in three white shark deaths during routine orca monitoring. In the first instance, five orcas ambushed a juvenile great white shark, then pushed it to the surface before working collaboratively to flip it onto its back. The whales and their prey soon disappeared underwater, with only the attackers reappearing later—with chunks of the shark’s liver in their mouths. Not long after, they repeated the strategy with another young great white. Another documented great white shark feast took place two years’ later, and followed similar steps.

    -

    For most growers, the pride of winning far outweighs the cash. As Paton points out, it costs a small fortune just to grow these pumpkins. “We call it the friendliest sport in the world, because we all help each other out,” Paton says. “Ultimately, your competition is yourself. A battle of wits against Mother Nature.”

    +

    Turning sharks upside-down isn’t simply to disorient them. Doing so induces tonic immobility, effectively paralyzing them and altering their environmental awareness.

    “This temporary state renders the shark defenseless, allowing the orcas to extract its nutrient-rich liver and likely consume other organs as well, before abandoning the rest of the carcass,” said Rivas.

    -

    For decades, Popular Science has highlighted the work of hobbyists. If you or someone you know is a DIY hobbyist working on a project, we’d like an introduction. Fill out this form and tell us more.

    -

    The post Giant pumpkin growers face off for world gourd domination appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[18th century lead ammo found in Scottish Highlands]]>Lead musket balls and cannon shot highlight a lesser known facet of the Battle of Culloden.

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    The post 18th century lead ammo found in Scottish Highlands appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/ammunition-culloden-scottish-highlands/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714318Thu, 30 Oct 2025 16:10:34 -0400ScienceArchaeologyMilitaryTechnologyWeaponsArchaeologists in Scotland have excavated over 100 weapon projectiles, including cannon shot and lead musket balls from one of the country’s most famous battlefields. With these new finds, experts say they can better contextualize the Battle of Culloden, as well as highlight some of the conflict’s lesser known participants.

    +

    The sharks’ injuries imply that the pod’s orcas have developed this signature technique as a way to reduce the chance of being bitten. Researchers believe focusing on juvenile targets might also be easier than taking on a full-sized adult shark.

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    The Battle of Culloden

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    An orca subdues a white shark.
    The young great whites may offer a seasonal variation to their usual diet. Credit: Marco Villegas Marco Villegas MartínezMarco Villegas
    -

    In July 1745, Charles Stuart arrived in Scotland seeking to return his father to the British throne. For the next nine months, Stuart proceeded to lead thousands of supporters, militiamen, and conscripted soldiers in a military campaign now known as the Jacobite rising of 1745. While short-lived, the uprising had far-reaching consequences across England and mainland Europe.

    +

    “Adult white sharks react quickly to hunting orcas, completely evacuating their seasonal gathering areas and not returning for months. But these juvenile white sharks may be naive to orcas,” said study co-author Salvador Jorgensen. “We just don’t know yet whether white shark anti-predator flight responses are instinctual or need to be learned.” 

    -

    Stuart’s attempt to take the throne was ultimately doomed, and the Battle of Culloden proved his final attempt at the throne. On April 16, 1746, he and upwards of 6,000 fighters met around 7,000 British loyalists near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Between 1,500 and 2,000 of Stuart’s men were killed or wounded in less than an hour, forcing the Jacobites to retreat and effectively ending the revolt. 

    +

    Great white sharks may not be orcas’ first choice of prey. Instead, they could be meals of opportunity for this pod. Shifting climates along with events like El Niño have likely altered white shark nursery regions, thereby increasing their presence in the Gulf of California. This may be what ultimately led to initial run-ins with Moctezuma’s pod. Now, juvenile sharks may present a seasonal addition to the orcas’ diets.

    -

    In the years since, the battle’s decisive tactics have been closely studied, but archaeologists from the University of Glasgow and the National Trust for Scotland recently discovered an array of physical relics from the deadly conflict.

    +

    All of this remains conjecture for the time being. The authors say that more detailed surveys are needed before offering concrete answers. Even so, it’s at least abundantly clear by now that when push comes to shove, orcas will willingly take on some of the ocean’s most terrifying predators.

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    The post Orcas are hunting young great white sharks for their livers appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[How to fix your Google Discover page]]>It's just a swipe away on most Android phones.

    +

    The post How to fix your Google Discover page appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-optimize-google-discover/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714488Sun, 02 Nov 2025 13:00:00 -0500DIYTech HacksThe Google Discover page is just a swipe away from the home screen on millions of Android phones—including on the Google Pixel and Samsung Galaxy. But a lot of users aren’t necessarily aware that it’s there, or how they can make the most of it.

    -
    Archaeologist using metal detector in Scottish highlands with excavator tractor behind him
    Metal detecting was one of three different, but complementary, techniques used to investigate the area. Credit: National Trust for Scotland
    +

    As the name suggests, the aim of the page is to help you discover information of interest. It could be news stories, sports scores, or weather forecasts for example, and over time the page should get better at figuring out what you want.

    -

    Fighting (and digging) on boggy ground

    +

    If you’ve never taken a proper look at the Google Discover page, or don’t feel you’ve ever really understood how it works, read on. It’s not something you’ll find built into iPhones, though you can find a similar page inside the Google app for iOS.

    -

    Although previous surveys of the same section of battlefield failed to yield any artifacts, experts recovered the various ammunition using two strategies called trial trenching and test pitting. Both techniques allow archaeologists to quickly assess an area without the need to dig too deep into the ground. Metal detectors then helped pinpoint the likely locations for more extensive examinations. Experts believe the prior surveys likely failed because the boggy landscape was first forested in the 19th century, then recently cleared.

    +

    Navigating to the Google Discover page

    -

    Archaeologist Tony Pollard said that initial analysis indicates their finds were some of the last shots fired during the skirmish.

    +
    screenshot of discover feed
    Google Discover will serve up a host of news stories for your feed. Screenshot: Google
    -

    “Musket balls fired by Jacobite and government troops, including pistol balls fired by government dragoons, likely relate to one of the last actions in the battle,” he said in a statement. “This fight took place between the initial battle lines, at a location where boggy ground slowed the Highland charge, and this in combination with heavy fire from Cumberland’s line helped to seal the fate of the Jacobite cause.”

    +

    All it takes to get to the Discover page on an Android phone is a swipe from left to right on the home screen. If you’ve got several home screens in play, you need to keep swiping until you get to the one that’s furthest to the left—then the next swipe should open up Google Discover for you.

    -

    ‘Valiant action’

    +

    You might find some slight variations depending on the type of Android phone you’ve got. For example, Google Discover is enabled by default on Galaxy phones, but can be replaced by a Samsung News screen. To get Google Discover back, open up Samsung News, then tap the three dots (top right): Choose Add media page to Home screen, and you’re able to choose between Google Discover and Samsung News.

    -

    Pollard explained that the munitions likely didn’t come from the Jacobites themselves, but from an Irish battalion enlisted by their French allies.

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    At first, if you’ve just started using the Google Discover feature, the news stories you see might not be all that relevant to you. They’ll be based on a variety of factors and information that Google has access to, which might include your Chrome browsing history and your past Google searches—so these stories should be at least somewhat related to what you’ve previously looked up online.

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    “[The battalion] made a brave stand against hundreds of mounted men… advancing from the right of Cumberland’s line,” he recounted. “The job of these horsemen was to cut down the disordered Jacobites, and we have recovered some of the shot fired from their heavy pistols.”

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    You can tap on any story to read it within the built-in Google Discover browser: Use the down arrow and cross icons (top left) to minimize or close the browser as needed, and get back to Discover. There are also buttons underneath each story to like the story and to share it with others (you can pick a specific contact or app, or get a link to share).

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    Historical accounts say about 150 men under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Stapleton blocked these horsemen. After retreating behind the walls of Culloden Parks, the remaining fighters soon surrendered. However, Stapleton was not among them. He died at some point during the cavalry onslaught. As regular troops in French service, the British treated them as prisoners of war instead of Jacobite rebels, and eventually repatriated them to France.

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    Keep scrolling down the Discover page to get more and more stories. Up at the top, you get some information widgets that serve up sports scores, weather forecasts, stock prices, sunrise and sunset times, currently playing media, and other content Google thinks you’ll be interested in. At the very top, you can tap Google to run a web or AI search.

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    “This valiant action helped thousands of Jacobites get away from the field, but it gets only brief mentions in most of the history books,” said Pollard.

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    The post 18th century lead ammo found in Scottish Highlands appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Neanderthals used ‘crayons’ to color]]>Ancient ochre pigment fragments show that our cousins had an artistic flair.

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    The post Neanderthals used ‘crayons’ to color appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/neanderthals-coloring-art/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714309Thu, 30 Oct 2025 14:58:26 -0400ScienceArchaeologyBiologyEnvironmentEvolutionNeanderthals are getting a well-deserved scientific rewrite. A growing body of paleoarchaeological evidence indicates that our extinct cousins were far from the lumbering oafs we initially believed them to be. Recent discoveries show the one-time Homo sapien competitors were creative enough to craft stone multitools and even collect small trinkets. A recent study published in the journal Science Advances now adds a more colorful dimension to the early hominins. Pigment materials discovered at known Neanderthal sites indicate they possessed an artistic streak, as well.

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    Customizing the Google Discover page

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    The latest Neanderthal art discovery comes from a team led by Francesco d’Errico, a researcher of early sapiens at France’s University of Bordeaux. The archaeologists traveled to multiple locations across Crimea and Ukraine known for their troves of Neanderthal artifacts. They collected 16 pieces of ochre dating as far back as 70,000 years. Ochre is an orange pigment that is made from iron-rich minerals.It was utilized across many ancient civilizations for artwork, as well as preserving and tanning animal hides. The team then used scanning electron microscopes and portable X-ray scanners to examine their finds.

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    screenshot of search data on phone
    You can customize Discover and run searches from it too. Screenshot: Google
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    Archaeological ochre pieces from Crimea. Credit: d’Errico et al.
    Archaeological ochre pieces from Crimea. Credit: d’Errico et al.
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    Now you know where to find the Google Discover page and how to get around it, you’ll want to start customizing it. To some extent this should happen automatically, as Google learns more about you through your browsing history (if it’s in Chrome on the desktop or mobile), and through your Google searches.

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    Many of the ochre fragments showed signs of being used for making marks, such as polished, sharpened, and engraved surfaces. One piece of yellow ochre particularly stood out from the rest, however. A close analysis showed that the item was purposefully shaped into a crayon-like object for drawing. Researchers also noticed that the tip had been resharpened and reused multiple times. This likely means the ochre wasn’t worn down and discarded, but intentionally fashioned into an artistic tool.

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    If you tap the three dots next to any story in your Discover feed, you’ll find there are several options you can use to refine the sort of news you’re seeing: You can choose to See less content like this, or tell Google that you’re Not interested in a topic. It’s also possible to block a particular website from Discover via this pop-up menu.

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    “While practical applications (e.g., hide processing) remain plausible for other specimens, the evidence supports symbolic use among some Crimean Neanderthals,” the study’s authors wrote, adding that the cumulative findings “support the conclusion that at least some ochre materials were involved in symbolic activities.”

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    In the other direction, you can express approval for a story choice by tapping the heart icon underneath it. You also have the option to Save a story to look at later (tap on the three dots to find it). To find stories you’ve saved, tap on your Google account picture (top right), then Saves and collections.

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    If true, this implies Neanderthals engaged in similar cultural activities to those pursued by some of their contemporary Homo sapiens. Unfortunately, crayons don’t exactly factor very heavily into natural selection and evolution. Both early humans and their distant hominin relatives may have both enjoyed making their marks, but only we survived to still enjoy a good coloring session today.

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    The post Neanderthals used ‘crayons’ to color appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Shark’s pet-friendly air purifier is cheaper than ever at Amazon for a limited time]]>The most popular Shark air purifiers are on sale for their lowest prices of the year at Amazon. The deals also include vacuums, styling products, and more.

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    The post Shark’s pet-friendly air purifier is cheaper than ever at Amazon for a limited time appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/shark-air-purifier-deals-amazon-sale/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714295Thu, 30 Oct 2025 14:17:07 -0400GearHomeHave you turned your home’s heat on for the winter yet? I finally gave in and switched my thermostat over to heat only to find myself smelling the familiar dusty scent emanating through my vents. The air quality in your home is important and that’s why we’re so enthusiastic about recommending air purifiers. Right now, Amazon has Shark’s powerful HP201 Air Purifier for its cheapest price of the year

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    You’re able to customize the Discover feed in several other ways: Tap your Google account picture (top right), then Search personalization, and you can tweak the stories you’ve liked, the topics you’re following (like “soccer” and “tech” for example), and the list of items that you’re not interested in—so if you’ve previously never cared for cat content, but now you love it, you can edit that here. You can also edit your Google search history.

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    Shark HP102PET Air Purifier (Bedroom/Nursery, PET) $149

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    - Shark 102 air purifier for pets +

    There’s also a way to set your preferred news stories across Google Discover and Google search: You need to run a standard Google search from Discover about a topic in the news, then click the icon next to the right of the Top Stories box. From there you can add preferred sources—so you might want to include Popular Science, for example.

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    The post How to fix your Google Discover page appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>en-US<![CDATA[What do you see? 12 extreme close-ups bring ‘hidden science’ to life]]>New photography book encourages us to look for science everywhere.

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    The post What do you see? 12 extreme close-ups bring ‘hidden science’ to life appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/12-extreme-close-ups-bring-hidden-science-to-life/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714351Sun, 02 Nov 2025 12:00:00 -0500ScienceEnvironmentPhotographyTechnologyScience is all around. Phenomenal Moments: Revealing the Hidden Science Around Us (Candlewick/MiTeenPress, November 4, 2025) is a joyful invitation to discover just how amazing our world is. Organized into five thematic sections, the book turns learning about science into a guessing game. Detailed photographs like the ones below taken by MIT researcher and science photographer Felice Frankel challenge readers to deduce the underlying chemical, natural, or physical processes at play. Then, with the a turn of the page, the scientific explanation is revealed. Images are republished with permission. (Click to expand images to full screen.)

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    - - Even the cutest pets can make very un-cute smells. - -

    Shark

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    a close up of a pink gerbera daisy
    Although it appears to be a single stunningly beautiful flower, the gerbera is a composite of hundreds of flowers with three different subgroups. The central disk, appearing green here, contains the subgroup called disk florets. Surrounding the central disk are the trans florets. Look carefully in the trans area to find the small yellow structures. These are stamens. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    Sized for small rooms where quiet matters, the HP102PET targets pet dander, hair, and everyday allergens with a sealed HEPA-level filter and an odor-fighting carbon layer to tame litter-box or wet-dog smells. It monitors air quality and auto-adjusts the fan, so you can set it in a corner and let it run while you sleep. A dedicated Sleep mode dims the display and hushes the motor, while a simple filter indicator takes the guesswork out of maintenance. Its compact footprint fits on a dresser or in a nursery beside the rocker, and a top-facing intake/exhaust helps circulate clean air without a draft. If your cat claims the bed or the dog sneaks afternoon naps in the crib room, this is an easy, low-fuss way to keep the air fresher overnight and during naps.

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    droplets of multicolored paint
    While walking past a storefront that was being painted with all sorts of colors, I noticed quite
    a bit of the paint splattered on the sidewalk. It reminded me of a Jackson Pollock painting. The patterns of droplets, dribbles, and swaths of paint depend on the viscosity among other things. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    Editor’s Picks and more deals on Shark products

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    sandy steps leading down to a beach
    The traces of sand on the stairs, previously suspended in the ocean’s water, were brought in with high tide, which occurs when the moon exerts its gravitational pull on the Earth. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    Shark AV2900XE ThermaCharged Robot Vacuum & Mop $749

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    Autumn is my favorite time of the year. The colors of the leaves are caused by the breakdown of the green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps the leaves extract energy from sunlight. Since the chlorophyll is not being replenished in the autumn, the yellowish and red pigments now can be seen. Image: Felice Frankel.
    Autumn is my favorite time of the year. The colors of the leaves are caused by the breakdown of the green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps the leaves extract energy from sunlight. Since the chlorophyll is not being replenished in the autumn, the yellowish and red pigments now can be seen. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    Shark’s top-tier combo adds heated mop cleaning and a self-empty/self-refill base, so floors get real scrubbing while you skip the refills and bin dumps. Six PowerDetect technologies auto-boost on carpet and mess, and the 60-day base plus 30-day water tank make it a true set-and-forget helper for mixed-surface homes.

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    bubbles in a slear liquid
    I always find it fascinating seeing bubbles form after I pour carbonated water into a glass. The bubbles are carbon dioxide that is dissolved in the liquid under pressure. When we open a bottle or can, the pressure is released and the carbon dioxide comes out of the solution as bubbles or effervescence. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    Shark FlexStyle (Special Edition) Multi-Styler $229

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    green leaves with a wavy texture
    Lamb’s ear has a hairy surface that makes the leaves hydrophobic. When water comes into contact with the leaves, it beads up and rolls off rather than sitting on the leaf surface. The effect provides nature with a way of cleaning the leaves. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    A lightweight dryer/curler system that swaps between auto-wrap curlers, an oval brush, and a concentrator. It’s designed to style fast without extreme heat, which helps maintain shine and reduce frizz—great for everyday blowouts or quick touch-ups before a video call.

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    a close up of sauteed vegetables where the colors are blurred
    While sautéing yellow, orange, red, and green peppers for a pasta dish on my induction stove, the glass cover on my pan began to reflect all the wonderful colors. Heat from the cooking surface caused the water from the peppers to vaporize, creating steam that was captured by the glass cover. The water coalesced into larger drops, forming condensation on the glass. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    Air Purifiers

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    white and red strawberries
    Have you ever seen white strawberries? It turns out that they are not strawberries, but pineberries, which are very similar to the red strawberries we are used to seeing. Both of these types of berries appear to have “seeds” on the surface, but those dots are not actually seeds. They are the plant’s ovaries, called achenes. Image: Felice Frankel.
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    the bottom of a copper pt with red, orange, blue, and green tarnish
    When the bottom of my copper pot was exposed to heat and air, it was oxidized, leading to the formation of a thin layer of copper compounds—especially copper carbonate—on its surface. We call the process patina formation (or just patination). Over time, different types of oxidation reactions take place, forming various copper compounds. The different compounds produce the colors. Image: Felice Frankel. 
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    Robot Vacuums & Mop Combos

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    sunlight reflecting off of water
    The bright sun glitter in the foreground is a result of sunlight reflecting off a rippled surface of water. The angle of the sun hitting the waves determines the shapes of the sun’s reflection. Where you stand makes a difference to what you see. Image: Felice Frankel. 
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    Felice Frankel is a renowned science photographer and MIT research scientist. Her work has appeared in National Geographic, Newsweek, Nature, and Scientific American, she is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.

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    The post What do you see? 12 extreme close-ups bring ‘hidden science’ to life appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[6 hip stretches for tightness and pain]]>Is hip tightness to blame for your back or knee pain? It could be.

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    The post 6 hip stretches for tightness and pain appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/hip-stretches-for-tightness-and-pain/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714084Sun, 02 Nov 2025 08:00:00 -0500HealthFitness & ExerciseYou’re not getting any younger. That’s not a dig, it’s a call to action—or, more specifically, activity. Because, even among those of us who exercise regularly, the further we get from childhood the more limited our varieties of movement typically become, leading to weaker muscles, brittler bones and less mobile joints. Especially the hips.

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    Upright Vacuums

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    “We don’t move laterally as much anymore, as we get older and we’re not playing sports. Even if you’re long-distance running, you’re just moving in one plane [of motion],” says Patrick Suarez, OCS, SCS, a physical therapist based in Albany, New York. “We don’t extend as much.”

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    “When we’re younger, we run a lot more, sprinting-wise. So our leg gets behind us, which is where our glutes are most powerful,” Suarez says. “So if we’re sitting a lot, we’re not extending our hips, we’re not using our glutes as much. If we’re not moving side to side as much, we’re not using our lateral hip muscles and trying to get those glutes firing in that direction as well.”

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    Cordless & Stick Vacuums

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    If you experience tightness in your hips — or pain in your back or knees (more on that below) — Suarez has identified six stretches that can help make them feel 19 again.

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    “When you have issues at the hip, you’re generally going to feel it at the knee or at the low back,” Suarez says. “Because you’ll start using your back more in ways that it’s not meant to be used, to accommodate for your lack of hip strength or mobility. And if you’re a long-distance runner, that knee can start to rotate a little bit, which it’s not meant to do.”

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    Steam & Floor Care

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    Over time, Suarez says, repetitive misallocation of the workload to your back and knees most often manifests as lateral or anterior knee pain or low back soreness. It can even lead to injury, compounding the importance of hip mobility.

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    That can go for rotation of the legs, too, especially internally. “From a research perspective, a lack of hip internal rotation has a direct correlation to low back pain,” Suarez says.

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    Hair Tools

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    Try these 6 hip stretches for lower-body mobility

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    However, if your pain is intense, seek clearance from a healthcare professional before participating in any type of exercise—these movements included. Even with a greenlight from your doctor, you should avoid any activity that causes or worsens pain in your hips.

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    The post Shark’s pet-friendly air purifier is cheaper than ever at Amazon for a limited time appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[This tiny T. rex is actually a new species]]>Nanotyrannus settles a big and 'acrimonius' paleontology debate.

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    The post This tiny T. rex is actually a new species appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/tiny-t-rex-new-species/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714263Thu, 30 Oct 2025 12:00:00 -0400ScienceBiologyDinosaursFor decades, paleontologists have argued about size. Specifically, whether or not certain fossils found in Montana belonged to a young Tyrannosaurus rex or a completely separate, smaller species. Researchers at North Carolina State University and Ohio University now say they can settle the debate. Tyrannosaurus rex did, in fact, have a diminutive relative in North America. While Nanotyrannus lancensis was comparatively small, a study published on October 30 in Nature makes it clear that they remained a fearsome Cretaceous era predator.

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    1. Shin box

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    Tyrannosaurus rex earned its “Tyrant King” status partly due to its enormous size. An adult T. rex could easily grow over 42-feet-long and weigh more than nine tons.Even juveniles weighed in at around 4,000 pounds. With that in mind, it’s understandable why a small skull discovered in 1946 at Montana’s fossil-rich Hell Creek Formation has been such a controversial specimen. Initially described as a species of Gorgosaurus, some paleontologists later asserted it actually belonged to an entirely separate Tyrannosaur. This initial categorization was met with pushback by an opposing camp of researchers, who claimed the skull simply possessed a combination of immature tyrannosaurid and T. rex characteristics. The truth had larger implications—if Nanotyrannus was actually its own species, that would end T. rex’s reign as the only widely accepted tyrannosauroid roaming North America during the late Cretaceous.

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    90/90 stretch
    Repeat this position each side. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    Close up of Nanotyrannus snout fossil
    The skull of Nanotyrannus differs from T. rex. Nanotyrannus has different nerve patterns, sinus structures, and more teeth. Credit: NC Museum of Natural Sciences MATT ZEHER
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    Also known as a 90/90 hip switch, this sit-up for your glutes helps you move through both internal and external hip rotation to promote greater stability. 

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    “In the years since, Nanotyrannus has become a hot-button issue, and the debate has often been acrimonious,” paleontologists Lindsay Zanno and Lawrence Witmer explained in their study.

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    • Sit upright on a mat or rug, with your right leg in front of you and your left leg behind you, both knees bent 90 degrees. Your right shin should be flat on the floor and roughly parallel to the top of your mat.
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      During an expedition back to the Hell Creek Formation, Zanno and Witmer’s team discovered an “exceptionally preserved, skeletally complete tyrannosauroid specimen.” After a close examination of the approximately 67-million-year-old remains, the study’s authors concluded that their find—as well as the 1946 skull—belong to Nanotyrannus.

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    • Making sure to keep your torso upright and core engaged, squeeze your glutes to drive your hips up and forward, lifting your upper body off the mat.
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      The key piece of evidence came from the new specimen’s age. A morphological analysis of its bones indicates they were nearly fully grown. If they were a juvenile, then their skeleton would still be developing. Additional modelling also led the paleontologists to believe Nanotyrannus displayed different bone-growth trajectories than T. rex, further supporting the argument. With this in mind, the study authors reexamined the previously discovered specimens, and determined the Nanotyrannus genus possessed at least two distinct species: Nanotyrannus lancensis and Nanotyrannus lethaeus.

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    • With control, slowly lower your body to the starting position. Perform an equal number of reps on both sides.
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    An NCMNS infographic of a T. Rex vs the Nanotyrannus. Credit: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
    An NCMNS infographic of a T. Rex vs the Nanotyrannus. Credit: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
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    If you’re unable to fully extend at the top of the movement, Suarez says you’ll feel where your tightness is, whether it’s in the front hip (external rotation) or the back hip (internal rotation).

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    In contrast to the T. rex, an adult Nanotyrannus only grew to a length of around 18 feet and weighed about 1,550 pounds. Where its larger cousin evolved for brute strength with thick legs and a bone-crushing bite, Nanotyrannus took a different approach to hunting prey. Its longer legs and strong arms made it both agile and fast, allowing it to quickly ambush its targets.

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    Watch Shin Box:

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    The confirmation of Nanotyrannus’ existence means that Tyrannosaurus likely had some company for at least around one million years leading up to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. This further supports the theory that dinosaurs weren’t already on the decline prior to their demise.If anything, the diversity suggests that they were doing just fine.

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    “Our results undermine a nearly uniform consensus among theropod specialists and rectify a significant taxonomic error underpinning decades of research,” the authors wrote. “The impact is beyond our ability to summarize here.”

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    The post This tiny T. rex is actually a new species appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Listen up: The Popular Science ‘Ask Us Anything’ podcast is back]]>Answering your weirdest questions since 1872.

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    The post Listen up: The Popular Science ‘Ask Us Anything’ podcast is back appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/popular-science-ask-us-anything-podcast/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714102Thu, 30 Oct 2025 11:41:11 -0400ScienceAnnouncementsDo fish fart? Why do we have toenails? How do airplane toilets actually work?

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    2. Frog stretch with internal rotation

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    For more than 150 years, Popular Science has answered your questions—from the serious to the outlandish. Now, we’re bringing back our Ask Us Anything podcast to satiate your curiosity about our weird and wonderful world. Based on our wildly popular written series of the same name, the audio version features host Sarah Durn and the Popular Science editors discussing everything from goose bumps to human composting.

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    This movement combines lumbar (lower back) flexion with internal rotation of your legs at the hip for increased mobility.

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    New episodes launch November 12 wherever you get your podcasts, so be sure to subscribe and follow on your favorite platform. We guarantee you’ll learn something new. And if you have a question for us, ask away.

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    The post Listen up: The Popular Science ‘Ask Us Anything’ podcast is back appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Caught on camera: Rats hunting bats mid-flight]]>Scientists record predatory rats at work for the first time.

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    The post Caught on camera: Rats hunting bats mid-flight appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/rats-hunt-bats-video/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714250Thu, 30 Oct 2025 11:11:54 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBatsConservationWildlifeIt’s a bird! It’s a plane! No, it’s a rat-grabbing-bat!

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    • Start on all fours, with your hands on the floor directly below your shoulders, your knees greater than hip-width apart and your heels touching.
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      For the first time, a brown rat has been caught on camera actively hunting bats. The never-before-seen footage shows the rat grabbing a snack at hibernation sites in northern Germany. While it’s undeniably impressive that rats can grab their supper mid-air, the new footage does not bode well for the bats. According to a study recently published in the journal Global Ecology and Conservation, rat predation may cause enough damage to significantly threaten local bat populations.

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    • Keeping your core engaged and your hands planted, bring your hips back toward your heels.
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      Brown rats are, in fact, the very same rats that scurry around New York City subway stations and drive tiny cars. Also called the Norway rat, these rodents are highly adaptive and excellent breeders. And wherever humans are, you can bet brown rats are living there, too. Despite their bad rap, rats are incredibly smart. They can think ahead, imagining solutions to problems, beat AI at recognizing hidden objects, and can even learn their own names. But their superior rodent brains can also make them excellent little hunters.

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    • As you shift forward to return to the starting position, keep your chest up as you internally rotate your right leg so your right foot points out toward your right side. Don’t let your right hip drop.
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      For this study, researchers set up thermal and infrared cameras to keep tabs on two bat hibernation sites in the towns of Segeberg and Lüneburg-Kalkberg, Germany. The two main species at the sites are the furry, short-eared Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii) and the lighter-colored Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri).

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    • Bring your right foot back to meet the left and again bring your hips back toward your heels.
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      The team analyzed camera footage captured over several months between 2021 and 2024, during times when the bats were most active.  The footage revealed a new apex predator in the brown rat. (We’re only mostly kidding.)

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    • Repeat on the other side, performing an equal number of reps on each.
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    The researchers observed two  distinct bat-hunting strategies. Some rats stood upright as they grabbed the unfortunate bats mid-air. Others closed in on the unsuspecting bats as they rested on the ground.

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    Watch Frog Stretch:

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    Capture and predation of a landed Daubenton’s bat by a brown rat. Video: Gloza-Rausch et al. (2025) Global Ecology and Conservation.
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    3. Single-leg bridge with knee drive

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    In Segeberg, the team captured 13 of these astonishing kills on camera. The researchers also catalogued a total of 52 rat-ravagged bat carcasses scattered across the cave. Similar findings were also documented in Lüneburg-Kalkberg.

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    One-legged glute bridge
    Repeat this on the other side. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    While that might not seem like a ton of bats, the team calculated that even a small rat colony (roughly 15 rats) could kill upwards of seven percent of the roughly 30,000 bats that spend their winters in Segeberg. And that’s a problem—both for bats and for people.

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    A unilateral version of the traditional hip bridge, this movement helps isolate one side at a time to improve strength, symmetry and hip extension.

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    “Management of invasive rodents at important bat hibernation sites supports biodiversity conservation,” the  team wrote in the study. Managing these bat-murdering rats also, “reduces potential public health impacts as part of a One Health strategy (an approach that considers the health of humans, animals and the environment together).”

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    The post Caught on camera: Rats hunting bats mid-flight appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The best electric commuter bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed]]>Whether you need to Class 1 to class or Class 3 up the career ladder, an electric bike can add class 2 your commute and cut down on the time and sweat it takes to get there.

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    The post The best electric commuter bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/best-electric-commuter-bikes/https://www.popsci.com/?p=604635Thu, 30 Oct 2025 10:15:31 -0400GearOutdoor GearI started riding an electric commuter bike out of necessity. Living in the suburbs of D.C. means our Metro lines sometimes shut down for weeks (or even months) for repairs, and driving into the city can easily run $20 or more each way once you add tolls, hot lanes, and parking. When I crunched the numbers, an e-bike—in my case, my first Specialized Turbo Vado—started to look downright economical. What I didn’t expect was how this one piece of outdoor gear would transform my commute into the best part of my day: a chance to decompress after stressful work hours, sneak in a workout, and actually enjoy the ride.

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    • Lie on your back, with your arms by your sides, your right foot flat on the floor and your left knee drawn in toward your chest.
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      The beauty of e-bikes is that pedal-assist power helps close the gap between your fitness level and the distance between home and office. They make long commutes feel shorter, tough hills less intimidating, and everyday riding way more doable. And the latest generation of commuter e-bikes is smarter than ever: think longer battery life, improved torque and cadence sensors (plus the ability to switch between them), integrated security features, and more throttles for when you need a cheat code.

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    • Keeping your core engaged, squeeze your glutes and drive through your right heel to lift your hips off the floor. 
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      The goal? A bike—like our best overall, the Priority Current Plus—that keeps your bum happy, makes commuting easier, and during a great promotion doesn’t cost so much you’ll be working extra shifts to pay it off. We’ve updated our list of the best electric commuter bikes to do exactly that.

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    • Hold at the top of the move for one or two seconds, squeezing your glutes, and slowly lower your hips to the starting position.
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      • Best overall e-bike for long commutes: Priority Current Plus
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      • Switch sides and repeat, performing an equal number of reps on each.
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    • Best value commuter e-bike for most people: Ride1Up Roadster v3
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      If you can’t perform the movement on one leg, simply do the bilateral version with both feet on the floor and work up to it. “Most of everyday life is unilateral — walking, running, scaling stairs,” Suarez says. “Asymmetries have the potential to lead to injuries, so the idea is to try and be as symmetrical as possible. The main way to do that is by doing unilateral exercises.”

      -
    • Best compact e-bike for last-mile commuters: JackRabbit OG2
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      Watch Single-Leg Bridge with Knee Drive:

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    • Best Dutch-style electric commuter bike: Trek Verve+ 1 LowStep LT
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    • Best lightweight electric commuter bike: Tenways CGO600 Pro
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      4. with single-leg balance

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    • Best gravel e-bike for commuting: Salsa Confluence Drop-Bar GRX 600 2x
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      Banded walk
      A resistance band is a great mobility investment. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    • Best for fitness buffs who secretly love a shortcut: Trek FX+ 7S
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      This slight variation on a very popular exercise adds a balance component and allows you to better feel the muscles around the hip engage.

      -
    • Best premium electric commuter bike: Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through
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      • Loop an exercise band around both legs just above your knees, and stand with your feet hip-width apart.
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      • Best folding e-bike for multimodal commuters: Brompton Electric G Line
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      • Keeping your chest up and core engaged, sink into a half squat by pushing your hips back and bending at your knees, shifting your weight onto your heels.
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      • Best long-range folding e-bike: Velotric Fold 1 Plus
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      • Maintain squat form as you step your right foot out to your right, following with the left foot, for three to four steps.
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      • On your last step, shift your weight onto your right foot and pause, balancing for several seconds
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      • Step your left foot out to your left and follow with the right to return to the starting position, pausing on the left foot, and repeat.
      -

      How we selected the best electric commuter bikes

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      Watch Lateral Band Walk:

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      As a long-time bike commuter, I know how riding the same roads—smacking into the same roots, rattling over the same cracks, and climbing the nemesis hill—can really do a number on your backside. That’s why I test these bikes in the wild, not on some cushy closed course. Think city streets with sketchy bike lanes, suburban roads where drivers forget bikes exist, and trails that are smooth one minute and out to sabotage you the next.

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      To test the battery’s range, I take each e-bike on a 16-mile loop with about 1,300 feet of elevation changes. The route is part obstacle course, part endurance test: stoplights, crosswalks, runners with earbuds, stroller-pushing parents, and plenty of other cyclists jockeying for space. I set the pedal-assist to max, turn on the lights, and ride until the battery taps out to figure out the low end of the range. But don’t picture me rocketing along at 28 mph like some Tour de France hopeful. Between the traffic stops and trail chaos, my average speed is a much more mortal 12 to 15 mph. The point is to see how far you can get without being drenched in sweat—exactly what you’d want going back and forth on work days.

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      5. Seated hip internal rotation

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      The best electric commuter bikes: Reviews & Recommendations

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      Sitting hip rotations
      You can use whatever is comfortable between your knees. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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      Sure, any e-bike can technically get you from A to B. But a great commuter bike makes the ride something you’ll actually look forward to, even when the weather is meh and traffic is worse. Here’s what matters most:

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      Strength in your internal rotators has a high correlation to low back pain and decreased hip mobility, according to Suarez. “Hip internal rotation should be part of everyone’s routine,” he says.”

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      • Lights: Not optional, though you may want supplemental lights. They help you see and make sure cars, buses, and daydreaming drivers see you. 
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      • Sit on a bench or box high enough that your feet don’t touch the floor, and squeeze a foam roller, yoga block or equivalent object upright between your knees.
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      • Fenders: Say no to the dreaded stripe of road filth up your backside. (It’s as gross as it sounds.)
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      • Keeping your chest up and core engaged, internally rotate your hips by flaring both feet out to the sides while maintaining tension on the foam roller.
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      • Racks: Let the bike carry your stuff. Backpacks are great, but they mean showing up to work sweaty in warmer temps. Instead, check out our tips for how to carry stuff on your bike.
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      • Return your feet to the starting position and repeat.
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    • Comfort: The real secret sauce. If the bike feels good, you’ll ride it even when it’s humid, chilly, or drizzly.
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    Watch Seated Hip Internal Rotation:

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    Bonus tip: Part of the fun is finding the bits and bobs that make your bike yours. Take your pick, grab some of the best electric bike accessories, and off you go. A helmet isn’t an accessory; it’s a necessity. Get the best one you can, especially when your e-bike tops out at 20 to 28 mph.

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    I recommend checking out the options below to find what matches your use case, reading our guide on what to expect on your first ebike ride, and going from there.

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    Suarez says many people will experience cramping as a result of this movement because they’re not accustomed to using their hip internal rotators, which get a lot of action here.

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    All prices may fluctuate based on tariffs and other factors.

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    6. Copenhagen

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    Best overall e-bike for long commutes: Priority Bicycles Current Plus

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    Copenhagen stretch
    Yes, it looks a little weird, but it works. Image: Stan Horaczek / Popular Science Stan Horaczek
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    A slightly more advanced movement targeting the adductors of the inner thigh, this hip internal rotation exercise helps improve hip mobility.

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    Tony Ware

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    - Pros

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    • Mid-step frame offers easy on-and-off for riders of all sizes
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    • Grippy 650b x 50mm Goodyear touring tires deliver confident handling and comfort
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    • Choice of fast-changing 5-speed Shimano hub or smooth Enviolo trekking hub
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    • Hydraulic disc brakes with motor cut-off
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    • Low-maintenance, whisper-quiet carbon belt drive system
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    • Impressive torque for quick acceleration and hill starts
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    • Thumb throttle for instant power boost on demand
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    • Practical commuter setup with half front and full rear fenders, integrated 600-lumen front light, and rear fender light
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    - Cons

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    • Enviolo hub shifting requires a short learning curve to perfect timing
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    • Bike weight is manageable but could challenge smaller riders when lifting
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    • Need to retighten fenders from time to time to prevent rattle
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    - Specs

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    • - - Motor: - - - 500W mid-drive motor w/ 140Nm torque -
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    • - - Battery: - - - 720Wh capacity -
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    • - - Removable battery: - - - Yes, with lock -
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    • - - Compliance: - - - UL 2849 and UL 2271 -
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    • - - Riding range: - - - 20 to 75 miles (in Class 2 mode) -
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    • - - Class: - - - Ships as Class 2, can be unlocked to Class 3 -
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    • - - Throttle: - - - Yes -
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    • - - Top speed: - - - 28 mph -
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    • - - Bike weight: - - - 55 pounds -
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    • - - Frame sizes: - - - S, M, and L fit riders from 5’ to 6’3” -
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    • Lie on your left side propped up on your forearm with your elbow directly under your shoulder, your hips stacked and the inside edge of your right (top) foot on a bench, chair or other stable object with room below for your extended left leg.
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      At first glance, the Priority Bicycles Current Plus may look like many typical e-bikes, but on first ride, you realize it’s a feature-packed powerhouse. The 2025 Current 2.0 takes everything riders loved about the original belt-drive model and turns it up a notch. It’s smoother, stronger, and smarter, packed with refinements born from real-world feedback. Riders begged for a convenient thumb throttle for effortless riding, and this one hauls. 

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    • Engage your core and press onto your right (top) leg to lift your hips off the floor, allowing your left (bottom) leg to float beneath it. Your body should form a straight line from your knee to your hip to your shoulder.
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      The Current Plus packs the power of some moped-styled e-bikes with battery capacity bumped up to an eye-popping 720Wh (up from 500Wh), supporting longer rides for the 500w mid-drive motor and hill-flattening 140Nm of torque. The Current Plus hits Class 3 speeds of 28 miles per hour with five selectable assist modes to align with your pedaling, so riders can quickly accelerate to keep up with cars on shared roads, easily maintain consistent speeds, and confidently stop with upgraded hydraulic brakes and an electric cut-off. I felt like I had killer quads and unflappable fitness, which is sadly not true. There’s no suspension, but 650b x 50mm tires smoothed out bumpier stretches of my boosted personal best.

      +
    • Hold the position, and then slowly lower your hips back down to the floor. Perform an equal number of reps on both sides.
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    The drivetrain still couples a low-maintenance Gates Carbon Belt (less grease, less grief) with either an internal 5-speed Shimano hub or a stepless Enviolo trekking hub for $3,299 or $3,499, respectively. I’ve been testing the Enviolo with a continuously variable transmission, aka no set gears. To shift, you twist the right handle to make a rider’s figure either steepen up a hill or flatten out. It took a bit of practice to get the timing right for when you need to ease off pedaling and adjust. Once I got a feel for how to avoid shifting under load, riding the Current Plus felt more like I had superpowers, not a motor helping me out. 

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    Watch Copenhagen:

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    The Current Plus enhances the original’s strengths while adding subtle but practical improvements to geometry and ergonomics for more stability on rough roads, like redesigned handlebars that sweep back slightly. The upright stance keeps creases out of work outfits and visibility enhanced. The motor controls remain well-positioned by the left thumb, now including the new throttle feature—simply press the button down and easily catch up. The backlit display, meanwhile, stays centered to keep your eyes on the road. The 600-lumen bike-powered front light casts wide and is shockingly bright—it actually illuminates dark bike lanes/trails—and the rear tail light adds to safety.

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    Touchpoints like the ergonomic grips and wide, gel-cushioned saddle are better than average, too. The frame is multi-height friendly with what the company calls a “mid-step frame” that’s lower than a traditional triangle but higher than most low-step or step-thru options (another contributor to keeping clothes crisp). The removable battery features a lock and a button-release that prevents it from falling out before you’re ready during removal (though on-bike charging is also an option). For the price point, I might like cleaner, more internal cable management around the handlebars, but it’s a small quibble.

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    If you need to modify the movement, you can perform the Copenhagen plank with your bottom leg on the floor and/or your top calf or knee on the bench instead. This will shorten the distance from your body to the bench, reducing the load.

    +

    The post 6 hip stretches for tightness and pain appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[In 1925, seven students went 60 hours without sleep—for science]]>Scientists were out to prove sleep was just a waste of time.

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    The post In 1925, seven students went 60 hours without sleep—for science appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/why-need-sleep-study/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714217Sat, 01 Nov 2025 13:00:00 -0400ScienceDiseasesHealthHeart DiseaseMental HealthPsychologyThe grueling Medical College Admission Test, or MCAT, was first devised in the 1920s by George Washington University professor Frederick August Moss. Originally called the Scholastic Aptitude Test for Medical Students, Moss developed the readiness test as a way to curb high dropout rates in medical schools. The MCAT paved the way for other standardized admission exams, like the SAT, and the many sleepless nights college-bound students still endure in preparation. But Moss likely wouldn’t have minded that sleepless legacy: To Moss, a psychology professor at GWU, sleep was a useless habit. 

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    Priority is a direct-to-consumer brand, and its analog bikes aren’t hard to finish yourself, even if you’re not a regular wrencher. But the company encourages you to have your local bike shop assemble e-bikes, which will be an additional fee (shoutout to Alexandria, VA’s Strictly eBikes for preparing my Current Plus). The bike—available in charcoal and white—also ships as a Class 2 e-bike with a top speed of 20 miles per hour, so if you’re wondering why you’re not getting the output I’ve described, it’s because you need to unlock Class 3 in the settings. However, check local laws before you do.

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    In November 1925, Popular Science writer Newton Burke described an experiment Moss conceived of to assess whether sleep was a “tragic waste of a third of the precious hours of a lifetime.” His study was one of several then cutting-edge experiments to assess the effects of sleeplessness and determine whether humans might be trained to do without sleep altogether.

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    I’ve used the Priority Current Plus to haul packages and my pet, and just haul at high speed to get to appointments, and it’s proven to be the perfect bike for rush hour or just to get a rush while cruising bike trails without worrying about hills or headwinds.

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    A century later, the health-bestowing benefits of sleep have been well documented. Yet, in a curious way, a corollary to Moss’s central question still lingers—not whether sleep is a waste of time, but whether there can be too much of it. 

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    Really want to max out your performance and smooth out your ride? The $3,999 Skyline SMART.SHIFT E-Bike ups the motor to 750w and adds a suspension fork plus a Pinion Smart.Shift C1.12i gearbox for seamless shifting.

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    A century ago, seven undergraduates stayed awake for more than two days

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    Best value commuter e-bike for most people: Ride1Up Roadster v3

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    On a late-August weekend in 1925, Moss gathered seven undergraduates in Foggy Bottom, GWU’s bustling neighborhood sandwiched between the White House and Georgetown in Washington, DC. Their mission: stay awake for at least 60 hours, during which time Moss would periodically monitor vital signs and reflexes, administer intelligence tests, and assign simple tasks, like parallel parking a car to test alertness. 

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    Heather Kuldell-Ware

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    Among the volunteers was the aptly named Louise Omwake, just 17 years old and already an exceptional student and athlete. Her classmate, Thelma Hunt, reportedly sharp-witted and fiercely ambitious, had her sights set on a career in psychology. For Omwake and Hunt, the sleeplessness study was just one adventure in remarkable lives. Both went on to lead noteworthy careers—Omwake as a national education trailblazer, and Hunt as a psychologist, physician, and department head at GWU. 

    - - - - See It + +
    A faded, vintage photograph shows a woman, possibly Thelma Hunt, seated in the driver's seat of a black, early 20th-century automobile with the window down. She is looking forward, and her arm is resting on the door. The car is parallel parked on a city street in front of brick buildings, and a man in a cap is standing next to another vehicle on the right.
    Psychology graduate student Thelma Hunt participates in a sleep deprivation study by parallel parking in front of buildings on the George Washington University campus after not sleeping. Image: Public Domain
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    For the next two and a half days, the group of seven drove through the Virginia countryside, played baseball, and sang songs to stay awake, ultimately succeeding in their mission. To sum up Moss’s preliminary findings, Popular Science’s Burke wrote, “Too much sleep, like too much intoxication, actually may be harmful, deadening the activities of mind and body.” 

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    In the 1920s, lots of people wondered if we really needed that much sleep

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    The 1920s obsession with sleep—or rather sleeplessness—echoed the cultural mood of the time, shaped by a rapidly industrializing America, and embodied by ambitious leaders like inventor Thomas Edison, who, in an 1889 interview with Scientific American, claimed, “I get through twenty hours a day. I find four hours sleep quite sufficient for all purposes.”

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    To his credit, Burke remained skeptical of Moss’s findings, and of other sleeplessness experiments conducted at the time, including one at the nation’s first sleep research lab at the University of Chicago, chronicled by Popular Science in July 1925. Summing up the results of such experiments, Burke concluded, “It is the consensus of scientific opinion that thus far there has been developed no way for the average man to reduce his sleep materially without a bad effect on his health.”

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    A century later, we know that sleep is really important

    + + + +

    In the century since, scientists have confirmed Burke’s conclusion that sleep isn’t a waste of time, nor is it passive. Rather, it involves active, essential biological work. But sleep is still poorly understood. Only in the last two decades have scientists had the tools to tease apart the biological activity that happens at a cellular level during sleep. 

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    Specialized laser lights, or optogenetics, can measure and activate neural pathways. And advanced imaging techniques like deep ultrasound can reveal what happens in different brain regions. Such research has found that during sleep the brain consolidates memories, repairs itself, and clears toxins, like beta-amyloid, a protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease. The immune system recharges during sleep and hormones are dispatched to regulate metabolism and cell growth. 

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    Where in 1925 some scientists may have been caught up in the popular desire to dismiss sleep, today it is viewed as essential to health and quality of life. But there may be a twist.

    + + + +

    Too much or inconsistent sleep can be a problem (but probably not one you need to worry about)

    + + + +

    Recent epidemiological analyses and systematic reviews involving millions of participants have uncovered a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and health outcomes. Both too little sleep and too much sleep have been associated with higher risks of disease and early death. Some studies found that too much sleep has a higher association with poor health outcomes than too little sleep.

    + + + +

    While the optimal amount of sleep varies by age range, for adults there is a sweet spot between seven and nine hours a night that yields the lowest risk of bad health outcomes. Importantly, these findings don’t suggest that too much sleep necessarily causes poor health, but rather that it is correlated with health risks. In other words, oversleeping may be a red flag for underlying issues such as chronic illness, depression, apnea, or other conditions that cause fatigue or interrupt sleep patterns. Habitual oversleeping is worth medical attention.

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    + Related History Stories

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    - Pros

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    • Fast-rolling 700 × 45c Schwalbe G-One RS gravel tires that grip confidently on pavement or smooth dirt
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    • Strong hydraulic disc brakes that stop smoothly and predictably
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    • Handy throttle for effortless launches or quick boosts through traffic
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    • Intui-Drive torque sensor delivers responsive, natural-feeling pedal assist
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    • Bright 120-lux front light and integrated rear fender light for nighttime visibility
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    • Chainguard stay helps protect pants and drivetrain
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    • Optional PIN to unlock motor
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    - Cons

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    • Shorter riders should check the standover height carefully when choosing between low-step and medium frames
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    • Very stiff, non-suspension frame can transmit road vibration on rough pavement
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    • Rear-rack mounts work best with Ride1Up’s proprietary rack
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    - Specs

    - -
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    • - - Motor: - - - 500w angled gear MIVICE hub motor w/ 50Nm torque -
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    • - - Battery: - - - 10Ah Samsung 50GB -
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    • - - Removable battery: - - - Yes, lockable -
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    • - - Compliance: - - - UL 2849 and UL 2271 -
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    • - - Riding range: - - - 25 mph (belt drive) or 28 mph (chain) -
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    • - - Class: - - - 1-3 -
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    • - - Throttle: - - - Yes -
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    • - - Top speed: - - - 25 mph (belt drive) or 28 mph (chain) -
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    • - - Bike weight: - - - 40 pounds -
      • -
    • - - Frame sizes: - - - Low-step, M and L fit riders from 5’2” to 6’4” -
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    100 years ago, ‘ghost ship’ sails baffled Einstein—now they’re making a comeback

    +

    How a hatter and railroad clerk kickstarted cancer research

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    100 years ago, scientists predicted we’d live to 1,000 years old

    +

    100 years ago, the battle for television raged

    +

    A century ago, suspended monorails were serious mass-transit contenders

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    100 years of deep-sea filmmaking and ocean exploration

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    100 years of aliens: From Mars beavers to little gray men

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    The Ride1Up Roadster v3 packs a surprising amount of premium features into an extremely reasonable price tag of $1,395. It’s not the -est in most categories, but all the practical, souped-up features turn this lightweight e-bike into an appealing match for most riders—and potentially leaves some room in the budget for some smart upgrades.

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    Recent research also suggests that sleep regularity may be as important as duration. Consistent bedtimes and wake times contribute to lower risks of bad health outcomes. Individuals whose sleep times vary dramatically may face higher risks of conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and mood disorders. Good sleep hygiene emphasizes habits that encourage regular bedtimes as well as optimal sleeping conditions, like limiting stimulating screen time before bed and maintaining a dark and cool bedroom environment. 

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    Ride1Up also has one of the better direct-to-consumer experiences. The Roadster v3 arrived mostly assembled, with a thoughtful toolkit—a hex key set, seat post paste, and a torque wrench—and clear instructions that link to helpful YouTube videos. It was my second time tightening a Ride1Up bike to spec, and both builds were quick and frustration-free.

    +

    Not surprisingly, overnighters and sleepless marathons—such as cramming for a college admission test or final exam—also disrupt good sleep hygiene and quality sleep. According to The Evening Star, however, when the 1925 sleeplessness study ended, none of the students “experienced any difficulty falling asleep, although it is generally believed that when a person remains awake for such a long period he finds it difficult to slumber once he does take to bed.” 

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    At around 40 pounds, its lightweight build remains one of its most compelling features. I can carry it upstairs solo and easily lift it onto my car rack or the higher racks in my building’s bike storage room. The frame is slim like a non-electric bike, making it easy to lock to racks with U-locks (which you can’t say about all ebikes). 

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    Even though most of us will, like Rip Van Winkle, spend more than 20 years of our lives taking to bed, today we know that sleep is not a “tragic waste,” but rather an investment in health, longevity, and quality of life. While too little sleep has been found to be harmful, the possibility that too much sleep might also be problematic—a warning sign—keeps one aspect of Moss’s original analysis alive. 

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    From the first few miles, I was smitten with the nearly silent ride of the v3: the carbon belt and motor are whisper-quiet, and the fenders rarely rattle. The v3 has since worked its way into my regular rotation, and I’m approaching 500 miles on this model. I’ve been consistently impressed with the 500w hub motor that easily takes me up even my most formidable hills, the smooth, responsive pedaling enabled by the Intui-Drive torque sensor, and the bright-enough front light. This bike is for someone who plans to pedal most of the time, but occasionally wants to tap the throttle for a break or to power through a series of errands.

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    Thelma Hunt, one of Moss’s star students, went on to earn a PhD and MD, eventually attaining Moss’s position as the chair of GWU’s psychology department, a post she held for 25 years. Of her many contributions to the field of psychology, Hunt is reported to have said, “all my life I’ve had a tremendous amount of energy, I think largely because of my physiological makeup, so I can do a lot of things, and not wear down right away.” 

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    I happen to like the moderate riding position and the agility of a stiff frame, but eventually, I opted for some comfort upgrades. I swapped out the saddle for something with cutouts and added a Redshift ShockStop suspension post—both were huge improvements that let me ride longer in plain clothes rather than wearing padded bike shorts. I also added Ride1Up’s compatible rear rack, and came to appreciate a few features I initially overlooked, such as the optional PIN required to start the motor. Without it, a potential thief has to pedal the bike without any motor assistance, which, while possible, is a pain.

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    “Physiological makeup” notwithstanding, in what would have been an irresistible challenge to most teens in any century, on a sultry summer weekend a hundred years ago when seven undergraduate students proudly defied sleep for 60 straight hours. At the time, they couldn’t have known that their sleepless odyssey was on the forefront of a century-long effort to unravel sleep’s mysteries. 

    +

    The post In 1925, seven students went 60 hours without sleep—for science appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>en-US<![CDATA[Food scraps could power future airplanes]]>Scientists are turning last night’s leftovers into tomorrow’s takeoff.

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    The post Food scraps could power future airplanes appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/technology/food-scraps-airplane-fuel/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714430Sat, 01 Nov 2025 10:00:00 -0400TechnologyAgricultureAviationEnergyEngineeringEnvironmentScienceOne person’s trash is another person’s… jet fuel? Strange as it might sound, researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign believe that they’ve figured out a process to make that unlikely scenario a reality–at least on a small scale.

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    The battery life is still impressive. Just for funsies, I did a ride on Boost (the highest setting) with the lights on just to see how long it would last. On my test loop, it did 25.5 miles despite headwinds for several miles. That’s a solid performance. I usually ride around on the Eco, the lowest assist level, which sips at the battery, and I’ve gotten into the 40s. While going from 100% to 90% takes forever, anything under 30% seems to fly by. While that could be anxiety, the display blinks as a warning, and the bike becomes noticeably harder to pedal around 10%. As someone who gets lazy about chain maintenance, I happen to love the single-speed carbon belt drive. However, riders in hillier areas may want to consider the 9-speed Microshift Advent drivetrain v3 version with a traditional chain (with or without a suspension fork).

    +

    Writing this week in Nature Communications, the agricultural engineers outlined a strategy for taking excess food waste, converting it into biofuel, and then “upgrading” that fuel into jet fuel that can go straight into a plane without requiring additional changes to the aircraft’s infrastructure. They compared their food-waste-derived fuel against industry benchmarks and found that it met all the necessary standards for conventional jet fuel.

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    Need to haul stuff but don’t want a standard cargo bike? You can also consider the $1,595 Ride1Up Vorsa, the company’s “SUV of e-bikes.”

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    Though these findings are still more of a proof of concept, they open up the exciting possibility of using food waste (which there’s certainly no shortage of) to help the aviation industry move closer to its ambitious goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions within the next three decades.

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    Best compact e-bike for last-mile commuters: JackRabbit OG2 

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    “In a linear economy, we just produce something, use it, and throw it away. In this project, we take the waste and recover the energy and materials to make a usable product. This fills a missing link in the circular paradigm,” University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign professor and corresponding author Yuanhui Zhang said in a statement. 

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    Planes lag  behind cars in emission reductions

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    The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that transportation accounted for roughly 29 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions in the United States in 2022 alone. Of that, about seven percent came from commercial aircraft. Modern cars have reduced emissions in recent years, in part thanks to the shift toward electric battery power. And while battery-powered airplanes are theoretically possible for some short flights, they simply don’t provide enough energy to power a passenger jet traveling across the country(jet fuel carries around 50 times more energy per kilogram than conventional lithium-ion batteries. As a result, jets have lagged behind cars in reducing emissions.

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    But what about so-called biomass-based sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)? Some estimates suggest that SAF, which largely refers to fuels derived from organic materials, could reduce emissions from flying by up to 80 percent, compared to conventional jet fuel. While ethanol and other biomass-based derivatives have been available for cars for decades, they have remained more elusive for airplanes because their chemical composition does not meet the much stricter requirements necessary for jet fuel.

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    a scientist wearing protective eyewear and a university of illinois polo shirt works in a lab
    EMBED IMAGE
    Sabrina Summers of the University of Illinois demonstrates hydrotreating biocrude oil from food waste. Image: University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign. 
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    Upgrading biomass to jet fuel 

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    Meeting these requirements is where food waste comes in. In this new experiment, the team  started by collecting food waste from nearby food-processing plants. They then used a chemical process called hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), which essentially mimics the way the Earth naturally creates crude oil from organic matter over millions of years, except without all the waiting. HTL kind of acts like an advanced “pressure cooker” to fast-forward nature’s timeline.

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    With plenty of crude oil extracted from the food scraps, the researchers then set out to convert it into jet fuel through a two-part process. The first step involved removing salt, ash, moisture, and other impurities. After that, they used a cleaning process called catalytic hydrotreating to eliminate other undesirable elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. What remained were the specific hydrocarbons required to make jet fuel. They tested different catalysts and found that cobalt–molybdenum stood out as the most effective and commercially available metallic catalyst for driving the chemical reactions needed to refine the oil into aviation fuel.

    + + + +

    The team  took their food-waste derived aviation fuels and tested it against current fuel standards set by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Federal Aviation Administration. It passed the screening test and met industry requirements without needing to introduce any special additives. That means, the fuel would theoretically power a commercial airplane. 

    + + + +

    Related: [All your burning questions about sustainable aviation fuel, answered]

    + + + +

    The findings are a first step to show aviation fuel derived from food waste is at least possible. Actually making enough of it to supply an entire passenger jet, however, is another beast altogether. Scaling up at this level requires time, resources, and deep pocket books outside of academia. 

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    “Our research helps solve the science and engineering problems, and then the industry can step in,” Zhang said.  

    +

    The post Food scraps could power future airplanes appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Hellbender salamanders are huge—and in trouble]]>The elusive 'snot otters' can grow up to two feet long.

    +

    The post Hellbender salamanders are huge—and in trouble appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/hellbender-salamander-conservation/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714420Fri, 31 Oct 2025 15:00:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyConservationScienceWildlifeThe Eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis) isn’t nearly as fearsome as its name implies. They’re actually somewhat cute, if you can get past the salamander’s slimy, mucousy skin that’s earned it such nicknames, such as “snot otter” and “lasagna lizard.”

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    Although hellbenders can grow up to two feet long, the amphibians are notoriously elusive and prefer to reside under large, flat rocks in well-oxygenated waterways that snake through Appalachia and the Ohio River basin. They are also increasingly difficult to spot, because their numbers are declining due to ecological issues. Based on a recent environmental study encompassing 90 sites across 73 rivers, researchers at the University of Kentucky now believe that they have identified one of the hellraiser’s main problems. They are losing their habitats to increasingly murky, sediment-filled waters, according to a study published in the journal Freshwater Biology.

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    Study co-author and biologist Steven Price said that it’s pretty difficult to nab a hellbender even if you aren’t conducting a United States Department of Natural Resources-funded survey. 

    + + + +

    “They live under big rocks. Lifting those safely takes time, people and care,” he said in an accompanying statement from the university. “When you see one in the wild in Kentucky, it’s special.”

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    Rather than spend untold hours wading through rivers in the hopes of spotting their hellbenders, Tomke, Price, and their colleagues instead relied on trace evidence from living organisms known as environmental DNA (eDNA). After collecting and filtering river water, the team tested the samples for a gene only seen in this species. This allowed them to avoid wasting time by shifting the massive stones or snorkeling for salamanders. The biologists ultimately detected hellbender DNA at 22 locations across Kentucky, 12 of which had existing historical records related to the animals. Next, they used a statistical occupancy framework to determine where hellbenders live, and when their eDNA is easiest to pinpoint.

    “We could clearly tie stream habitat quality to where hellbender DNA turns up,” added study co-author Sarah Tomke. “It brought the science together and showed what managers can do on the ground.”

    + + + +

    The team determined that the amphibian’s local habitat was a larger factor in where it lives than overall water chemistry or land cover. Larger streams lined with greater amounts of gravel, cobble, and bedrock correlated to more hellbenders. However, their numbers declined where grain and silt started blocking the crevices underneath rocks.

    “Fine sediment is a big problem,” explained Tomke. “It fills potential nest sites and the small spaces that larvae use for shelter. Without that space under rocks, animals can’t reproduce or survive for long.”

    + + + +

    They also discovered what time of year is best to sample for hellbenders. Early fall, especially during September’s breeding period, appears to be the most sensible time. The creatures shed extra genetic material in early fall, making them easier to detect.

    + + + +

    Beyond their uniqueness, the study’s authors add that hellbenders can act as excellent bellweathers for an ecosystem’s health. When their populations diminish, it frequently hurts other species who prey on the amphibians.

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    “Sarah’s project gives us clear habitat targets,” Price said. “First, keep sediment out of streams. Then protect and rebuild rocky beds and forested streambanks. That’s how we give this species a chance.”

    + + + +

    Thankfully, it sounds like the most extensive hellbender mapping effort of its kind wasn’t a total bust for its participants.

    + + + +

    “Seeing a hellbender is incredible, and holding one is next level,” Tomke said.

    +

    The post Hellbender salamanders are huge—and in trouble appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[MacPaw’s Moonlock offers a full suite of Mac security tools in a slick, simple package]]>The makers of CleanMyMac have spun off its robust security features into a stand-alone app for Mac users that offers malware protection and a built-in VPN.

    +

    The post MacPaw’s Moonlock offers a full suite of Mac security tools in a slick, simple package appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/macpaw-moonlock-mac-security-antivirus-app/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714412Fri, 31 Oct 2025 13:37:53 -0400GearComputersThinking about computer security isn’t fun. You spend time and money on software just to keep your computer running as it was meant to in the first place. This inconvenient fact makes app design a crucial consideration: you want something easy enough to use that it doesn’t feel like a chore, but comprehensive and serious enough to instill the confidence and sense of safety you were seeking in the first place. That’s the balance MacPaw’s new Moonlock software aims to achieve. It combines the company’s proven security features (including a built-in VPN and real-time malware protection) with a polished graphical interface that guides users through the security process.

    + + + +

    Try it: Get a 7-day free trial of Moonlock

    +

    Moonlock by MacPaw

    - +
    - + MacPaw Moonlock security audit
    - + For security changes it can’t make on its own, Moonlock offers a comprehensive guide on how to manually adjust. -

    Heather Kuldell-Ware

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    MacPaw

    @@ -5191,4137 +5167,1007 @@ -     + See It - -
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    - Pros

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    • The lightest, most compact e-bike I’ve tested
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    • Swappable batteries extend range
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    • Handlebars fold flat for easy transport
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    • 20-inch all-terrain tires
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    • Black and white digital display
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    • Foldable foot pegs
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    • Comfortable saddle
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    • Tons of accessories available for additional purchase
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    • Available in black, white, blue, or yellow
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    - Cons

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    • No alternative to the throttle
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    • Lights and fenders are sold separately
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    • Would prefer hydraulic disc brakes for the speed that this can go
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    • Steep hills can seriously slow you down, or in some cases, stop you
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    - Specs

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    • - - Motor: - - - 300W rear hub brushless electric motor -
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    • - - Battery: - - - 151.2Wh battery -
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    • - - Removable battery: - - - Yes, but locks are an additional purchase -
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    • - - Compliance: - - - UL2271 and 2272 -
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    • - - Riding range: - - - Up to 10 miles -
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    • - - Class: - - - 2 -
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    • - - Throttle: - - - Yes -
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    • - - Top speed: - - - 20 mph -
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    • - - Bike weight: - - - 25 pounds -
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    • - - Frame size: - - - One size that fits 4’9” to 6’2” -
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    When you live in a city, thinking about transportation can take up a surprising amount of energy in a day. You wanna go somewhere, but are you walking, taking a bus or train, calling a ride-share or taxi, or driving yourself? Is there even parking if you drive, or will you end up essentially back where you started to find a spot? When you’re taking a train, how long are you walking on each side of the ride? How many transfers? Even owning a bike isn’t that simple. Where can you store it? Does your building have an outdoor bike rack or a storage room? Or are you carrying it up a multistory walk-up and hosting it in your living room?

    +

    What is it?

    -

    Enter the JackRabbit OG2, a mold-breaking micro e-bike that only weighs 25 pounds and sells for $1,250. This small package is one of the most fun and somehow practical “bikes” I’ve ever taken on a commute. Instead of pedaling, the OG2 relies entirely on the 300W rear hub motor and the throttle, which can go a surprisingly fast 20 mph for a range of about 10 miles.  

    +

    MacPaw is best known for its all-in-one Apple maintenance suite, CleanMyMac. Moonlock spins off CleanMyMac’s dedicated security features into a standalone app that’s cheaper and lighter than the full suite. For readers new to private connections, our PopSci explainers on how a VPN works and how to use a VPN are a good primer before diving in.

    -

    Despite the small size (even smaller than the typical e-scooter, as you can see above), the OG2 accommodates riders as short as 4’9” and up to 6’2”, which I admit I was skeptical about. However, this has quickly become a favorite of my 6-foot-tall son for one very simple reason: It hauls. The OG2 is an e-bike in looks but not in operation. It’s more like a scooter you can sit on but with more stable steering and larger, more forgiving wheels. Instead of standing up super straight, you’re low to the ground for better balance. Picture a tall dude on a BMX, and you’re in the right ballpark. But with stationary pegs instead of pumping pedals, your legs don’t feel cramped. You might feel silly at first, but for me, this quickly morphed into what I think Toad feels like passing other drivers in “Mario Kart.”

    +

    Moonlock’s headliners are its VPN and real-time malware protection. Beyond that, it can restrict data from flowing to specific countries, walk you through a guided audit of your Mac’s built-in defenses, and encourage better security habits overall. If you’ve ever used mainstream antivirus on a PC, Moonlock provides a similar safety net for Mac users.

    -

    The OG2’s diminutive size is the main appeal. It’s less than 49 inches long, and the handlebars and front wheel can “fold flat” to save a little more space if you need to walk it through a busy subway station, carry it onto a bus, or pack it into a car or RV. They even sell a bag to help you carry it (or ship it if you’re flying somewhere).

    +

    Pros

    -

    I’ve found I use it most for short errands near my house—like going up to the CVS about a mile away—or to tackle the last few miles left after riding public transportation. I’m lucky the Metro and the various bus lines cover as much as they do, but I still often have a few miles to go to get to my destination. The OG2 easily closes this gap, and when batteries start to fade, I can easily swap them out for backups roughly the size and shape of VHS tape (and, because of their compact size and capacity, you can pack them in your carry-on if flying). 

    +
      +
    • Extremely easy to use
      • -

      If batteries die, though, I’m out of luck and walking unless I happen to be on top of a hill. And hills can be a problem. A long, steep hill can slow the OG2 to just a few miles per hour, even when the throttle is pressed all the way down. I haven’t had to walk yet, but I’ve come close.

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    • Fast scans, even on large drives
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      For hilly areas, the OG2 Pro and its 500W / 17A / 50NM motor adds some extra pep. But you really want to upgrade to the more powerful and slightly larger JackRabbit XG with nearly twice the motor power, battery capacity, and range (and the XG Pro brings even a little more). These microbikes (or seated electric scooters, if you will) are hella fun. While many JackRabbit fans love personalizing their rides with the many accessories offered (as well as stock third-party components that fit the custom frame), it should be noted that adding racks and packs compromises their portability. I like the grab-and-go nature of them—and if I need to carry something, I put it in my backpack.

      +
    • Doesn’t slow down the computer when running
      • -

      Best Dutch-style electric commuter bike: Trek Verve+ 1 LowStep LT

      +
    • VPN is easy to configure and effective
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    • Complies with major agencies and standards
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      Tony Ware

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    • Regularly updates threat databases with help from other trustworthy organizations
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      - Pros

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      • Step-thru frame makes for easy on and off
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      • 27.5-inch x 2-inch wheels
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      • 8-speed drivetrain
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      • Hydraulic brakes
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      • Wide and cushiony enough saddle
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      • Comes commuter-ready with integrated front and rear lights, and half fender in front and full rear fender
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      • MIK-compatible rear rack
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      • Two sets of bosses on frame for water bottle cages, etc.
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      • Multiple colors available
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      - Cons

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      • Wide but slightly squirrely handlebars
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      • Integrated battery means plugging in the whole bike to charge
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      • Can be hard to tell when the charger is properly plugged in due to deep charging port
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      • Sluggish first pedal assist level
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      • Step-thru frame can be harder to lift and carry than a standard triangle
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      - Specs

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      • - - Motor: - - - 250w mid-drive motor w/ 40Nm torque -
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      • - - Battery: - - - 250Wh capacity -
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      • - - Removable battery: - - - No -
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      • - - Compliance: - - - UL 2849 -
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      • - - Riding range: - - - Not listed -
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      • - - Class: - - - 1 -
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      • - - Throttle: - - - No -
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      • - - Top speed: - - - 20 mph -
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      • - - Bike weight: - - - 42 pounds -
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      • - - Frame sizes: - - - S, M and L fit riders from 5’1” to 6’1” -
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    • Transparent data policies
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      I’ve owned several Trek models over the years, and the Verve+ 1 Lowstep LT e-bike reminded me of what this American bicycle maker does best. Trek is all about better-than-average components that make the $2,300 price tag feel like a steal, like cables that tuck in to the frame, commuter accessories including a chainguard, and Bontrager touchpoints like ergonomic handle grips and a wide, squishy-enough saddle that lets you skip padded cycling shorts. It was also perfectly tuned thanks to assembly by the pros at Trek Bicycles in Clarendon, VA.

      +
    • Guided setup process is quick and addresses built-in security settings
      • +
    -

    The 8-speed Verve+ channels some Dutch commuter bike vibes, with an extremely upright riding position. I’m a shorty who usually opts for more aggressive postures, but I appreciated the improved road visibility from this taller vantage point. Even though I was sitting up higher than normal, the step-thru frame is an excellent option for shorter riders or anyone who doesn’t want to swing a leg over a saddle anymore. I particularly like it for the frequent stops and starts of city riding, and at 44 pounds, it’s a lighter-weight option, and easier to control and handle. 

    +

    Cons

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    The simple control skips the screen and opts for red and green LEDs to indicate battery life and assist level. This e-bike isn’t about metrics: It’s for casual riders and commuters who want to hop on and confidently get to their destination. That said, I found the first assist level a little low; I had to put some work in to get going and get up hills, but the second level had considerably more oomph, and the third was practically a sweat-free ride even though I was still pedaling. 

    +
      +
    • Mac malware is growing, but still isn’t that widespread
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      And by the way, the hydraulic brakes work. In an unexpected real-world test, an SUV turned into my bike lane and came to a dead stop. I’m pleased to say I didn’t crash into the side door, nor did I skid. I may have had a mild heart attack, but that’s not on the bike. 

      +
    • VPN may slow internet speeds on some connections
      • -

      Best lightweight commuter e-bike: Tenways CGO600 Pro

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    • VPN may take longer to connect than others on some networks
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      Heather Kuldell-Ware

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    • Interface may seem a little too casual for some users
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    - - - - See It - - -
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    - Pros

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    • Very lightweight
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    • Moderate riding position
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    • Nimble handling
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    • CST puncture-proof 700 x 45C tires
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    • Half-size fender in front and full fender in rear
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    • Included bell
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    • Adjustable stem
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    • Minimal, monochrome controls
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    • Integrated front light
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    • Carbon belt drive
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    • TEKTRO Hydraulic Disc Brakes
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    • Optional Tenways app 
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    • Optional PIN to start motor
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    • Extremely quiet ride
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    • Multiple colors
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    - Cons

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    • No built-in tail light, though it does come with a battery-operated one
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    • No bosses for water cages or other accessories
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    • Uncomfortable saddle
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    • Handles are grippy but could use more cushion
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    • No suspension features to soften road chatter
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    • Some unproductive pedaling as assist kicks in
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    - Specs

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    • - - Motor: - - - Mivice M080 350W rear hub motor w/ 45 Nm torque -
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    • - - Battery: - - - 360Wh capacity -
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    • - - Removable battery: - - - Yes, lockable -
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    • - - Compliance: - - - EN 15194:2017 + A1:2023 -
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    • - - Riding range: - - - Up to 53 miles -
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    • - - Class: - - - 1 -
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    • - - Throttle: - - - No -
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    • - - Top speed: - - - 20 mph -
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    • - - Bike weight: - - - 37 pounds -
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    • - - Carrying capacity: - - - Not listed. -
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    • - - Frame sizes: - - - M, L, and XL fit riders from 5’7” to 6’5”. -
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    • - - Connectivity: - - - Tenways app -
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    Setup and installation

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    The Tenways CGO600 Pro converted me from a single-speed skeptic to a full-fledged fan. For me, it takes me back to simpler childhood bikes instead of thinking when the right moment is to downshift before a big hill. If I want to go faster, it’s up to my legs or increasing the assist level. At only 37 pounds, it feels a lot like a nimble, non-electric fitness bike rather than the tanks many e-bikes are. The aluminum frame is incredibly responsive, while the single-speed carbon belt drive version replaces the clackety-clackety-clackety of a chain coasting with a near-silent ride. No gears or derailleur also means far less maintenance and less tangling on bike racks (though there is now a Shimano 8-speed Chain Drive version, if you’re so inclined, particularly for inclines). 

    +
    MacPaw Moonlock setup screen
    The setup screens are very slick and polished. MacPaw
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    Within easy reach of my left thumb is a minimal LED screen that controls three pedal-assist levels powered by a sufficiently strong 350W rear hub motor. While changing levels is intuitive, more advanced functions like turning on the headlights or setting security passwords require reading the manual. 

    +

    MacPaw aims for simplicity and largely nails it from the start. A quick download and install lead into a guided setup: an initial scan and enabling automatic protections, both of which took me under ten minutes. It scanned my built-in 2TB drive and found no threats, which is always reassuring.

    -

    I thought this thing would choke on some of the larger hills and twisty corkscrew turns I encountered, but the 45Nm of torque was plenty. But in fairness, these are East Coast hills that the CS600 Pro handled. Tenways’ site lists the bike’s climbing range as up to 15 degrees, so keep that in mind if you live in proper mountains. 

    +

    After the scan, Moonlock walks you through macOS’s built-in security features—useful if you haven’t recently reviewed Apple’s own guidance on protecting your Mac from malware or the newer Rapid Security Responses. In my case, it recommended nine changes; I applied six immediately, and left three minor ones because they conflicted with software I knowingly use.

    -

    The bike’s range is listed as up to 53 miles, and for plenty of rides, I’ve gotten into the 40s on a single charge. On a particularly blustery day, strong headwinds cut my range down to about 20 before I needed to remove and recharge the 360Wh locking battery. This model does equally well with longer commutes as it does with shorter city rides that need to dodge pedestrians and cars, or lift onto a bus bike rack. Tenways also sells a power bank separately, which adds 180Wh, if you want to ride longer.

    +

    Using Moonlock on a regular basis

    -

    There are trade-offs for CS600 Pro’s lightweight build. The bike’s stiff aluminum frame is easy to maneuver on and off the saddle, but there’s also no suspension to absorb any of the bumps and cracks in the road. What you hit, you feel. The touchpoints weren’t great, either. After about a week of riding, I upgraded the rock-hard saddle to a softer gel version and the OK handlebar grips to ergonomic ones. The regular price is $1,899, though I’ve seen multiple end-of-season deals that knock up to $400 off. For that price, I don’t mind spending on a few upgrades. 

    +
    MacPaw Moonlock scanning screen
    The graphic styling is friendly, but feels a bit dated sometimes. MacPaw
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    Tenways can be found in local bike shops or sent directly to consumers. I built my mostly assembled CGO600 Pro in less than an hour, but that’s really best for people who are confident in their bike part knowledge and have a torque wrench to secure bolts and screws properly.  

    +

    Once installed, automatic protection can run continuously in the background, scanning each file as you interact with it. If you’d rather not keep it always-on, you can schedule periodic scans instead. There are three depths—quick, balanced, and deep—and even the deep scan only took a few minutes to churn through my 2TB of files. If you ever do get into cleanup mode, our guides to removing malware from your computer and giving your system a digital spring-clean pair nicely with Moonlock’s tools.

    -

    Best gravel-style bikepacking e-bike: Salsa Confluence Drop-Bar GRX 6000 2x

    +

    The Moonlock VPN

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    Moonlock’s VPN shines on unfamiliar networks. I used it at a coffee shop, a train station, and even a sketchy laundromat Wi-Fi, and it connected quickly when I let it pick the optimal location. Manually choosing a location added some variability; a few times I needed multiple attempts to connect, but the hiccups resolved quickly. For benchmarking, I use the straightforward Fast.com test: my home connection averages ~500 Mbps, which dropped to ~200 Mbps with the VPN enabled—about what I see with other services. On slower public networks, the hit wasn’t as noticeable, and the convenience outweighed the speed trade-off.

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    Tony Ware

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    - Pros

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    • Comfortable geometry despite the aggressive position
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    • Drop bars have a nice flare 
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    • Compatible with internal dropper post routing but not included
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    • High-quality components from well-known cycling brands like WTB saddle, Shimano, etc 
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    • Range extender battery available from MAHLE for total capability of 458Wh
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    • 700c x 42mm tires, which will fit fenders or tires up to 700c x50mm for something cushier
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    • Compatible with racks and fenders
      • -
    • Tons of extra mounts for accessories
      • -
    • Optional MAHLE MySmartBike app connects via Bluetooth to allow customizations, metrics, mapping, etc. Also supports Ant+ connectivity for other devices.
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    - Cons

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    • Battery is only removable for service, which means charging the whole bike between rides
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    • No kickstand included but that is standard for gravel bikes
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    • Somewhat of a learning curve for position and color-coding of ebike controller, plus orange and red can be hard to tell apart
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    - Specs

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    • - - Motor: - - - MAHLE X35+ rear hub-drive system w/ 40 Nm torque -
      • -
    • - - Battery: - - - 250Wh capacity -
      • -
    • - - Removable battery: - - - No -
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    • - - Compliance: - - - UL 2849 and UL 2271 -
      • -
    • - - Riding range: - - - Up to 40 miles -
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    • - - Class: - - - 1 -
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    • - - Throttle: - - - No -
      • -
    • - - Top speed: - - - 20 mph -
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    • - - Bike weight: - - - About 33 pounds -
      • -
    • - - Frame sizes: - - - 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 60 cm. -
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    Do you really need malware protection if you’re using a Mac?

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    With its comfortable but far from cruiser geometry and only Class 1/40Nm of assist torque, Salsa’s Confluence isn’t necessarily designed for traditional commuting, unless your commute is regularly along the road less taken. But this option from the brand’s electric gravel lines appeals to my need to get to and from the office quickly and my weekend warrior side that wants to log in some time bikepacking. It’s an e-bike for people who love spending time in the saddle, customizing components to their exact liking, and still getting a workout in. The Confluence is for riders who want to go faster and farther, not just get from point A to B.

    +
    MacPaw Moonlock clean scan screen
    This is the alert you want to see when the scan is over. MacPaw
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    Based on the brand’s tried-and-true Journeyer gravel bike line, the Confluence is peppered with plenty of mounts on the frame and the forks for fenders, racks, and pretty much any cargo accessory you can imagine to attach, so you can easily transport a change of clothes for when you get to (or back from) the office. The Confluence’s frame is only slightly thicker than its analog counterpart, though the MAHLE X35+ hub-drive system in the rear wheel is the giveaway that you’re getting assistance.

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    In roughly 15 years since moving from Windows, I’ve cycled through several Mac antivirus tools. Mac malware remains less common than on PCs, but it does exist and appears to be trending upward. Moonlock cites growing threats over the last half-decade; outside research (e.g., ThreatDown’s annual State of Malware report) points in the same direction. If you avoid risky browsing and sketchy downloads, your baseline risk is relatively low—but the penalties for a mistake can be severe, ranging from adware and ransomware to clandestine cryptominers. For broader account safety, we also recommend tightening settings using our guide to securing your Apple and iCloud accounts.

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    Most e-bikes have handlebars cluttered with wires, screens, and assist controls. Not the Confluence. Internal cable routing keeps things clean, as does the screen-free interface. An iWOC One Controller sits on the top tube, which is a single button that does everything from powering up the bike to changing assist levels. This interface isn’t intuitive—you have to memorize what the colors mean, for example—but you can also connect your phone through the MySmartBike app or Ant+-supported third-party devices for a more traditional display. Still, there’s something liberating about not having stats and metrics in your face, especially during something as routine as commuting.

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    Cost and availability

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    At only 33 pounds, the Confluence flies on roads and paths thanks to three levels of assistance. While the 40Nm of torque is plenty to boost speed, you’ll still need enough legs and cardio to get up hills using 11 gears and nominal help from the motor. As the sun sets earlier, you’ll also need to add some lights for visibility. We tried the top-of-the-line version with a price tag of $3,699, but Confluence options are available for less with two flat-bar options and two drop-bar options.

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    MacPaw Moonlock settings panel
    You can find some more advanced settings if you dig into the menus. MacPaw
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    Best for fitness buffs who secretly love a shortcut: Trek FX+ 7S

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    There’s a free seven-day trial to see if Moonlock fits your workflow; after that, it runs $54 per year. I’m not generally a fan of subscriptions, but security software is one category where ongoing updates—to both the app and its threat databases—justify the model. You can learn more or download it directly from Moonlock by MacPaw.

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    Verdict

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    Tony Ware

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    While malware may not top most Mac users’ to-do lists, peace of mind is valuable. Even if Moonlock never flags a threat, you get the reassurance of active protection plus thoughtful touches like the guided macOS audit and built-in VPN. For anyone who wants a simple, set-and-forget solution without spelunking through endless menus, Moonlock is an appealing choice.

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    The post MacPaw’s Moonlock offers a full suite of Mac security tools in a slick, simple package appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>en-US<![CDATA[This mosquito death trap is all-natural and very deadly]]>The power of flowers and fungi is no match for these insects.

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    The post This mosquito death trap is all-natural and very deadly appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/natural-mosquito-trap-fungus/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714401Fri, 31 Oct 2025 13:33:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyInsectsScienceNever underestimate the power of fungi. It can turn ants into “zombies,” help fictional plumbers grow, and even look like creepy fingers. One newly engineered strain of fungus uses the power of smell to kill Earth’s deadliest animal—mosquitoes.

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    - Pros

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    • Built-in Quad Lock wireless phone charger
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    • Bontrager Verse Comp split saddle
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    • Lightweight frame that’s easy to carry upstairs
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    • Integrated fenders and MIK rear rack and integrated rear light
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    • 700c x 40mm Bontrager H2 Hard Case Lite tires
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    • Optional 160Wh Range Extender
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    • Compatible with Trek Central app
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    - Cons

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    • 250W motor might feel underpowered
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    • Stock headlight could be brighter for extra-dark commutes
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    • Requires a Quad Lock case to use the phone charger mount
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    - Specs

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    • - - Motor: - - - 250W TQ HPR50 mid-drive motor w/ 50Nm of torque -
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    • - - Battery: - - - 360Wh internal battery -
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    • - - Removable battery: - - - No -
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    • - - Compliance: - - - UL 2849 -
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    • - - Riding range: - - - Not published -
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    • - - Class - - - 1-3 -
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    • - - Throttle - - - No -
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    • - - Top speed - - - 28 mph -
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    • - - Bike weight - - - About 40 lbs. -
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    • - - Frame sizes - - - S, M, L, XL fits riders from 5’1” to 6’6” -
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    Mosquito-borne diseases, including malaria and dengue, kill thousands of people per year. In 2023 alone, malaria killed over 500,000 people in 83 countries. These illnesses are often difficult to control, and mosquitoes have gotten better at resisting chemical pesticides that used to work. 

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    The Trek FX+ 7S feels like the electrified version of your favorite do-it-all fitness bike—and it rides like one, too. It’s not twitchy like a race-hungry road bike, and it’s definitely not a heavy trail bruiser either. Instead, it nails the sweet spot: nimble enough for your morning commute, chill enough for a weekend park loop.

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    However, fighting nature with nature could be one solution. A fungus called Metarhizium can be used to deactivate mosquito sperm, keeping the deadly ones from spreading disease. It may also help catch and kill the deadly insects.

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    Trek loaded this model with tech borrowed from their top-tier machines, including the whisper-quiet TQ HPR50 mid-drive motor with harmonic pin ring transmission. Translation: smooth, silent, and subtly powerful. It’s an ebike that enhances your ride, not one that takes over and turns you into a passenger.

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    Since mosquitoes are drawn to flowers, a team of researchers created a new strain of the Metarhizium fungus that imitates a flower’s sweet scent. That natural aroma comes from a chemical called longifolene in many types of flowers. The lab-grown fungus in this study essentially uses the longifolene to lure the bloodsucking mosquitoes to their deaths and is described in a study recently published in the journal Nature Microbiology.

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    Sure, the motor’s 250 watts and 50Nm of torque are modest by today’s throttle-heavy ebike standards. But that’s the point: You’re still pedaling, still feeling the effort, just with a delicious, wind-at-your-back boost. If you’re expecting a lazy no-sweat rocket ship, look elsewhere.

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    “Mosquitoes need flowers because they provide nectar, a crucial source of food for them, and they are drawn to flowers through their scents,” Raymond St. Leger, a study co-author and entomologist at the University of Maryland, said in a statement. 

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    Where the FX+ 7S really shines is in the thoughtful details. Integrated front and rear lights? Standard. A Quad Lock mount on the stem that doubles as a wireless phone charger? Genius. (You’ll need a Quad Lock case—but there are options for iPhone, Samsung, Google, and even universal fits.) A sleek top tube display keeps your speed and battery life in check without cluttering your handlebars. Shifting is silky smooth thanks to Shimano’s CUES Linkglide system, and the lightweight frame keeps the ride lively whether you’re climbing hills or threading through traffic.

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    “After observing that some types of fungi could trick mosquitoes into thinking they were flowers, we realized we could turbo-charge the attraction by engineering fungi to produce more longifolene, a sweet-smelling compound that’s already very common in nature,” St. Leger said. “Before this study, longifolene wasn’t known to attract mosquitoes. We’re letting nature give us a hint to tell us what works against mosquitoes.” 

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    And bless Trek for the rattle-free fenders and MIK rear rack—cargo-ready without sounding like a busted shopping cart.

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    Once the fungus spores are put into a container, the longifolene chemicals are released instantly. They can be effective for months because they also come out gradually and not in one initial burst.  

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    Of course, no bike’s perfect. The motor’s mellow output won’t make you king of the steep grocery-haul hill, and while the front light is pretty bright, it’s not going to light your way down a pitch-black backroad. A backup light wouldn’t hurt. The carrying handle is a good idea that needs to be easier to grip in the next version. 

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    several dead mosquitoes in a white container
    Mosquitoes placed in a container. Image: Mark Sherwood and Raymond St. Leger.
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    Bottom line: The FX+ 7S is for riders who want versatility without overkill. Light commuters, casual city cruisers, weekend adventurers—this is your jam. Trek clearly obsessed over the little things—cockpit cleanliness, rider comfort, everyday usability—and it shows. But like a finely tailored suit, these details come at a higher price tag (about $4,400).

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    As soon as the mosquitoes encounter the fungus, they become infected and die within a few days. In lab tests, the fungus killed 90 to 100 percent of mosquitoes, even when it was placed in a large room and had to compete with the scents of humans and real flowers. While this fragrant fungus is deadly to mosquitoes, it does not hurt humans. Longiflorine is actually commonly used in perfumes. 

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    Best premium electric commuter bike: Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through

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    “This makes it much safer than many chemical pesticides. We’ve also designed the fungus and its containers to target mosquitoes specifically rather than any other insects and longifolene breaks down naturally in the environment,” said St. Leger.

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    - Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through eBike on a plain white background. - - -
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    Using a natural alternative like this fungus may also make it difficult or impossible for mosquitoes to outsmart or avoid, as they have with chemical alternatives. 

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    - Pros

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    • Integrated front headlight and rear lights
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    • Internal cable management
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    • Front suspension fork
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    • Front and rear fenders
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    • Built-in rear rack holds up to 59 pounds 
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    • Hydraulic disc brakes
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    • 11-speed drivetrain
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    • App offers additional controls
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    • Anti-theft local built-in to motor that unlocks with PIN or connected phone
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    • Multiple colors offered
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    - Cons

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    • Magnetic battery charger can be difficult to connect
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    • Battery is removable but can be hard to get in and out
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    • Specialized’s apps come and go
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    • Long wheelbase can be hard to move when walking the bike
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    - Specs

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    • - - Motor: - - - 250w Hyena hub drive motor -
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    • - - Battery: - - - 250Wh capacity -
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    • - - Removable battery: - - - Yes, lockable -
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    • - - Compliance: - - - UL 2849 and UL 2271 -
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    • - - Riding range: - - - Up to 90 miles -
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    • - - Class: - - - 3 -
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    • - - Throttle: - - - No -
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    • - - Top speed: - - - 28 mph -
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    • - - Bike weight: - - - 58 pounds -
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    • - - Frame sizes: - - - S, M, L, and XL to fit riders from 5’1” to 6’4” -
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    • - - Connectivity: - - - Specialized app -
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    Specialized is an American company that has been making bicycles since 1974 and has launched several e-bike models under the Vado name. For a while, the company marketed the e-bike line with the phrase, “It’s you, but better,” which captures how riding the Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through feels. The latest iteration of the Turbo Vado features an upright riding position on high-volume 650b tires, which helps smooth out road unpleasantries when coupled with the front suspension fork. The battery is discreetly tucked into the downtube, and the powerful 250w mid-drive motor is housed between the pedals, which helps keep the weight in the center of the bike for agile handling. This Class 3 bike relies on a Brose motor tuned to proprietary Specialized standards that get the rider up to top speed in a snap without requiring much effort. The bike has three levels of pedal assist—eco, sport, and turbo—and an 11-speed drivetrain. There’s no throttle, but you don’t need one. 

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    The Turbo Vado isn’t cheap at the usual retail price of $4,000. However, the extra dollars go to higher-quality grips, saddle, a very sturdy kickstand with a foot, and technology. The motor includes an anti-theft device that only allows power when unlocked by a PIN or an authorized phone. The Bluetooth connectivity allows the bike to be updated over the air and connected with my Garmin watch to track my rides, though I’m not sure which device initiated the connection. Though a rider can rely exclusively on the very bright handlebar display to control the Turbo Vado, Specialized apps unlock additional features like the ability to input your route and automatically budget battery power so it lasts the whole ride.  As far as range, the website says up to 90 miles, but the farthest I’ve gotten on one charge is 50-ish miles using mostly eco mode. Still, that’s on the longer side of ranges. 

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    This brings me to some downsides. You can charge the bike with the battery in or out, but either way, it can be awkward to get the magnetic charger to align with the little pins. The battery can be removed, but it requires unlocking with a key, releasing a lever, and unhooking it from a bar you can never see. That’s not even as awkward as reinstalling it. 

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    The full-size Turbo Vado weighs about 58 pounds—depending on which of the four frames fits you—and has a long wheelbase. Those specs create confident handling during rides, but for a smaller rider like me, the bike is hard to get in and out of elevators and subway cars. If you’re looking for something lighter weight, Specialized also offers a Turbo Vado SL 4.0 Step-Through that only weighs 36 pounds. The tradeoff is skinnier wheels, no front suspension, and a smaller battery capacity. Don’t mind the weight, but want even fancier components? Then add another $1K and look no further than the Turbo Vado 5.0 Step-Through.

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    Tony Ware
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    And, at the pinnacle of price and performance in the line, the $6,399 Specialized Turbo Vado SL 2 6.0 Carbon has a 240W motor and 35Nm of torque for a ride that’s subtle and responsive, amplifying your pedaling without ever overpowering it. The 36-pound carbon-framed beauty is an investment, but it holds its speed like a dream, giving you that “kid again” feeling when coasting. The Future Shock 3.2 system dramatically cuts down on wrist fatigue by absorbing road chatter at the stem. And the rack attachments range from weatherproof pannier to mobile cooler (both shown above), so it can be as professional or party as you wanna be. If you’re looking to splurge, any of Specialized’s carbon fiber offerings are among the best (the hours my husband has spent on the S-Works Turbo Creo 2 have been some of his favorite times).

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    Best folding e-bike for multimodal commuters: Brompton Electric G Line

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    - A Traildust White Brompton Electric G Line folding ebike leaning against a wooded guardrail on the C&O Towpath, green grass and trees in the background - -
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    Heather Kuldell-Ware

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    - Pros

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    • Compact tri-fold design folds smaller than nearly any other e-bike
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    • Built for multimodal commuting with roller wheels for easy transport between train, bus, and office
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    • Removable battery housed in a front bag that doubles as handy storage for daily essentials
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    • Equipped for commuting with integrated front and rear lights, fenders with mudflaps, rear rack, and a bell
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    • Balance and handling like a full-size bike with a smooth-shifting 4-speed drivetrain
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    • 20-inch Schwalbe G-One Allround tires provide excellent grip and comfort on pavement and light gravel
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    • Available in three colors: adventure orange, forest green, traildust white
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    - Cons

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    • Heavier than classic Bromptons (about 43 lb); easier to roll than carry
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    • Rocker-style PAS controls are less intuitive than standard buttons
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    • Folding requires practice due to larger 20-inch wheels
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    • No throttle or suspension, so rough roads send more feedback through the bars
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    - Specs

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    • - - Folded size - - - 28.3 inches deep × 26.2 inches tall × 16 inches wide -
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    • - - Motor - - - 250W rear-hub motor -
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    • - - Battery - - - 345Wh capacity -
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    • - - Removable battery - - - Yes (housed in front-mounted bag) -
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    • - - Compliance - - - UL 2849 certified -
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    • - - Riding range - - - Up to 45 miles -
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    • - - Class - - - 1 -
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    • - - Top assisted speed - - - 20 mph -
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    • - - Throttle - - - No -
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    • - - Bike weight - - - About 43 pounds -
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    • - - Frame sizes - - - Small, medium, and large, fits riders from 5’ to 6’6” -
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    • - - Connectivity - - - Brompton Electric app (iOS and Android) -
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    The Brompton Electric G Line is the Swiss Army knife of e-bikes for riders who want one machine that can do it all, whether that’s commuting across town, tucking neatly into a closet, or sneaking in a weekend ride off-road. Compact, clever, and unmistakably British, it’s the ultimate e-bike for people short on space but unwilling to compromise on capability.

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    Brompton has long set the folding-bike standard, but the G Line takes that ingenuity electric. A whisper-quiet 250 W rear-hub motor, removable 345 Wh battery, and larger 20-inch wheels make it smoother and more stable than any Brompton before it. It rides and handles like a full-size bike—balanced, planted, and quick—even though it folds in seconds into a compact, briefcase-sized package.

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    It’s also one of the few e-bikes truly designed to move seamlessly between modes of transport. The rear rack includes built-in roller wheels, letting you pull or push the folded bike through stations, sidewalks, or office halls without lifting it. That small touch makes a huge difference for commuters juggling trains, elevators, and tight corridors.

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    Security and practicality come built in. Instead of locking it outside, you can roll the G Line indoors or under your desk. The removable battery pops off easily for recharging or safekeeping, making the bike far less appealing to would-be thieves. And since it’s fully equipped with front and rear lights, fenders with mudflaps, a bell, and a rear rack, it’s ready to ride straight out of the box.

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    On the road, it’s a lovely ride: thoughtful, composed, and more comfortable than you’d expect from a folder. The high-volume tires and well-judged geometry soften city streets and smooth out cracks and seams, even without suspension. Shifting feels crisp, and the assist blends naturally. It’s happiest on pavement and bike paths, but capable enough for the occasional detour onto gentler gravel. Even at the highest pedal assist level and the lights on, the G Line traveled a respectable 27 miles before running out of juice. (Read our full review here.)

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    At roughly $4,950, the Electric G Line is an investment for people who see a bike as a lifelong companion and an essential part of their lifestyle.

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    Best long-range folding e-bike: Velotric Fold 1 Plus

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    Heather Kuldell-Ware

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    - Pros

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    • Class-leading 68-mile range
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    • Adjustable between Class 1, 2, and 3, with customizable top speed up to 28 mph
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    • Switchable torque and cadence sensors let you fine-tune responsiveness and efficiency
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    • Low 15-inch standover height makes mounting easy and stable under load
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    • Front suspension and 3-inch puncture-resistant tires smooth out city streets and trails
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    • Fully equipped for commuting: 130-lux adjustable headlight, brake light with turn signals, fenders, and sturdy rear rack (120-pound capacity)
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    • Apple Find My integration and USB-C phone charging port
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    • Available in Mango, Electric Blue, Stone Gray, and Pearl White
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    - Cons

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    • At 63 lb, it’s better rolled or driven than carried
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    • Fold is compact but still bulky for train or subway commutes
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    • Battery insertion can be awkward for shorter riders
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    • Folding pedals take practice
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    • - - Folded size - - - 37.8 inches long x 19.7 inches wide x 33.5 inches high -
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    • - - Motor - - - 750W (1,100W peak) rear hub -
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    • - - Torque - - - 75Nm -
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    • - - Battery - - - 624Wh -
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    • - - Removable battery - - - Yes, lockable -
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    • - - Compliance - - - UL 2271 and UL 2580 -
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    • - - Range - - - Up to 68 miles through pedal assist or 45 miles using throttle -
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    • - - Class - - - 1-3 -
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    • - - Top assisted speed - - - 28 mph -
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    • - - Throttle - - - Yes (removable) -
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    • - - Bike weight - - - 63 pounds -
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    • - - Frame sizes - - - One size, fits riders from 4’9” to 6’5” -
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    • - - Connectivity - - - Velotric app, Apple Find My -
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    The Velotric Fold 1 Plus proves that a folding e-bike doesn’t have to compromise on power or endurance. With a 68-mile range and a 750W motor, it’s built to go the distance—whether that means a long daily commute or a few hours of weekend exploring. I see these bikes out in the wild all the time, especially around the Pentagon, usually piloted by camo-clad riders who look very happy to be heading home.

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    This thing is made for commuters (and you can read our full review here). It comes ready to roll with full fenders, a bright front light, a brake light with turn signals, and a sturdy rear rack that can carry up to 120 pounds—groceries, gear, or even a kid seat. The 20-inch wheels keep that weight close to the ground, giving the bike a stable, planted feel when starting, stopping, or turning.

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    It’s also impressively adaptable for a one-size-fits-all frame. The step-through design fits riders from 4’9” to 6’5”, with a low standover height that inspires confidence at lights or when carrying extra weight. The upright riding position, front suspension, and cushy saddle make it one of the most comfortable folders around.

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    Where the Fold 1 Plus really shines is in its ride customization. You can swap between torque and cadence sensors, tweak the assist levels, and even set the top speed or e-bike class. It’s a feature more brands are adding, but Velotric executes it especially well—making the bike easy to share among family members without compromising anyone’s preferred feel.

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    While some folding bikes are designed for train hopping, the Fold 1 Plus is more about easy storage and transport. It fits neatly in a hatchback or SUV (I’ve slipped it into a Honda Fit), though sedan owners should measure before committing. Velotric also adds two smart touches most folders skip: a long Velcro strap to keep everything closed when folded and a built-in stand that protects delicate components.

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    The Fold 1 Plus doesn’t make you choose between fun and practicality. It’s laid-back when you want to cruise and powerful when you need to hustle—and at about $1,500, it’s one of the most capable long-range folding e-bikes you can buy.

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    What to consider when searching for the best electric commuter bikes

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    Before you fall in love with a shiny new e-bike, think about what you really want out of your commute. Do you want a workout that makes you feel like a superhero, or a sweat-free cruise that gets you to work fresh as a daisy? Pedal-assist gives you “super legs,” throttles let you coast scooter-style, and many bikes now offer both so you can switch by mood or hill.

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    But here’s the catch that most first-time buyers don’t consider: e-bikes are heavy. The average commuter model tips the scales at 50 to 65 pounds, and moped-style or fat-tire versions can be 70+. That’s fine if you’ve got a garage or ground-floor storage, but not so fun if you’re wrestling it into an elevator or up a flight of stairs after a long day. Lightweight options in the 30 to 40 pound range are hitting the market, making them easier to handle, though you often give up suspension and a cushy ride. Folding e-bikes add another stow-and-go option for tight spaces.

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    Bottom line: Decide first how you want to ride and then be realistic about where you’ll store it and how much bike you actually want to haul around.

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    Classes

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    At their core, e-bike classes are meant to give you a quick snapshot of what a bike can (and can’t) do—especially how fast it’ll go with motor assist, and whether you need to pedal to make that happen. Many states also use these classes to set rules for where and how you’re allowed to ride, though that’s the wild west right now. In many states, e-bikes are treated like bicycles, but in others, like Alaska and New Mexico, they’re regulated more like mopeds or motor-driven cycles. (Check out the non-profit advocacy group People for Bikes’ guide for state laws.)

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    Here’s the breakdown:

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    ClassHow it worksAssist limitWhat it means for you
    Class 1Pedal-assist motor onlyStops assisting at 20 mphUsually allowed on bike paths and trails
    Class 2Throttle and pedal assistStops assisting at 20 mphThrottle use may be restricted in some areas
    Class 3Pedal-assist motor onlyStops assisting at 28 mphSometimes banned from shared-use paths and may have age and/or helmet rules
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    Not every e-bike fits neatly into these categories. Some models ship as one class but can be changed to another via on-bike controls or an app. And while 20 mph might not sound especially fast on paper, it feels very different when you’re hitting that speed on two wheels in traffic.

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    Mid-drive vs. hub motor

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    The motor is the heart of an e-bike, and it completely changes how the ride feels. First, you’ll want to decide where the motor lives—hub or mid-drive—since that affects how the bike handles and climbs. Then, look at how big the motor is. Power is measured in watts, and while 250W used to be standard, it’s now the baby of the bunch. Most commuter bikes land in the 350 to 500W sweet spot, giving you plenty of push for city riding. 750W is the legal ceiling in the U.S.—any bigger and you’re in moped/motorcycle territory with licenses and insurance to match.

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    Mid-drive motors sit at the pedals and feel the most like riding a “real” bike—just with bionic legs. They’re more efficient because they use your gears to deliver extra torque, which makes them awesome for hills and longer rides. But here’s the catch: you’ve got to be comfortable shifting. If you’re not, mid-drives can be a little intimidating. I’ve seen newbies stall out or, worse, lurch forward when the gearing’s off. For confident riders who want maximum power for their effort, though, they’re hard to beat.

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    Hub motors, on the other hand, live in the wheel (usually the rear) and are all about simplicity. They’re slower to kick in, but the assist feels like that gentle push you got from a parent when you were first learning to ride. I actually love hub motors for beginners who struggle with gears because they don’t magnify your shifting errors.

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    Riding range

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    Step one: know your commute distance (round trip!) and what kind of terrain you’ll face. Every e-bike promises an “estimated range,” but the key word there is “estimate.” Your weight, your cargo, how steep your hills are, how much pedal assist you use, and even the weather all change how long that battery actually lasts. Flat road + low assist = you’ll cruise forever. Steep hills + max assist + headwind = you’ll be hunting for an outlet a lot sooner.

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    Pick a bike with a range that easily covers your ride there and back with extra miles to spare. Running out of juice halfway home is character-building, but not fun.

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    Batteries generally come in two flavors. Integrated batteries are sleek and theft-resistant because they can’t be pulled out, but the trade-off is that you’ll need to roll the whole bike to an outlet when it’s time to recharge. Removable batteries, on the other hand, are wonderfully convenient: You can pop them out to charge indoors or even carry a spare for longer rides. The downside? More seams and openings mean more opportunities for dust and water to sneak in.

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    Battery safety

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    Cheap batteries cause fires—and not just little sparks, but full-on, apartment-burning, news-making fires. That’s why certifications matter. UL 2849 is the gold standard, covering the entire electrical system—battery, motor, charger, and controller—to make sure everything works safely together. UL 2271 focuses only on the battery pack, testing it for durability and resistance to overheating or impact. Sometimes you’ll see EN 15194, the European equivalent. 

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    If you see either certification, it means the bike has gone through rigorous testing. And in New York City and New York State, certification is required by law after a rise in fires tied to low-quality, uncertified e-bikes.

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    Security and tracking

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    Any e-bike is an investment, and nothing spikes your blood pressure like leaving it locked up on the street or even in the “secure” office bike room. A solid lock (or better yet, two) is still your first line of defense. But more and more manufacturers are baking security right into the bikes themselves.

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    Some motors won’t even turn on without a PIN code or Bluetooth connection to your phone, making them a lot less tempting for joyriders. Others integrate with Apple’s Find My network or GPS, so you can track your bike’s location if it disappears. (That said, if mine got swiped, I’m not about to show up at its “new home” solo.)

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    FAQs

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    Q: What’s the difference between Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 e-bikes?

    E-bike classes are shorthand for how much assistance you get, how fast the motor will take you, and where you’re legally allowed to ride. Class 1 and 2 both cap out at 20 mph—Class 1 requires pedaling, while Class 2 adds a throttle. Class 3 ups the ante to 28 mph with pedal assist only, making it a favorite for commuters who want to keep pace with traffic.

    But here’s the catch: not every trail, bike path, or park welcomes faster Class 3 bikes, and local rules can vary wildly.

    Q: How far can a 500Wh e-bike battery go?

    There’s no single answer. It depends on how much you weigh, what you’re hauling, how you ride, and yes, even the weather.

    On a mild, wind-free day with flat terrain and low pedal assist, you’ll squeeze out the longest range. But if your commute feels like it’s uphill both ways, into a headwind, with the assist cranked to max? That battery won’t last nearly as long. Cold temps don’t help either—they can sap power before you even start pedaling.

    Published ranges are usually 20 to 50 miles, and my own experience backs that up. Just remember: headwinds can chew through both your energy and your battery faster than you think.

    Q: Should I buy an e-bike with UL 2849 or UL 2271 certification?

    Yes. If you don’t see any mention of certification, move on. In places like New York City and New York State, it’s even required by law. Those rules came after a rise in fires and injuries linked to low-quality, uncertified lithium-ion batteries in e-bikes and scooters.

    Manufacturers do have to pay to get certified, and you’ll sometimes see a mix of labels. Here’s what they mean:

    UL 2271: Tests whether the battery pack is safe, durable, and resistant to overheating or impact.
    UL 2849: The comprehensive option. It certifies the entire electrical system: battery, motor, controller, charger, and how they all work together under real-world conditions.
    EN 15194: The European standard. It ensures e-bikes meet strict safety, electrical, mechanical, and performance criteria before they’re sold.

    Q: Which is better for hills: hub-drive or mid-drive e-bikes?

    For steep climbs, mid-drive motors are the clear winners. They use your bike’s gears for extra torque and efficiency, so you get more power uphill without draining the battery as fast.

    But don’t count out hub motors—they’re cheaper, simpler, and feel like a steady push from behind. They’re also more forgiving if you’re still working on shifting timing.

    Q: What are the best e-bike tires and tire pressures for riding in potholes and rain?

    Think of tires as your e-bike’s shoes: grip, cushion, and stability matter. Stick to the pressure range printed on the sidewall, but on rough or wet roads, drop pressure about 10% for better contact. If you ride at 60 psi on a dry day, try around 54 when it’s rainy or bumpy.

    Tire type makes a difference, too. Wider tires = more grip and cushion. Slimmer tires = lighter and faster. And don’t forget tread: slick or lightly grooved tires roll fastest on dry pavement, while tires with more pattern give you extra bite when it’s wet. Knobby treads are better for off-road rides.

    No matter what, corner carefully and leave more braking room in the rain.

    Q: How can I increase the range of my electric bike?

    Some little things you can do are maintain proper tire pressure, use lower pedal assist modes, and avoid relying exclusively on the motor for throttle bikes. Occasionally, I have pushed the edge of my range and ended up with just 10 percent of battery life but a few miles to go. In those times, I grit my teeth and turn off assistance, saving whatever juice remains for hills. 

    Alternatively, you could carry a second battery as backup, though they will add significant weight to the ride. Some bike models also offer higher-capacity batteries as an additional purchase.

    Q: Is it difficult to assemble an e-bike?

    Plenty of e-bikes are sold as direct-to-consumer products that will arrive directly at your door. The best of these companies ship mostly assembled bikes with good literature, how-to videos, and send the tools you will need. Can you build your own bike? Probably. But the right question is, “Should you?” If you are familiar with bike parts or building traditional bikes, know how to properly use torque wrenches, and have some patience and confidence, go right ahead. If you aren’t, many local bike shops will receive your delivery and assemble the bike for you. Around the D.C. area, the going rate for assembly is about $200.

    Q: How much does an electric commuter bike cost?

    E-bikes can cost anywhere from $1,000 to more than $10,000; however, plenty of well-outfitted models fall between $1,500 and $3,000. Expect to see more premium features in the $4,000 and $6,000 price range. Yes, e-bikes start at higher price points than traditional bicycles, plus they require charging and weigh more. And they still require maintenance; eventually, batteries will degrade and need replacing. But they have their advantages. However, if you’re on a budget and feeling handy, there are kits to convert a bike to an e-bike.

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    Final thoughts on the best electric commuter bikes

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    Much like cars, there’s an e-bike model for nearly every type of rider, ranging from people who haven’t touched a pedal since childhood to longtime, hardcore cyclists. If tooling around occasionally is your thing, a budget electric bike may work. If you like to kick up some dirt, consider a fat-tire bike. But for commuting, we recommend investing in one of our picks above, which can withstand the wear and tear of regular riding in all sorts of weather.

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    The post The best electric commuter bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[November Stargazing: Supermoon number two, meteors galore, and ‘naked’ Saturn.]]>Three meteor showers will peak this month.

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    The post November Stargazing: Supermoon number two, meteors galore, and ‘naked’ Saturn. appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/stargazing-guide-november-2025/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714132Thu, 30 Oct 2025 09:00:00 -0400ScienceMoonsSolar SystemSpace -
    November 5Full Beaver Supermoon
    November 5 through 12Taurids Meteor Showers Predicted to Peak
    November 17 through 19Leonids Meteor Shower Predicted Peak
    November 23Saturn Visible Without Rings
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    A bull, a lion, a beaver and a raving lunatic walk into a bar…This month’s stargazing comes with a rich cast of characters, manifesting as two (or three?) separate meteor showers, the most super of moons, and a rare glimpse of Saturn without its most famous accessory.

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    November 5: Full Beaver Supermoon

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    “Full beaver supermoon” is not a combination of words that one encounters often, but this month brings the second of three consecutive supermoons. November’s moon also brings our orbital friend closest to us. That makes it  a sort of … super supermoon? 

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    An actual genuine supermoon—i.e. an exact correspondence between the moon’s full illumination and it being at its closest point to the Earth—is relatively rare. The superlative term is used more generally to describe a full moon where the moon is at or near its perigee, or point where it is closest to Earth. This explains how we have three in a row at the end of 2025, and how, November’s is the most super among the trio.

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    As per the Farmer’s Almanac, you can appreciate the full glory of this most super of moons on November 5 at 8:19 a.m. EST. Native American culture provides many fascinating alternative names for November’s moon: some particularly poetic monikers include the Cree nations’ “Rivers Begin to Freeze Moon,” the Haida nations’ “Bears Sleep Moon,” and the Hopi nations’ “Fledgling Hawk Moon.”

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    November 5 through 12: Taurids Meteor Shower(s) Predicted Peak

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    The annual celestial event referred to as the Taurids Meteor Shower is actually two separate showers–the Northern and Southern Taurids. The Northern Taurids originate from the debris shed by an asteroid, referred to as Asteroid 2004 TG10. Meanwhile, the Southern Taurids, come from the trail left by Comet 2P/Encke. The two showers are grouped together because scientists believe that both the asteroid and the comet are fragments of a single, much larger object that broke up some 20,000 years ago, leaving a collection of debris known collectively as the Encke Complex.

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    The Southern Taurids are predicted to peak around November 5, but the aforementioned supermoon might  make them difficult to see, making their Northern cousins a better bet for fireball spotting. 

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    The peak of the Northern shower is predicted for the night of November 9 into the early hours of November 12. The radiant point—the point from which meteors appear to originate—is just to the right of the constellation Taurus. As per NASA, the best time to look is after midnight, when Taurus is high in the sky. 

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    Both Northern and Southern showers are famous for yielding bright, slow-moving fireballs, and there may be plenty of them on show. 

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    November 17 through 19: Leonids Meteor Shower Predicted Peak

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    The Taurids aren’t the only meteor shower to see in November. The Leonids are also in town, peaking over the course of three days in the middle of the month. The shower’s radiant point is in the constellation Leo, the lion—specifically in the lion’s neck,right between the stars Algieba and Rasalas. Leo doesn’t rise until after midnight, but once it does, the nights of November 16 and 17 should provide plenty of meteors to see. 

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    You’ll have to be sharp-eyed, though.In contrast to the stately Taurids, the Leonids are speedsters, rocketing through the Earth’s atmosphere at hundreds of thousands of miles an hour. They even get a mention in the Guinness Book of World Records in the category of “Fastest Meteor Shower”.

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    Thankfully, this year provides favorable viewing conditions for Leonid-spotting, as it falls a full two weeks after the full moon. The moon will be but a skerrick of a crescent, meaning that its light won’t interfere with the show. Look east, find the lion in the sky, and then wish upon a shooting star.

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    November 23: Saturn Devours Its Rings

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    There’s no doubt that Saturn’s defining feature is its glorious rings. Made almost entirely of water ice, the rings extend out in a startlingly flat plane perpendicular to the planet’s orbital axis. They start 4,300 miles from Saturn and extend out to a distance of 50,000 miles—but they’re barely 30 feet wide at some points, 

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    But this month, the Solar System’s worst father is going bare. The Earth has spent much of the year bobbling in the vicinity of the plane of the Saturnian ring system, and on November 23 we’ll be pretty much perfectly aligned with that plane. This means that the rings will be almost invisible. If you look at the planet through a telescope, you might see them only as a thin line—or you might not see them at all, just Saturn laid bare in all his gaseous, filiphagic glory. 

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    To spot it, look to the south and then crane your neck to look about 45° from the horizon. Saturn will be there, lurking between the constellations of Pisces and Aquarius.

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    Whatever you’re looking for in the sky, remember that you’ll get the best experience if you get away from any sources of light pollution and let your eyes acclimatize to the darkness—and you check out our stargazing tips before you head off into the night.

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    Until next month!

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    The post November Stargazing: Supermoon number two, meteors galore, and ‘naked’ Saturn. appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[This drone’s wingspan rivals a 737—but it’s lighter than an NFL linebacker]]>It could deliver internet to remote areas...or quietly watch us from the stratosphere.

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    The post This drone’s wingspan rivals a 737—but it’s lighter than an NFL linebacker appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/technology/radical-evenstar-drone/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714200Wed, 29 Oct 2025 16:27:17 -0400TechnologyAviationDronesBack in the mid-2010s, some of the world’s biggest tech companies were racing to launch lightweight, solar-powered drones to hover above remote areas and beam down internet connectivity. Meta (then called Facebook) and Google, the two companies most heavily investing in the technology at the time, abruptly exited the space following a series of mishaps. In Google’s case, its “Titan” prototype crashed in New Mexico just four minutes after takeoff.

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    Now, nearly a decade later, a much smaller company is attempting to pick up where those giants left off. This week, Seattle-based startup Radical revealed it has successfully tested a full-scale prototype of its super-thin, solar-powered drone, “Evenstar.” The boomerang-shaped aircraft has a massive wingspan of 120 feet, larger than that of a Boeing 737, but weighs only 240 pounds (less than an average player in the NFL).

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    And while it’s still a long way from completion, Radical believes its lightweight, solar-powered frame could eventually operate autonomously in the stratosphere for months at a time without interruption. That could make it attractive for weather monitoring, mobile internet connectivity, and aerial surveillance. But Radical will first have to actually get its bizarre drone up in the sky. The most recent test, initially reported by GeekWire, flew only at low altitudes and at speeds just over 15 miles per hour.

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    “Our goal is to make stratospheric flight as routine as satellite operations, but faster, cheaper, and at higher resolutions,” Radical CEO James Thomas told Popular Science. 

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    Leveraging the stratosphere to observe, forecast, and communicate with unmatched precision. pic.twitter.com/74VSBM6r1U

    — Radical (@RadicalAero) October 20, 2025
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    ‘StratoSats’ are middle ground between satellites and drones 

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    The Evenstar is one example of what Radical calls a “StratoSat.” These are essentially satellite-like, lightweight devices designed to “provide persistent, high-performance infrastructure” in the stratosphere. StratoSats are powered by solar panels mounted on their wings, allowing them to theoretically remain airborne for weeks or even months. And unlike conventional satellites that need to stay in orbit indefinitely, a StratoSat can come back down when it needs to change out whatever it’s carrying onboard. 

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    Given their limited size, that cargo would most likely consist of sensors, cameras, or lightweight mobile telecommunications equipment. The Evenstar, specifically, can carry a 33-pound payload and does so with full autonomous capability. Thomas said the ability to operate autonomously is crucial for ensuring the drone can operate without interruption during long flights.

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    The Radical CEO told Popular Science the most recent Evenstar test flight occurred in Tillamook, Oregon. The flight was completed autonomously, but a human pilot was available to intervene if necessary. The company told GeekWire that the prototype lifted off from the back of a Subaru before conducting a low-altitude flight. Radical says it hopes to conduct higher altitude tests next year. 

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    Notably, this version wasn’t powered by solar energy but instead relied on a battery. (Radical said it outfitted the drone with a ballast to simulate the added weight the final version would have once equipped with solar panels.) The company did not provide details, either to GeekWire or Popular Science, regarding the flight’s total duration, maximum altitude, or whether the drone experienced any issues.

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    “The purpose of this flight was to validate Evenstar’s core systems in real-world conditions, including the airframe design, AI controller, telemetry, and communication links,” Thomas told Popular Science. “The test confirmed our design and simulation tools and provided valuable performance data ahead of high-altitude testing.”

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    Introducing S-1 Evenstar: Our new autonomous StratoSat that will provide persistent, high-performance infrastructure from the stratosphere. pic.twitter.com/gKqOIAEFG5

    — Radical (@RadicalAero) October 14, 2025
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    Radical is pitching this category of aircraft as a kind of jack-of-all-trades that can fill gaps left by satellites, drones, and conventional planes. In the case of satellites, they’re often capable of providing either wide coverage areas or high-resolution imagery—but not both at the same time. They also move at high speeds, meaning they pass over a given target for only a few minutes each day. The process of getting a satellite up into space is also extremely expensive, something most obviously demonstrated by the estimated $10 billion Elon Musk’s SpaceX has spent to build up its constellation of Starlink satellites in recent years. 

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    Conventional drones address some of those issues but are limited in the amount of time they can spend in the air without refueling. Refueling and running continuous missions can get expensive. All of those drawbacks, Radical argues, is limiting the quality and scale of data that’s being captured from the sky. 

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    a long, thin drone on top of an SUV
    Superlight, solar-powered drones could straddle the stratosphere for months. Image: Radical
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    “It’s never really made sense to get a better look at something by moving further away from it,” Thomas said in a video posted on X. “It has never made sense to accept a snapshot once every 90 minutes as our view of the world.” 

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    Radical, whose co-founders previously worked on Amazon’s Prime Air drone program, envisions Evenstar one day assisting with long-term wildfire monitoring. Like Google and Meta before it, the company also sees potential in using its lightweight, hovering drone to beam down 5G connectivity to rural or remote areas currently underserved by traditional ISPs. The company’s website also references possible military applications though it didn’t respond to our request for comment on whether it intends to offer its technology for surveillance or law enforcement purposes. The Radical CEO told Popular Science Evenstar is “designed to suit the needs of customers across a range of use cases – both commercially and for the government.”

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    Related: [A solar-powered Army drone has been flying for 40 days straight]

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    They also aren’t the only ones racing towards the stratosphere. Airbus has an even lighter (around 165 pounds) solar powered drone called Zephyr, which has already demonstrated it can spend 26 consecutive days in the stratosphere consecutively. US startup Skydweller is pursuing a similar solar powered drone it claims can carry up to 800 pounds of cargo. Radical’s approach is considerably smaller in scale, as is its team. GeekWire notes the Seattle company has just six employees. For now, Thomas said, their path forward is pretty straightforward. 

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    “Our mission is simple.” Thomas said. “Get there [to the stratosphere] stay there.” 

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    The post This drone’s wingspan rivals a 737—but it’s lighter than an NFL linebacker appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[New asphalt could make potholes extinct]]>Adding graphene to the mix could be a powerful pavement supplement.

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    The post New asphalt could make potholes extinct appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/technology/potholes-asphalt-graphene/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714191Wed, 29 Oct 2025 15:14:46 -0400TechnologyEngineeringEnvironmentSustainabilityVehiclesThe results of a literally groundbreaking trial in the United Kingdom suggest that graphene-infused roads may pave the way into the future. According to Essex County officials, a pilot test outside of London indicates that lanes imbued with one of the world’s strongest known materials outperforms and outlasts traditional asphalt. The name of the new super-street combination? Gipave.

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    Road maintenance remains one of the most costly issues facing local, state, and federal governments. In 2021, an estimated $206 billion was spent on highway and street repairs. That’s nearly six percent of all available funds—and far from enough. According to Pew Research, the United States is also eyeing at least $105 billion in deferred upkeep projects.

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    One of the most recognizable and frequent problems is comparatively mundane. Cracks are inevitable in any road due to weakening materials and repeated stress over time. Once enough cars have sped over these fissures, chunks begin breaking off to create those infamous potholes that pop tires and ruin shocks. Aside from municipal patching costs, the average pothole-related vehicle repair is about $600, with car owners in the US collectively annually shelling out around $26.5 billion.

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    Asphalt is typically made from a mixture of stone aggregates held together with viscous, petroleum-based substance called bitumen. However, engineers recently began experimenting with adding the graphite-derived material graphene into the mix. First adopted commercially in the early 2000s, graphene is made from a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in honeycomb-like lattices, that make it incredibly resilient and superconductive. At one million times thinner than a single human hair, it’s also the thinnest known two-dimensional structure.

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    Graphene is already being harnessed in the manufacturing of electric batteries, semiconductors, and other products, but with 200 times the strength of steel, urban planners also see its potential as a construction additive. In 2022, Essex County announced plans to test asphalt combined with graphene to form a paving material called Gipave. Workers subsequently laid over 165 tons of Gipave for a lane on a new highway entrance road near London. They also added a second lane using traditional asphalt for a control. The Gipave was then exposed to thousands of car and truck tires throughout every season’s changing weather and temperatures over the next three years.

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    At the end of the experiment, third-party engineers extracted core samples from both lanes for lab testing and analysis. More specifically, they measured how much pressure it took to distort each dry sample, then tested them again after a 72-hour immersion in water. The graphene-enhanced asphalt performed 10 percent better in stiffness tests, as well as 20 percent better when it came to water sensitivity. They also noticed that when Gipave did fracture, it was the stone aggregate that cracked, and not the bitumen or bond between the two ingredients. This means the graphene truly strengthens the pavement’s overall resilience to make it a safer, likely more eco-friendly option.

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    If there is any immediately obvious weakness to Gipave, it’s the price tag. Engineers estimate it costs around 30 cents per square foot to use Gipave. Less than one dollar might not seem like a lot at first glance, but road repair costs increase exponentially. In the US, a single mile of four-lane highway contains a minimum of about 253,000 square feet. The nation contains about 4.2 million miles of highway, much of which is far wider than only four lanes. In this (extremely conservative) scenario, it would cost around $124.3 billion to repave all US highways with Gipave. Then again, simply starting to fill existing potholes with the graphene-strengthened asphalt would be a promising start.

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    The post New asphalt could make potholes extinct appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Spiders ‘decorate’ their webs to help trap dinner]]>Stabilimenta may help spiders find a buggy snack.

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    The post Spiders ‘decorate’ their webs to help trap dinner appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/spiders-decorate-webs/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714158Wed, 29 Oct 2025 14:00:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyScienceSpidersWildlifeOne of nature’s most beautiful natural wonders, spider webs sometimes feature little extra bits of flair called stabilimenta. Stabilimenta are highly-reflective UV structures. Basically, think of them like spidey bike reflectors scattered throughout a web. While stabilimenta are still shrouded in  mystery, some new research is opening up a new window into this silky world. The stabilimenta may help move vibrations throughout the web, helping the arachnids find their captured prey. The findings are detailed in a study published today in the journal PLOS One.

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    Several spider species build orb webs. These spiral wheel-shaped webs that often dot plants in the forest  and the corners of our homes capture flying prey. They’re the iconic spider web shape you see Spider Man rock and Halloween decorations embrace. 

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    Some spider species incorporate stabilimenta throughout their web’s structure. The stabilimenta in these enhanced, extra-reflective webs often appear like zig-zagging threads that span the spaces between two adjacent “spokes,” or like threads arranged in a circle around the center of the web.

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    The purpose of stabilimenta within the web is unclear. They could help collect water, regulate a spider’s body temperature, or even deter predatory wasps or birds to help the arachnids collect more insects. They also may help the spiders pinpoint where their prey is located by helping vibrations move throughout the web.

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    In this new study, the team looked at the different stabilimenta patterns that wasp spiders (which really do look like wasps) build into their webs. The team then ran numerical simulations to explore how these stabilimenta-enchanced webs are affected when prey, say a mosquito, gets trapped.

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    The team saw that the vibrations in a web without stabilimenta differently affected the web, depending on the angle of the vibrations generated by the prey’s impact. For example, in vibrations generated at angles that were perpendicular to the web surface or perpendicular to the threads coming out from the web’s center (like the spokes on a wheel), the stabilimenta did not create noticeable changes on how the vibrations moved. 

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    The stabilimentum in Argiope bruennichi. a) The production of aciniform silk by A. bruennichi when wrapping a prey. b) A juvenile A. bruennichi in the centre of its web with the stabilimentum (courtesy of Letizia Alleruzzo, Aracnofilia – Italian Association of Arachnology). c– h) The different types of stabilimentum observed in the webs: normal (N), juvenile (J), reduced (R), platform (P), drafted (D), and absent (A, i.e., without stabilimentum). Image: Greco et al., 2025, PLOS One.
    The stabilimentum in Argiope bruennichi. a) The production of aciniform silk by A. bruennichi when wrapping a prey. b) A juvenile A. bruennichi in the centre of its web with the stabilimentum (courtesy of Letizia Alleruzzo, Aracnofilia – Italian Association of Arachnology). c– h) The different types of stabilimentum observed in the webs: normal (N), juvenile (J), reduced (R), platform (P), drafted (D), and absent (A, i.e., without stabilimentum). Image: Greco et al., 2025, PLOS One.
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    However, if the waves were generated in the same direction as the spiral threads, vibrations in webs with stabilimenta moved further across the web, where a spider might be able to sense them from anywhere within the web. According to the team, this suggests that stabilimenta may boost a spider’s ability to zero in on the location of prey caught in its web.

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    Importantly, the real-world impact of prey localization may be more limited and other elements such as where the web is located may have greater effects. However, the team believes that this research could help engineers build better web-inspired synthetic materials.

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    The post Spiders ‘decorate’ their webs to help trap dinner appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The secret ingredient in a snake antivenom? Llamas.]]>Their antibodies may combat venom from some of the world's deadliest species.

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    The post The secret ingredient in a snake antivenom? Llamas. appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/health/snake-llama-antivenom/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714142Wed, 29 Oct 2025 12:00:00 -0400HealthAnimalsBiologyDiseasesEnvironmentMedicineScienceWildlifeMost of today’s snakebite antivenoms are far from perfect. Typically manufactured from animal blood plasma, the antidotes often remain expensive, inconsistent, and difficult to scale across multiple snake species. But a new approach detailed today in the journal Nature may finally offer a major step forward to save countless lives, particularly in the world’s most rural and impoverished areas. According to one international research team’s recent findings, an antivenom superingredient exists in llamas and alpacas.

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    An elapid emergency

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    Venomous snakes account for around 10 percent of the estimated 4,000 known species in the world. Of those, only about 360 of them fall within the Elapidae family. But despite their comparatively small numbers, elapids like mambas, cobras, and rinkhals are among the world’s deadliest snakes. Over 300,000 venomous snakebites are reported every year in sub-Saharan Africa, frequently resulting in over 7,000 deaths and as many as 14,000 limb amputations.

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    “[Elapids] are among the deadliest because their venoms contain potent neurotoxins that act rapidly to induce paralysis and respiratory failure,” Anne Ljungars, a biological engineer at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and study co-author, tells Popular Science. “The small, highly diffusible toxins spread quickly through the body, and the lack of timely treatment and access to effective antivenoms further contributes to the high mortality and disability rates associated with these bites.”

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    What’s more, elapids are capable of producing particularly large quantities of venom and are often very large. For example, an adult black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis), one of the planet’s deadliest elapids, regularly grows upwards of 10 feet long.

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    Enlisting help from alpacas and llamas

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    But as dangerous as elapids are to humans, other mammals contain their own potential protections. Alpacas and llamas naturally produce a special antibody variant known as heavy-chain-only antibodies. Ljungars and colleagues wondered if using these to specially engineer proteins called nanobodies (VHHs) might provide a new antivenom treatment path. To do this, they first immunized the camelids with venoms collected from 18 African snake species. Next, they extracted samples to construct phase display libraries—a process to study protein interactions by examining which proteins “display” on the surfaces of bacteriophages. A bacteriophage is a virus that replicates inside bacteria cells. From there, researchers could comb through the libraries to identify any broadly neutralizing nanobodies.

    “Nanobodies have some key characteristics that are beneficial for antivenom development including high affinity binding similar to normal antibodies [and] small size, which makes them good for rapid deep tissue penetration and reducing local tissue damage,” says Ljungars. 

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    They’re also comparatively cheap and highly stable, allowing them to be stored in adverse conditions like high temperatures. Ljungar explains that nanobodies also exhibit a low immunogenicity, making it safer and capable of administration even before snakebite symptoms begin to show themselves.

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    “Today’s treatments are typically given after symptoms occur since they suffer from the risk of causing adverse reactions,” she adds.

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    Funding a promising breakthrough

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    In laboratory trials with rodents, the new nanobody antivenom prevented the deaths of mice exposed to venoms from 17 of the 18 snake species. It even reduced tissue damage typically caused by some of the most toxic venoms. The treatment also outperformed the existing commercial antivenom, Inoserp PAN-AFRICA, in preventing necrosis and death in mice across all snake species. However, the study’s accompanying announcement also reports that the nanobodies are currently “only partially protective” against green and black mambas.

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    Despite this, Ljungar and her colleagues hope to move forward with their promising alternative antivenom in clinical trials. Their findings suggest that broader protection against elapid snakebites using fewer ingredients is on the horizon, contradicting the popular theory that the best antivenoms require large (and costly) amounts of antibodies. However, the biggest current hurdle reportedly isn’t the complexity of snake neurotoxins. It’s convincing the right people to invest in the endeavor.

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    “It is very costly to do both these things,” explains study co-author and DTU antibody specialist Andreas Hougaard Laustsen-Kiel. “It is hard to attract money to make a drug where the business case might not be fantastic, as most snakebite victims live in rural impoverished parts of countries with limited access to healthcare.”

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    The post The secret ingredient in a snake antivenom? Llamas. appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Zombie worms have gone missing]]>Biologists investigate the case of the lost ‘bone devourers’ that feed on whale carcasses.

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    The post Zombie worms have gone missing appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/zombie-worms-missing/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714136Wed, 29 Oct 2025 10:47:55 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyClimate ChangeConservationOceanScienceWildlifeIf you’re leading a group of zombie apocalypse survivors, you don’t want  to lose sight of the horde of brain-hungry creatures trying to eat you. The same can be said if the zombie worm Osedax goes missing from the ocean floor. Also called “the bone devourer,” the worm plays a crucial role in decomposing the bodies of larger organisms and supporting a bevy of deep-sea biodiversity. Losing them can be a major warning sign of species loss and ecosystem decline due to climate change. 

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    How the zombie worm devours bones

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    First discovered in 2002, Osedax worms measure about one to three inches long. There are 26 known Osedax species and they are considered an ecosystem engineer species. 

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    Despite not having a mouth, anus, or digestive tract, their roots bore into bones from larger marine animals like whales. They secrete an acid from their skin that dissolves the bone. Once the bone is dissolved, the fat and protein trapped inside is released. The symbiotic bacteria living on the worms’ bodies then digest the fat and protein. However, it is still unclear how Osedax gets the nutrients from that bacteria. It could be that they digest it or the nutrients are somehow transferred to the worm via some mystery mechanism.

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    Zombie worm (Osedax) on a bone
    Zombie worm (Osedax) on a bone. Image: Yoshihiro Fujiwara/JAMSTEC.
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    Wormless whale fall

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    When studying humpback whale bones off the coast of British Columbia, University of Victoria and Oceans Networks Canada staff scientist Fabio De Leo found no evidence of this crucial worm. Through 10 years of observation, their high-resolution cameras did not pick up a single zombie worm colonization of these bones. This troubling result is called a negative result in scientific research and indicates that something is wrong. 

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    “This was a remarkable observation in such a long-term experiment,” De Leo said in a statement, noting that the low concentrations of oxygen present at the observation site might play a role.

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    The whale bones were placed over 3,000 feet below the surface of the Pacific in Barkley Canyon. This naturally occurring low-oxygen zone is on one of the migration routes for humpback and grey whales that travel between Hawaii and Alaska. The whales that die from natural causes, or human threats (ship strikes, fishing gear, etc.) along the way will sink to the bottom. This creates a feeding bonanza called whale falls. The remains support ocean scavengers. 

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    The absence of zombie worms on these bones suggests that the expanding oxygen minimum zones in the northeast Pacific and elsewhere might be disturbing these ecosystems more broadly. Preliminary data from on other whale fall research near a different site suggests that zombie worms may also be affected elsewhere.

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    Whale bone experiment recovered from Barkley Canyon in 2023
    Whale bone experiment recovered from Barkley Canyon in 2023. Image: Ocean Networks Canada
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    Connected habitats

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    If the “bone devourer” zombie worm isn’t there to perform its ecological role, other species may be unable to colonize on the whale remains and use the critical nutrients in the whale carcass.

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    De Leo likens whale falls to islands that are a “stepping-stone habitat” for the worms and many other species that specialize in whale bones. Adult Osedax generally grow on whale bones and their larvae are dispersed over large distances to populate other whale fall ecosystems hundreds of miles away.

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    “Basically, we’re talking about potential species loss,” said De Leo. “So, this connectivity, these island habitats, will not be connected anymore, and then you could start losing a diversity of Osedax species across regional spatial scales.”

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    The team also found that another ecosystem engineer–Xylophaga–also appears affected by low-oxygen stress. These bivalves burrow into wood that sinks and help it decompose. While they did see Xylophaga on the experiment’s submerged wood samples, they colonized at much lower rates than in ocean areas with more oxygen.

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    “It looks like the OMZ [oxygen minimum zone] expansion, which is a consequence of ocean warming, will be bad news for these amazing whale-fall and wood-fall ecosystems along the northeast Pacific Margin,” added Craig Smith, a professor emeritus from University of Hawaii, who co-led the experiment. 

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    The team will continue to monitor other sights with high-definition video and remotely operated vehicles to collect environmental data. 

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    The post Zombie worms have gone missing appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Why you ‘see’ things in the dark, according to an ophthalmologist]]>Science explains why we see flickers of light and patterns in the darkness.

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    The post Why you ‘see’ things in the dark, according to an ophthalmologist appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/why-you-see-things-in-dark/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714049Wed, 29 Oct 2025 09:00:00 -0400ScienceAsk Us AnythingHealthPsychologyScience FictionIn 1999, Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez shot one of the definitive horror films of the era on a budget of roughly $60,000. The Blair Witch Project is a study in omission, in the conspicuous absence of the visual effects characteristic to the genre. In lieu of baroque prosthetic gore and over-the-top CGI effects, the movie leans into silence and darkness for much of its 81-minute run time. 

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    Watch it on a small screen and much of the magic evaporates, but watch it in a pitch-black theater, as rapt audiences all over the U.S. once did, and the effect is terrifying. It’s effective in large part because of the way our brains fill the negative space. In the absence of light, we conjure up the worst.

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    Offscreen, there are good reasons why so many kids (and some grown-ups) are scared of the dark: Our eyes really do play tricks on us. Turn off the lights and you’ll still see faint colors and flickers of shapes moving. In low light, you might suddenly find yourself more aware of movement at the edge of your peripheral vision. Throw in an overactive imagination and it’s easy to picture witches, monsters under the bed, or the jumpscare of your choice lurking in the gloom.

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    Popular Science spoke with Dr. Scott E. Brodie, a professor of clinical ophthalmology at the Columbia University Medical Center, about the science behind why we see things in the dark.

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    Don’t believe everything you see

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    It’s tempting to view the information feed that comes through our retinas as the reality of the world around us. “We ordinarily think of our vision as very faithful—what we see is what is really there,” Brodie says. But that’s not always the case. “There is neurology, there’s biochemistry in it—and [our vision] can be fooled.”

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    There’s an easy way to witness the limitations of our visual systems. “There are so-called optical illusions, which help illustrate that there are actual physical and chemical processes that underlie vision,” Brodie says.  German vision scientist Michael Bach has a whole host of optical illusions on his website. Scroll through and you’ll see an illusory color appear out of nowhere in Benham’s Top, or chromatic afterimages dot the screen in Hinton’s Lilac Chaser.

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    Vision depends on your brain as much as it does on your eyes. Video: The Visual System: How Your Eyes Work, National Eye Institute, NIH
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    For a DIY demonstration, close your eyes, then very gently press your index finger against the upper edge of the bony socket of one eye. Move the pressure down towards your eyeball, then move your finger from side to side. You should see a bright-rimmed black circle moving in the opposite position from where your finger is. 

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    “That’s an example of your eye seeing something visual, something that you would interpret as a light phenomenon when there’s no light there at all,” Brodie says. “It’s just the mechanical distortion of the retina, triggering nerve cells in the retina to do things that your brain interprets as that circular pattern.”

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    This particular visual phenomenon of seeing light in the absence of a light source is called phosphenes. The term phosphenes is derived from the Greek words for “light” and “to show.” Phosphenes are usually a reaction to mechanical pressure or some sort of specific external stimulation. They also crop up in response to physical trauma. If you’ve ever whacked your head hard and found yourself “seeing stars, that’s what’s really going on”

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    Your eyes try to see in the dark—with mixed results

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    Even when the lights go down, your retina never really stops working. In dim lighting, your rod cells, which are highly light-sensitive photoreceptors, become more active. Because they’re clustered more toward the edges of your retina, you may find yourself more aware of your peripheral vision. 

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    “In the dark, the retina is just as active, more or less as in the light,” Brodie says. “It’s just that more of the activity is dominated by the off cells than by the on cells. And very slight variations or quantum variations in the activation will stimulate the circuitry, even though there’s no light around.”

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    In short, there’s a lot going on chemically and neurologically, which means you can “see” things that aren’t really there. Maybe you even “see” things (or at least think you do) in the dark. Those seemingly random bits of color and light are really closed-eye hallucinations, also known as closed-eye visualizations (CEV).

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    Unlike phosphenes, you don’t need to bang your head to see these—you don’t need to do anything at all.

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    Not quite blackness

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    Contrary to what you might think, when we’re plunged into total darkness or when we close our eyes, what we see isn’t actually blackness, but rather a very specific uniform dark gray known as eigengrau. The word, which comes from the German for “intrinsic gray,” was invented by physicist Gustav Fechner, who explored the phenomenon in his Method of Limits experiment in the 1800s. In it, he tried reducing variable stimuli (light, in this case) and seeing how it impacted human perception. 

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    - Related Ask Us Anything Stories

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    The reason why we don’t see utter blackness is once again because of that visual noise, which come from signals from our optic nerve that our brain reads as flickers of light. Think of it as a kind of static coming from your own optical system rather than the world around you. 

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    “The bottom line is that there’s noise in the visual system, which becomes a predominant sensation in the absence of light,” Brodie says. That’s not to say visual noise only exists in the dark; it’s just that when our retinas are taking in so much information about the world around us, we can’t really see the noise overlaid on top. Turn off everything else though, and all of a sudden it’s hard to ignore.

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    It’s worth noting that there are other factors beyond our visual system that may make it feel like there’s something out there in the dark. When our retinas aren’t taking in much information, our other senses kick into high gear, meaning you suddenly hear every little bump in the night. 

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    You might also note that you feel more aware of your body itself. You can feel where your hands are even if you can’t see them exactly. That’s thanks to proprioception, which allows your brain to keep tabs on movement and spatial location throughout the body. 

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    So the next time you’re feeling jumpy in the dark, pay close attention to your other senses, try to keep calm, and always remember that your eyes can, in fact, deceive you.

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    This story is part of Popular Science’s Ask Us Anything series, where we answer your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the ordinary to the off-the-wall. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.

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    The post Why you ‘see’ things in the dark, according to an ophthalmologist appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The quest to find Shackleton’s ship uncovered an Antarctic mystery]]>Beneath the ice, an underwater robot discovered something far stranger than the 'Endurance' shipwreck.

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    The post The quest to find Shackleton’s ship uncovered an Antarctic mystery appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/shackleton-shipwreck-fish-nest-mystery/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714085Wed, 29 Oct 2025 00:00:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsClimate ChangeConservationFishOceanScienceTechnologyWildlifeThe Antarctic Ocean’s brutal conditions ultimately doomed Ernest Shackleton’s famed 1915 expedition aboard the Endurance. Although the icy environment has quickly turned fatal for many unfortunate explorers, it’s not an entirely inhospitable place. While attempting to locate Shackleton’s sunken ship in 2019, researchers unexpectedly documented a strange sight–a sprawling, geometric complex of over 1,000 icefish nests. The fish nests are described in a study published on October 29 in the journal Frontiers. 

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    The initial discovery occurred six years ago aboard the polar research vessel SA Agulhas II during its visit to the Western Weddell Sea. Although one of the expedition’s primary aims was locating the Endurance, researchers also intended to study the region’s thinning ice shelves. These floating barriers hold back the Antarctic Ice Sheet’s expansive ice flows, and their disappearance directly ties to rising global sea-levels.

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    In 2019, the expedition passed through the 656-foot-thick ice shelf that had opened only two years earlier. The 2,240-square-mile A68 iceberg broke off from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in a process known as calving, creating an entryway for Lassie, the research vessel’s remotely operated vehicle (ROV).

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    Pilots guided Lassie and additional autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) through the murky, frigid depths in hopes of spotting indications of the shipwreck. However, it didn’t take long for nature to exert its pressure on the vessels. To avoid a similar fate as the Endurance, the crew ultimately retreated from the multiyear ice packs surrounding them. 

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    The team  didn’t return with the ship’s suspected location, but they did manage to collect extensive video from the bottom of the Weddell Sea. As they reviewed their footage, they counted over 1,000 of nests belonging to the yellowfin notie (Lindbergichthys nudifrons), or icefish. A species in the rockcod family, the notie makes its home in the frigid Antarctic waters. What makes them especially peculiar is how they incubate and raise their young. Each parent fish constructs a circular nest after clearing the area of plankton detritus. The notie then lays their eggs in these abodes and guard them until they hatch.

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    Instead of random scatterings along the seafloor, their nests are arranged in intentionally geometric clusters. The study’s authors believe this to be an example of the “selfish herd” theory, where weaker icefish in the center of these communities are shielded by their neighbors. Meanwhile, nests on the outskirts of each notie neighborhood are generally occupied by the largest and strongest fish.

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    Nests of the yellowfin notie (Lindbergichthys nudifrons). Each nest would have been guarded by a parent fish, protecting their eggs from predators. This remarkable organization is thought to be a survival strategy. Some are singular, bottom right, some are in curves, centre top, and others in clusters, top left. All have been cleared of the carpet of phytoplankton detritus that covers surrounding areas–seen starkly in the centre top picture. Credit: Weddell Sea Expedition 2019
    Nests of the yellowfin notie (Lindbergichthys nudifrons). Each nest would have been guarded by a parent fish, protecting their eggs from predators. This remarkable organization is thought to be a survival strategy. Some are singular, bottom right, some are in curves, centre top, and others in clusters, top left. All have been cleared of the carpet of phytoplankton detritus that covers surrounding areas–seen starkly in the centre top picture. Credit: Weddell Sea Expedition 2019
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    The team’s discovery reinforces the work of a previous expedition to the Weddell Sea in 2022, that documented icefish living in one of the planet’s largest fish breeding colonies. Taken together, the two studies offer clear evidence that the region meets the definition of a Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem, and further supports the need to designate the Weddell Sea as a Marine Protected Area.

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    As for the Endurance’s final resting place, members of the 2019 excursion got another chance to search for the ship in 2022. That time, they were successful. 

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    The post The quest to find Shackleton’s ship uncovered an Antarctic mystery appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Dreo space heaters are on sale at Amazon just in time for the cold weather to roll in]]>If your feet are chilly or your nose feels dry, you're going to want to jump on these limited-time Amazon deals on Dreo heaters and humidifiers.

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    The post Dreo space heaters are on sale at Amazon just in time for the cold weather to roll in appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/dreo-space-heater-humidifier-deals-amazon/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714106Tue, 28 Oct 2025 16:54:48 -0400GearHomeSmart HomeThis is a weird time of year here in Upstate New York and much of the country. I wake up and it’s freezing, but then I’m sweating through my hoodie by the time the afternoon rolls around. That’s where a space heater comes in handy. Right now, Amazon has Dreo space heaters, all of which are editor-approved, on sale before the real cold rolls in. They’re only going to get more expensive as temperatures drop, so I recommend grabbing one now. Your un-frostbitten feet will thank you. You could also probably pick up a humidifier while you’re at it. You don’t want to spend the winter with chapped lips and a dry cough.

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    Editor’s Picks

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    Dreo Space Heater, 1500W Electric with Thermostat $67.49

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    This tower-style heater is one of Dreo’s most popular models for a reason. It warms up quickly, oscillates 70 degrees to distribute heat evenly, and includes multiple safety protections plus a remote and timer for easy control.

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    “If mosquitoes evolve to avoid longifolene, that could mean they’ll stop responding to flowers,” St. Leger explained. “But they need flowers as a food source to survive, so it would be very interesting to see how they could possibly avoid the fungus yet still be attracted to the flowers they need. It’ll be very difficult for them to overcome that hurdle, and we have the option of engineering the fungus to produce additional floral odors if they evolve to specifically avoid longifolene.”

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    Dreo Humidifiers for Bedroom, 4L Top Fill Model $36

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    This quiet (28 dB) humidifier runs up to 36 hours on one fill and doubles as a nightlight. It’s a great way to relieve dry indoor air as heating season ramps up, keeping your skin and sinuses happier.

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    Dreo Tower Fan for Bedroom, 25ft/s Velocity — Save 15% With strong airflow, four speeds, and quiet operation, this sleek fan works just as well for air circulation in winter as it does for cooling in summer. The included remote and oscillating design make it a year-round favorite.

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    The post Dreo space heaters are on sale at Amazon just in time for the cold weather to roll in appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The best portable power stations for 2026, tested and reviewed]]>A portable power station can run all manner of devices and equipment, wherever you go.

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    The post The best portable power stations for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/reviews/best-portable-power-stations/https://www.popsci.com/?p=399579Tue, 28 Oct 2025 16:15:02 -0400GearHomeOutdoor GearPortable power stations have become increasingly capable and can be a game-changer, whether you’re camping, in need of backup electricity, or simply want a convenient, mobile power source. But they certainly aren’t cheap, so you want to make sure you choose a model you can count on. We named the Bluetti Elite 200v2 our best overall because it’s such a well-rounded, versatile unit, but there are several other great options out there depending on your needs.

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    • Best for camping: Anker Solix C800 Plus
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      Other forms of Metarhizium are already used around the world to ward off mosquitoes on cheap materials such as chicken droppings, rice husks, and wheat scraps. The affordability and simplicity of the fungus could be key to reducing mosquito disease-related deaths in many parts of the world, particularly in poorer regions in the global south where mosquito-borne diseases are expected to rise due to climate change. The same diseases that are currently limited to tropical regions could also begin to threaten other places due to rising global temperatures.

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    • Best for off-grid living: Bluetti Apex 300
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      The team from this study is currently working on larger-scale outdoor trials of the new mosquito control method to submit for regulatory approval. 

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    • Best for home backup: Jackery HomePower 3000
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      “It’s not as if you’re going to necessarily find a silver bullet to control mosquitoes everywhere, but we’re trying to develop a very diverse and flexible set of tools that people in different parts of the world can use and choose from,” St. Leger said. “Different people will find different approaches work best for their particular situation and the particular mosquitoes they’re dealing with. In the end, our goal is to give people as many options as possible to save lives.”

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      The post This mosquito death trap is all-natural and very deadly appeared first on Popular Science.

      +]]>en-US<![CDATA[Beware, beachgoers: New spider discovered in California’s sand dunes]]>This tiny tarantula relative lives like a vampire.

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      The post Beware, beachgoers: New spider discovered in California’s sand dunes appeared first on Popular Science.

      +]]>      https://www.popsci.com/environment/new-spider-california-dunes/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714396Fri, 31 Oct 2025 12:08:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyScienceSpidersWildlifeJust in time for Halloween, researchers have identified a new species of trapdoor spider. The newly discovered Aptostichus ramirezae is about the size of a quarter, brown, and pretty chunky. It’s the fourth known species of trapdoor spiders in California whose habitat is limited to sandy coastal dunes.

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    • Best budget: Anker SOLIX C1000 Gen 2
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      Female trapdoor spiders are basically vampires. They spend their entire lives in underground, silky burrows behind a hinged, camouflaged door. They only leave their lair for lunch, when they feel vibrations indicating the passing above of an unfortunate prey. Good thing these tarantula relatives are small. 

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    • Best for high capacity: EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus
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      In a study recently published in Ecology and Evolution, a team from the University of California, Davis (UC Davis) discovered that this new trapdoor species is closely related to Aptostichus simus. 

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    • Best for extreme cold: Bluetti Pioneer Na
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      “While there are over 50,000 species of spiders worldwide, there are probably hundreds of thousands left to be discovered,” Jason Bond, senior author of the study and a biologist at UC Davis, said in a statement, “even along the coast where new spider species may be hiding just underfoot of California beachgoers.” 

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    a scientists digging in a sand dune
    Emma Jochim digs into a coastal sand dune in search of trapdoor spider burrows. Image: Emma Jochim / UC Davis.
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    How we selected the best portable power stations

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    Suspecting that Aptostichus simus was hiding some cryptic species—visually similar but genetically distinct species—the team analyzed the genomic DNA of different specimens from across its range, as well as their distributions. 

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    We’ve been using portable solar gear since the 1990s, when it was just barely usable. But over the past decade, the tech has progressed by leaps and bounds. Today, we regularly use portable power stations for a wide range of purposes, from camping to home backup to powering work devices on the go, so we know what makes one model stand out from another. This firsthand experience has informed over a decade of reviewing power stations and solar equipment for top consumer guides like Popular Science.

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    “Based on what we know about their natural history and lifestyles, they’re not going to be able to disperse to different coastal dunes to reproduce and ‘mix’ with each other,” said Emma Jochim, a UC Davis doctoral student and study co-author. 

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    For this list, we tested dozens of units from top brands as well as many up-and-coming ones, checking how they performed for tasks such as charging a laptop, powering lights, using a portable fridge in a van conversion, and operating power tools off the grid. These first-hand impressions were bolstered by input from Popular Science editors, as well as reviews from actual customers. The models below were selected based on factors such as capacity, performance, features, portability, and durability, and are the best portable power stations across various categories.

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    Bond named the new species Aptostichus ramirezae in honor of Martina Giselle Ramirez, an esteemed arachnologist known for his work on trapdoor spider population genetics and dean of the College of Science at California State University, Stanislaus. Previously, Bond has found inspiration for new species names among celebrities and musicians, among others, with examples being Aptostichus stephencolberti, Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi, and Aptostichus barackobamai.

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    The best portable power stations: Reviews & Recommendations

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    Unfortunately, Aptostichus simus and Aptostichus ramirezae are vulnerable species. They live in limited and shrinking habitats—coastal dunes from central California to northern Baja California, Mexico, and some in the Channel Islands. According to Jochim, the Aptostichus simus lineage is particularly at risk. Researchers have realized that the species today is mostly only found in San Diego, where sea-level rise estimates don’t paint a pretty picture. What’s more, the spiders don’t adapt quickly to new environments. 

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    The power stations included on this list span a wide range of budgets, from a few hundred dollars to several thousand. We have picks to suit a variety of scenarios, from charging a few devices to off-grid camping to emergency home backup. Based on extensive testing, we are confident that these are the best portable power stations for 2026. 

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    Investigating their genetic differences helps scientists recognize the most vulnerable populations. More broadly, tracking spider species sheds light on our planet’s diversity. 

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    Best overall: Bluetti Elite 200v2

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    “If we don’t know how many species are in an area or understand the patterns of genetic diversity between populations, we don’t really know what areas would be most important for conservation efforts.”

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    The post Beware, beachgoers: New spider discovered in California’s sand dunes appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[This tiny bat is one of the world’s deadliest hunters]]>Lions wish they killed this well.

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    The post This tiny bat is one of the world’s deadliest hunters appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/bat-deadliest-hunter/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714390Fri, 31 Oct 2025 11:00:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBatsBiologyScienceWildlifeThe lion is an undisputed contender for the planet’s most iconic predator, but a new study indicates there is an underdog contender coming for its top spot. Or, more accurately, an under-bat. According to researchers at Aarhus University in Denmark and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, small flying mammals such as the fringe-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus) aren’t only comparable to a lion in terms of efficient hunting. They’re also often far more successful at getting the job done. The proof is laid out in a study appropriately published on October 31 in the journal Current Biology.

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    The findings come from data collected by miniature biologging tags that were attached like backpacks to 20 fringe-lipped bats in the rainforests of Panama. These sensors recorded each wearer’s every sound and movement, as well as similar information from its surrounding environment. Biologists discovered that the winged hunters tracked comparatively large prey like birds, frogs, and other small mammals by adopting a “hang-and-wait” strategy. Using their acute sense of hearing, the bats could then zero-in on their unsuspecting targets as they neared, then quickly attack while expending very little overall energy. Bats spent 89 percent of their time hanging in place, and typically spent less than three minutes flying. By comparison, a hunting excursion only lasted eight seconds on average.

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    Nick Hilden

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    Bat splashing while catching a tungara frog from a pond
    The bats spend most of their time hanging in wait for prey to come near them. Credit: Grant Maslowski Grant Maslowski
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    The size of their prey also surprised the study’s authors. An average meal for a fringe-lipped bat weighed about seven percent of its own body weight. That’s similar to a 154 pound person consuming an 11 pound meal. In some instances, however, prey like the roughly 20 gram Rosenberg’s gladiator tree frog weighed nearly as much as its devourer. Those dining sessions took time, too. The longest meal recorded by the biologgers tallied 84 minutes. Like many big cats, the bats then spent most of the remainder of the night resting.

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    Why it made the cut: Small but powerful, the Bluetti Elite 200v2 delivers the capability and versatility to suit just about any mobile power need.

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    “It was incredible to discover that these bats hunt like big predators trapped in tiny bodies,” study co-author Leonie Baier said in a statement. “Instead of spending the night constantly on the wing, they wait patiently, strike with high precision, and sometimes end up catching enormous, energy-rich prey. The discovery that an animal this small can do this really turned our assumptions upside down.”

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    Bluetti has been among the leaders of the portable power space for a while now, but with the Elite 200v2 they’ve surged to the head of the pack, providing a station that is about as well-rounded as it gets. In terms of performance, the Elite 200v2 is impressively cutting-edge. Its 2,073Wh LiFePO4 battery offers plenty of capacity for general use, from charging a few devices to keeping a high-draw appliance going for impressively long: it kept my electric grill going for about an hour. 

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    When it comes to success rates, there simply is no comparison. Fringe-lipped bats caught their prey about half the time. For reference, lions only catch around 14 percent of their prey, while polar bears can grab as little as two percent of their targets. The bats also often improved with age, suggesting that they hone their hunting skills over time. Researchers have previously confirmed that the species recognizes specific frog calls for years at a time, and gains new strategies by watching their fellow bats.

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    It provides ample output, and its TurboBoost fast charge will have it from flat to 100% in a little over 90 minutes via wall socket. Bluetti’s new Charger 1 DC adapter makes car port charging far faster and more effective than with most competitors, charging the unit over 4 hours of driving. And 1000W solar input capacity means it can handle as large a solar array as you’re likely to throw at it.

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    “We wanted to understand what these bats are actually doing out there in the dark–so we listened in, much like the bats themselves listen to their prey,” said study co-author Laura Stidsholt.

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    The post This tiny bat is one of the world’s deadliest hunters appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The world’s largest plane will transport wind turbines blades and fighter jets ]]>When completed, the WindRunner will stretch the length of a football field.

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    The post The world’s largest plane will transport wind turbines blades and fighter jets  appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/technology/worlds-largest-airplane/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714327Fri, 31 Oct 2025 10:00:00 -0400TechnologyAviationA little-known company based in Boulder, Colorado, is pursuing an ambitious, borderline outlandish goal: creating the world’s largest airplane. When completed, the incredibly long 108-meter plane (roughly the length of an NFL football field) is expected to have a wingspan of over 260 feet and could offer 12 times the cargo space of Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. It would also be roughly 1.5 times the size of the largest commercial airplane currently in operation.

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    I’m also a big fan of its compact, perfectly boxed design. It’s easy to fit into a trunk or van conversion, and while it is surprisingly heavy for its size, sturdy integrated handles make it easy to move around. App control allows for monitoring and adjustment from afar, and it has no shortage of ports spanning AC, USBs A and C, and a 120W car port. 

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    But you won’t find any cramped airplane seats or flight attendants carts within that space. In fact, you probably won’t see any humans in the “cabin” at all. Instead, all of that open space was initially designed for a single primary purpose: transporting lengthy, cumbersome wind turbine blades. Radia, the company building this “WindRunner,” is betting that its gas‑guzzling behemoth will drive an uptick in large wind-power projects, both in the U.S. and abroad, especially in rural, developing countries where the infrastructure needed to move turbine blades is limited or nonexistent. 

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    This is a real “no notes” situation. The vast majority of people looking for a reliable, intuitive, and moderately capable power station will be more than satisfied with the performance and portability of the Elite 200v2.

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    Radia CEO Mark Lundstrom told Popular Science that he views his company’s behemoth as “a platform to move the world’s biggest things to the hardest-to-reach locations.” 

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    Best for camping: Anker Solix C800 Plus

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    “Our main goal when we started Radia was to take 10% of the CO2 out of the world,” Radia writes on its website. This remains our intent. The product we have been designing happens to also be spot-on to fill the under-investment in strategic airlift.”

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    Radia, which has received funding from a number of investors including Caruso Ventures and ConocoPhillips, started work on the project in 2017 and is projecting its first flight in 2029. While that date is fast approaching, external forces may create new turbulent obstacles for the world’s largest airplane. Shifting political priorities in the U.S. and elsewhere could make the once enticing economic allure of supplying wind energy less appealing. Steep tariffs on everything from the steel used to build turbine blades to the critical minerals powering them add yet another layer of complication for wind turbine manufacturers. And if recent announcements are any guide, the plane’s more immediate money maker may come from a different albeit more controversial source: transporting tanks and planes. 

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    • - - Storage capacity - - - 768Wh -
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    • - - Output capacity - - - 1,200W (1,600W surge) -
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    • - - Dimensions - - - 14.61 x 8.07 x 9.96 in -
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    huge airplane in hangar
    What a WindRunner parked in a hangar could look like. Image: Courtesy of Radia
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    Why it made the cut: Compact and lightweight with a decent capacity and a unique lantern, the Anker Solix C800 Plus is perfect for camping.

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    Why making massive onshore wind turbines is so tricky 

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    If you’re looking for a decent-sized solar power bank that will keep a few devices going while venturing into the great outdoors, the Anker Solix C800 Plus offers an excellent balance between portability and capacity, along with some camp-friendly features. Its shoebox size and slight 24-pound weight make it easy to pack along, yet its 768Wh capacity is plenty to keep a few devices charged and your camp lit. Speaking of which, its nifty collapsible lantern makes for a great addition to your campsite. Multi-setting and stored in the station body, it’s a smart feature we haven’t seen anywhere else.

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    Wind, like other renewable energy sources, has seen massive growth in recent years. An analysis by the nonprofit group Climate Central estimates that overall wind energy capacity in the U.S. alone doubled between 2014 and 2023. By the end of 2023, wind accounted for roughly 10 percent of all energy produced in the U.S. Globally, the International Energy Agency estimates that wind will make up 14 percent of all generated energy, with roughly two-thirds of that coming from China.

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    With good port offerings, a quality app for remote control, and relatively high input and output rates, it checks pretty much all the boxes. You’ll need to look for something larger if you’re hoping to power an RV, but for general camping purposes, it’s a very well-thought-out power box.

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    But transporting the materials needed to build those turbines isn’t straightforward. Ideally, when constructing a wind turbine, the optimal strategy would be to design it with tremendously long blades. Longer blades can catch more wind, which means more energy generated from a single turbine. This is largely the current approach for offshore wind farms, where single blades can span upwards of 230 feet. 

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    Best for off-grid living: Bluetti Apex 300

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    That approach becomes much trickier when building onshore turbines, which accounts for the overwhelming majority (around 93 percent) of wind energy generated. The massive blades required for larger installations, which Radia refers to as  “GigaWind” projects, are simply too big to transport over typical roads and bridges. Interstate highway clearances, which are around 16 feet, aren’t tall enough to allow a large turbine blade to pass through. 

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    Can the world’s largest airplane actually make wind energy greener? Image: Courtesy of Radia
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    • - - Storage capacity - - - 5,529.6Wh (expandable up to 58KWh) -
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    • - - Output capacity - - - 3,800W (expandable up to 11.5KW) -
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    • - - Dimensions - - - Inverter 20.67 × 12.87 × 12.6 in / Battery 20.67 x 12.87 x 8.23 in -
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    • - - Weight - - - Inverter 83.78lbs / Battery 65.4 lbs -
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    Add in various physical obstacles, like overhead power lines and street signs, and the process becomes even more dicey—and expensive. All that constant back-and-forth transporting of blade components on commercial trucks and cargo ships also consumes considerable amounts of gasoline, which is potentially counterproductive if the ultimate goal is to reduce fossil fuel emissions.

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    Why it made the cut: Big expandability, reliable performance, and uber-massive solar capability make the Bluetti Apex 300 perfect for going off-grid.

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    “If you could put an offshore size turbine on shore, you can triple the capacity,” Lundstrom said. “You can reduce the cost of the electron by a third.”

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    Most portable power stations are designed for short-term, low-wattage use and don’t offer the capacity, output, and solar gathering capability to go truly off-grid. The Bluetti Apex 300 goes hard the other direction, allowing you to expand capacity to as much as a massive 58,000Wh, and its 5,529.6Wh standalone capacity is pretty huge to begin with. The output wattage starts at 3,800W and expands up to 11,500W. And the solar input can expand up to a wild 30,000W, meaning it can handle an off-grid-level solar array. 

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    That’s where the WindRunner comes in. The plane’s 344-foot payload length and 261-foot wingspan contribute to a total payload volume of about 270,000 cubic feet. That means it can safely transport a single blade over 300 feet long, or possibly several smaller ones. (For a sense of scale, it could reportedly hold the equivalent of three Olympic-sized swimming pools.) Despite its absurd size, the WindRunner is actually relatively light. That’s due to the company’s decision to optimize internal space over weight. Once fully loaded, it would carry a payload of about 160,000 pounds, which is slightly less than the much smaller Boeing C-17. Radia claims the aircraft will have a range of roughly 1,200 miles (about the distance from New York City to Miami) and can cruise at Mach 0.6, or about 396–400 mph, depending on environmental conditions.

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    To achieve that solar expansion, you must install the company’s new SolarX 4K charge controller, which boosts the Apex 300’s solar input up to 4,000W. That by itself is impressive, but if you are aiming for full solar electrification, multiple Apex, SolarX, and batteries can be chained to reach the 30,000W input threshold, which is plenty to power a whole home. And even without the SolarX, the Apex’s standard dual 1,200W solar input is already excellent. If you’re looking to go off-grid, some combination of Apex units and accessories will certainly get the job done.

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    “I think this is the first time that an aircraft has ever been designed to optimize volume versus mass,” Lundstrom added. 

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    Still worth considering: EcoFlow Delta Pro Ultra

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    But besides maximizing volume, Radia didn’t necessarily want to reinvent the wheel when it came to airplane design. In fact, Lundstrom says they approached the design with a philosophy of “do nothing new.” That means no new engines, or avionic flight controls. Though it might look quite different from other planes visually, the CEO says WindRunner was intentionally designed around parts and technologies in aircraft already flying today. In addition to making things simpler, that tactic cuts down on production costs and lengthy timelines.

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    “The novelty here is probably not necessarily designing something new, but the novelty perhaps is designing an airplane around the supply chain of stuff that already exists,”  Lundstrom said. 

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    Nick Hilden

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    Despite all that size (the cockpit alone is about the size of a Gulfstream private jet) the WindRunner is being built to have some flexibility in terms of where it can land. It can land at local airports when available, but more often the more sensible option will be to arrive in “semi-prepared” fields near turbine factories. To do that, the WindRunner will have massive rugged tires. It’s also being designed in a way that keeps the engine high off the ground to prevent it from sucking up any dirt or debris that might pop up during landing. That ability to land away from airports could be particularly useful when serving newer power plants constructed in remote areas with limited infrastructure.

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    • - - Output capacity - - - 7,200W (expandable up to 21.6kW) -
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    Related:[Why bigger planes mean cramped quarters]

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    Why it made the cut: With massively expandable capacity, the EcoFlow Delta Pro Ultra is for serious off-grid living. 

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    Still, relatively light or not, actually flying a football-field-sized aircraft requires jet fuel– and lots of it. Though Radia hasn’t specified exactly how much fuel the WindRunner will use, the world’s next largest plane, the recently destroyed Ukrainian Antonov An-225 Myrida, reportedly burned through more than 50 liters of jet fuel per hour. The fact that something intended to cut back on emissions is itself creating them, of course, can seem like a contradiction. That’s a point not lost amongst a handful of skeptics online and on social media. 

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    While portable power stations have been marketed as a renewable electricity alternative for a while now, their ability to truly power an off-grid lifestyle was largely overhyped—they simply didn’t offer the performance necessary for reliable long-term electrification. The EcoFlow Delta Flow Ultra, however, is more than capable of delivering on the promise. Expandable up to a whopping 90kWh capacity with input rates of up to 16.8kW and outputs up to 21.6kW, it can gobble up as much solar as you can throw at it, power appliances of any draw, and provide backup power for over a month to the average-sized household. It also integrates into the wider EcoFlow smart home, off-grid ecosystem, which can allow you to build an off-grid setup of unrivaled capability. 

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    “All that jet fuel wasted for something that may never generate more energy than it takes to create,” one critical Reddit user wrote. 

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    But none of that comes cheap. The base inverter/battery combo starts out with a high price tag, and expanding it to its full potential will make costs soar. But if you’re serious about building a reliable, capable off-grid system, it’s a worthwhile investment. 

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    Defending its approach, Radia argues that transportation—which the EPA estimates accounts for about 29 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions—is a “negligible contributor to the carbon footprint” once large onshore GigaWind turbines are factored in. The company says that transporting components to and from wind farms currently represents only about 7 percent of a wind farm’s total carbon footprint, with the vast majority of emissions coming from manufacturing.

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    Best for home backup: Jackery HomePower 3000

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    Radia hopes that future GigaWind turbines, made possible in part by the WindRunner, will generate enough additional clean energy to “mitigate” the emissions impacts from both transportation and manufacturing. The ends, in other words, justify the means. Eventually, Radia says it plans to operate the aircraft on 100% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), which would theoretically further reduce its carbon footprint.

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    “Larger turbines equate to a substantial reduction in the wind farm’s CO2e emissions footprint,” Radia writes on its website. “And over time, the initial negative impact is balanced and will indeed become net positive.”

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    Related: [All your burning questions about sustainable aviation fuel, answered]

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    How shifting policy preferences could chart WindRunner’s course 

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    Years into development, Radia now faces another challenge: the Trump administration. A substantial portion of the recent growth in the renewable energy sector was catalyzed by tax incentives and infrastructure legislation enacted during Joe Biden’s presidency. President Trump is now making good on his promise to reverse course. Earlier this year, he signed multiple executive orders aimed at curbing “preferential treatment” for wind power expansion. At the same time, his administration has declared a national energy emergency and called for increased domestic energy production—particularly from fossil fuel sources.

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    Why it made the cut: The Jackery HomePower 3000 has all-around solid numbers, but ZeroDrain tech makes it an especially reliable backup.

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    When asked about the challenges presented by shifting presidential policies, Lundstrom told Popular Science he believes their vision for larger, efficient turbines may align with where the administration wants to go in terms of simply creating large base loads of energy. He also expects the current unpredictability to “stabilize” by the time the WindRunner is up and flying. Lundstrom also said he sees an opportunity for additional wind power to help meet the soaring energy needs associated with new, power-hungry AI data centers.

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    When the lights go out and you’re expecting your power station to pick up the slack, there’s nothing more disappointing than pulling it out only to find that it’s drained while in storage. This was especially common with older models. But Jackery’s new HomePower 3000 avoids this issue via its ZeroDrain tech, which ensures it will hold a charge while sitting for long periods. 

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    Trump, who regularly refers to turbines as “windmills,” has called them “the worst form of energy.” 

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    It also offers excellent performance specs, especially for its size and weight. For example, it’s smaller and lighter than Jackery’s 2000 Plus while the capacity is 1000Wh higher, and offers similar specs as the 3000 Pro in a noticeably smaller, lighter package. Its squared-off design makes it easy to store, sturdy handles make its heft easier to lug around, and ZeroDrain ensures it’s ready when you are. Capable of powering a fridge for up to two days, it’s the perfect backup when you need to weather the storm.

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    Uncertainty surrounding on-again, off-again tariff policies may also play a significant role in the WindRunner’s development costs and timeline. Though difficult to quantify given their volatility, a report from the research and consulting firm Wood Mackenzie estimates various tariffs proposed earlier this year against Canada, Mexico, and China could increase U.S. onshore wind turbine costs by about 7 percent. While that might sound like a relatively modest impact, it could lead to major shifts in decision-making among wind turbine operators, Radia’s target clients, when considering expanded development. When asked about the tariff issue, Lundstrom said it’s less of an issue for them compared to turbine manufacturers.

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    Best budget: Anker SOLIX C1000 Gen 2

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    A shift toward defense 

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    Nick Hilden

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    It might not be entirely surprising, given all that uncertainty, that Radia is more heavily exploring a range of other, non-wind-related use cases for the WindRunner. In May, the company announced a research agreement with the U.S. Department of Defense to “assess the utility” of the WindRunner in supporting the Pentagon’s logistics and transportation needs. As part of that agreement, the agency will evaluate whether the world’s largest plane could be a good fit for transporting space launch materials and oversized vehicles.

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    • - - Output capacity - - - 2,000W (3,000W surge) -
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    WindRunner loading F-16s
    Rendering of a WindRunner loading F-16s. Image: Courtesy of Radia
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    Why it made the cut: The Anker SOLIX C1000 Gen 2 delivers performance and portability that’s hard to beat for the price.

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    Radia doubled down on the defense angle last month by announcing WindRunner for Defense. The company argues that its massive aircraft could be especially valuable for military units seeking to transport entire helicopters, fighter jets, and other vehicles in one piece, without the need for disassembly and reassembly between locations. 

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    The Anker SOLIX C1000 Gen 2 is a solid small-mid-sized power station by any right, but when you factor in its sub-$400 price, it’s a bargain too good to pass up. Its 1,024Wh capacity will keep the fridge, lights, and devices in a small van conversion powered for a full day between charges, or will power a few essentials if the lights go out at home. The 2,000W running/3,000W surge output is surprisingly hefty for its size, and will power several devices at once and even some larger appliances. And it charges super quick, going from zero to full in about 50 minutes.

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    It’s worth noting that this same general use case–transporting heavy military equipment–was also the primary mission of the previous aircraft to hold the title of world’s largest plane. That was, at least before it was destroyed by Russian military forces invading Ukraine. Radia, and its prospective wind plants hoping to use its plane for transport, will likely want to try and avoid a similar fate. 

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    The post The world’s largest plane will transport wind turbines blades and fighter jets  appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Giant pumpkin growers face off for world gourd domination]]>There's a surprisingly competitive global race on to grow a 3,000-pound pumpkin.

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    The post Giant pumpkin growers face off for world gourd domination appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/giant-pumpkin-growers/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714293Fri, 31 Oct 2025 09:01:00 -0400EnvironmentAgricultureThe pumpkin’s name was Muggle and it weighed as much as a bull moose. At 2,819 pounds and over 21 feet in circumference, this enormous gourd claimed the dual titles of “heaviest pumpkin” and “largest pumpkin by circumference” in the Guiness Book of World Records on October 4, 2025. 

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    I also like how portable it is. About the size of a shoebox and the weight of a jug of laundry detergent, it’s easy to fit into a truck or closet, and just as easy to move. It has 10ms UPS, allowing it to kick on automatically in the event of a power outage without interrupting the flow of electricity to essential equipment, which is rare in a unit this size and price and potentially vital if you need reliable power for a computer or medical equipment. Great power station, great price—what more is there to say?

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    For British twins Ian and Stuart Paton, it’s a hard fought victory 51 years in the making. “When we were 13, we were given some seeds,” Ian Paton says. “One of them grew into a 54-pound pumpkin and that was it. Once you grow one, you get pumpkin sickness.”

    -

    Best for high-capacity: EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus

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    Several of the twins’ pumpkins, many of which are named for Harry Potter characters like Hagrid, have come painfully close over the years. In 2022, they nabbed the title of heaviest pumpkin in the UK—an honor, to be sure, but not quite on par with beating the Americans for world pumpkin domination. One might think that decades of near misses would put anyone off the giant pumpkin game for good. Yet the Patons never considered stopping. Even now, although Stuart has said he will retire after this year, Ian plans to keep going.

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    “I think it’s just the sheer size—these things grow to the size of a small car,” he says. “It’s like James and the Giant Peach. You plant the seed and you produce a monster.”

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    Nick Hilden

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    - Cons

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    • Heavy
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    • Pricey, especially with expansion batteries
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    - Specs

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    • - - Storage capacity - - - 3,072Wh (expandable up to 11KWh) -
      • -
    • - - Input capacity - - - 1,800W -
      • -
    • - - Output capacity - - - 3,600W (4,600W X-Boost, 7,200W surge) -
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    • - - Dimensions - - - 24.14 x 12.9 x 15.5 in -
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    • - - Weight - - - 74.2 pounds -
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    • - - Price - - - $1.599 -
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    Today, “pumpkin sickness” is a global affliction, although its roots are very much American. In 1992, the Great Pumpkin Commonwealth was founded in Indiana as a kind governing body of the world of giant fruits and vegetables. Although pumpkins are their raison d’être, they also preside over watermelons, tomatoes, and long gourds. Today, it oversees more than 70 officially sanctioned giant pumpkin weigh-off sites from as far away as South Africa, Japan, and Australia. The competition is fierce, the stakes high and often lucrative. But there’s a real science behind growing gourds of unusual size, and a little bit of luck, too. 

    + + + +

    A brief history of giant pumpkins

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    Why it made the cut: The EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus is not only high-capacity but also one of the best power stations out there.

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    Growers duking it out over giant vegetables is nothing new. The Western Alaska State Fair has been holding monster cabbage weigh-offs since the 1920s. The Half Moon Bay Pumpkin Festival Contest—the ultimate crown in the giant pumpkin world—first started back in 1974. Back then, the champion was a measly 132 pounds, a figure that has grown exponentially since. 

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    I would potentially declare the EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus “best overall” if it weren’t for the fact that most people don’t need a power station this big. If you do need a station this big, however, it is excellent. The unit itself offers a substantial 3,072Wh capacity, which can expand up to a huge 11,000Wh. Its outstanding output specs, ranging from 3,600-7,200W, will run pretty much anything you need it to, including appliances, power tools, or an air conditioner. And its zippy charging is a great touch. Storm Guard Mode monitors weather forecasts and charges the unit automatically in the event of severe weather, and it can charge in as few as 89 minutes if a storm is coming in fast.

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    A celebratory outdoor scene shows a man giving a thumbs-up while standing next to a massive, pale orange pumpkin at a weigh-off event. Two young children are sitting happily atop the pumpkin. A digital scale displaying "2346" is visible in the background, along with banners for the "Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off," under a bright blue sky.
    In 2025, eIectrical vehicle engineer Brandon Dawson won the top prize at the Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off in Half Moon Bay, California with his massive 2,346-pound pumpkin. Image: 2025 Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off Image: 2025 Safeway World Championship Pumpkin Weigh-Off
    -

    Beyond all that, the Delta 3 Ultra Plus boasts a lot of smart little touches. It’s a big, heavy unit, but the telescoping handle and wheels make it easy to move. And I love that the rear port doors slide into protective slots—I’ve lost many of such little doors and covers in the past. If you need a big, reliable, high-spec power station, EcoFlow’s latest is exceptional.

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    “At one point, no one thought we’d ever have a one-ton pumpkin, but we got there, and we’re going beyond it,” says Steve Reiners, a professor at the School of Integrative Plant Science at Cornell AgriTech. In 2012, Ron Wallace from Rhode Island smashed through the pumpkin glass ceiling with a specimen weighing 2,009 pounds. Since then, pumpkins have reached Brobdingnagian proportions, with the 3,000-pound threshold growing steadily closer.

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    Best for extreme cold: Bluetti Pioneer Na

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    “I read some years back that some engineer came up with the figure that he thinks they could get close to 20,000 pounds before it would just collapse in on itself,” Reiner says. The exterior of a giant pumpkin is often a foot thick and tough enough you’d need a chainsaw to get through it. “I think what’s limiting us now is the season. You’ve only got so much time to grow this.”

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    Muggle, the Paton twins’ pumpkin, grew from a seed to the size of Cinderella’s carriage in a mere 131 days. 

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    Nick Hilden

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    It all starts with a seed 

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    As with many world record-smashers before it, the Patons’ prize pumpkin was an Atlantic Giant, a variety of Cucurbita maxima first developed in the 1970s. The seeds for these behemoths are only slightly larger than that of a regular jack o’ lantern, and they grow at alarming speeds. Once the plants get going, the vines sprawl a foot a day in every direction. Early on, the grower must choose his or her fighter from the baby pumpkins on the vine. By culling the smaller ones, they force the plant to focus all of its energy on one.

    + + + +

    “Our pumpkins can grow 70 pounds a day, so 700 pounds in 10 days,” Paton says with pride, then adds slyly, “People say what do you feed them and I say, ‘A small child everyday!’”

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    Jokes aside, pumpkin-growers feed these monstrosities an alarming amount of water—in the case of the Patons’ pumpkins, about 130 gallons a day. “They’re thirsty,” Paton says. “They need no more fertilizer [per square foot] than your normal tomato plant would—just bulked up, since it’s about 1,200 times your tomato plant.”

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    + Related Hobby Stories

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    - Pros

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    • Sub-zero cold performance and storage
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    • Quick charging
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    • Decent output wattage
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    - Cons

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    • Sodium chemistry means it’s slightly larger and heavier than its lithium counterparts
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    - Specs

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    • - - Storage capacity - - - 900Wh -
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    • - - Input capacity - - - 1,900W -
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    • - - Output capacity - - - 1,500W (2,500W surge) -
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    • - - Dimensions - - - 13.4 x 10 x 12.5 in -
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    • - - Weight - - - 35.3 lbs -
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    • - - Price - - - $1,299 -
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    Teen turns his suburban home into elaborate haunted house every October

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    A dedicated son brings Fenway Park to his dad’s backyard

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    In Vermont, one man is bringing pay phones back to life

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    Illinois man has spent 40 years rebuilding a WWII-era B-17 bomber

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    A life-long car lover recreated the Griswold’s famous station wagon

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    Amateur paleontologist opens fossil museum in rural Minnesota

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    Why it made the cut: As the first sodium-ion power station, the Bluetti Pioneer Na can operate and store energy at colder temperatures than any other.

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    Although growing giant pumpkins is certainly an art, the champions insist that there’s no real magic bullet or secrets to it. Travis Gienger, a horticulture teacher at Anoka Technical College in Minnesota, attributes his success to genetics, patience, and careful plant-management techniques. Each year, he carefully hand-pollinates his plants to combine the genes of the pumpkin with a large circumference with a pumpkin with an exceptionally thick shell.

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    One key flaw with portable power stations involves their inability to operate and store in temperatures below 5 degrees. Bluetti has solved this issue with the new Pioneer Na, which charges in as low as 5 degrees, discharges as low as -13, and stores as low as -20. If you live or camp somewhere where you expect to deal with extreme cold, that can make a major difference. 

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    “You need a thick shell to win,” Gienger says, citing the fact that champions are usually ranked on weight. He would know. A four-time winner of the Half Moon Bay Pumpkin Festival Contest, Gienger set the North American record in 2022. In 2023, his 2,749-pound goliath nicknamed Michael Jordan set the previous world record.

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    What’s more, the overall performance and portability are above average. Keep in mind that sodium-ion technology is inherently heavier than lithium-ion, so Bluetti has struck a nice balance by offering 900Wh capacity and 1,500W output—not the highest specs, but not the lowest either, but a good Goldilocks zone for most users—in a package that is compact and easy to move around. It’s powerful enough to keep essentials like a fridge, router, TV, and laptop going for several hours, and it charges in a quick 45 minutes. That’s great, no matter the temperature, and if things get especially cold, the Pioneer Na can be a must.

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    Like the Patons, Gienger has been obsessed for almost his entire life. “My dad was raising little pumpkins, say, maybe 100-pounders that we put in a wheelbarrow as a kid,” he says. “Then I went to the state fair and saw some big ones, and I’m like, ‘I wonder if I can do that.’ Nearly three decades later, I had the world record.”

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    Best for rugged use: Generac GB2000

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    Gourd glory and riches

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    - Generac portable power station sitting on the ground +

    The road to pumpkin fame and fortune is fraught with peril. A single, tiny hole in the side of Gienger’s prospective entry this year allowed air to enter the main cavity. The entire gourd rotted. “There’s a lot of factors that are out of your control,” Gienger says. “Weather, obviously, the big one. If we get smoked with rain, that’s no good. If we’re too hot or too cold, too cold is usually the problem around here. Halestorms, that’s your enemy.”

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    Nick Hilden

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    - Specs

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    • - - Storage capacity - - - 2,106Wh -
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    • - - Dimensions - - - 16.8 x 15.1 x 10.4 in -
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    • - - Weight - - - 43 lbs -
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    A high-angle photograph shows a giant, pale yellow pumpkin being pulled on a parade float through a street lined with a large crowd of spectators. A man, a woman, and a baby are seated on hay bales in front of the enormous pumpkin, with the man giving a thumbs-up. The float is decorated with large, orange artificial sunflowers.
    Giant pumpkin grower Travis Gienger (left) poses along his family with his 2,560-pound gourd during the pumpkin parade at the Half Moon Bay Pumpkin Festival in 2022. Image: Anadolu / Contributor / Getty Images Anadolu
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    Why it made the cut: The Generac GB2000 is plenty burly for the great outdoors. 

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    Even once the pumpkins make it to maturity, there are still hurdles to cross. Just hoisting a 2000-plus-pound fruit requires a special harness. Last year, Gienger drove his winning pumpkin more than 2,000 miles over 35 hours to California for the weigh-off. After the contest, it had to journey all the way to New York, where it took three growers five days to hack it apart.  

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    Generac has long been known for crafting rugged gas generators, and they’ve applied that same dedication to durability with their new line of portable power stations. With a solid exterior and sturdy lunchbox-style handle, it feels more like a substantial power tool than a piece of electronic equipment. This makes it ideal for the great outdoors, whether you’re camping or working with power tools. Its 2,106Wh capacity is more than enough for most day-to-day uses, and its high output rate means it will power most devices, tools, and small appliances. 

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    It was all worth it though. A single seed from Michael Jordan goes for $349. Gienger also took home $30,000, plus a weekend at The Ritz-Carlton in Half Moon Bay. “It’s a pretty sweet deal,” he says. “You get a coat and an engraved ring. And they put you on a pumpkin float for the big parade.”

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    Its only glaring issue is its relatively slow charging speed: Four hours when plugged into a wall outlet is fairly sluggish these days. But beyond that, it’s perfect if you need a power station that can take some bumps around the campsite. 

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    For most growers, the pride of winning far outweighs the cash. As Paton points out, it costs a small fortune just to grow these pumpkins. “We call it the friendliest sport in the world, because we all help each other out,” Paton says. “Ultimately, your competition is yourself. A battle of wits against Mother Nature.”

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    Things to consider before buying a portable power station

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    For decades, Popular Science has highlighted the work of hobbyists. If you or someone you know is a DIY hobbyist working on a project, we’d like an introduction. Fill out this form and tell us more.

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    The post Giant pumpkin growers face off for world gourd domination appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>en-US<![CDATA[18th century lead ammo found in Scottish Highlands]]>Lead musket balls and cannon shot highlight a lesser known facet of the Battle of Culloden.

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    The post 18th century lead ammo found in Scottish Highlands appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/ammunition-culloden-scottish-highlands/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714318Thu, 30 Oct 2025 16:10:34 -0400ScienceArchaeologyMilitaryTechnologyWeaponsArchaeologists in Scotland have excavated over 100 weapon projectiles, including cannon shot and lead musket balls from one of the country’s most famous battlefields. With these new finds, experts say they can better contextualize the Battle of Culloden, as well as highlight some of the conflict’s lesser known participants.

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    There are a lot of portable power stations and solar power generators on the market right now, and while they tend to look fairly similar at a glance, they vary wildly in terms of quality and capability. When making such a high-value purchase, there are a few things you need to keep in mind to ensure you’re getting the best unit for your situation. 

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    The Battle of Culloden

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    How much power can it store?

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    In July 1745, Charles Stuart arrived in Scotland seeking to return his father to the British throne. For the next nine months, Stuart proceeded to lead thousands of supporters, militiamen, and conscripted soldiers in a military campaign now known as the Jacobite rising of 1745. While short-lived, the uprising had far-reaching consequences across England and mainland Europe.

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    Above all else, a portable power station must offer enough capacity to meet your mobile power needs. This is measured in Watt-hours (Wh), with one watt-hour being the equivalent of one watt flowing over the course of an hour. Most people will likely want a station that holds several thousand Wh, but that doesn’t mean the unit will provide power for several thousand hours. You’ll likely need to use far more watts than one an hour, so ultimately, how long your station’s charge will last will be determined by what you plug into it.

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    Stuart’s attempt to take the throne was ultimately doomed, and the Battle of Culloden proved his final attempt at the throne. On April 16, 1746, he and upwards of 6,000 fighters met around 7,000 British loyalists near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Between 1,500 and 2,000 of Stuart’s men were killed or wounded in less than an hour, forcing the Jacobites to retreat and effectively ending the revolt. 

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    It’s easy to predict how long a generator will last when you use it to power one thing. For example, if you were to power a 100-watt bulb using a power station with a capacity of 500 watt-hours (Wh), it would stay lit for five continuous hours. Add a portable fridge that requires 50 watts per hour, your phone, which uses 18 watts, a mini-fan that uses three … you get the picture. Typically speaking, the more capacity, the better.

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    In the years since, the battle’s decisive tactics have been closely studied, but archaeologists from the University of Glasgow and the National Trust for Scotland recently discovered an array of physical relics from the deadly conflict.

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    A growing number of brands also offer expandable models, which can be stacked and daisy-chained to add-on batteries that can increase their capacity to well over 10,000Wh. These are usually geared toward home backup power.

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    Archaeologist using metal detector in Scottish highlands with excavator tractor behind him
    Metal detecting was one of three different, but complementary, techniques used to investigate the area. Credit: National Trust for Scotland
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    Charging capability

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    Fighting (and digging) on boggy ground

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    Most portable power stations can be recharged via solar, a wall or car socket, or in some cases, a combination of both. Solar allows you to top off when off the grid, but tends to charge somewhat slowly, especially in subpar sun conditions. Plugging directly into the wall will give you the fastest power-up. We’ve found that car sockets, however, are unreliable and often outright useless.

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    Although previous surveys of the same section of battlefield failed to yield any artifacts, experts recovered the various ammunition using two strategies called trial trenching and test pitting. Both techniques allow archaeologists to quickly assess an area without the need to dig too deep into the ground. Metal detectors then helped pinpoint the likely locations for more extensive examinations. Experts believe the prior surveys likely failed because the boggy landscape was first forested in the 19th century, then recently cleared.

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    Whichever method you choose, a particular model’s recharging speed will be throttled by its input capacity, which is measured in Watts (W). A power station with a max input of 100W, for example, can take in a continuous flow of up to 100 watts. Most of the models included below offer well over 1000W.

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    Archaeologist Tony Pollard said that initial analysis indicates their finds were some of the last shots fired during the skirmish.

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    Output capability

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    “Musket balls fired by Jacobite and government troops, including pistol balls fired by government dragoons, likely relate to one of the last actions in the battle,” he said in a statement. “This fight took place between the initial battle lines, at a location where boggy ground slowed the Highland charge, and this in combination with heavy fire from Cumberland’s line helped to seal the fate of the Jacobite cause.”

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    Any portable power station worth your money will have a high output capacity so you can charge many devices, even if they require a lot of juice. A generator’s maximum output should be much higher than its max input. While a particular model might only be capable of taking in a few hundred watts at any given moment, it will usually put out exponentially more. At a minimum, you’re going to want a generator that can put out several hundred watts, though we typically recommend looking above 1000. Most of the models below produce several thousand.

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    ‘Valiant action’

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    The best portable power stations should also offer a variety of output plugs, including AC outlets, USB-A, USB-C, and even 12-volt DC outlets like the one in your vehicle’s dash. This ensures that you can charge several devices at once, no matter what plug they use. The number of ports you’ll need will vary depending on how many devices you need to power, but it should have at least a couple of AC outlets and a few USB-A ports.

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    Pollard explained that the munitions likely didn’t come from the Jacobites themselves, but from an Irish battalion enlisted by their French allies.

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    Portability

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    “[The battalion] made a brave stand against hundreds of mounted men… advancing from the right of Cumberland’s line,” he recounted. “The job of these horsemen was to cut down the disordered Jacobites, and we have recovered some of the shot fired from their heavy pistols.”

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    The larger the capacity, the heavier the unit. What is or isn’t portable depends largely on how you plan to use it, but you can expect to find a model that is well-suited to your situation, as they come in all sizes these days. 

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    Historical accounts say about 150 men under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Stapleton blocked these horsemen. After retreating behind the walls of Culloden Parks, the remaining fighters soon surrendered. However, Stapleton was not among them. He died at some point during the cavalry onslaught. As regular troops in French service, the British treated them as prisoners of war instead of Jacobite rebels, and eventually repatriated them to France.

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    If you’re camping, converting a van, or otherwise on the go, you’re probably going to want to compromise some capacity in favor of portability. That means looking in the 800-3000Wh range, which with current technology will weigh somewhere between 10 and 60 pounds and will be no larger than 2-3 stacked shoeboxes. Larger models will often have handles or wheels to help with moving around.

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    “This valiant action helped thousands of Jacobites get away from the field, but it gets only brief mentions in most of the history books,” said Pollard.

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    The post 18th century lead ammo found in Scottish Highlands appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Neanderthals used ‘crayons’ to color]]>Ancient ochre pigment fragments show that our cousins had an artistic flair.

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    The post Neanderthals used ‘crayons’ to color appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/neanderthals-coloring-art/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714309Thu, 30 Oct 2025 14:58:26 -0400ScienceArchaeologyBiologyEnvironmentEvolutionNeanderthals are getting a well-deserved scientific rewrite. A growing body of paleoarchaeological evidence indicates that our extinct cousins were far from the lumbering oafs we initially believed them to be. Recent discoveries show the one-time Homo sapien competitors were creative enough to craft stone multitools and even collect small trinkets. A recent study published in the journal Science Advances now adds a more colorful dimension to the early hominins. Pigment materials discovered at known Neanderthal sites indicate they possessed an artistic streak, as well.

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    On the other hand, if you expect to use your power station closer to home and will either never move it or only move it occasionally, portability becomes less of an issue. In that case, you can look for a higher capacity battery that is heavier and harder to move. These can weigh as much as 140 pounds, but they usually have wheels and handles.

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    The latest Neanderthal art discovery comes from a team led by Francesco d’Errico, a researcher of early sapiens at France’s University of Bordeaux. The archaeologists traveled to multiple locations across Crimea and Ukraine known for their troves of Neanderthal artifacts. They collected 16 pieces of ochre dating as far back as 70,000 years. Ochre is an orange pigment that is made from iron-rich minerals.It was utilized across many ancient civilizations for artwork, as well as preserving and tanning animal hides. The team then used scanning electron microscopes and portable X-ray scanners to examine their finds.

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    Durability

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    Archaeological ochre pieces from Crimea. Credit: d’Errico et al.
    Archaeological ochre pieces from Crimea. Credit: d’Errico et al.
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    As with any product you expect to last, durability and all-around quality craftsmanship are essential. This is especially true if you plan on lugging your generator around on camping and road trips. A lot of subpar power stations are made from cheap components and flimsy plastic that doesn’t feel like it will hold up under the rigors of the road.

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    Many of the ochre fragments showed signs of being used for making marks, such as polished, sharpened, and engraved surfaces. One piece of yellow ochre particularly stood out from the rest, however. A close analysis showed that the item was purposefully shaped into a crayon-like object for drawing. Researchers also noticed that the tip had been resharpened and reused multiple times. This likely means the ochre wasn’t worn down and discarded, but intentionally fashioned into an artistic tool.

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    Durability isn’t something you can determine by reading a spec sheet off the internet. You actually have to take the generator out, use it a lot, and see how it holds up. We’ve verified the durability of these recommendations via a combination of actual field tests and reviews culled from countless real product owners.

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    “While practical applications (e.g., hide processing) remain plausible for other specimens, the evidence supports symbolic use among some Crimean Neanderthals,” the study’s authors wrote, adding that the cumulative findings “support the conclusion that at least some ochre materials were involved in symbolic activities.”

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    FAQs

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    If true, this implies Neanderthals engaged in similar cultural activities to those pursued by some of their contemporary Homo sapiens. Unfortunately, crayons don’t exactly factor very heavily into natural selection and evolution. Both early humans and their distant hominin relatives may have both enjoyed making their marks, but only we survived to still enjoy a good coloring session today.

    +

    The post Neanderthals used ‘crayons’ to color appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Shark’s pet-friendly air purifier is cheaper than ever at Amazon for a limited time]]>The most popular Shark air purifiers are on sale for their lowest prices of the year at Amazon. The deals also include vacuums, styling products, and more.

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    The post Shark’s pet-friendly air purifier is cheaper than ever at Amazon for a limited time appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/shark-air-purifier-deals-amazon-sale/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714295Thu, 30 Oct 2025 14:17:07 -0400GearHomeHave you turned your home’s heat on for the winter yet? I finally gave in and switched my thermostat over to heat only to find myself smelling the familiar dusty scent emanating through my vents. The air quality in your home is important and that’s why we’re so enthusiastic about recommending air purifiers. Right now, Amazon has Shark’s powerful HP201 Air Purifier for its cheapest price of the year

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    Q: What size solar generator should I get?

    It’s easy to underestimate how much capacity you need. A thousand watt-hours might sound like a lot, but if you’re going to, say, power a converted van with a portable fridge, lights, and occasional phone and laptop top-off, that thousand watt-hours will go faster than you expect. I used a setup like this and know from personal experience that you should always overestimate how much power you’ll need.

    A generator with a capacity under 1,000 Wh can keep electronics charged. A larger one with 1000-1500Wh should be the minimum for road trips where you’ll need it to last multiple days between full charges. For a house or worksite where you expect to use some serious energy—like a full-sized refrigerator or power tools—you’re going to want to start looking at the biggest possible power stations that can be daisy-chained to external batteries.
    If you want to get precise, there is an equation:

    1. Estimate how many hours you’ll need to power various devices. For example, if you want to power two light bulbs for two hours, you need four hours of operation.

    2. Add up the total wattage necessary: The two bulbs are 60 watts each, so you need 120 watts.

    3. Multiply these together to find the total watt-hours needed: 4 x 120 = 480. So, in this, you’d need at least a 500Wh solar generator. 

    That might sound like a lot for two lightbulbs, but keep in mind that in most situations, you won’t realistically be powering 60-watt light bulbs for hours on end. You’ll be charging phones and laptops for an hour here or there, cooling a fridge that kicks on and off every once in a while, using power tools in short bursts, and whatnot.

    Q: How many years will a solar generator last?

    Most modern generators are rated to last upwards of 25 years. The best-designed power stations are quite sturdy, with few to no moving parts, so they should likely last for a long time, provided you care for them properly. I’ve been pretty rough with a few of mine, and they show no signs of stopping.

    Q: Can I run my house on solar power only?

    These days, absolutely. Just a few years ago, I would have said such capabilities were severely limited, but the latest generation of whole-home power stations can provide enough storage to power your home for as long as a month. This typically requires installing a form of integration unit in your home that plugs into the power station and can even switch power automatically in the event of a blackout. 

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    Final thoughts on the best portable power stations

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    Shark HP102PET Air Purifier (Bedroom/Nursery, PET) $149

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    + Shark 102 air purifier for pets +
    + + Even the cutest pets can make very un-cute smells. + +

    Shark

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  • Best for camping: Anker Solix C800 Plus
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    Sized for small rooms where quiet matters, the HP102PET targets pet dander, hair, and everyday allergens with a sealed HEPA-level filter and an odor-fighting carbon layer to tame litter-box or wet-dog smells. It monitors air quality and auto-adjusts the fan, so you can set it in a corner and let it run while you sleep. A dedicated Sleep mode dims the display and hushes the motor, while a simple filter indicator takes the guesswork out of maintenance. Its compact footprint fits on a dresser or in a nursery beside the rocker, and a top-facing intake/exhaust helps circulate clean air without a draft. If your cat claims the bed or the dog sneaks afternoon naps in the crib room, this is an easy, low-fuss way to keep the air fresher overnight and during naps.

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  • Best for off-grid living: Bluetti Apex 300
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    Editor’s Picks and more deals on Shark products

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  • Best for home backup: Jackery HomePower 3000
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    Shark AV2900XE ThermaCharged Robot Vacuum & Mop $749

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  • Best budget: Anker SOLIX C1000 Gen 2
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    Shark’s top-tier combo adds heated mop cleaning and a self-empty/self-refill base, so floors get real scrubbing while you skip the refills and bin dumps. Six PowerDetect technologies auto-boost on carpet and mess, and the 60-day base plus 30-day water tank make it a true set-and-forget helper for mixed-surface homes.

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  • Best for high capacity: EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus
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    Shark FlexStyle (Special Edition) Multi-Styler $229

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  • Best for extreme cold: Bluetti Pioneer Na
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    A lightweight dryer/curler system that swaps between auto-wrap curlers, an oval brush, and a concentrator. It’s designed to style fast without extreme heat, which helps maintain shine and reduce frizz—great for everyday blowouts or quick touch-ups before a video call.

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  • Best for rugged use: Generac GB2000
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    Air Purifiers

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    We’re living in a “golden age” for portable solar-friendly power stations. When we were kids and the family was playing around with solar gear while camping in the ‘90s, the technology wasn’t capable of charging many devices, so it wasn’t all that practical. 

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    We haven’t even scratched the surface in terms of the potential offered by portable, reliable, renewable, relatively affordable power. What we can do now is already incredible. The potential for what may come, though, is truly mind-blowing.

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    The post The best portable power stations for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Red Spider Nebula glows in ethereal new JWST image]]>Twinkle twinkle spidey star.

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    The post Red Spider Nebula glows in ethereal new JWST image appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/red-spider-nebula-jwst/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714080Tue, 28 Oct 2025 15:40:00 -0400ScienceDeep SpaceNASASpaceSpace TelescopeA cosmic spider was caught in some kind of web. Specifically, the James Webb Space Telescope. The telescope’s sophisticated Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) revealed some never-before-seen details of NGC 6537, aka the Red Spider Nebula. The image is detailed in a study published today in The Astrophysical Journal. 

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    Robot Vacuums & Mop Combos

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    Planetary nebulae form when ordinary stars like our sun reach the end of their lifespan. After swelling into cool red giants, these stars will shed their outer layers, sending the debris flying into space. All that remains when those outer layers are gone is the star’s white-hot core. The ultraviolet light coming from the central star causes the glow. The planetary nebula phase of a star’s life only lasts a few tens of thousands of years–basically a blink of an eye in space terms.

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    CREDIT: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, J. H. Kastner (Rochester Institute of Technology), G. Mellema (Leiden University, the Netherlands), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb)
    Music: Stellardrone – The Night Sky in Motion
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    Upright Vacuums

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    According to the European Space Agency (ESA), while a single star is visible in the heart of the Red Spider Nebula, there could be a hidden companion star lurking nearby. A stellar companion like that could explain the nebula’s shape, including its narrow hourglass-like waist and wide outflows. This shape has been observed in other planetary nebulae such as the Butterfly Nebula.

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    The central region of a planetary nebula is shown in a box. Labels indicate “Shock waves”, “Outflow collisions”, and an “Ionised jet” in the dust on both sides of the nebula. Close to the centre, “Dusty torus” and “Ionised torus” are marked. In the very middle, a faint dot inside a blotchy pink cloud is labelled “Dying star”. Bright stars surround the nebula and can be seen through the dust layers
    The central region of a planetary nebula is shown in a box. Labels indicate “Shock waves,” “Outflow collisions,” and an “Ionised jet” in the dust on both sides of the nebula. Close to the centre, “Dusty torus” and “Ionised torus” are marked. In the very middle, a faint dot inside a blotchy pink cloud is labelled “Dying star.” Bright stars surround the nebula and can be seen through the dust layers. Image: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, J. H. Kastner (Rochester Institute of Technology).
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    Cordless & Stick Vacuums

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    Gas is also getting out from the center of the nebula. The elongated purple ‘S’ shape centered on the heart of the nebula traces the light from ionized iron atoms. This feature shows where a fast-moving jet has burst forth from the nebula’s central star and collided with the material that was previously cast away by the star.

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    • Shark HV322 Rocket Deluxe Pro (corded stick, pet attachments) $139
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      The observations used to create this image come from Webb GO programme #4571 (PI: J. Kastner) as part of a joint Chandra-JWST observing program.

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      The post Red Spider Nebula glows in ethereal new JWST image appeared first on Popular Science.

      -]]>en-US<![CDATA[Renaissance sword reveals a hidden engraving]]>CT scans peel back the layers of a 16th century German degen.

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      The post Renaissance sword reveals a hidden engraving appeared first on Popular Science.

      -]]>      https://www.popsci.com/science/renaissance-sword-engraving/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714064Tue, 28 Oct 2025 13:40:51 -0400ScienceTechnologyThe sword isn’t much more than a rusty relic at first glance. Researchers at Germany’s University of Jena (formally Friedrich Schiller University Jena) knew better, but needed a way to peer underneath more than 300 years of corrosion. What they discovered still remains hidden to the naked eye, but is clearly visible thanks to some of the latest advances in computed tomography (CT) scanning technology.

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    • Shark IP3251 Cordless Vacuum (PowerDetect Clean & Empty, HEPA) $399
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      The shortsword was forged in 1558, shortly after Schiller University’s founding and during Germany’s Renaissance era. At the time, only members of the nobility and upper class were permitted to carry such a weapon, also known as a degen. And for many of those members of Germany’s highest social order, the University of Jena was a hub of education and culture. Between 1594 and 1814, its professors, students, and even their families were often buried near the church in the heart of campus called the Collegium Jenense. These crypts frequently included symbolic offerings and personal items—including their trusty shortswords.

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    • Shark IX141 Pet Cordless Vacuum (removable handheld) $149
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    Corroded German sword from 16th century
    The heavily corroded sword is inaccessible without CT scans. Credit: INNOVENT
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    Steam & Floor Care

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    The Collegium Jenense was ultimately destroyed during an Allied bombing campaign near the end of World War II, trapping centuries’ worth of historic relics under thousands of pounds of rubble. It would take years of excavations to eventually reveal the buried graves and their artisan-crafted accessories. While one example was recovered largely intact, it still didn’t change the fact that the degen remained covered in rust and grime.

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    Imaging was able to display the sword's individual layers. The green seen here is the remnants of its sheath.
    Imaging was able to display the sword’s individual layers. The green seen here is the remnants of its sheath. Credit: INNOVENT
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    Hair Tools

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    Virrtually exposed inscription on the "display side" of the sword. The letters are individually inlaid into the blade steel from approximately 0.6 mm thick copper sheet. INNOVENT
    Virrtually exposed inscription on the “display side” of the sword. The letters are individually inlaid into the blade steel from approximately 0.6 mm thick copper sheet. INNOVENT
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    Stam wasn’t the shortsword’s owner, however. Researchers corroborated historical records to confirm that Stam was actually a blacksmith living in the town of Solingen at the end of the 16th century. Solingen was famed for its swordmaking, with artisans crafting bespoke weapons for European nobility and even the King of Spain. Engraving the maker’s name served as a testament to the owner’s status, as well as the sword’s renowned origins. The team said the sword could only have belonged to either a rector, or a student from a noble family.

    +

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    The post Shark’s pet-friendly air purifier is cheaper than ever at Amazon for a limited time appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[This tiny T. rex is actually a new species]]>Nanotyrannus settles a big and 'acrimonius' paleontology debate.

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    The post This tiny T. rex is actually a new species appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/tiny-t-rex-new-species/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714263Thu, 30 Oct 2025 12:00:00 -0400ScienceBiologyDinosaursFor decades, paleontologists have argued about size. Specifically, whether or not certain fossils found in Montana belonged to a young Tyrannosaurus rex or a completely separate, smaller species. Researchers at North Carolina State University and Ohio University now say they can settle the debate. Tyrannosaurus rex did, in fact, have a diminutive relative in North America. While Nanotyrannus lancensis was comparatively small, a study published on October 30 in Nature makes it clear that they remained a fearsome Cretaceous era predator.

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    “CT doesn’t just capture surface details; it reveals the object’s inner story,” explained project archaeologist Enrico Paust. “In this case, it literally uncovered a name that connects Jena to the European tradition of sword-making.”

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    The post Renaissance sword reveals a hidden engraving appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The best solar generators for 2026, tested and reviewed]]>Tap the power of the sun to meet your power needs wherever you may roam.

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    The post The best solar generators for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/reviews/best-solar-generators/https://www.popsci.com/reviews/best-solar-generators/Tue, 28 Oct 2025 13:35:22 -0400GearEnergyEnvironmentHomeOutdoor GearRenewablesTyrannosaurus rex earned its “Tyrant King” status partly due to its enormous size. An adult T. rex could easily grow over 42-feet-long and weigh more than nine tons.Even juveniles weighed in at around 4,000 pounds. With that in mind, it’s understandable why a small skull discovered in 1946 at Montana’s fossil-rich Hell Creek Formation has been such a controversial specimen. Initially described as a species of Gorgosaurus, some paleontologists later asserted it actually belonged to an entirely separate Tyrannosaur. This initial categorization was met with pushback by an opposing camp of researchers, who claimed the skull simply possessed a combination of immature tyrannosaurid and T. rex characteristics. The truth had larger implications—if Nanotyrannus was actually its own species, that would end T. rex’s reign as the only widely accepted tyrannosauroid roaming North America during the late Cretaceous.

    -

    Solar generators can make your life a little easier on a good day or save you on a bad day. These powerful power packs offer huge battery capacity that can fuel large devices and even appliances in a pinch. They’re great in an emergency, but they’re also essential tailgating and camping equipment. We chose the Bluetti Elite 200v2 as our best overall pick, but there are tons of options out there on the market to meet your needs.

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    Close up of Nanotyrannus snout fossil
    The skull of Nanotyrannus differs from T. rex. Nanotyrannus has different nerve patterns, sinus structures, and more teeth. Credit: NC Museum of Natural Sciences MATT ZEHER
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    • Best overall: Bluetti Elite 200v2
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      “In the years since, Nanotyrannus has become a hot-button issue, and the debate has often been acrimonious,” paleontologists Lindsay Zanno and Lawrence Witmer explained in their study.

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    • Still great: Jackery Explorer 2000 Plus
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      During an expedition back to the Hell Creek Formation, Zanno and Witmer’s team discovered an “exceptionally preserved, skeletally complete tyrannosauroid specimen.” After a close examination of the approximately 67-million-year-old remains, the study’s authors concluded that their find—as well as the 1946 skull—belong to Nanotyrannus.

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    • Best high-capacity: EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus
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      The key piece of evidence came from the new specimen’s age. A morphological analysis of its bones indicates they were nearly fully grown. If they were a juvenile, then their skeleton would still be developing. Additional modelling also led the paleontologists to believe Nanotyrannus displayed different bone-growth trajectories than T. rex, further supporting the argument. With this in mind, the study authors reexamined the previously discovered specimens, and determined the Nanotyrannus genus possessed at least two distinct species: Nanotyrannus lancensis and Nanotyrannus lethaeus.

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    • Best for frequent use: Anker 767 Portable Power Station Solar Generator
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      An NCMNS infographic of a T. Rex vs the Nanotyrannus. Credit: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
      An NCMNS infographic of a T. Rex vs the Nanotyrannus. Credit: North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
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    • Best for camping: Anker Solix C800 Plus
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      In contrast to the T. rex, an adult Nanotyrannus only grew to a length of around 18 feet and weighed about 1,550 pounds. Where its larger cousin evolved for brute strength with thick legs and a bone-crushing bite, Nanotyrannus took a different approach to hunting prey. Its longer legs and strong arms made it both agile and fast, allowing it to quickly ambush its targets.

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    • Best for off-grid living: Bluetti Apex 300
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      The confirmation of Nanotyrannus’ existence means that Tyrannosaurus likely had some company for at least around one million years leading up to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. This further supports the theory that dinosaurs weren’t already on the decline prior to their demise.If anything, the diversity suggests that they were doing just fine.

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    • Best for home backup: Jackery HomePower 3000
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      “Our results undermine a nearly uniform consensus among theropod specialists and rectify a significant taxonomic error underpinning decades of research,” the authors wrote. “The impact is beyond our ability to summarize here.”

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      The post This tiny T. rex is actually a new species appeared first on Popular Science.

      +]]>en-US<![CDATA[Listen up: The Popular Science ‘Ask Us Anything’ podcast is back]]>Answering your weirdest questions since 1872.

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      The post Listen up: The Popular Science ‘Ask Us Anything’ podcast is back appeared first on Popular Science.

      +]]>      https://www.popsci.com/science/popular-science-ask-us-anything-podcast/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714102Thu, 30 Oct 2025 11:41:11 -0400ScienceAnnouncementsDo fish fart? Why do we have toenails? How do airplane toilets actually work?

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    • Best for lots of ports: DJI Power 2000
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    • Best for extreme cold: Bluetti Pioneer Na
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    • Best budget: Jackery Explorer 300
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    For more than 150 years, Popular Science has answered your questions—from the serious to the outlandish. Now, we’re bringing back our Ask Us Anything podcast to satiate your curiosity about our weird and wonderful world. Based on our wildly popular written series of the same name, the audio version features host Sarah Durn and the Popular Science editors discussing everything from goose bumps to human composting.

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    How we chose the best solar generators

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    New episodes launch November 12 wherever you get your podcasts, so be sure to subscribe and follow on your favorite platform. We guarantee you’ll learn something new. And if you have a question for us, ask away.

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    The post Listen up: The Popular Science ‘Ask Us Anything’ podcast is back appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Caught on camera: Rats hunting bats mid-flight]]>Scientists record predatory rats at work for the first time.

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    The post Caught on camera: Rats hunting bats mid-flight appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/rats-hunt-bats-video/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714250Thu, 30 Oct 2025 11:11:54 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBatsConservationWildlifeIt’s a bird! It’s a plane! No, it’s a rat-grabbing-bat!

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    As an avid outdoorsman, I’ve had the opportunity to test an extremely wide range of outdoor gear, including mobile and off-grid electrification equipment like solar-powered generators, as well as inverter and dual-fuel generators. These became particularly essential when the pandemic forced my travels to become domestic rather than international, which prompted me to outfit a van for long-term road-tripping. 

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    For the first time, a brown rat has been caught on camera actively hunting bats. The never-before-seen footage shows the rat grabbing a snack at hibernation sites in northern Germany. While it’s undeniably impressive that rats can grab their supper mid-air, the new footage does not bode well for the bats. According to a study recently published in the journal Global Ecology and Conservation, rat predation may cause enough damage to significantly threaten local bat populations.

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    To bring my work along for the ride, I needed a constant portable power source to charge my laptop, a portable fridge, lighting, and a myriad of devices and tools … even electric bikes. As a result, I’ve tried all the leading portable power stations (and plenty that aren’t leading, too), so I know precisely what separates the best from the blah. I’ve written all about it (and other outdoor tech) for publications, including the Daily Beast, Thrillist, the Manual, Popular Science, and more. There were cases when my own opinion resulted in a tie, and I, therefore, looked to reviews from actual customers to determine which solar generators delivered the most satisfaction to the most users.

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    Brown rats are, in fact, the very same rats that scurry around New York City subway stations and drive tiny cars. Also called the Norway rat, these rodents are highly adaptive and excellent breeders. And wherever humans are, you can bet brown rats are living there, too. Despite their bad rap, rats are incredibly smart. They can think ahead, imagining solutions to problems, beat AI at recognizing hidden objects, and can even learn their own names. But their superior rodent brains can also make them excellent little hunters.

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    When to buy a solar generator

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    For this study, researchers set up thermal and infrared cameras to keep tabs on two bat hibernation sites in the towns of Segeberg and Lüneburg-Kalkberg, Germany. The two main species at the sites are the furry, short-eared Daubenton’s bat (Myotis daubentonii) and the lighter-colored Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri).

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    If you’re thinking about dropping big money on a solar generator, consider shopping on big shopping holidays like Amazon Prime Day or Black Friday. These are expensive devices, and they experience their largest discounts around those times. That said, they’re rarely the full prices below, even when it’s not a retail holiday, so click through to find out.

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    The team analyzed camera footage captured over several months between 2021 and 2024, during times when the bats were most active.  The footage revealed a new apex predator in the brown rat. (We’re only mostly kidding.)

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    The best solar generators: Reviews & Recommendations

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    The researchers observed two  distinct bat-hunting strategies. Some rats stood upright as they grabbed the unfortunate bats mid-air. Others closed in on the unsuspecting bats as they rested on the ground.

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    The solar generators on this list span a wide range of budgets, from a few hundred dollars to a few thousand. They span several use cases, from camping to a backup for your home. Only you know all the factors that make one of these the best solar generator for you, but we think that one of these will get the job done.

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    Capture and predation of a landed Daubenton’s bat by a brown rat. Video: Gloza-Rausch et al. (2025) Global Ecology and Conservation.
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    Best overall: Bluetti Elite 200 v2

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    In Segeberg, the team captured 13 of these astonishing kills on camera. The researchers also catalogued a total of 52 rat-ravagged bat carcasses scattered across the cave. Similar findings were also documented in Lüneburg-Kalkberg.

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    Nick Hilden

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    While that might not seem like a ton of bats, the team calculated that even a small rat colony (roughly 15 rats) could kill upwards of seven percent of the roughly 30,000 bats that spend their winters in Segeberg. And that’s a problem—both for bats and for people.

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    - Pros

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    • Exceptionally portable
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    - Cons

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    - Specs

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    • - - Storage capacity - - - 2,073Wh -
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    • - - Output capacity - - - 2,600W (3,900W surge) -
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    “Management of invasive rodents at important bat hibernation sites supports biodiversity conservation,” the  team wrote in the study. Managing these bat-murdering rats also, “reduces potential public health impacts as part of a One Health strategy (an approach that considers the health of humans, animals and the environment together).”

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    The post Caught on camera: Rats hunting bats mid-flight appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The best electric commuter bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed]]>Whether you need to Class 1 to class or Class 3 up the career ladder, an electric bike can add class 2 your commute and cut down on the time and sweat it takes to get there.

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    The post The best electric commuter bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/gear/best-electric-commuter-bikes/https://www.popsci.com/?p=604635Thu, 30 Oct 2025 10:15:31 -0400GearOutdoor GearWhy it made the cut: No other solar generator delivers such an excellent balance of portability, capacity, and performance.

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    I started riding an electric commuter bike out of necessity. Living in the suburbs of D.C. means our Metro lines sometimes shut down for weeks (or even months) for repairs, and driving into the city can easily run $20 or more each way once you add tolls, hot lanes, and parking. When I crunched the numbers, an e-bike—in my case, my first Specialized Turbo Vado—started to look downright economical. What I didn’t expect was how this one piece of outdoor gear would transform my commute into the best part of my day: a chance to decompress after stressful work hours, sneak in a workout, and actually enjoy the ride.

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    There are a lot of excellent solar generators on this list, many of which are competitive rivals for the top spot, but none offer such an excellent fusion of capacity, portability, and well-considered design as the Bluetti Elite 200 v2. With a capacity of 2,073 watt-hours, it hits the sweet spot that will deliver on the needs of the vast majority of users. 

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    The beauty of e-bikes is that pedal-assist power helps close the gap between your fitness level and the distance between home and office. They make long commutes feel shorter, tough hills less intimidating, and everyday riding way more doable. And the latest generation of commuter e-bikes is smarter than ever: think longer battery life, improved torque and cadence sensors (plus the ability to switch between them), integrated security features, and more throttles for when you need a cheat code.

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    At the same time, with its just-over-shoebox dimensions and relatively light weight, it’s as portable as can be. This makes it the perfect pick for packing in a trunk while heading outdoors, storing in a closet for backup power, or simply having around for a convenient, mobile power source. 

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    The goal? A bike—like our best overall, the Priority Current Plus—that keeps your bum happy, makes commuting easier, and during a great promotion doesn’t cost so much you’ll be working extra shifts to pay it off. We’ve updated our list of the best electric commuter bikes to do exactly that.

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    It also offers surprisingly oomphy output for a power box of its size. Its 2,600W running output was already hefty enough, but surge capacity up to 3,900W means it can handle the startup draw of larger electronics and appliances. Its 1000W solar input capacity equips it for a large solar panel array, and its 1,800W wall input capacity will charge from zero to full in just over 90 minutes. 

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    • Best overall e-bike for long commutes: Priority Current Plus
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      While power station apps are notoriously glitchy, the Bluetti app is user-friendly and allows for remote monitoring and adjustment. Most users will find it has plenty of ports, including four AC ports, USB-A and USB-C ports, and a 120W car port, though there is no 30A or 50A RV plug.

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    • Best value commuter e-bike for most people: Ride1Up Roadster v3
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      I’ve found that its perfectly squared off design is ideal for fitting into a tight storage space or building into a small van conversion. The LiFePO4 battery has a lifespan of over 6,000 cycles, and the whole unit feels plenty durable. Indeed, I have knocked my test unit around more than a little. It seems no worse for wear. 

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    • Best compact e-bike for last-mile commuters: JackRabbit OG2
      • -

      For most mid-sized portable power purposes, the Bluetti Elite 200 v2 does pretty much everything right.

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    • Best Dutch-style electric commuter bike: Trek Verve+ 1 LowStep LT
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      Still great: Jackery Explorer 2000 Plus

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    • Best lightweight electric commuter bike: Tenways CGO600 Pro
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    • Best gravel e-bike for commuting: Salsa Confluence Drop-Bar GRX 600 2x
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    • Best for fitness buffs who secretly love a shortcut: Trek FX+ 7S
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        -
      • Charges quickly
        • -
      • Very high output that can run power-hungry devices
        • -
      • Built-in wheels and handle
        • -
      • Clear display
        • -
      • Four AC outlets
        • -
      • Expandable with extra batteries
        • -
      • Long life batteries
        • -
      -
      -
      -

      - Cons

      - -
        -
      • Heavy
        • -
      • Slightly less capacity than our previous pick
        • -
      -
      -
      -
      -

      - Specs

      - -
        -
      • - - Storage capacity - - - 2,042.8Wh (expandable up to 24,000Wh) -
        • -
      • - - Output capacity - - - 6,000w -
        • -
      • - - Dimensions - - - 18.6 x 14.7 x 14.1 inches -
        • -
      • - - Weight - - - 61 pounds -
        • -
      • - - Price - - - $1,999 -
        • -
      -
      -
      -
      -
      +
    • Best premium electric commuter bike: Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through
      • -

      Why it made the cut: It offers just about everything you’d want, with the added benefits of LiFePO4 battery power.

      +
    • Best folding e-bike for multimodal commuters: Brompton Electric G Line
      • -

      As new solar generators hit the market, many come toting new lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries instead of the familiar lithium-ion batteries that came before. LiFePO4 offers a few advantages, including a much longer lifespan as you charge and discharge them. They’re also safer and often faster to charge. They do typically add some weight, however. Just about all of those modifiers apply here in the form of our former best overall, the Jackery Explorer 2000 Plus.

      +
    • Best long-range folding e-bike: Velotric Fold 1 Plus
      • +
    -

    The Jackery Explorer 2000 Plus can power current-hungry devices at up to 6000W, so even if you want to power a welder, you can. The battery will only last you about half an hour doing this (we tried it), but it does work, and that’s more than many other models can say. I also got to test the Explorer 2000 Plus during a real power outage. It kept our router running for several hours to maintain connectivity.

    +

    How we selected the best electric commuter bikes

    -

    This model has 2kWh of storage built in, but you can expand that capacity with extra external daisy-chained batteries. It gives a total max storage of up to 24kWh—enough for a serious off-grid job. The optional solar panels charge the battery quickly and efficiently. Jackery claims roughly two hours of charging time via the optional solar panels, and I found it took more like 2.5 hours, but that includes battling some passing clouds. With two straight hours of direct sun, it could likely get the job done.

    +

    As a long-time bike commuter, I know how riding the same roads—smacking into the same roots, rattling over the same cracks, and climbing the nemesis hill—can really do a number on your backside. That’s why I test these bikes in the wild, not on some cushy closed course. Think city streets with sketchy bike lanes, suburban roads where drivers forget bikes exist, and trails that are smooth one minute and out to sabotage you the next.

    -

    At 61 pounds, this is considerably heavier than the Jackery Explorer 2000 Pro, which weighs nearly 20 pounds less. But the integrated wheels, handle, and chunky grips on either side of the box make it very easy to lug around. Everyone in my family could easily set it in the back of my wife’s Honda Civic.

    +

    To test the battery’s range, I take each e-bike on a 16-mile loop with about 1,300 feet of elevation changes. The route is part obstacle course, part endurance test: stoplights, crosswalks, runners with earbuds, stroller-pushing parents, and plenty of other cyclists jockeying for space. I set the pedal-assist to max, turn on the lights, and ride until the battery taps out to figure out the low end of the range. But don’t picture me rocketing along at 28 mph like some Tour de France hopeful. Between the traffic stops and trail chaos, my average speed is a much more mortal 12 to 15 mph. The point is to see how far you can get without being drenched in sweat—exactly what you’d want going back and forth on work days.

    -

    The switch to LiFePo4 also means that this unit will last a long time before the battery degrades beyond its usable range. The company claims it will take 4,000 cycles before the battery life degrades to 70 percent. We obviously haven’t had time to test that yet, but that is the nature of LiFePo4, so it will almost certainly last longer than a lithium-ion model at least.

    +

    The best electric commuter bikes: Reviews & Recommendations

    -

    Best high-capacity: EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus

    +

    Sure, any e-bike can technically get you from A to B. But a great commuter bike makes the ride something you’ll actually look forward to, even when the weather is meh and traffic is worse. Here’s what matters most:

    -
    - - - - -
    - -
    - -
    - - - -

    Nick Hilden

     -
    - - -
    -     -
    +
      +
    • Lights: Not optional, though you may want supplemental lights. They help you see and make sure cars, buses, and daydreaming drivers see you. 
      • - - - - See It - - -
      -
      -
      -

      - Pros

      - -
        -
      • High capacity and expandable
        • -
      • High output
        • -
      • Super fast charging
        • -
      • Love the smart design features
        • -
      -
      -
      -

      - Cons

      - -
        -
      • Heavy
        • -
      • Pricey, especially with expansion batteries
        • -
      -
      -
      -
      -

      - Specs

      - -
        -
      • - - Storage capacity - - - 3,072Wh (expandable up to 11KWh) -
        • -
      • - - Input capacity - - - 1,800W -
        • -
      • - - Output capacity - - - 3,600W (4,600W X-Boost, 7,200W surge) -
        • -
      • - - Dimensions - - - 24.14 x 12.9 x 15.5 in -
        • -
      • - - Weight - - - 74.2 pounds -
        • -
      • - - Price - - - $1.599 -
        • -
      -
      -
      -
      -
    + +
  • Fenders: Say no to the dreaded stripe of road filth up your backside. (It’s as gross as it sounds.)
    • -

    Why it made the cut: The EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus itself is high-capacity, high-output, and exceptionally well-designed, and can expand as much as you need it to.

    +
  • Racks: Let the bike carry your stuff. Backpacks are great, but they mean showing up to work sweaty in warmer temps. Instead, check out our tips for how to carry stuff on your bike.
    • -

    The EcoFlow Delta 3 Ultra Plus is a solid contender for “best overall,” and the only reason it didn’t get it is because it’s more of a power station than most people need. But if you do need more power station, it delivers. 

    +
  • Comfort: The real secret sauce. If the bike feels good, you’ll ride it even when it’s humid, chilly, or drizzly.
    • + -

    The standalone unit’s 3,072Wh capacity is plenty for powering an RV or van conversion, an off-grid worksite, or a home during a blackout. 3,600W output is more than enough to power an average assortment of devices, small, and even larger appliances, the X-Boost allows it to temporarily up its running wattage to 4,600W, and its 7,200W surge capacity means it can handle spikes in draw from an AC, appliance, or power tool switching on. Its six charging options allow you to top it off lightning quick—as fast as 89 minutes if you’re readying for a storm or trip—and Storm Guard Mode will monitor the weather and charge the unit automatically if severe weather is coming.

    +

    Bonus tip: Part of the fun is finding the bits and bobs that make your bike yours. Take your pick, grab some of the best electric bike accessories, and off you go. A helmet isn’t an accessory; it’s a necessity. Get the best one you can, especially when your e-bike tops out at 20 to 28 mph.

    -

    All that’s great, but what I really like about it is how much consideration went into various design elements. For example, whoever thought of having the rear port doors slide into protective slots is a genius. It’s a heavy unit, but the sturdy handle and telescoping wheels make it easy to move around. It’s equipped with a 30A outlet so it can plug directly into an RV, and a good number of other ports.

    +

    I recommend checking out the options below to find what matches your use case, reading our guide on what to expect on your first ebike ride, and going from there.

    -

    Excellent all around. If you need a larger, potentially expandable solar generator that offers a good dose of portability, it can’t be beat.

    +

    All prices may fluctuate based on tariffs and other factors.

    -

    Best for frequent use: Anker 767 Portable Power Station Solar Generator

    +

    Best overall e-bike for long commutes: Priority Bicycles Current Plus

    @@ -9332,13 +6178,15 @@
    - +
    - Anker Power Station 767 +
    - The Anker Power Station 767 solar generator’s high capacity and fast charging make this long-lasting battery a solid everyday driver. + + +

    Tony Ware
    @@ -9348,7 +6196,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -9360,12 +6208,14 @@ Pros
      -
    • Charges up to 80% in less than two hours
      • -
    • Solid output and storage capacity
      • -
    • Optional battery pack doubles capacity
      • -
    • LiFePO4 batteries survive more charge cycles than traditional models
      • -
    • Plenty of ports
      • -
    • Built-in handle and wheels for transport
      • +
    • Mid-step frame offers easy on-and-off for riders of all sizes
      • +
    • Grippy 650b x 50mm Goodyear touring tires deliver confident handling and comfort
      • +
    • Choice of fast-changing 5-speed Shimano hub or smooth Enviolo trekking hub
      • +
    • Hydraulic disc brakes with motor cut-off
      • +
    • Low-maintenance, whisper-quiet carbon belt drive system
      • +
    • Impressive torque for quick acceleration and hill starts
      • +
    • Thumb throttle for instant power boost on demand
      • +
    • Practical commuter setup with half front and full rear fenders, integrated 600-lumen front light, and rear fender light
    @@ -9373,8 +6223,9 @@ Cons
      -
    • Heavy for its capacity
      • -
    • No USB-C in for charging
      • +
    • Enviolo hub shifting requires a short learning curve to perfect timing
      • +
    • Bike weight is manageable but could challenge smaller riders when lifting
      • +
    • Need to retighten fenders from time to time to prevent rattle
    @@ -9385,45 +6236,73 @@
    • - Storage capacity + Motor: - 2,048Wh + 500W mid-drive motor w/ 140Nm torque
    • - Input capacity + Battery: - 1440W Max (1000W Max Solar) + 720Wh capacity
    • - Output capacity + Removable battery: - 2,400W + Yes, with lock
    • - Dimensions + Compliance: - 20.67 x 9.84 x 15.55 inches + UL 2849 and UL 2271
    • - Weight + Riding range: + + + 20 to 75 miles (in Class 2 mode) +
      • +
    • + + Class: + + + Ships as Class 2, can be unlocked to Class 3 +
      • +
    • + + Throttle: + + + Yes +
      • +
    • + + Top speed: + + + 28 mph +
      • +
    • + + Bike weight: - 67.3 pounds + 55 pounds
    • - Price + Frame sizes: - $1,999 + S, M, and L fit riders from 5’ to 6’3”
    @@ -9433,43 +6312,39 @@ -

    Why it made the cut: High capacity and fast charging make this long-lasting battery a solid everyday driver.

    - - - -

    Anker has equipped its massive portable power station with LiFePO4 batteries, which stand up much better to repeat charging and discharging over the long term than common lithium-ion cells. Anker claims it can charge and discharge up to 3,000 times before it reaches 80% battery health compared to 500 in a similar lithium-ion setup. While I haven’t had the chance to run it through 3,000 cycles, LiFePO4 batteries have a well-earned reputation for longevity. 

    +

    At first glance, the Priority Bicycles Current Plus may look like many typical e-bikes, but on first ride, you realize it’s a feature-packed powerhouse. The 2025 Current 2.0 takes everything riders loved about the original belt-drive model and turns it up a notch. It’s smoother, stronger, and smarter, packed with refinements born from real-world feedback. Riders begged for a convenient thumb throttle for effortless riding, and this one hauls. 

    -

    Regarding overall performance, the Anker 767 does everything you’d want a unit with these specs to do. The bad weather has given me [Executive Gear Editor Stan Horaczek] ample chances, unfortunately, to test it in real-world situations. 

    +

    The Current Plus packs the power of some moped-styled e-bikes with battery capacity bumped up to an eye-popping 720Wh (up from 500Wh), supporting longer rides for the 500w mid-drive motor and hill-flattening 140Nm of torque. The Current Plus hits Class 3 speeds of 28 miles per hour with five selectable assist modes to align with your pedaling, so riders can quickly accelerate to keep up with cars on shared roads, easily maintain consistent speeds, and confidently stop with upgraded hydraulic brakes and an electric cut-off. I felt like I had killer quads and unflappable fitness, which is sadly not true. There’s no suspension, but 650b x 50mm tires smoothed out bumpier stretches of my boosted personal best.

    -

    The built-in battery offers a 2048Wh capacity and pumps out up to 2,400W. It does so through four standard AC outlets, an RV outlet, two 120W car outlets, two 12W USB-A ports, and three 100W USB-C ports. 

    +

    The drivetrain still couples a low-maintenance Gates Carbon Belt (less grease, less grief) with either an internal 5-speed Shimano hub or a stepless Enviolo trekking hub for $3,299 or $3,499, respectively. I’ve been testing the Enviolo with a continuously variable transmission, aka no set gears. To shift, you twist the right handle to make a rider’s figure either steepen up a hill or flatten out. It took a bit of practice to get the timing right for when you need to ease off pedaling and adjust. Once I got a feel for how to avoid shifting under load, riding the Current Plus felt more like I had superpowers, not a motor helping me out. 

    -

    I used it during a blackout to keep our Wi-Fi running while charging my family’s devices. Filling a phone from zero barely makes a dent in the power station’s capacity, and it ran the router for several hours with plenty of juice left. 

    +

    The Current Plus enhances the original’s strengths while adding subtle but practical improvements to geometry and ergonomics for more stability on rough roads, like redesigned handlebars that sweep back slightly. The upright stance keeps creases out of work outfits and visibility enhanced. The motor controls remain well-positioned by the left thumb, now including the new throttle feature—simply press the button down and easily catch up. The backlit display, meanwhile, stays centered to keep your eyes on the road. The 600-lumen bike-powered front light casts wide and is shockingly bright—it actually illuminates dark bike lanes/trails—and the rear tail light adds to safety.

    -

    In another instance, it powered our small meat freezer for four hours before the power came back on with some juice still left in the tank. It does what it promises. 

    +

    Touchpoints like the ergonomic grips and wide, gel-cushioned saddle are better than average, too. The frame is multi-height friendly with what the company calls a “mid-step frame” that’s lower than a traditional triangle but higher than most low-step or step-thru options (another contributor to keeping clothes crisp). The removable battery features a lock and a button-release that prevents it from falling out before you’re ready during removal (though on-bike charging is also an option). For the price point, I might like cleaner, more internal cable management around the handlebars, but it’s a small quibble.

    -

    There are a few nice extra touches as well. Built-in wheels and an extendable handle allow it to roll like carry-on luggage. Unfortunately, those are necessary inclusions because it weighs a hefty 67.3 pounds. It’s manageable but definitely heavy compared to its competition. 

    +

    Priority is a direct-to-consumer brand, and its analog bikes aren’t hard to finish yourself, even if you’re not a regular wrencher. But the company encourages you to have your local bike shop assemble e-bikes, which will be an additional fee (shoutout to Alexandria, VA’s Strictly eBikes for preparing my Current Plus). The bike—available in charcoal and white—also ships as a Class 2 e-bike with a top speed of 20 miles per hour, so if you’re wondering why you’re not getting the output I’ve described, it’s because you need to unlock Class 3 in the settings. However, check local laws before you do.

    -

    The Anker 767 is compatible with the company’s 200W solar panels, which fold up for easy transportation. I mostly charged the unit through my home’s AC power, a surprisingly quick process. The 767 Portable Power Station can go from flat to more than 80% charge in less than half an hour with sufficient power. It takes about two hours to get it fully juiced. 

    +

    I’ve used the Priority Current Plus to haul packages and my pet, and just haul at high speed to get to appointments, and it’s proven to be the perfect bike for rush hour or just to get a rush while cruising bike trails without worrying about hills or headwinds.

    -

    Anker also offers a mobile app that connects to the power station via Bluetooth if you want to control it without actually going over and touching it.

    +

    Really want to max out your performance and smooth out your ride? The $3,999 Skyline SMART.SHIFT E-Bike ups the motor to 750w and adds a suspension fork plus a Pinion Smart.Shift C1.12i gearbox for seamless shifting.

    -

    Best for car camping: Anker Solix C800 Plus

    +

    Best value commuter e-bike for most people: Ride1Up Roadster v3

    @@ -9480,15 +6355,15 @@
    - +
    - +
    -

    Nick Hilden

     +

    Heather Kuldell-Ware

    @@ -9498,7 +6373,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -9510,9 +6385,13 @@ Pros
      -
    • Very compact
      • -
    • Good capacity and output
      • -
    • Variable-setting camp lamp
      • +
    • Fast-rolling 700 × 45c Schwalbe G-One RS gravel tires that grip confidently on pavement or smooth dirt
      • +
    • Strong hydraulic disc brakes that stop smoothly and predictably
      • +
    • Handy throttle for effortless launches or quick boosts through traffic
      • +
    • Intui-Drive torque sensor delivers responsive, natural-feeling pedal assist
      • +
    • Bright 120-lux front light and integrated rear fender light for nighttime visibility
      • +
    • Chainguard stay helps protect pants and drivetrain
      • +
    • Optional PIN to unlock motor
    @@ -9520,7 +6399,9 @@ Cons
      -
    • Way too small for RV needs
      • +
    • Shorter riders should check the standover height carefully when choosing between low-step and medium frames
      • +
    • Very stiff, non-suspension frame can transmit road vibration on rough pavement
      • +
    • Rear-rack mounts work best with Ride1Up’s proprietary rack
    @@ -9531,45 +6412,73 @@
    • - Storage capacity + Motor: + + + 500w angled gear MIVICE hub motor w/ 50Nm torque +
      • +
    • + + Battery: + + + 10Ah Samsung 50GB +
      • +
    • + + Removable battery: - 768Wh + Yes, lockable
    • - Input capacity + Compliance: - 1,440W + UL 2849 and UL 2271
    • - Output capacity + Riding range: - 1,200W (1,600W surge) + 25 mph (belt drive) or 28 mph (chain)
    • - Dimensions + Class: - 14.61 x 8.07 x 9.96 in + 1-3
    • - Weight + Throttle: - 24 lbs + Yes +
      • +
    • + + Top speed: + + + 25 mph (belt drive) or 28 mph (chain)
    • - Price + Bike weight: + + + 40 pounds +
      • +
    • + + Frame sizes: - $649.99 + Low-step, M and L fit riders from 5’2” to 6’4”
    @@ -9579,19 +6488,35 @@ -

    Why it made the cut: Thanks to its small size, decent specs, fast charging, and innovative lantern, it’s perfect for camping.

    +

    The Ride1Up Roadster v3 packs a surprising amount of premium features into an extremely reasonable price tag of $1,395. It’s not the -est in most categories, but all the practical, souped-up features turn this lightweight e-bike into an appealing match for most riders—and potentially leaves some room in the budget for some smart upgrades.

    + + + +

    Ride1Up also has one of the better direct-to-consumer experiences. The Roadster v3 arrived mostly assembled, with a thoughtful toolkit—a hex key set, seat post paste, and a torque wrench—and clear instructions that link to helpful YouTube videos. It was my second time tightening a Ride1Up bike to spec, and both builds were quick and frustration-free.

    + + + +

    At around 40 pounds, its lightweight build remains one of its most compelling features. I can carry it upstairs solo and easily lift it onto my car rack or the higher racks in my building’s bike storage room. The frame is slim like a non-electric bike, making it easy to lock to racks with U-locks (which you can’t say about all ebikes). 

    + + + +

    From the first few miles, I was smitten with the nearly silent ride of the v3: the carbon belt and motor are whisper-quiet, and the fenders rarely rattle. The v3 has since worked its way into my regular rotation, and I’m approaching 500 miles on this model. I’ve been consistently impressed with the 500w hub motor that easily takes me up even my most formidable hills, the smooth, responsive pedaling enabled by the Intui-Drive torque sensor, and the bright-enough front light. This bike is for someone who plans to pedal most of the time, but occasionally wants to tap the throttle for a break or to power through a series of errands.

    + + + +

    I happen to like the moderate riding position and the agility of a stiff frame, but eventually, I opted for some comfort upgrades. I swapped out the saddle for something with cutouts and added a Redshift ShockStop suspension post—both were huge improvements that let me ride longer in plain clothes rather than wearing padded bike shorts. I also added Ride1Up’s compatible rear rack, and came to appreciate a few features I initially overlooked, such as the optional PIN required to start the motor. Without it, a potential thief has to pedal the bike without any motor assistance, which, while possible, is a pain.

    -

    Say you need a solar power generator for a few days of camping, over the course of which you’re hoping to power a few small devices, a string of lights, and maybe even a small electric cooler—the Anker Solix C800 Plus is the perfect little unit. About the size of a shoebox and just 24 pounds, it’s as portable and compact as can be. At the same time, the 768Wh capacity and 1,200W output are surprisingly good for such a small box. And with a 300W solar panel and good sunlight conditions, it can charge in about three hours. 

    +

    The battery life is still impressive. Just for funsies, I did a ride on Boost (the highest setting) with the lights on just to see how long it would last. On my test loop, it did 25.5 miles despite headwinds for several miles. That’s a solid performance. I usually ride around on the Eco, the lowest assist level, which sips at the battery, and I’ve gotten into the 40s. While going from 100% to 90% takes forever, anything under 30% seems to fly by. While that could be anxiety, the display blinks as a warning, and the bike becomes noticeably harder to pedal around 10%. As someone who gets lazy about chain maintenance, I happen to love the single-speed carbon belt drive. However, riders in hillier areas may want to consider the 9-speed Microshift Advent drivetrain v3 version with a traditional chain (with or without a suspension fork).

    -

    All good stuff, but what really sets it apart is the integrated lamp, which attaches magnetically and then hides away in the body of the unit when not in use. It has three light modes and makes for an excellent addition to any campsite.

    +

    Need to haul stuff but don’t want a standard cargo bike? You can also consider the $1,595 Ride1Up Vorsa, the company’s “SUV of e-bikes.”

    -

    Still good for van-living: Goal Zero Yeti 1000

    +

    Best compact e-bike for last-mile commuters: JackRabbit OG2 

    @@ -9602,10 +6527,16 @@
    - +
    - Goal Zero Yeti 1000 Core + +
    + + + +

    Heather Kuldell-Ware

     +
    @@ -9614,7 +6545,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -9626,10 +6557,15 @@ Pros
      -
    • Highly portable
      • -
    • Incredible durability
      • -
    • Rapid recharge rate
      • -
    • Plenty of plugs
      • +
    • The lightest, most compact e-bike I’ve tested
      • +
    • Swappable batteries extend range
      • +
    • Handlebars fold flat for easy transport
      • +
    • 20-inch all-terrain tires
      • +
    • Black and white digital display
      • +
    • Foldable foot pegs
      • +
    • Comfortable saddle
      • +
    • Tons of accessories available for additional purchase
      • +
    • Available in black, white, blue, or yellow
    @@ -9637,7 +6573,10 @@ Cons
      -
    • Expensive for its size/capacity
      • +
    • No alternative to the throttle
      • +
    • Lights and fenders are sold separately
      • +
    • Would prefer hydraulic disc brakes for the speed that this can go
      • +
    • Steep hills can seriously slow you down, or in some cases, stop you
    @@ -9648,45 +6587,73 @@
    • - Storage capacity + Motor: + + + 300W rear hub brushless electric motor +
      • +
    • + + Battery: - 983Wh + 151.2Wh battery
    • - Input capacity + Removable battery: - 600W + Yes, but locks are an additional purchase
    • - Output capacity + Compliance: - 1,200W (2,400W surge) + UL2271 and 2272
    • - Dimensions + Riding range: - 9.86 x 15.25 x 10.23 inches + Up to 10 miles
    • - Weight + Class: + + + 2 +
      • +
    • + + Throttle: + + + Yes +
      • +
    • + + Top speed: + + + 20 mph +
      • +
    • + + Bike weight: - 31.68 lbs + 25 pounds
    • - Price + Frame size: - $1,198.95 + One size that fits 4’9” to 6’2”
    @@ -9696,31 +6663,35 @@ -

    Why it made the cut: Thanks to its outstanding portability, high storage capacity, and Yeti’s famous durability, the Goal Zero Yeti 1000 Core is great for packing along for camping or van-living. 

    +

    When you live in a city, thinking about transportation can take up a surprising amount of energy in a day. You wanna go somewhere, but are you walking, taking a bus or train, calling a ride-share or taxi, or driving yourself? Is there even parking if you drive, or will you end up essentially back where you started to find a spot? When you’re taking a train, how long are you walking on each side of the ride? How many transfers? Even owning a bike isn’t that simple. Where can you store it? Does your building have an outdoor bike rack or a storage room? Or are you carrying it up a multistory walk-up and hosting it in your living room?

    + + + +

    Enter the JackRabbit OG2, a mold-breaking micro e-bike that only weighs 25 pounds and sells for $1,250. This small package is one of the most fun and somehow practical “bikes” I’ve ever taken on a commute. Instead of pedaling, the OG2 relies entirely on the 300W rear hub motor and the throttle, which can go a surprisingly fast 20 mph for a range of about 10 miles.  

    -

    Yeti is long-renowned for making some of the best outdoor gear money can buy, so when the company launched its Goal Zero line of solar generators, it was no surprise that they turned out to be awesome. While the whole line is great, the 1000 Core model’s balance between capacity and portability makes it perfect for taking on the road and going camping.

    +

    Despite the small size (even smaller than the typical e-scooter, as you can see above), the OG2 accommodates riders as short as 4’9” and up to 6’2”, which I admit I was skeptical about. However, this has quickly become a favorite of my 6-foot-tall son for one very simple reason: It hauls. The OG2 is an e-bike in looks but not in operation. It’s more like a scooter you can sit on but with more stable steering and larger, more forgiving wheels. Instead of standing up super straight, you’re low to the ground for better balance. Picture a tall dude on a BMX, and you’re in the right ballpark. But with stationary pegs instead of pumping pedals, your legs don’t feel cramped. You might feel silly at first, but for me, this quickly morphed into what I think Toad feels like passing other drivers in “Mario Kart.”

    -

    While the 1000 Core has a third less capacity than our top pick, it charges up faster, making it a great option for rapid solar replenishment. That said, its capacity is no slouch, offering 82 phone charges, 20 for a laptop, or upwards of 15 hours for a portable fridge (depending on wattage). Suffice to say, it’s more than capable of powering your basic camping gear.

    +

    The OG2’s diminutive size is the main appeal. It’s less than 49 inches long, and the handlebars and front wheel can “fold flat” to save a little more space if you need to walk it through a busy subway station, carry it onto a bus, or pack it into a car or RV. They even sell a bag to help you carry it (or ship it if you’re flying somewhere).

    -

    Beyond its charging capabilities, the Goal Zero 1000 Core excels at camping thanks to its hearty build quality. Built super tough—like pretty much everything Yeti makes—its exterior shell provides solid protection.

    +

    I’ve found I use it most for short errands near my house—like going up to the CVS about a mile away—or to tackle the last few miles left after riding public transportation. I’m lucky the Metro and the various bus lines cover as much as they do, but I still often have a few miles to go to get to my destination. The OG2 easily closes this gap, and when batteries start to fade, I can easily swap them out for backups roughly the size and shape of VHS tape (and, because of their compact size and capacity, you can pack them in your carry-on if flying). 

    -

    The biggest issue it presents is the cost. Like pretty much everything Yeti produces, its price tag isn’t small. While there are other 1000-level solar generators for less, this one offers a great balance of power storage and portability.

    +

    If batteries die, though, I’m out of luck and walking unless I happen to be on top of a hill. And hills can be a problem. A long, steep hill can slow the OG2 to just a few miles per hour, even when the throttle is pressed all the way down. I haven’t had to walk yet, but I’ve come close.

    -

    For more on the Goal Zero Yeti 1000 Core, check out our full review.

    +

    For hilly areas, the OG2 Pro and its 500W / 17A / 50NM motor adds some extra pep. But you really want to upgrade to the more powerful and slightly larger JackRabbit XG with nearly twice the motor power, battery capacity, and range (and the XG Pro brings even a little more). These microbikes (or seated electric scooters, if you will) are hella fun. While many JackRabbit fans love personalizing their rides with the many accessories offered (as well as stock third-party components that fit the custom frame), it should be noted that adding racks and packs compromises their portability. I like the grab-and-go nature of them—and if I need to carry something, I put it in my backpack.

    -

    Best for off-grid living: Bluetti Apex 300

    +

    Best Dutch-style electric commuter bike: Trek Verve+ 1 LowStep LT

    @@ -9731,15 +6702,15 @@
    - +
    - +
    -

    Nick Hilden

     +

    Tony Ware

    @@ -9749,7 +6720,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -9761,9 +6732,15 @@ Pros
      -
    • One of the largest expansion capacities out there
      • -
    • Huge input/output rates
      • -
    • SolarX accessory is a solar game-changer
      • +
    • Step-thru frame makes for easy on and off
      • +
    • 27.5-inch x 2-inch wheels
      • +
    • 8-speed drivetrain
      • +
    • Hydraulic brakes
      • +
    • Wide and cushiony enough saddle
      • +
    • Comes commuter-ready with integrated front and rear lights, and half fender in front and full rear fender
      • +
    • MIK-compatible rear rack
      • +
    • Two sets of bosses on frame for water bottle cages, etc.
      • +
    • Multiple colors available
    @@ -9771,8 +6748,11 @@ Cons
      -
    • Very expensive
      • -
    • Very heavy
      • +
    • Wide but slightly squirrely handlebars
      • +
    • Integrated battery means plugging in the whole bike to charge
      • +
    • Can be hard to tell when the charger is properly plugged in due to deep charging port
      • +
    • Sluggish first pedal assist level
      • +
    • Step-thru frame can be harder to lift and carry than a standard triangle
    @@ -9783,45 +6763,73 @@
    • - Storage capacity + Motor: - 5,529.6Wh (expandable up to 58KWh) + 250w mid-drive motor w/ 40Nm torque
    • - Input capacity + Battery: - 1,800W (expandable up to 30KW) + 250Wh capacity
    • - Output capacity + Removable battery: - 3,800W (expandable up to 11.5KW) + No
    • - Dimensions + Compliance: - Inverter 20.67 × 12.87 × 12.6 in / Battery 20.67 x 12.87 x 8.23 in + UL 2849
    • - Weight + Riding range: + + + Not listed +
      • +
    • + + Class: + + + 1 +
      • +
    • + + Throttle: + + + No +
      • +
    • + + Top speed: - Inverter 83.78lbs / Battery 65.4 lbs + 20 mph +
      • +
    • + + Bike weight: + + + 42 pounds
    • - Price: + Frame sizes: - $3,499 + S, M and L fit riders from 5’1” to 6’1”
    @@ -9831,19 +6839,23 @@ -

    Why it made the cut: Thanks to its high solo capacity and ability to daisy-chain with additional batteries, the Bluetti AC200 Max is perfect for bringing power off the grid.

    +

    I’ve owned several Trek models over the years, and the Verve+ 1 Lowstep LT e-bike reminded me of what this American bicycle maker does best. Trek is all about better-than-average components that make the $2,300 price tag feel like a steal, like cables that tuck in to the frame, commuter accessories including a chainguard, and Bontrager touchpoints like ergonomic handle grips and a wide, squishy-enough saddle that lets you skip padded cycling shorts. It was also perfectly tuned thanks to assembly by the pros at Trek Bicycles in Clarendon, VA.

    + + + +

    The 8-speed Verve+ channels some Dutch commuter bike vibes, with an extremely upright riding position. I’m a shorty who usually opts for more aggressive postures, but I appreciated the improved road visibility from this taller vantage point. Even though I was sitting up higher than normal, the step-thru frame is an excellent option for shorter riders or anyone who doesn’t want to swing a leg over a saddle anymore. I particularly like it for the frequent stops and starts of city riding, and at 44 pounds, it’s a lighter-weight option, and easier to control and handle. 

    -

    You’ll be hard-pressed to find a solar generator better suited for living off the grid for an extended period than the Bluetti AC200 Max. It boasts a substantial 2,048Wh capacity, allowing you to power your whole life off it longer than most portable generators. Even better, you can daisy-chain multiple Bluetti batteries, expanding its capacity to a massive 8.192Wh. That’s flat-out enormous and translates into the ability to power a full-sized fridge for over a day or several hours of air conditioning. For the more modest needs of people who are used to living off a generator, it will last for a very long time.

    +

    The simple control skips the screen and opts for red and green LEDs to indicate battery life and assist level. This e-bike isn’t about metrics: It’s for casual riders and commuters who want to hop on and confidently get to their destination. That said, I found the first assist level a little low; I had to put some work in to get going and get up hills, but the second level had considerably more oomph, and the third was practically a sweat-free ride even though I was still pedaling. 

    -

    At the same time, the AC200 Max has an outstanding input capacity of 1,400W. That means you can plug in a pretty hefty array of solar panels to replenish its stores quickly. This allows you to keep your off-grid setup going with little to no interruption. It also features some specialty charging options, including a 30A plug, which lets you plug it directly into an RV, and multiple wireless charging pads for smaller devices.

    +

    And by the way, the hydraulic brakes work. In an unexpected real-world test, an SUV turned into my bike lane and came to a dead stop. I’m pleased to say I didn’t crash into the side door, nor did I skid. I may have had a mild heart attack, but that’s not on the bike. 

    -

    Best for home backup: Jackery HomePower 3000

    +

    Best lightweight commuter e-bike: Tenways CGO600 Pro

    @@ -9854,15 +6866,15 @@
    - +
    - +
    -

    Nick Hilden

     +

    Heather Kuldell-Ware

    @@ -9872,7 +6884,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -9884,9 +6896,21 @@ Pros
      -
    • ZeroDrain ensures it works when you need it
      • -
    • Excellent capacity
      • -
    • Very compact
      • +
    • Very lightweight
      • +
    • Moderate riding position
      • +
    • Nimble handling
      • +
    • CST puncture-proof 700 x 45C tires
      • +
    • Half-size fender in front and full fender in rear
      • +
    • Included bell
      • +
    • Adjustable stem
      • +
    • Minimal, monochrome controls
      • +
    • Integrated front light
      • +
    • Carbon belt drive
      • +
    • TEKTRO Hydraulic Disc Brakes
      • +
    • Optional Tenways app 
      • +
    • Optional PIN to start motor
      • +
    • Extremely quiet ride
      • +
    • Multiple colors
    @@ -9894,8 +6918,12 @@ Cons
      -
    • Pricey
      • -
    • Somewhat heavy
      • +
    • No built-in tail light, though it does come with a battery-operated one
      • +
    • No bosses for water cages or other accessories
      • +
    • Uncomfortable saddle
      • +
    • Handles are grippy but could use more cushion
      • +
    • No suspension features to soften road chatter
      • +
    • Some unproductive pedaling as assist kicks in
    @@ -9906,45 +6934,87 @@
    • - Storage capacity + Motor: + + + Mivice M080 350W rear hub motor w/ 45 Nm torque +
      • +
    • + + Battery: - 3,072Wh + 360Wh capacity
    • - Input capacity + Removable battery: - 1440W + Yes, lockable
    • - Output capacity + Compliance: - 3,600W (7,200W surge) + EN 15194:2017 + A1:2023
    • - Dimensions + Riding range: - 16.4×12.8×12 in + Up to 53 miles
    • - Weight + Class: + + + 1 +
      • +
    • + + Throttle: + + + No +
      • +
    • + + Top speed: + + + 20 mph +
      • +
    • + + Bike weight: + + + 37 pounds +
      • +
    • + + Carrying capacity: - 59.52lbs + Not listed. +
      • +
    • + + Frame sizes: + + + M, L, and XL fit riders from 5’7” to 6’5”.
    • - Price + Connectivity: - $2,499 + Tenways app
    @@ -9954,19 +7024,31 @@ -

    Why it made the cut: Great specs and portability, plus Jackery’s ZeroDrain reliability, make the HomePower 3000 a safe bet for outages.

    +

    The Tenways CGO600 Pro converted me from a single-speed skeptic to a full-fledged fan. For me, it takes me back to simpler childhood bikes instead of thinking when the right moment is to downshift before a big hill. If I want to go faster, it’s up to my legs or increasing the assist level. At only 37 pounds, it feels a lot like a nimble, non-electric fitness bike rather than the tanks many e-bikes are. The aluminum frame is incredibly responsive, while the single-speed carbon belt drive version replaces the clackety-clackety-clackety of a chain coasting with a near-silent ride. No gears or derailleur also means far less maintenance and less tangling on bike racks (though there is now a Shimano 8-speed Chain Drive version, if you’re so inclined, particularly for inclines). 

    + + + +

    Within easy reach of my left thumb is a minimal LED screen that controls three pedal-assist levels powered by a sufficiently strong 350W rear hub motor. While changing levels is intuitive, more advanced functions like turning on the headlights or setting security passwords require reading the manual. 

    + + + +

    I thought this thing would choke on some of the larger hills and twisty corkscrew turns I encountered, but the 45Nm of torque was plenty. But in fairness, these are East Coast hills that the CS600 Pro handled. Tenways’ site lists the bike’s climbing range as up to 15 degrees, so keep that in mind if you live in proper mountains. 

    + + + +

    The bike’s range is listed as up to 53 miles, and for plenty of rides, I’ve gotten into the 40s on a single charge. On a particularly blustery day, strong headwinds cut my range down to about 20 before I needed to remove and recharge the 360Wh locking battery. This model does equally well with longer commutes as it does with shorter city rides that need to dodge pedestrians and cars, or lift onto a bus bike rack. Tenways also sells a power bank separately, which adds 180Wh, if you want to ride longer.

    -

    From my experience, the most important thing you need from a solar generator for home backup is reliability. I’ve been disappointed more than once to find that my power station hasn’t held its charge while in storage. To that end, the Jackery HomePower 3000, equipped with its ZeroDrain tech, ensures that you have power when you need it. The HomePower series is a new divergence from Jackery’s already popular Explorer series, and it moves the brand forward in terms of offering not only the aforementioned ZeroDrain, but an improved size to capacity to performance ratio.

    +

    There are trade-offs for CS600 Pro’s lightweight build. The bike’s stiff aluminum frame is easy to maneuver on and off the saddle, but there’s also no suspension to absorb any of the bumps and cracks in the road. What you hit, you feel. The touchpoints weren’t great, either. After about a week of riding, I upgraded the rock-hard saddle to a softer gel version and the OK handlebar grips to ergonomic ones. The regular price is $1,899, though I’ve seen multiple end-of-season deals that knock up to $400 off. For that price, I don’t mind spending on a few upgrades. 

    -

    Slightly smaller and lighter than Jackery’s Explorer 2000 Plus, it nevertheless has 1,000Wh more capacity, and it’s significantly smaller than the 3000 Pro while delivering comparable capacity and performance. That, combined with its ZeroDrain shelf life, makes it ideal for burying in the closet or garage for a rainy day.

    +

    Tenways can be found in local bike shops or sent directly to consumers. I built my mostly assembled CGO600 Pro in less than an hour, but that’s really best for people who are confident in their bike part knowledge and have a torque wrench to secure bolts and screws properly.  

    -

    Fastest charging: EcoFlow Delta 2 Max

    +

    Best gravel-style bikepacking e-bike: Salsa Confluence Drop-Bar GRX 6000 2x

    @@ -9977,10 +7059,16 @@
    - +
    - EcoFlow Delta 2 Max solar generator sitting on a wall + +
    + + + +

    Tony Ware

     +
    @@ -9989,7 +7077,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -10001,12 +7089,16 @@ Pros
      -
    • Very fast charging over solar or mains
      • -
    • Relatively compact
      • -
    • Not as heavy as we might have expected
      • -
    • Long-lasting batteries
      • -
    • Scalable by connecting two extra batteries
      • -
    • Advanced temperature management for safety
      • +
    • Comfortable geometry despite the aggressive position
      • +
    • Drop bars have a nice flare 
      • +
    • Internal cable routing prevents tangles
      • +
    • Compatible with internal dropper post routing but not included
      • +
    • High-quality components from well-known cycling brands like WTB saddle, Shimano, etc 
      • +
    • Range extender battery available from MAHLE for total capability of 458Wh
      • +
    • 700c x 42mm tires, which will fit fenders or tires up to 700c x50mm for something cushier
      • +
    • Compatible with racks and fenders
      • +
    • Tons of extra mounts for accessories
      • +
    • Optional MAHLE MySmartBike app connects via Bluetooth to allow customizations, metrics, mapping, etc. Also supports Ant+ connectivity for other devices.
    @@ -10014,8 +7106,10 @@ Cons
      -
    • Solar panels are pricy
      • -
    • Still heavier than non-LiFePo4 models
      • +
    • No lights or fenders built-in
      • +
    • Battery is only removable for service, which means charging the whole bike between rides
      • +
    • No kickstand included but that is standard for gravel bikes
      • +
    • Somewhat of a learning curve for position and color-coding of ebike controller, plus orange and red can be hard to tell apart
    @@ -10026,38 +7120,73 @@
    • - Storage capacity: + Motor: + + + MAHLE X35+ rear hub-drive system w/ 40 Nm torque +
      • +
    • + + Battery: + + + 250Wh capacity +
      • +
    • + + Removable battery: + + + No +
      • +
    • + + Compliance: + + + UL 2849 and UL 2271 +
      • +
    • + + Riding range: + + + Up to 40 miles +
      • +
    • + + Class: - 2048Wh (expandable to 6,000Wh) + 1
    • - Output capacity: + Throttle: - 3,400W + No
    • - Dimensions: + Top speed: - 19.8 x 9.5 x 12.01 + 20 mph
    • - Weight: + Bike weight: - 50.71 lbs + About 33 pounds
    • - Price: + Frame sizes: - $2,000 + 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 60 cm.
    @@ -10067,27 +7196,23 @@ -

    Why it made the cut: Whether it’s solar or AC power, you can get 80% of a charge in an hour or less.

    - - - -

    Plug this 2048Wh battery pack into up to 1,000 watts of solar panels, and you can get an 80 percent charge in just 43 minutes. That’s blisteringly fast compared to other models. Plug the unit into the wall and you’ll go from zero to 80 percent in just 1.1 hours, which is still fairly speedy when it comes to soaking up electricity. That extra time can make a huge difference if you only have limited opportunities to top off your solar generator. We managed to get above 80 percent in just under an hour without perfect sun conditions here in Upstate New York.

    +

    With its comfortable but far from cruiser geometry and only Class 1/40Nm of assist torque, Salsa’s Confluence isn’t necessarily designed for traditional commuting, unless your commute is regularly along the road less taken. But this option from the brand’s electric gravel lines appeals to my need to get to and from the office quickly and my weekend warrior side that wants to log in some time bikepacking. It’s an e-bike for people who love spending time in the saddle, customizing components to their exact liking, and still getting a workout in. The Confluence is for riders who want to go faster and farther, not just get from point A to B.

    -

    In addition to its quick charging skills, the EcoFlow Delta 2 Max offers an impressive array of connectivity, including six AC outlets, which is more than many larger models offer. That’s good if you want to run many devices or chargers simultaneously. If you need more capacity, you can add two extra external batteries to give it a total storage of 6Wh.

    +

    Based on the brand’s tried-and-true Journeyer gravel bike line, the Confluence is peppered with plenty of mounts on the frame and the forks for fenders, racks, and pretty much any cargo accessory you can imagine to attach, so you can easily transport a change of clothes for when you get to (or back from) the office. The Confluence’s frame is only slightly thicker than its analog counterpart, though the MAHLE X35+ hub-drive system in the rear wheel is the giveaway that you’re getting assistance.

    -

    At 51 pounds, this isn’t the lightest solar generator in its category, but like the other EcoFlow generators, it has chunky handles on top that make it easy to lug around. Everyone in my family could easily get it in and out of the back of our Honda CR-V without issue. It doesn’t have wheels, though, so you will have to actually carry it around or put it on a cart.

    +

    Most e-bikes have handlebars cluttered with wires, screens, and assist controls. Not the Confluence. Internal cable routing keeps things clean, as does the screen-free interface. An iWOC One Controller sits on the top tube, which is a single button that does everything from powering up the bike to changing assist levels. This interface isn’t intuitive—you have to memorize what the colors mean, for example—but you can also connect your phone through the MySmartBike app or Ant+-supported third-party devices for a more traditional display. Still, there’s something liberating about not having stats and metrics in your face, especially during something as routine as commuting.

    -

    Ultimately, this feels like a very high-end device. The fast charging is wonderful. The display is clear and relatively bright (though it could be brighter). And it offers a wide array of connectivity.  

    +

    At only 33 pounds, the Confluence flies on roads and paths thanks to three levels of assistance. While the 40Nm of torque is plenty to boost speed, you’ll still need enough legs and cardio to get up hills using 11 gears and nominal help from the motor. As the sun sets earlier, you’ll also need to add some lights for visibility. We tried the top-of-the-line version with a price tag of $3,699, but Confluence options are available for less with two flat-bar options and two drop-bar options.

    -

    Best for lots of ports: DJI Power 2000

    +

    Best for fitness buffs who secretly love a shortcut: Trek FX+ 7S

    @@ -10098,15 +7223,15 @@
    - +
    - +
    -

    Nick Hilden

     +

    Tony Ware

    @@ -10116,7 +7241,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -10128,9 +7253,13 @@ Pros
      -
    • Plenty of ports for phones, drones, and devices
      • -
    • Output packs a punch
      • -
    • Good portability
      • +
    • Built-in Quad Lock wireless phone charger
      • +
    • Bontrager Verse Comp split saddle
      • +
    • Lightweight frame that’s easy to carry upstairs
      • +
    • Integrated fenders and MIK rear rack and integrated rear light
      • +
    • 700c x 40mm Bontrager H2 Hard Case Lite tires
      • +
    • Optional 160Wh Range Extender
      • +
    • Compatible with Trek Central app
    @@ -10138,7 +7267,9 @@ Cons
      -
    • Subpar battery lifespan
      • +
    • 250W motor might feel underpowered
      • +
    • Stock headlight could be brighter for extra-dark commutes
      • +
    • Requires a Quad Lock case to use the phone charger mount
    @@ -10149,45 +7280,73 @@
    • - Storage capacity + Motor: + + + 250W TQ HPR50 mid-drive motor w/ 50Nm of torque +
      • +
    • + + Battery: - 2,048Wh + 360Wh internal battery
    • - Input capacity + Removable battery: - 1,800W + No
    • - Output capacity + Compliance: - 3,000W + UL 2849
    • - Dimensions + Riding range: - 17.6 x 8.9 x 12.8 in + Not published
    • - Weight + Class + + + 1-3 +
      • +
    • + + Throttle + + + No +
      • +
    • + + Top speed + + + 28 mph +
      • +
    • + + Bike weight - 48.5lbs + About 40 lbs.
    • - Price + Frame sizes - $1,299 + S, M, L, XL fits riders from 5’1” to 6’6”
    @@ -10197,19 +7356,35 @@ -

    Why it made the cut: If you have an abundance of devices to charge, the DJI Power 2000 offers ports galore and excellent performance to boot.

    +

    The Trek FX+ 7S feels like the electrified version of your favorite do-it-all fitness bike—and it rides like one, too. It’s not twitchy like a race-hungry road bike, and it’s definitely not a heavy trail bruiser either. Instead, it nails the sweet spot: nimble enough for your morning commute, chill enough for a weekend park loop.

    + + + +

    Trek loaded this model with tech borrowed from their top-tier machines, including the whisper-quiet TQ HPR50 mid-drive motor with harmonic pin ring transmission. Translation: smooth, silent, and subtly powerful. It’s an ebike that enhances your ride, not one that takes over and turns you into a passenger.

    + + + +

    Sure, the motor’s 250 watts and 50Nm of torque are modest by today’s throttle-heavy ebike standards. But that’s the point: You’re still pedaling, still feeling the effort, just with a delicious, wind-at-your-back boost. If you’re expecting a lazy no-sweat rocket ship, look elsewhere.

    + + + +

    Where the FX+ 7S really shines is in the thoughtful details. Integrated front and rear lights? Standard. A Quad Lock mount on the stem that doubles as a wireless phone charger? Genius. (You’ll need a Quad Lock case—but there are options for iPhone, Samsung, Google, and even universal fits.) A sleek top tube display keeps your speed and battery life in check without cluttering your handlebars. Shifting is silky smooth thanks to Shimano’s CUES Linkglide system, and the lightweight frame keeps the ride lively whether you’re climbing hills or threading through traffic.

    + + + +

    And bless Trek for the rattle-free fenders and MIK rear rack—cargo-ready without sounding like a busted shopping cart.

    -

    If you tend to use a lot of drones, cameras, and other equipment for content creation or whatever reason, it’s not uncommon to run into issues charging everything at once. The DJI Power 2000 offers a solution in the form of four AC, four USB-A, and four USB-C ports, plus a 30A plug, all backed by 3,000W of running wattage, meaning it packs plenty of power for simultaneous charging. Its 2,048Wh capacity will charge a phone over 100 times, a laptop over 15, a drone over 20, or power a photography lighting setup for over two hours. Its compact size and relatively light weight also make it decently portable.

    +

    Of course, no bike’s perfect. The motor’s mellow output won’t make you king of the steep grocery-haul hill, and while the front light is pretty bright, it’s not going to light your way down a pitch-black backroad. A backup light wouldn’t hurt. The carrying handle is a good idea that needs to be easier to grip in the next version. 

    -

    Its only real drawback is the somewhat subpar battery lifespan. Its capacity drops to 80% after 4,000 charging cycles, versus the 6,000 cycles offered by most leading brands. But if your priority is plenty of simultaneous charging power, it delivers.

    +

    Bottom line: The FX+ 7S is for riders who want versatility without overkill. Light commuters, casual city cruisers, weekend adventurers—this is your jam. Trek clearly obsessed over the little things—cockpit cleanliness, rider comfort, everyday usability—and it shows. But like a finely tailored suit, these details come at a higher price tag (about $4,400).

    -

    Best for extreme cold: Bluetti Pioneer Na

    +

    Best premium electric commuter bike: Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through

    @@ -10220,16 +7395,10 @@
    - +
    - + Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through eBike on a plain white background. -
    - - - -

    Nick Hilden

     -
    @@ -10238,7 +7407,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -10250,9 +7419,16 @@ Pros
      -
    • Cold weather performance and storage
      • -
    • Fast charging
      • -
    • Good output wattage
      • +
    • Integrated front headlight and rear lights
      • +
    • Internal cable management
      • +
    • Front suspension fork
      • +
    • Front and rear fenders
      • +
    • Built-in rear rack holds up to 59 pounds 
      • +
    • Hydraulic disc brakes
      • +
    • 11-speed drivetrain
      • +
    • App offers additional controls
      • +
    • Anti-theft local built-in to motor that unlocks with PIN or connected phone
      • +
    • Multiple colors offered
    @@ -10260,7 +7436,10 @@ Cons
      -
    • Sodium chemistry means it’s slightly larger and heavier than its lithium counterparts
      • +
    • Magnetic battery charger can be difficult to connect
      • +
    • Battery is removable but can be hard to get in and out
      • +
    • Specialized’s apps come and go
      • +
    • Long wheelbase can be hard to move when walking the bike
    @@ -10271,45 +7450,80 @@
    • - Storage capacity + Motor: + + + 250w Hyena hub drive motor +
      • +
    • + + Battery: - 900Wh + 250Wh capacity
    • - Input capacity + Removable battery: - 1,900W + Yes, lockable
    • - Output capacity + Compliance: - 1,500W (2,500W surge) + UL 2849 and UL 2271
    • - Dimensions + Riding range: - 13.4 x 10 x 12.5 in + Up to 90 miles
    • - Weight + Class: - 35.3 lbs + 3 +
      • +
    • + + Throttle: + + + No +
      • +
    • + + Top speed: + + + 28 mph +
      • +
    • + + Bike weight: + + + 58 pounds +
      • +
    • + + Frame sizes: + + + S, M, L, and XL to fit riders from 5’1” to 6’4”
    • - Price + Connectivity: - $1,299 + Specialized app
    @@ -10319,19 +7533,31 @@ -

    Why it made the cut: Its innovative sodium battery—the first of its kind—allows the Bluetti Pioneer Na to operate and store at lower temperatures than any other model.

    +

    Specialized is an American company that has been making bicycles since 1974 and has launched several e-bike models under the Vado name. For a while, the company marketed the e-bike line with the phrase, “It’s you, but better,” which captures how riding the Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through feels. The latest iteration of the Turbo Vado features an upright riding position on high-volume 650b tires, which helps smooth out road unpleasantries when coupled with the front suspension fork. The battery is discreetly tucked into the downtube, and the powerful 250w mid-drive motor is housed between the pedals, which helps keep the weight in the center of the bike for agile handling. This Class 3 bike relies on a Brose motor tuned to proprietary Specialized standards that get the rider up to top speed in a snap without requiring much effort. The bike has three levels of pedal assist—eco, sport, and turbo—and an 11-speed drivetrain. There’s no throttle, but you don’t need one. 

    + + + +

    The Turbo Vado isn’t cheap at the usual retail price of $4,000. However, the extra dollars go to higher-quality grips, saddle, a very sturdy kickstand with a foot, and technology. The motor includes an anti-theft device that only allows power when unlocked by a PIN or an authorized phone. The Bluetooth connectivity allows the bike to be updated over the air and connected with my Garmin watch to track my rides, though I’m not sure which device initiated the connection. Though a rider can rely exclusively on the very bright handlebar display to control the Turbo Vado, Specialized apps unlock additional features like the ability to input your route and automatically budget battery power so it lasts the whole ride.  As far as range, the website says up to 90 miles, but the farthest I’ve gotten on one charge is 50-ish miles using mostly eco mode. Still, that’s on the longer side of ranges. 

    + + + +

    This brings me to some downsides. You can charge the bike with the battery in or out, but either way, it can be awkward to get the magnetic charger to align with the little pins. The battery can be removed, but it requires unlocking with a key, releasing a lever, and unhooking it from a bar you can never see. That’s not even as awkward as reinstalling it. 

    + + + +

    The full-size Turbo Vado weighs about 58 pounds—depending on which of the four frames fits you—and has a long wheelbase. Those specs create confident handling during rides, but for a smaller rider like me, the bike is hard to get in and out of elevators and subway cars. If you’re looking for something lighter weight, Specialized also offers a Turbo Vado SL 4.0 Step-Through that only weighs 36 pounds. The tradeoff is skinnier wheels, no front suspension, and a smaller battery capacity. Don’t mind the weight, but want even fancier components? Then add another $1K and look no further than the Turbo Vado 5.0 Step-Through.

    -

    Bluetti has been making some of the best lithium-ion batteries out there, and now they’ve changed the game by releasing the first-ever sodium-ion solar power generator. Typically, power stations operate poorly in cold temperatures, and store in the cold even worse. The Pioneer Na, however, can charge as low as 5 degrees, discharge as low as -13, and store reliably as low as -20. That’s a huge improvement on lithium-ion, which can’t really be used at all below 4 degrees.

    +
    Tony Ware
    -

    At the same time, the performance is good. While the 900Wh capacity isn’t massive, it’s plenty for smaller-scale uses like camping or short-term backup power during an outage. And the 1,500W output is more than enough to power a fridge, TV, and a handful of devices at once. I’m also a big fan of its zippy charging, as it will race from zero to full in as few as 45 minutes. For weathering the cold, there literally is no competition.

    +

    And, at the pinnacle of price and performance in the line, the $6,399 Specialized Turbo Vado SL 2 6.0 Carbon has a 240W motor and 35Nm of torque for a ride that’s subtle and responsive, amplifying your pedaling without ever overpowering it. The 36-pound carbon-framed beauty is an investment, but it holds its speed like a dream, giving you that “kid again” feeling when coasting. The Future Shock 3.2 system dramatically cuts down on wrist fatigue by absorbing road chatter at the stem. And the rack attachments range from weatherproof pannier to mobile cooler (both shown above), so it can be as professional or party as you wanna be. If you’re looking to splurge, any of Specialized’s carbon fiber offerings are among the best (the hours my husband has spent on the S-Works Turbo Creo 2 have been some of his favorite times).

    -

    Best budget: Jackery Explorer 300

    +

    Best folding e-bike for multimodal commuters: Brompton Electric G Line

    @@ -10342,13 +7568,15 @@
    - +
    - Jackery Explorer 300 + A Traildust White Brompton Electric G Line folding ebike leaning against a wooded guardrail on the C&O Towpath, green grass and trees in the background
    - The Jackery Explorer 300 offers lots of power in a little, easy-to-lug package. + + +

    Heather Kuldell-Ware
    @@ -10358,7 +7586,7 @@ -     + See It @@ -10370,10 +7598,13 @@ Pros
      -
    • Affordable
      • -
    • Durable
      • -
    • Portable
      • -
    • Reasonable capacity
      • +
    • Compact tri-fold design folds smaller than nearly any other e-bike
      • +
    • Built for multimodal commuting with roller wheels for easy transport between train, bus, and office
      • +
    • Removable battery housed in a front bag that doubles as handy storage for daily essentials
      • +
    • Equipped for commuting with integrated front and rear lights, fenders with mudflaps, rear rack, and a bell
      • +
    • Balance and handling like a full-size bike with a smooth-shifting 4-speed drivetrain
      • +
    • 20-inch Schwalbe G-One Allround tires provide excellent grip and comfort on pavement and light gravel
      • +
    • Available in three colors: adventure orange, forest green, traildust white
    @@ -10381,8 +7612,10 @@ Cons
      -
    • No flashlight
      • -
    • Slower input capacity
      • +
    • Heavier than classic Bromptons (about 43 lb); easier to roll than carry
      • +
    • Rocker-style PAS controls are less intuitive than standard buttons
      • +
    • Folding requires practice due to larger 20-inch wheels
      • +
    • No throttle or suspension, so rough roads send more feedback through the bars
    @@ -10393,691 +7626,543 @@
    • - Storage capacity: + Folded size + + + 28.3 inches deep × 26.2 inches tall × 16 inches wide +
      • +
    • + + Motor + + + 250W rear-hub motor +
      • +
    • + + Battery + + + 345Wh capacity +
      • +
    • + + Removable battery + + + Yes (housed in front-mounted bag) +
      • +
    • + + Compliance + + + UL 2849 certified +
      • +
    • + + Riding range - 293Wh + Up to 45 miles
    • - Input capacity: + Class - 90W + 1
    • - Output capacity: + Top assisted speed - 300W (500W surge) + 20 mph
    • - Dimensions: + Throttle - 9.1 x 5.2 x 7.8 in + No
    • - Weight: + Bike weight - 7.1 lbs + About 43 pounds
    • - Price: + Frame sizes - $250 + Small, medium, and large, fits riders from 5’ to 6’6”
      • -
    - - -
    - - - - -

    Why it made the cut: With its reasonable capacity, compact size, and solid build quality at a low price, the Jackery Explorer 300 is a great budget pick.

    - - - -

    Though it isn’t quite as impressive as our top picks for best overall and best high-capacity, Jackery’s smaller Explorer 300 solar generator is super compact and lightweight with a decent power capacity for its price. Less a mobile power station than an upscale power bank, the 7-pound Jackery Explorer 300 provides plenty of portable recharges for your devices when you’re camping, on a job site, driving, or just need some power and don’t have convenient access to an outlet. Its modest 293Wh capacity isn’t huge, but it’s enough to provide 31 phone charges, 15 for a camera, 6 for the average drone, 2.5 for a laptop, or a few hours of operation for a minifridge or TV. A built-in flashlight would have upped its camping game somewhat, but at $300 (and often considerably less if you catch it discounted), this highly portable little power station does a lot for a little.

    - - - -

    We tested this portable power station for several months, and it came in handy numerous times, especially during the winter when power outages abound. At one point, we had it powering two phones, a MacBook, and a small light.

    - - - -

    The built-in handle makes it very easy to lug around. It feels like carrying a lunchbox. The screen is easy to read, and the whole package seems fairly durable. Our review unit hasn’t taken any dramatic tumbles yet, but it has gotten banged around in car trunks, duffel bags, and other less-than-luxurious accommodations with no issues. If you catch one of these on sale, get it and stick it in a cabinet. You’ll be extremely glad to have it around when the need arises.

    - - - -

    What to consider before buying the best solar generators

    - - - -

    Over the past few years, solar generators have exploded onto the market. There are now dozens of different brands that largely look more or less the same at a glance. The fact is, there are only a few standouts amidst a sea of knockoffs. Here’s what to look for to ensure you’re getting a great one:

    - - - -

    How much power can it store?

    - - - -

    A portable solar generator comes in an extremely wide range of sizes, but a generator’s size doesn’t automatically make it capable of storing a lot of power. In fact, most are disappointingly limited and unable to store much more juice than a portable charger.

    - - - -

    To properly check a generator’s storage, you must look at its capacity, measured in watt-hours (Wh). One watt-hour is the equivalent of 1 watt flowing over the course of an hour. The best solar generators offer capacities of several hundred and sometimes several thousand watt-hours. That doesn’t mean, however, that it will provide power for several hundred or several thousand hours. Any generator will ultimately last a different amount of time, depending on what’s plugged into it.

    - - - -

    It’s easy to predict how long a generator will last when you use it to power one thing. For example, if you were to power a 100-watt bulb using a power station with a capacity of 500 watt-hours, it would stay lit for five continuous hours. Add a portable fridge that requires 50 watts per hour, your phone, which uses 18, a mini-fan that uses three … you get the picture. The more capacity, the better.

    - - - -

    Charging capability

    - - - -

    No solar generator will hold a charge forever, so you want one capable of charging as quickly and easily as possible. This is where we put the “renewable” into “renewable energy.”

    - - - -

    All of the power stations included in this roundup can be charged by connecting them to solar panels (hence the designation “solar generators”). Still, you also want to look for the ability to charge via other sources like wall outlets and your vehicle’s 12-volt plug. This ensures that you can charge up whether you’re off-grid in the sun, plugged in while preparing at home, or using your dash socket on the go.

    - - - -

    You must also monitor a model’s charging input capacity, measured in watts (W). For example, a solar-powered generator with a max input of 100W can take in a continuous flow of up to 100 watts, which is about the minimum that you’ll reasonably want to look for. Most of the generators below have input capacities of at least a few hundred watts when charging via solar, so a few 50- to 200-watt solar panels will max them out.

    - - - -

    Output capability

    - - - -

    Solar generators need to keep the power coming in and going out. The best solar generators can simultaneously charge all your intended devices via whatever plugs are necessary.

    - - - -

    Any portable power station worth your money will have a high output capacity so you can charge many devices, even if they require a lot of juice. A generator’s maximum output should be much higher than its max input. While a particular model might only be capable of taking in a few hundred watts at any given moment, it will usually put out exponentially more. At a minimum, you’ll want a generator that can put out 300 watts at a time, though you’ll want at least 500 for larger tasks.

    - - - -

    The best solar generators should also offer a variety of output plugs, including AC outlets, USB-A, USB-C, and even 12-volt DC outlets like the one in your vehicle dash. This ensures you can charge several devices simultaneously regardless of their plug. The number of ports you’ll need will vary depending on how many devices you need to power, but it should have at least a couple of AC outlets and a few USB-A ports.

    - - - -

    Portability

    - - - -

    While portable battery sources have been around for a while now, over the past several decades, they’ve been pretty heavy, unwieldy things. One of the most exciting aspects of the latest generation of solar generators is that they’ve become much more physically compact. 

    - - - -

    Suppose you plan on taking a generator camping or working it into a van conversion where every square inch matters; well, size and weight become major considerations. All of the products we’ve recommended are about the size of one or two shoeboxes—three at the most. The lightest is about the weight of a 24-pack of soda, while the heaviest is 100 pounds. Most fall somewhere between 30-60 pounds.

    - - - -

    If you’re using your generator as a more or less stationary source of backup power at home, portability isn’t a huge issue. Still, we generally recommend keeping weight and size in mind; You never know when you’ll need it for something other than a backup. (Plus, who wants to lug around something heavy and awkward if they don’t have to?) 

    - - - -

    Another consideration regarding portability involves the necessity for accessories, which can impact how easy it is to move and use your generator. Some generators, for example, require a lot of removable battery packs, which can be a hassle when you’re on the go or packing a vehicle. All of the inclusions on our list require some accessories—you can’t get solar power without connecting cables and solar panels—but they work well with minimal add-ons.

    - - - -

    Durability

    - - - -

    As with any product you expect to last, durability and all-around quality craftsmanship are essential. This is especially true if you plan on lugging your generator around on camping and road trips. Many subpar power stations are made from cheap components and flimsy plastic that doesn’t feel like it will hold up under the rigors of the road.

    - - - -

    Durability isn’t something you can determine by reading a spec sheet off the internet. You’ve actually got to take the generator out, use it a bunch, and see how it holds up. I’ve verified the durability of these recommendations via a combination of my own actual field tests and reviews culled from countless real product owners.

    - - - -

    Related: Best electric generators

    - - - -

    FAQs

    - - -
    -
    Q: What size solar generator should I get?

    It’s easy to underestimate how much capacity you need. A 1,000 watt-hours might sound like a lot, but if you’re going to power a converted van with a portable fridge, lights, and occasional phone and laptop top-off, that 1,000 watt-hours will go faster than you expect. I used a setup like this and know from personal experience that you should always overestimate how much power you’ll need.

    A generator with a capacity under 1,000Wh can keep electronics charged. A larger one with 1000-1500Wh should be the minimum for road trips where you’ll need it to last multiple days between full charges. For a house or worksite where you expect to use some serious energy—like a full-sized refrigerator or power tools—you’re going to want to start looking at the biggest possible power stations that can be daisy-chained to external batteries.

    If you want to get precise, there is an equation:

    1. Estimate how many hours you’ll need to power various devices. For example, if you want to power two light bulbs for 2 hours: you need 4 hours of operation.

    2. Add up the total wattage necessary: the two bulbs are 60 watts each, so you need 120 watts.

    3. Multiply these together to find the total watt-hours needed: 4 x 120 = 480. So, in this case, you’d need at least a 500Wh solar generator. 

    That might sound like a lot for two lightbulbs, but remember that, in most situations, you won’t really be powering 60-watt light bulbs for hours on end. You’ll be charging phones and laptops for an hour here or there, cooling a fridge that kicks on and off every once in a while, using power tools in short bursts, and whatnot.

    Q: How many years will a solar generator last?

    Most modern generators are rated to last upwards of 25 years. The best-designed power stations are pretty sturdy, with few to no moving parts, so they should likely keep kicking for a long time, provided that you care for them properly. I’ve been pretty rough with a few of mine, and they show no signs of stopping.

    Q: Can I run my house on solar power only?

    Yes and no. While it’s absolutely possible to power your house with solar power, you’re unlikely to do so with a portable solar generator unless you use several at once while limiting your power usage. The largest of our recommendations—the EcoFlow Delta Pro—will come fairly close when bolstered with extra batteries. If the power goes out, you’ll be able to keep your fridge cold and use basic electronics for a couple of days without recharging. With quality solar panels, good sunlight, and smart energy usage, your power should theoretically go uninterrupted.

    -
    - - -

    Final thoughts on the best solar generators

    - - - - - - - -

    We’re living in a “golden age” for portable solar generators. When I was a kid, and my family was playing around with solar gear while camping in the ‘90s, the technology couldn’t charge many devices, so it wasn’t all that practical. 

    - - - -

    By contrast, the solar generators we’ve recommended here are incredibly useful. I’ve relied on them to power my work and day-to-day needs while road-tripping nationwide. They’re also great when the power goes out. When a windstorm cut the power at my house for a couple of days, I was still working, watching my stories, and keeping the lights on. 

    - - - -

    We haven’t even scratched the surface in terms of the potential offered by portable, reliable, renewable, relatively affordable power. What we can do now is already incredible. The potential for what may come next, though, is truly mind-blowing.

    -

    The post The best solar generators for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Rhinos once lived in Canada]]>A newly discovered species of Arctic rhino lived 23 million years ago.

    -

    The post Rhinos once lived in Canada appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/rhinos-lived-in-canada/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714043Tue, 28 Oct 2025 12:00:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyEvolutionScienceWildlifeAbout 23 million years ago, a rhinoceros stomped across the Canadian High Arctic. Now extinct, a team of scientists from the Canadian Museum of Nature (CMN) have found a new species of the enigmatic “Arctic rhino.” First uncovered almost 40 years ago in lake deposits in Haughton Crater on Devon Island, Nunavut, Epiatheracerium itjilik was more petite than many of its modern descendants. The species is described in a study published today in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution.

    - - - -

    “Today there are only five species of rhinos in Africa and Asia, but in the past they were found in Europe and North America, with more than 50 species known from the fossil record,” Dr. Danielle Fraser, a study co-author and head of palaeobiology at the Canadian Museum of Nature, said in a statement. “The addition of this Arctic species to the rhino family tree now offers new insights to our understanding of their evolutionary history.”

    - - - -

    Big rhinos, small rhinos, and everything in between

    - - - -

    Rhinoceroses have been around for over 40 million years and have been found on all continents except South America and Antarctica. This recently discovered Arctic rhino lived about 23 million years ago, during the Early Miocene. It is most closely related to other rhino species that thrived in Europe millions of years earlier.

    - - - -

    Earth’s Rhinocerotids also came in a variety of shapes and sizes. Some were large and hippo-like, while others were relatively small and lacked horns. Epiatheracerium itjilik falls in that latter category. It was relatively small and slight, similar to the modern Indian rhinoceros, but without a horn. The team believes that the Arctic specimen was in early to mid-adulthood when it died based on moderate wear of the cheek teeth.

    - - - -
    Overhead view of the fossil of Epiatheracerium itjilik with its bones laid out on a sandy base. About 75 percent of the animal's bones were recovered, including diagnostic parts such as the teeth, mandibles and pieces of the cranium.
    Overhead view of the fossil of Epiatheracerium itjilik with its bones laid out on a sandy base. About 75 percent of the animal’s bones were recovered, including diagnostic parts such as the teeth, mandibles and pieces of the cranium. Image: Pierre Poirier © Canadian Museum of Nature.
    - - - -

    Most of the bones were collected at the Haughton Impact Crater site in 1986 by the late arctic paleontologist Dr. Mary Dawson. The Haughton Crater was formed by an asteroid or comet strike about 31 to 32 million years ago during the Early Oligocene. It is almost 14 miles across and the most northern known site containing fossils from the Miocene Epoch (about 23 to 5.6 million years ago). At this time, many families of modern mammals began to diversify and move between Earth’s continents. When the impact crater filled with water a few million years after impact, a lake that preserved the remains of local plants and animals formed.

    - - - -

    Dawson had uncovered the critical diagnostic parts of the skeleton—the upper and lower teeth, mandibles, and parts of the skull almost 40 years ago. With these, the team from CMN could define it as a rhinocerotid and a completely new species.

    - - - -

    “What’s remarkable about the Arctic rhino is that the fossil bones are in excellent condition,” palaeobiologist Marisa Gilbert added. “They are three dimensionally preserved and have only been partially replaced by minerals. About 75% of the skeleton was discovered, which is incredibly complete for a fossil.”

    - - - -

    During the late 2000s, Gilbert took part in a number of research trips to the Haughton Crater with study co-author Dr. Natalia Rybcynski. These expeditions uncovered another new species, a walking seal ancestor named Puijila darwini. Additional remains of E. itjilik were found on later field expeditions.

    - - - -
    a woman in a red jacket walking in a crater
    Dr. Natalia Rybczynski is a lone figure exploring the Haughton Crater site on Devon Island, where the fossil of Epiceratherium itjilik was found. Image: Martin Lipman © Canadian Museum of Nature.
    - - - -

    Crossing a land bridge

    - - - -

    With this new Arctic species, the team dug deeper into the evolutionary and biogeographic history of rhinocerotids. Biogeography studies how animals and plants evolved and dispersed over time.

    - - - -

    To place E. itjilik on the rhino family tree, they studied the occurrence of 57 other types of rhinocerotids, almost all of which are extinct. They combed through museum collections, scientific literature, and various databases.

    - - - -

    The team’s detective work and analysis shows how rhinos dispersed over millions of years. They likely travelled between present day North America and Europe (through Greenland) on the North Atlantic Land Bridge. Earlier studies suggested that this land bridge may have only been used as a pathway until about 56 million years ago. However, E. itjilik and its related species suggest that rhinos moved from Europe to North America much more recently, potentially as late as the Miocene.

    - - - -

    “It’s always exciting and informative to describe a new species. But there is more that comes from the identification of Epiaceratherium itjilik, as our reconstructions of rhino evolution show that the North Atlantic played a much more important role in their evolution than previously thought,” said Fraser. “More broadly, this study reinforces that the Arctic continues to offer up new knowledge and discoveries that expand on our understanding of mammal diversification over time.”

    - - - -
    two women standing over a wooden table with rhino bones laid out
    Marisa Gilbert (left) and Dr. Danielle Fraser with the fossil of Epiaceratherium itjilik laid out in the collections of the Canadian Museum of Nature. Image: Pierre Poirier © Canadian Museum of Nature.
    - - - -

    Honoring the High Arctic

    - - - -

    The species name itjilik means “frosty” or “frost” in Inuktitut. To honor the rhino’s home in the High Arctic, the team consulted with Inuit Elder Jarloo Kiguktak. Kiguktak is also the former mayor of Grise Fiord, the most northerly Inuit community in Canada. He has also visited the fossil deposits of Haughton Crater and played a role in multiple paleontological expeditions in the High Arctic.

    - - - -

    The fossil of Epiceratherium itjilik is currently housed and curated in the fossil collections of the Canadian Museum of Nature. 

    -

    The post Rhinos once lived in Canada appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Six new bat species discovered in the Philippines]]>The archipelago's total bat tally now stands at 85 different flying mammals.

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    The post Six new bat species discovered in the Philippines appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/new-bat-species-philippines/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714037Tue, 28 Oct 2025 11:10:09 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBatsBiologyConservationScienceWildlifeA few weeks ago, conservationists announced the milestone discovery of the 1500th known bat species, Pipistrellus etula. October’s Bat Appreciation Month celebrations apparently aren’t done yet. With only a few days remaining before Halloween, a research team has described another six new species residing in the Philippines for the journal Zootaxa. Collectively known as tube-nosed bats thanks to their distinctive snouts, the tiny creatures showcase not only their habitat’s biodiversity, but the biodiversity seen within the world’s only true flying mammals.

    - - - -

    “I’m astonished at how much we still don’t know about the natural world, such as how many bat species there are,” Burton Lim, study co-author and assistant curator of mammals at the Royal Ontario Museum, said in a statement. “Before we started our research, there were only two species of tube-nosed bats reported from the Philippines.”

    - - - -
    A photo of the Murina baletei bat
    A photo of Murina baletei. Credit: D. Balete
    - - - -

    Lim and his colleagues spent years conducting morphological examinations and genetic tests of specimens collected across the islands. While they eventually confirmed one of the previously reported tube-nosed bats, they realized that the second species didn’t actually live in the Philippines. Instead, they documented a closely related, previously unknown species—along with five more. Each species weighs 4–14 grams, with some of the first specimens collected with assistance from the Philippine government as far back as 1988. They are now classified as Murina alvarezi, Murina baletei, Murina hilonghilong, Murina luzonensis, Murina mindorensis, and Murina philippinensis.

    - - - -

    “These bats are notoriously elusive, so the tube-nosed bat collection this study examined was cobbled together over many years, expeditions, and memorable experiences–one bat at a time,” added study co-author and Lawrence University biological scientist Jodi Sedlock.

    - - - -

    Although the purpose of each bat’s tube-shaped nostrils remains unknown, Sedlock theorizes they likely offer the animals a better sense of directional smell. With its total bat tally now standing at 85, the Philippines possesses almost double the number of native species found in the United States.
    “This latest research serves to illustrate how much remains unknown about the countless species with which we coexist,” said Royal Ontario Museum curator emeritus of mammals Judith Eger. “Expanding our knowledge of biodiversity is essential to understanding and managing our environment on behalf of humanity and the other species on which the vitality of our planet depends.”

    - - - -

    Bat Appreciation Month continues through the end of October. In the United States, the finale usually takes the form of a Bat Beauty Contest run by the Bureau of Land Management, although its fate remains up in the air due to the ongoing government shutdown.

    -

    The post Six new bat species discovered in the Philippines appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Queen bees are violently ousted if worker bees smell weakness]]>The hive rulers produce a pheromone that helps keep workers loyal. What happens when it's gone?

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    The post Queen bees are violently ousted if worker bees smell weakness appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/queen-bees-overthrow/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714032Tue, 28 Oct 2025 10:02:42 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBeesBiologyInsectsScienceWildlifeA once-powerful ruler is sick. The virus threatens the entire kingdom. Previously loyal subjects plot to overthrow their leader. A new, more virile ruler ascends.

    - - - -

    This is not the plot of a new Game of Thrones spinoff, but a common and violent reality in honey bee colonies. As with any coups, the plans come with risks and rewards for bee colonies and the wide food systems that depend on them for pollination. 

    - - - -

    This process, called supersedure, happens when the tens of thousands of worker bees can sense if their queen is no longer laying enough eggs. The workers then coordinate to replace her with a new and healthier queen. In the wild, this survival strategy helps wild colonies adapt. For keepers managing hives, it can mean trouble. It often leads to gaps in egg-laying, weaker colony populations, and less honey production and pollinating.

    - - - -

    We are now beginning to understand more about the reasons behind these violent bee revolts and how they are so well coordinated. A team at the University of British Columbia in Canada studying supersedure found common viral infections shrink a queen’s ovaries. The shrinking then reduces the queen’s egg-laying capacity and her production of a pheromone that usually keeps workers loyal called methyl oleate. When methyl oleate levels drop, the worker bees can “smell” the queen’s weakness–and begin preparing her successor to rule. The findings were detailed in a study recently published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

    - - - -
    Queen honey bee marked with a blue heart.
    Queen honey bee marked with a blue heart. Image: Shelley Hoover
    - - - -

    “A healthy queen can lay as many as 850 to 3,200 eggs per day, which is more than her whole body weight,” study co-author Dr. Leonard Foster, a biochemist and molecular biologist at UBC, said in a statement. “But in our experiments, virus-infected queens laid fewer eggs and produced less methyl oleate. That pheromone reduction seems to be the signal to workers that a queen is no longer fit to continue.”

    - - - -

    Bees are essential to our planet’s food systems. They pollinate about one-third of the world’s crops, making them critical to food security. For at least 20 years, beekeepers have been reporting problems with queen failure and premature supersedure. Recent surveys identified “poor queens” as the most frequently reported cause of colony losses. This new research pinpoints how viral infections are a driving factor behind these challenges. The tiny pathogens disrupt the delicate balance of chemical signals that maintain order in a hive. 

    - - - -

    Importantly, the team found a potential method for beekeepers to intervene and manage supersedure. In proof-of-concept field trials, colonies were given synthetic pheromone blends that included the pheromone methyl oleate. These groups were less likely to rear new queens, compared with colonies that received blends without the egg-laying, worker loyalty pheromone. 

    - +
  • + + Connectivity + + + Brompton Electric app (iOS and Android) +
    • + + + + + -

    “That could be a big deal for beekeepers,” said Foster. “Supersedure can be disruptive and costly, but supplementing colonies with methyl oleate could help stabilize hives during periods when continuous productivity is most important.” 

    +

    The Brompton Electric G Line is the Swiss Army knife of e-bikes for riders who want one machine that can do it all, whether that’s commuting across town, tucking neatly into a closet, or sneaking in a weekend ride off-road. Compact, clever, and unmistakably British, it’s the ultimate e-bike for people short on space but unwilling to compromise on capability.

    -

    According to the team, these findings could inform new management for commercial beekeepers dealing with viral outbreaks, especially during periods of peak pollination or honey production. Ultimately, they could help prevent untimely queen loss.

    +

    Brompton has long set the folding-bike standard, but the G Line takes that ingenuity electric. A whisper-quiet 250 W rear-hub motor, removable 345 Wh battery, and larger 20-inch wheels make it smoother and more stable than any Brompton before it. It rides and handles like a full-size bike—balanced, planted, and quick—even though it folds in seconds into a compact, briefcase-sized package.

    -

    “Our research really emphasizes how virus infections in queens can be a major problem for beekeepers,” added study co-author and biologist Dr. Alison McAfee. “Previous studies showed that failing queens were heavily infected with viruses, and now we know that those infections can lead to supersedure, which is risky for the colony and expensive for beekeepers to manage.” 

    +

    It’s also one of the few e-bikes truly designed to move seamlessly between modes of transport. The rear rack includes built-in roller wheels, letting you pull or push the folded bike through stations, sidewalks, or office halls without lifting it. That small touch makes a huge difference for commuters juggling trains, elevators, and tight corridors.

    -

    The research also highlights the role of varroa mites. These parasitic pests can spread the viruses that are linked to queen failure. Keeping colonies healthy and parasite-free can help prevent queen loss. 

    +

    Security and practicality come built in. Instead of locking it outside, you can roll the G Line indoors or under your desk. The removable battery pops off easily for recharging or safekeeping, making the bike far less appealing to would-be thieves. And since it’s fully equipped with front and rear lights, fenders with mudflaps, a bell, and a rear rack, it’s ready to ride straight out of the box.

    -

    “Keeping the queen healthy is one more reason why it is so critical to think ahead and keep varroa levels under control,” said McAfee. “There is currently no treatment for viruses in honey bee colonies, but now that we better understand their impact, we can change the way we manage varroa to give the queen a better chance.”

    -

    The post Queen bees are violently ousted if worker bees smell weakness appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[The U.S. tried permanent daylight saving time—and hated it]]>In 1974, America set its clocks forward for good in the name of energy savings.

    -

    The post The U.S. tried permanent daylight saving time—and hated it appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/permanent-daylight-saving-time-usa/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714001Tue, 28 Oct 2025 09:00:00 -0400ScienceEnergyEnvironmentMilitarySustainabilityTechnologyAs fall approaches, so too does the end of daylight savings time (DST). On November 2nd, the hour between 1 a.m. and 2 a.m. will happen twice. When we all wake up Sunday morning, we’ll find it’s an hour earlier than it feels like it should be. Then, we’ll go about our day with a blissful extra hour of time. 

    +

    On the road, it’s a lovely ride: thoughtful, composed, and more comfortable than you’d expect from a folder. The high-volume tires and well-judged geometry soften city streets and smooth out cracks and seams, even without suspension. Shifting feels crisp, and the assist blends naturally. It’s happiest on pavement and bike paths, but capable enough for the occasional detour onto gentler gravel. Even at the highest pedal assist level and the lights on, the G Line traveled a respectable 27 miles before running out of juice. (Read our full review here.)

    -

    For DST enthusiasts, this represents a sad day that brings an earlier sunset and the start of the dreary winter months. For DST haters (like your correspondent), it represents the annual reclamation of the hour of sleep that was stolen from us six months earlier. Either way, the annual spring forward/fall back cycle remains as controversial and largely unpopular as it has ever been.

    +

    At roughly $4,950, the Electric G Line is an investment for people who see a bike as a lifelong companion and an essential part of their lifestyle.

    -

    The consensus amongst sleep experts and researchers is that we’d be best served just dropping the whole idea of DST and returning to plain old standard time (“ST”) throughout the year. But there’s another possibility: What if it was daylight savings time all year round?

    +

    Best long-range folding e-bike: Velotric Fold 1 Plus

    -

    Well, that actually happened in the mid 1970s. 

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    + + + + +
    + +
    + -

    In 1974, daylight saving time became (briefly) permanent

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    + + + +

    Heather Kuldell-Ware

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    + + +
    +     +
    + + + + See It + + +
    +
    +
    +

    + Pros

    + +
      +
    • Class-leading 68-mile range
      • +
    • Adjustable between Class 1, 2, and 3, with customizable top speed up to 28 mph
      • +
    • Switchable torque and cadence sensors let you fine-tune responsiveness and efficiency
      • +
    • Low 15-inch standover height makes mounting easy and stable under load
      • +
    • Front suspension and 3-inch puncture-resistant tires smooth out city streets and trails
      • +
    • Fully equipped for commuting: 130-lux adjustable headlight, brake light with turn signals, fenders, and sturdy rear rack (120-pound capacity)
      • +
    • Apple Find My integration and USB-C phone charging port
      • +
    • Available in Mango, Electric Blue, Stone Gray, and Pearl White
      • +
    +
    +
    +

    + Cons

    + +
      +
    • At 63 lb, it’s better rolled or driven than carried
      • +
    • Fold is compact but still bulky for train or subway commutes
      • +
    • Battery insertion can be awkward for shorter riders
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    • Motor noise increases on high assist levels
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    • Folding pedals take practice
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    +
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    + Specs

    + +
      +
    • + + Folded size + + + 37.8 inches long x 19.7 inches wide x 33.5 inches high +
      • +
    • + + Motor + + + 750W (1,100W peak) rear hub +
      • +
    • + + Torque + + + 75Nm +
      • +
    • + + Battery + + + 624Wh +
      • +
    • + + Removable battery + + + Yes, lockable +
      • +
    • + + Compliance + + + UL 2271 and UL 2580 +
      • +
    • + + Range + + + Up to 68 miles through pedal assist or 45 miles using throttle +
      • +
    • + + Class + + + 1-3 +
      • +
    • + + Top assisted speed + + + 28 mph +
      • +
    • + + Throttle + + + Yes (removable) +
      • +
    • + + Bike weight + + + 63 pounds +
      • +
    • + + Frame sizes + + + One size, fits riders from 4’9” to 6’5” +
      • +
    • + + Connectivity + + + Velotric app, Apple Find My +
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    +
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    -

    In January 1974, clocks across the United States sprang forward, with the intention being that they would never fall back again. The policy was introduced by then President Richard Nixon as an energy-saving response to the previous year’s oil crisis, and while the initial implementation was for a two-year evaluation period, the plan was for a permanent shift to year-round later sunsets.

    +

    The Velotric Fold 1 Plus proves that a folding e-bike doesn’t have to compromise on power or endurance. With a 68-mile range and a 750W motor, it’s built to go the distance—whether that means a long daily commute or a few hours of weekend exploring. I see these bikes out in the wild all the time, especially around the Pentagon, usually piloted by camo-clad riders who look very happy to be heading home.

    -

    Clearly, this did not happen, and the reasons why we still have the biannual hour switch can largely be summed up in one word: Watergate. Permanent daylight savings time lasted only a few weeks longer than Nixon himself. In late September 1974, the month after the President’s resignation, the Senate voted to defenestrate the policy. 

    +

    This thing is made for commuters (and you can read our full review here). It comes ready to roll with full fenders, a bright front light, a brake light with turn signals, and a sturdy rear rack that can carry up to 120 pounds—groceries, gear, or even a kid seat. The 20-inch wheels keep that weight close to the ground, giving the bike a stable, planted feel when starting, stopping, or turning.

    -

    After Nixon, the prospect of permanent DST then receded into the shadows for decades, not least because federal law prevents states from messing with time and time zones. However, it has started to emerge again over the last decade—President Donald Trump is apparently a fan.   

    +

    It’s also impressively adaptable for a one-size-fits-all frame. The step-through design fits riders from 4’9” to 6’5”, with a low standover height that inspires confidence at lights or when carrying extra weight. The upright riding position, front suspension, and cushy saddle make it one of the most comfortable folders around.

    -

    The history of daylight saving time

    +

    Where the Fold 1 Plus really shines is in its ride customization. You can swap between torque and cadence sensors, tweak the assist levels, and even set the top speed or e-bike class. It’s a feature more brands are adding, but Velotric executes it especially well—making the bike easy to share among family members without compromising anyone’s preferred feel.

    -

    It feels appropriate, then, that the origins of modern DST can be traced back—at least in part—to another man with a fondness for golf and a desire to remake the world into one more amenable to his whims. David Prerau’s 2006 book Seize the Daylight places much of the blame/credit for modern DST at the feet of William Willett, a 19th-century British builder and avid early riser given to lamenting what he saw as the idleness of his fellow countrymen. Willett was also a keen golfer and often found himself frustrated by having to curtail a round by sunset.

    +

    While some folding bikes are designed for train hopping, the Fold 1 Plus is more about easy storage and transport. It fits neatly in a hatchback or SUV (I’ve slipped it into a Honda Fit), though sedan owners should measure before committing. Velotric also adds two smart touches most folders skip: a long Velcro strap to keep everything closed when folded and a built-in stand that protects delicate components.

    -

    In 1907, Willett channeled his frustrations into “The Waste of Daylight,” a self-published pamphlet that advocated a progressive advancing of clocks during April and a corresponding winding-back during September. Willett’s primary motivation was to extend the window for post-work leisure and activity, which he argued would also improve public health—including, notably, the quality of citizens’ sleep.

    +

    The Fold 1 Plus doesn’t make you choose between fun and practicality. It’s laid-back when you want to cruise and powerful when you need to hustle—and at about $1,500, it’s one of the most capable long-range folding e-bikes you can buy.

    -
    A painted portrait of William Willett, a middle-aged man with a white mustache and receding hairline, wearing a dark suit and tie with a white shirt. He is seated, with one hand resting on a book and holding a pocket watch. The background is a dark, simple wash.
    William Willett first proposed daylight saving time in 1907. Image: Public Domain Photo Credit: Kensington and Che
    +

    What to consider when searching for the best electric commuter bikes

    -

    Willett’s proposal was taken up by MP Robert Pearce, and barely six months later, the British Parliament found itself debating the Daylight Saving Bill, introduced in the House of Commons in February 1908. The pastoralist language used in the debate around Willett’s proposal is instructive: Proponents spoke of “wasting the light of the morning hours” and contrasted the merits of “glorious sunshine” with those of “man’s puny efforts at illumination.” A certain Lord Avebury said, “The bill not only would be a great convenience to merchants and bankers, but also, and even more important, would give more time to clerks for a game of cricket or other recreation.”

    +

    Before you fall in love with a shiny new e-bike, think about what you really want out of your commute. Do you want a workout that makes you feel like a superhero, or a sweat-free cruise that gets you to work fresh as a daisy? Pedal-assist gives you “super legs,” throttles let you coast scooter-style, and many bikes now offer both so you can switch by mood or hill.

    -

    The bill bounced around the House of Commons for years, never quite collecting enough votes to be passed. Willett died in 1915 without seeing his idea become reality. A year later, though, daylight savings time became a reality—in Germany. 

    +

    But here’s the catch that most first-time buyers don’t consider: e-bikes are heavy. The average commuter model tips the scales at 50 to 65 pounds, and moped-style or fat-tire versions can be 70+. That’s fine if you’ve got a garage or ground-floor storage, but not so fun if you’re wrestling it into an elevator or up a flight of stairs after a long day. Lightweight options in the 30 to 40 pound range are hitting the market, making them easier to handle, though you often give up suspension and a cushy ride. Folding e-bikes add another stow-and-go option for tight spaces.

    -

    History does not remember Kaiser Wilhelm II as a fan of cricket or golf. The Frankfurter Zeitung made it clear that in wartime Germany, at least, the policy’s benefits were “in the first place of an economic kind,” with the perceived “hygienic and social” benefits being more a bonus than a motivation. A late sunset meant “mak[ing] more intense labor possible.” It also meant saving fuel. The policy was quickly adopted by Germany’s allies and neighboring countries—and, on May 17, 1916, by a sheepish Great Britain.

    +

    Bottom line: Decide first how you want to ride and then be realistic about where you’ll store it and how much bike you actually want to haul around.

    -

    Trying to make DST permanent today

    +

    Classes

    -

    The idea of permanent DST never seems to have occurred to Wiliam Willett, but it certainly occurred to others. In the U.S., it surfaced as early as 1917 in discussions around the implementation of a seasonal DST policy similar to that pioneered by Germany. 

    +

    At their core, e-bike classes are meant to give you a quick snapshot of what a bike can (and can’t) do—especially how fast it’ll go with motor assist, and whether you need to pedal to make that happen. Many states also use these classes to set rules for where and how you’re allowed to ride, though that’s the wild west right now. In many states, e-bikes are treated like bicycles, but in others, like Alaska and New Mexico, they’re regulated more like mopeds or motor-driven cycles. (Check out the non-profit advocacy group People for Bikes’ guide for state laws.)

    -

    By that time, some cities had effectively already implemented year-round DST: Prerau’s book describes successful campaigns in Cleveland and Detroit during the early 1900s to alter those cities’ clocks from Central Time to Eastern Time, bringing their clocks permanently forward an hour. (When seasonal DST was implemented across the country in 1918, Detroit shifted back to Central Time; Cleveland did not.) 

    +

    Here’s the breakdown:

    -

    As with seasonal DST, year-round daylight saving time was first implemented in wartime—as a result of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The U.S.’s entry into World War II was accompanied by the advent of “War Time,” which imposed year-round DST across the States. The policy was very much a wartime measure, aimed at lowering energy consumption. It was largely unpopular, and Congress wasted little time in repealing it once the war ended.

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    ClassHow it worksAssist limitWhat it means for you
    Class 1Pedal-assist motor onlyStops assisting at 20 mphUsually allowed on bike paths and trails
    Class 2Throttle and pedal assistStops assisting at 20 mphThrottle use may be restricted in some areas
    Class 3Pedal-assist motor onlyStops assisting at 28 mphSometimes banned from shared-use paths and may have age and/or helmet rules
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    -

    But the spectre of permanent DST has never quite gone away. In 1968, Britain presented Nixon with a brief and ill-fated experiment with British Standard Time, which changed Britain’s clocks to match those of mainland Europe, which in effect meant year-round DST. The experiment did not go well, and the policy was repealed in 1970. (Seasonal DST was re-implemented two years later.)

    +

    Not every e-bike fits neatly into these categories. Some models ship as one class but can be changed to another via on-bike controls or an app. And while 20 mph might not sound especially fast on paper, it feels very different when you’re hitting that speed on two wheels in traffic.

    -
    -A grainy, black and white photograph captured at night shows the headlights of a school bus and a car illuminating a small group of indistinct figures, likely children, standing near the bus door. The sign "SCHOOL BUS" is visible above the windshield, and the overall scene is very dark, suggesting a very early hour.
    In February 1974, eighth and ninth graders board the bus at seven a.m. in the dark to head for Drake Junior High School in Denver, Colorado. Image:
    Denver Post / Contributor     Denver Post
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    Mid-drive vs. hub motor

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    Despite the fact that experiments with year-round DST have inevitably proven unpopular and short-lived, there are still true believers today. In the USA, curiously, the idea’s  enthusiastic proponents come from one of the U.S.’s sunniest states: Florida. The most prominent modern year-round DST enthusiast has been Marco Rubio; prior to his appointment as Secretary of State, he kept himself amused with annual failed attempts to pass his “Sunshine Protection Bill,” which would allow individual states to mandate permanent DST.

    +

    The motor is the heart of an e-bike, and it completely changes how the ride feels. First, you’ll want to decide where the motor lives—hub or mid-drive—since that affects how the bike handles and climbs. Then, look at how big the motor is. Power is measured in watts, and while 250W used to be standard, it’s now the baby of the bunch. Most commuter bikes land in the 350 to 500W sweet spot, giving you plenty of push for city riding. 750W is the legal ceiling in the U.S.—any bigger and you’re in moped/motorcycle territory with licenses and insurance to match.

    -

    No, permanent daylight saving time wouldn’t be better for you

    +

    Mid-drive motors sit at the pedals and feel the most like riding a “real” bike—just with bionic legs. They’re more efficient because they use your gears to deliver extra torque, which makes them awesome for hills and longer rides. But here’s the catch: you’ve got to be comfortable shifting. If you’re not, mid-drives can be a little intimidating. I’ve seen newbies stall out or, worse, lurch forward when the gearing’s off. For confident riders who want maximum power for their effort, though, they’re hard to beat.

    -

    But would permanent DST actually make any difference? The labels we put on time are arbitrary, and it feels like it shouldn’t matter what number we attribute to any given hour. Similarly, as anyone who has flown across multiple time zones can attest, while jetlag is objectively awful, it always goes away sooner or later as we acclimatize to whatever new time zone we get off the plane in. Shouldn’t we also be able to acclimatise to perpetually late sunrises and sunsets? Or, as one Patsy Mink—a Democratic congresswoman from Hawaii—put it in 1974, “The human being is a very adaptive animal. There is no reason we have to be a slave to the sun.” But is this true? 

    +

    Hub motors, on the other hand, live in the wheel (usually the rear) and are all about simplicity. They’re slower to kick in, but the assist feels like that gentle push you got from a parent when you were first learning to ride. I actually love hub motors for beginners who struggle with gears because they don’t magnify your shifting errors.

    -

    According to a paper published in the journal PNAS this September, which models the relative effects of permanent DST and ST, the answer is “no,” humans aren’t very adaptive when it comes to the sun. The paper’s research finds that a year-round shift to DST—like the one that happened in 1974—would lead to worse health outcomes than simply staying on standard time. In particular, the paper finds that “shifting to permanent Standard Time would lead to a decrease in the prevalence of stroke and obesity.”

    +

    Riding range

    -

    As the paper’s co-author Lara Weed, a PhD Candidate at Stamford University’s Zeitzer Circadian Research Lab, explains to Popular Science, there has been plenty of research into the effects of the biannual shift from standard time to DST and back again, and the scientific consensus is that those effects are largely adverse. “Switching time policies can have acute negative consequences,” Weed says. “The change [in] societal time can disrupt our body clocks through changes in our light, diet, and normal timing of activities.”

    +

    Step one: know your commute distance (round trip!) and what kind of terrain you’ll face. Every e-bike promises an “estimated range,” but the key word there is “estimate.” Your weight, your cargo, how steep your hills are, how much pedal assist you use, and even the weather all change how long that battery actually lasts. Flat road + low assist = you’ll cruise forever. Steep hills + max assist + headwind = you’ll be hunting for an outlet a lot sooner.

    -

    The results of this time change disruption manifest in effects like an increased rate of traffic accidents and workplace injuries, along with less directly visible effects like an increased rate of cardiovascular events. While changing every six months seems to exacerbate these effects, Weed and her team found that a permanent shift to DST—while less damaging than the current biannual back-and-forth—would also cause problems.

    +

    Pick a bike with a range that easily covers your ride there and back with extra miles to spare. Running out of juice halfway home is character-building, but not fun.

    -

    Perhaps this shouldn’t be surprising. Circadian rhythms are important, and there’s clear evidence that people whose sleep cycles are subject to long-term alterations are more vulnerable to the effects described in the paper. The classic example is that of people who work night shifts and sleep during the day; Weed explains, “We know there’s a link between circadian disruption, such as [that experienced] in shift work, and long-term negative cardiovascular and cardiometabolic health outcomes.”

    +

    Batteries generally come in two flavors. Integrated batteries are sleek and theft-resistant because they can’t be pulled out, but the trade-off is that you’ll need to roll the whole bike to an outlet when it’s time to recharge. Removable batteries, on the other hand, are wonderfully convenient: You can pop them out to charge indoors or even carry a spare for longer rides. The downside? More seams and openings mean more opportunities for dust and water to sneak in.

    -

    Why circadian disruption leads to these negative health outcomes is less clear. “Scientists are still figuring out exactly why this occurs,” says Weed. However, it seems that at least part of the reason is that, ultimately, standard time is a better reflection of our natural sleep cycle than DST. 

    +

    Battery safety

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    +

    Cheap batteries cause fires—and not just little sparks, but full-on, apartment-burning, news-making fires. That’s why certifications matter. UL 2849 is the gold standard, covering the entire electrical system—battery, motor, charger, and controller—to make sure everything works safely together. UL 2271 focuses only on the battery pack, testing it for durability and resistance to overheating or impact. Sometimes you’ll see EN 15194, the European equivalent. 

    -
    - -

    - Related History Stories

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    -

    How WWII made Hershey and Mars Halloween candy kings

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    When the U.S. almost nuked Alaska—on purpose

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    During WWII, the U.S. government censored the weather

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    Lip balm’s surprising history from earwax to Lip Smackers

    -
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    The spooky (and sweet) history of fake blood

    -

    Ketchup was once a diarrhea cure

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    How scarecrows went from ancient magic to fall horror fodder

    -
    -
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    +

    If you see either certification, it means the bike has gone through rigorous testing. And in New York City and New York State, certification is required by law after a rise in fires tied to low-quality, uncertified e-bikes.

    -

    Humans are diurnal, so our natural inclination is to be most active during daylight hours. As such, it makes sense that we’re given to rising with the sun and going to sleep once it sets. Weed explains that waking up before the sun disrupts this rhythm: “We need light in the morning to regulate the circadian clock,” she says. “Compared to Standard Time, permanent DST has darker mornings, which can make it more difficult to stay in sync.” In other words, we are slaves to the sun.

    +

    Security and tracking

    -

    The paper is careful to note that its models and findings are applicable specifically to the contiguous continental United States. This is both because of latitude-specific factors like quantity of daylight hours, length of twilight, etc., says Weed, and also because even regions that are similar to the U.S. in these respects may differ socioeconomically and/or culturally. That said, Weed does note that the circadian modelling she and her team carried out for the paper may have utility beyond the United States. The findings would just need to be used in conjunction with locally applicable health data.

    +

    Any e-bike is an investment, and nothing spikes your blood pressure like leaving it locked up on the street or even in the “secure” office bike room. A solid lock (or better yet, two) is still your first line of defense. But more and more manufacturers are baking security right into the bikes themselves.

    -

    The effects of permanent daylight saving time

    +

    Some motors won’t even turn on without a PIN code or Bluetooth connection to your phone, making them a lot less tempting for joyriders. Others integrate with Apple’s Find My network or GPS, so you can track your bike’s location if it disappears. (That said, if mine got swiped, I’m not about to show up at its “new home” solo.)

    -

    Back in the U.S., however, it seems like Nixon’s 1974 experiment could provide valuable real-world data for researchers. Unfortunately, Weed says she is not aware of any specific research data on the period. In broad terms, stroke rates have declined steadily across the U.S. since World War II. As per the CDC, there was no apparent disruption to this trend in the years succeeding the permanent DST period—although, of course, the sheer quantity of variables involved make it almost impossible to identify any sort of correlation—let alone causation—from such high-level numbers.

    +

    FAQs

    -

    Obesity rates, meanwhile, have risen dramatically since 1974, a situation that has led to moral panics around the “obesity crisis,” endless hand-wringing from scientists, politicians and nutritionists. Again, this is an intimidatingly complex and multifaceted public health issue, and it feels pretty much impossible to figure out how, if at all, it was affected by a brief experiment with permanent DST in the mid-1970s.

    +
    +
    Q: What’s the difference between Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 e-bikes?

    E-bike classes are shorthand for how much assistance you get, how fast the motor will take you, and where you’re legally allowed to ride. Class 1 and 2 both cap out at 20 mph—Class 1 requires pedaling, while Class 2 adds a throttle. Class 3 ups the ante to 28 mph with pedal assist only, making it a favorite for commuters who want to keep pace with traffic.

    But here’s the catch: not every trail, bike path, or park welcomes faster Class 3 bikes, and local rules can vary wildly.

    Q: How far can a 500Wh e-bike battery go?

    There’s no single answer. It depends on how much you weigh, what you’re hauling, how you ride, and yes, even the weather.

    On a mild, wind-free day with flat terrain and low pedal assist, you’ll squeeze out the longest range. But if your commute feels like it’s uphill both ways, into a headwind, with the assist cranked to max? That battery won’t last nearly as long. Cold temps don’t help either—they can sap power before you even start pedaling.

    Published ranges are usually 20 to 50 miles, and my own experience backs that up. Just remember: headwinds can chew through both your energy and your battery faster than you think.

    Q: Should I buy an e-bike with UL 2849 or UL 2271 certification?

    Yes. If you don’t see any mention of certification, move on. In places like New York City and New York State, it’s even required by law. Those rules came after a rise in fires and injuries linked to low-quality, uncertified lithium-ion batteries in e-bikes and scooters.

    Manufacturers do have to pay to get certified, and you’ll sometimes see a mix of labels. Here’s what they mean:

    UL 2271: Tests whether the battery pack is safe, durable, and resistant to overheating or impact.
    UL 2849: The comprehensive option. It certifies the entire electrical system: battery, motor, controller, charger, and how they all work together under real-world conditions.
    EN 15194: The European standard. It ensures e-bikes meet strict safety, electrical, mechanical, and performance criteria before they’re sold.

    Q: Which is better for hills: hub-drive or mid-drive e-bikes?

    For steep climbs, mid-drive motors are the clear winners. They use your bike’s gears for extra torque and efficiency, so you get more power uphill without draining the battery as fast.

    But don’t count out hub motors—they’re cheaper, simpler, and feel like a steady push from behind. They’re also more forgiving if you’re still working on shifting timing.

    Q: What are the best e-bike tires and tire pressures for riding in potholes and rain?

    Think of tires as your e-bike’s shoes: grip, cushion, and stability matter. Stick to the pressure range printed on the sidewall, but on rough or wet roads, drop pressure about 10% for better contact. If you ride at 60 psi on a dry day, try around 54 when it’s rainy or bumpy.

    Tire type makes a difference, too. Wider tires = more grip and cushion. Slimmer tires = lighter and faster. And don’t forget tread: slick or lightly grooved tires roll fastest on dry pavement, while tires with more pattern give you extra bite when it’s wet. Knobby treads are better for off-road rides.

    No matter what, corner carefully and leave more braking room in the rain.

    Q: How can I increase the range of my electric bike?

    Some little things you can do are maintain proper tire pressure, use lower pedal assist modes, and avoid relying exclusively on the motor for throttle bikes. Occasionally, I have pushed the edge of my range and ended up with just 10 percent of battery life but a few miles to go. In those times, I grit my teeth and turn off assistance, saving whatever juice remains for hills. 

    Alternatively, you could carry a second battery as backup, though they will add significant weight to the ride. Some bike models also offer higher-capacity batteries as an additional purchase.

    Q: Is it difficult to assemble an e-bike?

    Plenty of e-bikes are sold as direct-to-consumer products that will arrive directly at your door. The best of these companies ship mostly assembled bikes with good literature, how-to videos, and send the tools you will need. Can you build your own bike? Probably. But the right question is, “Should you?” If you are familiar with bike parts or building traditional bikes, know how to properly use torque wrenches, and have some patience and confidence, go right ahead. If you aren’t, many local bike shops will receive your delivery and assemble the bike for you. Around the D.C. area, the going rate for assembly is about $200.

    Q: How much does an electric commuter bike cost?

    E-bikes can cost anywhere from $1,000 to more than $10,000; however, plenty of well-outfitted models fall between $1,500 and $3,000. Expect to see more premium features in the $4,000 and $6,000 price range. Yes, e-bikes start at higher price points than traditional bicycles, plus they require charging and weigh more. And they still require maintenance; eventually, batteries will degrade and need replacing. But they have their advantages. However, if you’re on a budget and feeling handy, there are kits to convert a bike to an e-bike.

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    Final thoughts on the best electric commuter bikes

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    But if the scientific verdict on the U.S.’s brief flirtation with permanent DST remains ambiguous, the public’s verdict was significantly less so. As discussed above, Nixon’s resignation effectively ended the perma-daylight experiment, but even without the intervention of Woodward and Bernstein, it seems unlikely that the policy would not have lasted. A New York Times report from the time reveals that while the idea of a longer post-work period of daylight was initially popular, the reality of getting up before the sun every morning proved less attractive once winter arrived: Public support for the policy plummeted from 79% in December 1973 to just 41% in February 1974.

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    • Best overall e-bike for long commutes: Priority Current Plus
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      If anything, the lesson of 1974 is probably that we really should just listen to the experts who’ve been telling us for decades to stop messing around with time.

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      The post The U.S. tried permanent daylight saving time—and hated it appeared first on Popular Science.

      -]]>en-US<![CDATA[Mystery Mayan ruler was no king]]>Ix Ch’ak Ch’een was one of at least four women who oversaw the city of Cobá.

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      The post Mystery Mayan ruler was no king appeared first on Popular Science.

      -]]>      https://www.popsci.com/science/mayan-woman-ruler-mexico/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714004Mon, 27 Oct 2025 16:08:24 -0400ScienceArchaeologyOngoing analysis of an ancient monument among the Mayan ruins at Cobá has revealed the identity of one of the sprawling city’s previously unknown rulers. According to archaeologists with Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), the king referenced multiple times in the historical accounts described on the city’s Foundation Rock wasn’t a king at all. She was a queen named Ix Ch’ak Ch’een.

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    • Best value commuter e-bike for most people: Ride1Up Roadster v3
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      INAH researchers discovered the 111-square-foot limestone monument in the state of Quintana Roo on the Yucatan Peninsula last year. Since then, they’ve spent extensive time documenting and interpreting the massive edifice’s 123 hieroglyphics. The Mayan artwork dates back to at least 6th century CE, an era of political and economic ascension for the city.

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    • Best compact e-bike for last-mile commuters: JackRabbit OG2
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      Early examinations indicated that the Foundation Rock included information on Cobá’s Classic period such as timelines outlining when specific dynasties ruled and important construction projects in the city. A year of additional work has yielded even more findings, including a more precise date for the founding of the city’s monumental district, Nohoch Mul. 

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    • Best Dutch-style electric commuter bike: Trek Verve+ 1 LowStep LT
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      “It is possible to identify the date 9.6.15.6.9 (corresponding to May 12, 569 CE),” the INAH said in its announcement. 

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    • Best lightweight electric commuter bike: Tenways CGO600 Pro
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      Specifically, archaeologists can tie it to a structure called Kehwitznal, or “place of the deer mountain.”

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    • Best gravel e-bike for commuting: Salsa Confluence Drop-Bar GRX 600 2x
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      Importantly, the glyphs also spell out details about the ruler who oversaw the endeavor. Decoding these epigraphs allowed researchers to corroborate passages on the Foundation Rock with nearby monuments mentioning the queen, Ix Ch’ak Ch’een.

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    • Best for fitness buffs who secretly love a shortcut: Trek FX+ 7S
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      “In such monuments, the name variants are slightly different, as in Stela 30, where she is referred to as Ix Ch’ak Ch’een Yopaat, while in the wash text she is associated with the term K’awiil,” the INAH explained. “However, the closeness of the dates indicates that they are the same sovereign.”

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    • Best premium electric commuter bike: Specialized Turbo Vado 4.0 Step-Through
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      K’awiil is the name of a Mayan deity associated with divine lightning and royalty. Associating the god with Ix Ch’ak Ch’een would confer absolute legitimacy and military authority equal to that of a kaloomte, the highest Mayan political position.

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    • Best folding e-bike for multimodal commuters: Brompton Electric G Line
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      The Foundation Rock also describes the coronation of Ix Ch’ak Ch’een, as well as her relations with Cobá’s protective deities like Bolon Tz’akab Ajaw, “Lord of Innumerable Generations.” During her reign, the queen oversaw other municipal projects such as a ballcourt, as well as a major ceremonial calendar event in the year 573 CE.

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    • Best long-range folding e-bike: Velotric Fold 1 Plus
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    Ix Ch’ak Ch’een isn’t the only female Mayan ruler known to historians. At least three other women governed Cobá, including one who reigned for four decades. Taken altogether, it indicates that Mayan gender dynamics were likely far more egalitarian than initially believed.

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    The post Mystery Mayan ruler was no king appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Dolphins may be getting an Alzheimer’s-like disease due to this neurotoxin]]>The neurotoxins, found in algal blooms, primarily affect the body's nervous system.

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    The post Dolphins may be getting an Alzheimer’s-like disease due to this neurotoxin appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/environment/dolphins-alzheimers-algae-bloom-toxin/https://www.popsci.com/?p=713980Mon, 27 Oct 2025 15:00:00 -0400EnvironmentAnimalsBiologyConservationDiseasesHealthOceanScienceWildlifeFor marine biologists, dolphins are often viewed as sentinel species, or animals that shed light on the health of the ocean. Along with whales, porpoises, and other cetacean species, dolphins are one way that researchers know to sound the alarm about environmental hazards that might affect the ocean as a whole and potentially humans. 

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    Much like cars, there’s an e-bike model for nearly every type of rider, ranging from people who haven’t touched a pedal since childhood to longtime, hardcore cyclists. If tooling around occasionally is your thing, a budget electric bike may work. If you like to kick up some dirt, consider a fat-tire bike. But for commuting, we recommend investing in one of our picks above, which can withstand the wear and tear of regular riding in all sorts of weather.

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    The post The best electric commuter bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[November Stargazing: Supermoon number two, meteors galore, and ‘naked’ Saturn.]]>Three meteor showers will peak this month.

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    The post November Stargazing: Supermoon number two, meteors galore, and ‘naked’ Saturn. appeared first on Popular Science.

    +]]>    https://www.popsci.com/science/stargazing-guide-november-2025/https://www.popsci.com/?p=714132Thu, 30 Oct 2025 09:00:00 -0400ScienceMoonsSolar SystemSpace +
    November 5Full Beaver Supermoon
    November 5 through 12Taurids Meteor Showers Predicted to Peak
    November 17 through 19Leonids Meteor Shower Predicted Peak
    November 23Saturn Visible Without Rings
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    In this context, researchers have connected neurotoxins from algal blooms to brain changes associated with an Alzheimer’s-like disease in dolphins in Florida. This connection does not bode well for human communities exposed to those same substances. 

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    A bull, a lion, a beaver and a raving lunatic walk into a bar…This month’s stargazing comes with a rich cast of characters, manifesting as two (or three?) separate meteor showers, the most super of moons, and a rare glimpse of Saturn without its most famous accessory.

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    “These results are concerning because dolphins share coastal waters with humans and face many of the same environmental risks we do,” Wendy Noke Durden, a researcher at Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute’s Florida Laboratory, said in a statement emailed to Popular Science. 

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    November 5: Full Beaver Supermoon

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    Algae are tiny, photosynthetic organisms that live in natural bodies of water and an algal bloom takes place when an algae density rapidly increases. Some types of algae produce poisonous substances called toxins. Among these, neurotoxins specifically impact the body’s nervous system. 

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    “Full beaver supermoon” is not a combination of words that one encounters often, but this month brings the second of three consecutive supermoons. November’s moon also brings our orbital friend closest to us. That makes it  a sort of … super supermoon? 

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    [ Related: A lone dolphin has been yelling into Baltic Sea for years. ]

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    An actual genuine supermoon—i.e. an exact correspondence between the moon’s full illumination and it being at its closest point to the Earth—is relatively rare. The superlative term is used more generally to describe a full moon where the moon is at or near its perigee, or point where it is closest to Earth. This explains how we have three in a row at the end of 2025, and how, November’s is the most super among the trio.

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    In a study published in the journal Communications Biology, Durden and her coworkers show that dolphins found beached during an algal bloom in the Indian River Lagoon along Florida’s Atlantic Coast had an alarming amount of a neurotoxin called 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB) in their brain.University of Miami neurotoxicologist and study co-author David Davis tells Popular Science that 2,4-DAB has a similar chemical structure to BMAA, a cyanobacterial neurotoxin associated with neurodegeneration. It’s also important to note that while cyanobacteria are frequently called “blue-green algae,” they aren’t actually algae. Davis says that harmful algal bloom is a blanket term that includes different species.

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    As per the Farmer’s Almanac, you can appreciate the full glory of this most super of moons on November 5 at 8:19 a.m. EST. Native American culture provides many fascinating alternative names for November’s moon: some particularly poetic monikers include the Cree nations’ “Rivers Begin to Freeze Moon,” the Haida nations’ “Bears Sleep Moon,” and the Hopi nations’ “Fledgling Hawk Moon.”

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    The dolphins who stranded during the summer algal bloom season had 2,900 times the concentration of 2,4-DAB than those from non-bloom seasons. Those with a higher concentration of this neurotoxin also had more severe changes in their brain chemistry and tissue that are associated with early Alzheimer’s disease. These include an unusual build-up of insoluble proteins and alterations in important genes linked to memory, brain health, and Alzheimer’s disease risk. What’s more, these results were consistent across dolphin strandings for close to a decade, and the changes were more drastic with each algal bloom season.

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    November 5 through 12: Taurids Meteor Shower(s) Predicted Peak

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    Given dolphins’ identity as a sentinel species, “there are concerns about human health issues associated with cyanobacterial blooms,” Davis explained. “Although there are likely many paths to Alzheimer’s disease, cyanobacterial exposures increasingly appear to be a risk factor.” 

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    The annual celestial event referred to as the Taurids Meteor Shower is actually two separate showers–the Northern and Southern Taurids. The Northern Taurids originate from the debris shed by an asteroid, referred to as Asteroid 2004 TG10. Meanwhile, the Southern Taurids, come from the trail left by Comet 2P/Encke. The two showers are grouped together because scientists believe that both the asteroid and the comet are fragments of a single, much larger object that broke up some 20,000 years ago, leaving a collection of debris known collectively as the Encke Complex.

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    What’s more, a warming climate, nutrient pollution, and sewage will continue to intensify such harmful algal blooms, he adds. As such, there needs to be more research into the consequences of harmful algal blooms and exposure to their toxins.

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    The post Dolphins may be getting an Alzheimer’s-like disease due to this neurotoxin appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    en-US    <![CDATA[Your eyes can only handle so much HDTV]]>More pixels doesn't always mean a better screen.

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    The post Your eyes can only handle so much HDTV appeared first on Popular Science.

    -]]>    https://www.popsci.com/technology/eyes-hdtv-pixels/https://www.popsci.com/?p=713995Mon, 27 Oct 2025 14:36:18 -0400TechnologyBiologyEngineeringScienceEvery year, tech and television companies boast their products’ latest and greatest, highest-resolution displays. The 4K display—a screen with a horizontal display of approximately 4,000 pixels—first became widely available around 2014. Barely a decade later, you can purchase a TV with double the resolution.

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    The Southern Taurids are predicted to peak around November 5, but the aforementioned supermoon might  make them difficult to see, making their Northern cousins a better bet for fireball spotting. 

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    But at what point do all those pixels become pointless? The question is not only a matter of wasted cash. The resources and energy required to manufacture and power these TVs, tablets, computers, and smartphones are an ever-increasing ecological concern. To determine if there is a resolution tipping point, researchers at the University of Cambridge and Meta Reality Labs developed a new methodology to assess the capabilities of the human eye. The result published in Nature Communications is an updated spin on one of optometry’s most recognizable tests.

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    The peak of the Northern shower is predicted for the night of November 9 into the early hours of November 12. The radiant point—the point from which meteors appear to originate—is just to the right of the constellation Taurus. As per NASA, the best time to look is after midnight, when Taurus is high in the sky. 

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    Refocusing the Snellen chart

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    Both Northern and Southern showers are famous for yielding bright, slow-moving fireballs, and there may be plenty of them on show. 

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    Reading from a chart of letters to test vision is arguably the most familiar portion of any visit to the eye doctor. There’s even a name for that page of increasingly smaller letters. It’s called a Snellen chart, and it’s actually over 160 years old. But while the general test has remained largely unaltered since its namesake Dutch ophthalmologist debuted it in 1862, our usual visual subjects have not. Today, people are much more likely to stare at smartphones, tablets, and computer screens instead of papers or field plows.

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    November 17 through 19: Leonids Meteor Shower Predicted Peak

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    “This measurement has been widely accepted, but no one had actually sat down and measured it for modern displays, rather than a wall chart of letters that was first developed in the 19th century,” study co-author University of Cambridge computer scientist Maliha Ashraf said in a statement.

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    The Taurids aren’t the only meteor shower to see in November. The Leonids are also in town, peaking over the course of three days in the middle of the month. The shower’s radiant point is in the constellation Leo, the lion—specifically in the lion’s neck,right between the stars Algieba and Rasalas. Leo doesn’t rise until after midnight, but once it does, the nights of November 16 and 17 should provide plenty of meteors to see. 

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    Left: Rendition of the experimental setup. The display can slide on rails towards and away from the observer. The movement is controlled by a motorised camera slider to present stimuli at different pixel-per-degree (ppd) resolutions. The fixation point for the foveal presentation is the black cross in the centre of the screen. For peripheral viewing, an LED on the curved LED mast is lit up, corresponding to the retinal eccentricity. The curvature was designed to approximate the distance to the horopter (for the average display position). The photograph of the actual apparatus can be found in Supplementary Fig. 1. Right: Stimuli used in the experiments. From top-to-bottom: achromatic, red-green and yellow-violet square-wave gratings, black-on-white text, and white-on-black text. -
    Left: Rendition of the experimental setup. The display can slide on rails towards and away from the observer. The movement is controlled by a motorized camera slider to present stimuli at different pixel-per-degree (ppd) resolutions. The fixation point for the foveal presentation is the black cross in the centre of the screen. For peripheral viewing, an LED on the curved LED mast is lit up, corresponding to the retinal eccentricity. The curvature was designed to approximate the distance to the horopter (for the average display position). Right: Stimuli used in the experiments. From top-to-bottom: achromatic, red-green and yellow-violet square-wave gratings, black-on-white text, and white-on-black text. Credit: Nature Communications
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    You’ll have to be sharp-eyed, though.In contrast to the stately Taurids, the Leonids are speedsters, rocketing through the Earth’s atmosphere at hundreds of thousands of miles an hour. They even get a mention in the Guinness Book of World Records in the category of “Fastest Meteor Shower”.

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    Ashraf and colleagues swapped out the traditional Snellen chart for their own experimental arrangement. First, they constructed a sliding display that let them precisely measure what a human eye sees as it focuses on a screen’s patterns. Rather than focus on a screen’s pixel specifications, they opted for pixels per degree. Also known as PPD, this measurement gauges how many individual pixels can cram into a single-degree of your field of vision. Instead of simply establishing an entire screen’s cumulative pixel count, PPD allows researchers to more accurately learn how a screen may look to an individual from their particular vantage point.

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    Thankfully, this year provides favorable viewing conditions for Leonid-spotting, as it falls a full two weeks after the full moon. The moon will be but a skerrick of a crescent, meaning that its light won’t interfere with the show. Look east, find the lion in the sky, and then wish upon a shooting star.

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    Next, they asked study volunteers to stare at the display screen with various patterns, both in shades of gray and in color. They were then asked to flag any time they discerned an image’s individual lines as the screen moved closer and farther away, as well as to either side for peripheral vision testing. Based on a Snellen chart’s standard 20/20 vision template, the human eye should identify detail at 60 pixels per degree. In actuality, our vision often outperforms those expectations—with some caveats.

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    November 23: Saturn Devours Its Rings

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    A gray area

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    There’s no doubt that Saturn’s defining feature is its glorious rings. Made almost entirely of water ice, the rings extend out in a startlingly flat plane perpendicular to the planet’s orbital axis. They start 4,300 miles from Saturn and extend out to a distance of 50,000 miles—but they’re barely 30 feet wide at some points, 

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    The team discovered that our eyes (sometimes) have a higher resolution limit than the Snellen chart would have us believe. Grayscale images seen straight ahead can be seen with an average of 94 PPD, while red and green hues allow for 89 PPD. Only along the visible yellow and violet color spectrums did humans see less than the Snellen chart might suggest, with an average of 53 PPD. The reason why we see better in grayscale is because the human mind simply isn’t optimized for color.

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    But this month, the Solar System’s worst father is going bare. The Earth has spent much of the year bobbling in the vicinity of the plane of the Saturnian ring system, and on November 23 we’ll be pretty much perfectly aligned with that plane. This means that the rings will be almost invisible. If you look at the planet through a telescope, you might see them only as a thin line—or you might not see them at all, just Saturn laid bare in all his gaseous, filiphagic glory. 

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    “Our brain doesn’t actually have the capacity to sense details in color very well, which is why we saw a big drop-off for colour images, especially when viewed in peripheral vision,” explained University of Cambridge computer scientist and study co-author Rafał Mantiuk. “Our eyes are essentially sensors that aren’t all that great, but our brain processes that data into what it thinks we should be seeing.”

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    To spot it, look to the south and then crane your neck to look about 45° from the horizon. Saturn will be there, lurking between the constellations of Pisces and Aquarius.

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    A more accurate understanding of our visual limitations is crucial for both today’s technology, as well as the next generation of augmented and virtual reality products. With this new methodology, companies can better calculate resolution maximums and averages that might benefit the most users possible.

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    Whatever you’re looking for in the sky, remember that you’ll get the best experience if you get away from any sources of light pollution and let your eyes acclimatize to the darkness—and you check out our stargazing tips before you head off into the night.

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    The ramifications go beyond research labs and manufacturing plants. The team also designed a free online calculator that can help the everyday shopper’s hunt for an ideal screen based on variables like device size, viewing distance, pixel density, and field of view. There may be a limit to visible pixel resolution, but you’ll at least be able to spot the next time someone’s trying to upsell you on a TV.

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    The post Your eyes can only handle so much HDTV appeared first on Popular Science.

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    Until next month!

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    The post November Stargazing: Supermoon number two, meteors galore, and ‘naked’ Saturn. appeared first on Popular Science.

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