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The post How to make a Blockbuster VHS sleeve for any movie appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>https://www.popsci.com/technology/how-to-make-blockbuster-sleeve/That’s not to say you can’t recreate at least some of those nostalgic aesthetics. A highly accurate tape case design was first uploaded online in 2024 by programmer Ryan Finnie. At the time, however, making your own sleeves required a fair amount of manual input and adjustment. As spotted by BoingBoing, digital strategist and creator Tex Jernigan recently debuted the streamlined, free-to-use Blockbuster Sleeve Generator. Like the name implies, the website allows anyone to print out customized, highly accurate tape case labels that look nearly identical to the iconic blue-and-yellow slips once seen lining video store aisles. All the customizable elements are also integrated into a single program for any cinephiles yearning for a bit of VHS roleplaying.
- - - -“[Blockbuster] closed in 2010, but it lives on in our hearts as a beloved symbol of video rental culture,” Jernigan explained on the project’s website.
- - - -
The generator is also integrated with a film database to automatically fill in backsleeve information like cast, director, summary, release year, and approximate runtime. To make your case really look like the real thing, Jernigan even gives it an inventory barcode. After using the site’s Store Search tool (also free), users can identify the childhood Blockbuster store’s retail location number, then add on the movie’s unique code as well as the hypothetical inventory’s copy number.
- - - -It’s a nifty craft project for people looking for something to do with that old box of VHS tapes in the back of their closet. Jernigan also tells Popular Science that the best way of porting a show or movie onto a blank VHS tape (yes, they’re still available to buy).
- - - -“It’s funny, the best way is still the same: you hook a VCR up to any TV, and then press record and watch the TV while it records in real time,” he says, adding that there are also cheap HDMI-to-AV converters you use for converting from a laptop or computer.
- - - -“It does a slight squeezing of 1080p video so that it fits onto the screen. I think it does a great job,” he says.
- +The post Backcountry.com’s 3-day clearance flash sale dropped jackets, hoodies, fleeces, and more up to 70% off appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Jernigan does note it’s worth mentioning that his personal project is “focused on the design and nostalgia side” of VHS culture, and is not intended to help illegal copying or redistribution.
- - - -“I always try to encourage people to be mindful of copyright and local laws and to respect the original creators,” he says.
- - -But for your own home, there are few ways to better respect the pinnacle of video rental outlets than trying out Blockbuster Sleeve Generator.
-The post How to make a Blockbuster VHS sleeve for any movie appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Bose is clearing out refurbished audio products, including a soundbar for just $99 appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>If you’re looking for new shades, go check out these Backcountry sunglasses deals up to 70 percent off.
-
+
Cotopaxi
This low-effort upgrade for your TV is a simple set-and-forget solution to coax dialogue out from behind explosions and background music. Sidestep those tiny, tinny built-in speakers with an easy, one-connection setup. It supports Dolby decoding and is compact and clean-looking, tuned to make voices sound crisp at sane volumes and without redoing your living room.
+This is the kind of cold-weather staple that actually earns its closet space. A hooded puffer works for everything from winter commutes to shoulder-season hikes, and this discount is big enough to justify grabbing it now.
+
Backcountry
When the world won’t stop being loud, QuietComfort earbuds are the low-key solution. Bose noise cancellation is top-tier, and the fin-secured fit never feels clunky. The sound lands rich and controlled, offering a pocketable escape pod from the hustle and bustle. If you want serious focus without a serious investment, this is the move—ideal for flights, commuting, or making an open office feel a lot less open.
+The higher coverage helps keep cold air and powder where it belongs, and “GORE-TEX 3L” in the name is a solid signal this is meant for nasty weather days, not just fair-weather laps.
+
Outdoor Research
Whether you want background music or event audio, this is the kind of portable speaker that makes everyday listening better. It’s compact, rugged, ready for spills and designed for thrills. The sound is punchy with balance but satisfying bass, whether you’re into podcasts in the kitchen, music in the backyard, or chill hangouts that don’t need a gigantic party speaker.
+This one is easy to justify at this price. Chuck it in a daypack, keep it in the car, or pack it for travel so a surprise downpour doesn’t turn into a soggy, miserable afternoon.
-The post Bose is clearing out refurbished audio products, including a soundbar for just $99 appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post In ancient Arabia, people dined on sharks and stingrays appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Since 2020, researchers from the Archaeological Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague (ARÚ) have investigated Wadi Nafūn, an ancient grave site megalith (a structure built with large stones) used by Neolithic locals during the 5th century BCE. Amid their excavations, researchers found the skeletal remains of over 70 men, women, and children. But this wasn’t a single generation of people. The crypt’s size and subsequent radiocarbon dating indicate that Wadi Nafūn was built and maintained communally for over 300 years.
+“This monument was not built by a single small group. It represents cooperation, shared beliefs, and repeated return to a common ceremonial landscape,” project director lžběta Danielisová recently told Arkeonews.
+
However, Danielisová and collaborators faced an immediate challenge. Biological materials like teeth and skeletal fragments usually do not retain many organic components after being exposed to Oman’s arid climate for thousands of years. To properly understand their discoveries, the team needed to ship the materials back to the Czech Republic. There, they utilized isotopic analysis to examine a mineralized substance called bioapatite that remains on bones even after collagen disappears.
+They particularly focused on traces of carbon, oxygen, and strontium to pinpoint some of each Neolithic person’s dietary sources of protein. But it was the discovery of certain nitrogen isotopes that surprised them most, as these compounds are only found in very specific marine animals.
+“We know that these were not just ordinary proteins, but proteins from the top of the food chain,” Danielisová said in a university statement.
+For hundreds of years, it appears the Neolithic communities of southern Arabia regularly hunted and consumed sharks. They didn’t only eat the apex predators, either. Throughout Wadi Nafūn, archaeologists excavated shark tooth pendants, additional tiger shark teeth, fishing tools, and stingray barbs. In order to harvest all these materials, the Neolithic hunters appear to have even used their own teeth to help process and prepare their catches.
+“The teeth of this community have an interesting pattern. This indicates a specific diet and also that people used their teeth as tools,” explained ARÚ Prague anthropologist Jiří Šneberger.
+Additional evidence gleaned from the isotopic analysis also showed that some of the individuals buried at Wadi Nafūn weren’t technically locals. Strontium and oxygen levels suggest certain adults buried here at least spent their childhoods over 30 miles inland. Taken altogether, the shark and human evidence illustrate a highly dynamic, resourceful, and collaborative region that used everything at their disposal to flourish.
+“For the very first time, we were able to use natural science data to document specialized hunting of marine predators, directly by analyzing the local buried community,” said Danielisová. “The connection of this burial community with sharks is very interesting and is a new finding not only in prehistoric Arabia, but in the area of all Neolithic cultures of the arid zone.”
-The post In ancient Arabia, people dined on sharks and stingrays appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Don’t pick up frozen iguanas appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>When air temperatures get cold enough, the reptiles will get stunned (or freeze) and fall from trees. Today, morning temperatures in Jacksonville and Tallahassee dipped as low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit overnight, while Orlando hit the mid-30s, and Miami fell to the upper 40s. All temperatures that are cold enough to temporarily freeze an iguana.
+Reptiles like iguanas are cold-blooded—or ectothermic—reptiles that rely on external environmental conditions to regulate their body temperature. By comparison, warm-blooded or endothermic animals like humans and other mammals have a more consistent body temperature. Since the outside temperature has such a drastic effect on their bodies, cold-blooded animals often adapt their behavior as a response. They may bask in the sun to warm up or find shade to cool down and achieve a more balanced body temperature.
+When it gets cold, iguanas may also enter a dormant state called cold-stunning or freezing since they are not adapted to life in colder temperatures. Iguanas can start to slow down if the temperature gets below 50 degrees, and stun once they hit the 40s or 30s.
+“When that happens, they may lose their grip and fall from the trees,” said AccuWeather Meteorologist Brandon Buckingham. “It’s a unique cold-weather hazard in Florida.”
+After they fall from a tree, they may appear to be dead. However, their critical body functions will all still be working and they will continue to breathe. Once temperatures rise, they can jump back into action as if nothing happened.
+Iguanas can grow up to seven feet long and weigh upwards of 30 pounds, so it is best to be cautious when walking under palm trees in colder weather. Getting hit by a reptile of that size could be dangerous.
+If you see a frozen iguana on the ground, do not rush in to warm them up. Joe Gonzalez from the Iguana Police told WPTV in West Palm Beach that relocating or interfering with an iguana can lead to more problems.
+“If you capture an iguana in your own yard and don’t move it anywhere else, that’s fine,” Gonzalez said. “But if you relocate it, you’re essentially taking your problem and dumping it somewhere else. This can have legal consequences, including fines.”
+Instead, it’s best to just leave the iguana alone. It will usually be fine once it gets over 50 degrees again.
-The post Don’t pick up frozen iguanas appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Why do cats lick you? An expert explains. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>But some felines don’t just lick themselves: They also lick you. A cat will be busy grooming themselves. Then, without warning, they’ll turn their spiky tongues on their unsuspecting humans. Other cats can’t be bothered and won’t ever groom or lick their human friends, or other kitty friends for that matter.
+So, why do some cats lick their owners? Are they trying to clean you, too? We asked an animal behaviorist and cat expert to help us sort out exactly what is going on when your cat licks you.
+For a mother cat, grooming is an important part of child rearing. When a mama cat licks her kittens it serves two important purposes: keeping her kittens clean and promoting social bonds, Kristyn Vitale, an animal behaviorist at Maueyes Cat Science and Education tells Popular Science.
+On the one hand, “mother cats are going to groom their kittens to help keep them clean and healthy,” says Vitale. Kittens can be especially susceptible to diseases, and “anybody who’s raised young kittens knows how dirty they can get, and a mother cat is not going to obviously bathe their kitten in a tub. They’re going to use their tongue to clean them.”
+
But grooming also helps a mother cat strengthen her relationship with her kittens, says Vitale. A mother licking her babies is “one of the kitten’s first forms of social interaction.”
+It’s essentially a way for mothers to say, “I love you and I care for you.”
+Kittens learn to groom from their mom, and usually start grooming themselves when they’re around four weeks old. Pretty soon after that, some cats “begin to reciprocate [their mother’s] grooming and they’ll groom their siblings or other unrelated cats and also preferred people in the house,” says Vitale.
+If your cat grooms other cats, animal behaviorists like Vitale call those cats their “preferred associates.” For instance, bonded cats often groom each other as a way to reinforce their bestie status. For cats, grooming other cats becomes “a very important social behavior that helps build bonds between the individuals.”
+We also see the same behavior in wild cats where mothers groom their cubs to keep them clean and strengthen their connection, says Vitale. In adulthood, wild cats might continue to groom others. You don’t have to search hard to find adorable videos online of lions and tigers licking their besties.
+But Vitale says there is one big difference here. A lot of wild cats, like tigers or even the closest relative of domestic cats, the African wild cat, “don’t live in social groups the same way the domestic cat does.” So they don’t always have the same opportunities to shower their buddies with love, because, well, they just don’t really have many buddies.
+So why, then, do some cats licks their owners? In general, if your cat licks you, it’s them saying (in so many licks) that they love you.
+Vitale says when her cat licks her, she sees it as them “engaging in a social behavior with me” that’s strengthening our relationship. “I’m thinking in my mind that they’re just in a happy mood and looking to hang out together and interact a little bit.”
+While all cats groom themselves (which is why you don’t really need to worry about baths for most cats), not all cats groom other cats or their human friends. But should you feel bad if your cat doesn’t lick you? Does it mean they don’t love you? “No!” says Vitale.
+“Licking’s just one social behavior they could engage in. If your cat just sits on your lap, or sits near you, or your cat’s rubbing up against you, or your cat plays with you, those are all other social behaviors that show there’s a bond,” she says. Cats show love for their owners in all sorts of ways, she emphasizes. “Licking is just one thing a cat could do.”
+Vitale has three cats, and of the three she says only one licks her, “very, very sparingly, like once or twice a month.”
+So, don’t worry, whether they’re a licker or not, your cat loves you. They might just have a different way of showing it.
+In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
-The post Why do cats lick you? An expert explains. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post The best folding electric bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>We don’t test these bikes in a lab—we take them out into the wild. That means folding and unfolding them on sidewalks, rolling them into elevators to see if they actually fit, and lifting them into car trunks to find out if it’s a one-person job or a two-person struggle. We ride the same loops we’d take to work or the store—complete with potholes, stoplights, sketchy shoulders, and plenty of zippy scooters.
+Every bike gets pushed on performance: full pedal assist, lights on, up and down hills until the battery taps out. We pay attention to what it’s like to live with the thing—how it rides, how it folds, and whether we’d actually want to use it every day.
+Folding e-bikes are all about space efficiency, but what that looks like depends on the rider and what accessories you might want to carry. If you’re an urban commuter navigating a cramped apartment, crowded train platforms, and zero bike parking, you want something that folds fast, rolls easy, and doesn’t make enemies in the elevator. On the flip side, RVers, van-lifers, or campers may want a more rugged ride with enough power and range to cruise trails, run errands, or sub in for a car when you’re off-grid.
+All folding e-bikes promise one thing: they take up less space when you’re not riding them. Most have shorter wheelbases, lower standover heights thanks to smaller diameter wheels, and upright riding positions that keep you visible in traffic and balanced at low speeds. But the real magic is in the fold, whether that’s a single hinge or a multi-jointed origami routine. If you’re just tucking it into a hallway or closet, weight might not be a dealbreaker. But if you’re hauling it into a trunk or up a flight of stairs, make sure it’s something you can lift without needing an ice pack after.
+If you’re used to riding full-sized bikes, folding e-bikes do take some getting used to (as do all e-bikes). Taller riders might feel like they’re perched on a circus act, while smaller riders often find the compact fit more confidence-inspiring. The sharper turning radius is a win in tight spaces, but some gearing setups can leave you spinning without much payoff. Ride a few miles, though, and most people settle into the rhythm quickly.
+The post Backcountry.com’s 3-day clearance flash sale dropped jackets, hoodies, fleeces, and more up to 70% off appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Backcountry.com is blowing out dozens of sunglasses for clearance prices during this flash sale appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Once you’ve got a new pair of shades, go check out more deals on outdoor gear for up to 70 percent off at Backcountry.
+ + + +If you actually do “move fast, sweat a lot” activities, these are built for it. The magnetic lens swap system makes it realistic to switch lenses without smudging everything up, and the shape is more performance-first than fashion-forward—which is exactly what you want on long rides and runs.
+ + + + +If you want a pair you can beat up a little, these are a good “throw them on and go” option: polarized lenses to cut glare off snow/water/traffic, a grippy fit for hikes and bike days, and an Rx-ready frame if you’re tired of choosing between sunglasses and seeing clearly.
+ + + +Zeal Manitou Sunglasses – Men’s — $103.05 (was $229.00)
Photochromic lenses are the move for “sun in the parking lot, clouds on the trail, sun again at the summit” days. These automatically lighten/darken as conditions change, and they’re polarized for glare control, so you’re not constantly swapping eyewear or squinting through reflections.
RAEN optics Squire Polarized Sunglasses $61.50 (was $205.00). A rare “nice sunglasses” deal. These lean classic and wearable, so they work as everyday shades, not just trail gear. If you want something that looks good with a puffy jacket and also doesn’t feel out of place at brunch, this is the move.
+ + + +Electric Crasher 49 Polarized Sunglasses $124.98 (was $249.95). This is the kind of 50%-off deal that makes upgrading feel justified. You’re getting polarized lenses and a sturdier, lifestyle-friendly frame that’s more “all day” than “one specific sport.”
+ + + +The post Backcountry.com is blowing out dozens of sunglasses for clearance prices during this flash sale appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post What were books like in ancient Greece and Rome? appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>If you were to visit a bookshop in the ancient world, what would it be like?
+ + + +You don’t just have to imagine it. The ancient Roman writer Aulus Gellius, who lived in the 2nd century CE, gives us a number of descriptions of his adventures at bookstores. In one passage, he describes an encounter at one in Rome, which he was visiting with a poet friend:
+ + + +++ + + +I chanced to be sitting in a bookshop in the Sigillaria with the poet Julius Paulus […] There was on sale there the Annals of Quintus Fabius Pictor in a copy of good and undoubted age, which the dealer maintained was without errors.
+
Gellius then tells us that, while they are sitting there, another customer enters the shop. The new customer has a disagreement with the dealer. He complains that he “found in the book one error”. The dealer says that’s impossible. Then the customer brings out evidence to prove the dealer wrong.
+ + + +In different passage, Aulus tells us about some bookstalls he came across when he arrived by ship at the port of Brundisium on the Adriatic coast. The books, he records, were “in Greek, filled with marvellous tales, things unheard of, incredible […] The writers were ancient and of no mean authority”.
+ + + +++ + + +The volumes themselves, however, were filthy from neglect, in bad condition and unsightly. Nevertheless, I drew near and asked their price; then, attracted by their extraordinary and unexpected cheapness, I bought a large number of them for a small sum.
+

Aulus goes on to describe in excited language all the weird facts he derived from these books – like how people in Africa can “work spells by voice and tongue” and through this witchcraft cause people, animals, trees and crops to die.
+ + + +These sorts of stories bring us close to how ordinary people in ancient Greek and Roman times obtained books and engaged with books. But if we read stories like this it might lead us to want to know more. How did books and writing come into existence? And how were books written and produced?
+ + + +Many people in the ancient world thought that writing had been invented by gods or heroes. For example, the ancient Egyptians believed the god Thoth was the first to create signs to represent spoken sounds.
+ + + +The origins of writing are certainly mysterious. It’s unclear when writing began and who invented it.
+ + + +The earliest written text is a wooden tablet radiocarbon dated to before 5000 BCE. This is known as the Dispilio tablet, because it was discovered at a neolithic lakeside settlement at Dispilio in Greece. It is carved with strange linear markings. These have not been deciphered, but most scholars think they are a form of writing.
+ + + +
Evidence for writing appears early in different parts of the world. In Mesopotamia and Egypt, the oldest texts, such as the Kish limestone tablet at Uruk or the Narmer Palette at Hierakonpolis, date to before 3000 BCE. In the Indus Valley, the Harappan script, which remains undeciphered, appeared around the same time. In China, the earliest characters, the Dawenkou graphs, also date to around 3000 BCE.
+ + + +One of the most interesting aspects of early writing is that there is such a variety of different scripts. For example, the earliest known texts in the Greek language are written in the Linear B script, which was used from around 1500-1200 BCE, and wasn’t deciphered until 1952. Linear B is not an alphabet, but a syllabary of more than 80 different signs. A syllabary is a kind of writing system where each sign represents a syllable.
+ + + +By around the 8th century BCE, most Greeks had starting using an alphabet instead of a syllabary. Unlike a syllabary, in an alphabet each letter represents a vowel or consonant. The Greeks adapted their alphabet from the Phoenician alphabet, probably via interactions with Phoenician traders. The Phoenician alphabet had only 22 letters, making it much easier to learn than the 80-plus syllabary signs of Linear B.
+ + + +Our English alphabet comes from the Romans, who in the 8th and 7th century BCE also got their alphabet from the Phoenicians, via the Greeks.
+ + + +
People in ancient times used many different things as writing materials.
+ + + +The Roman writer Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE) tells us that the earliest people in the world
+ + + +++ + + +used to write on palm-leaves and then on the bark of certain trees, and afterwards folding sheets of lead began to be employed for official muniments, and then also sheets of linen or tablets of wax for private documents.
+
However, the most popular writing material in the ancient Mediterranean was papyrus, from which we get our word “paper”.
+ + + +To make papyrus, you get the pith of the papyrus plant (Cyperus papyrus), cut it into slender strips, then press it together. Once dried, it forms a thin sheet that you can write on.
+ + + +Papyrus sheets were usually glued together into rolls. These rolls could be very long. Some of the most lavish Egyptian papyrus rolls were more than 10 metres long, such as the recently discovered Waziri Papyrus containing parts of the Book of the Dead.
+ + + +When papyri were rolled up they were stored in shelves or boxes. Labels were attached to the handles of the papyri so you could identify their contents. In his play Linus, Greek playwright Alexis (c. 375-275 BC) has one character tell another how to look through a bunch of rolls to find what he wants:
+ + + +++ + + +go over and pick any papyrus roll you like out of there and then read it… examining them quietly, and at your leisure, on the basis of the labels. Orpheus is in there, Hesiod, tragedies, Choerilus, Homer, Epicharmus, prose treatises of every type…
+
Papyrus seems flimsy to the eye, but it is a durable writing material, stronger than modern paper. Many papyri have survived for thousands of years stored in jars or sarcophagi or buried under the sand.
+ + + +The oldest surviving papyrus text is the so-called Diary of Merer (which you can listen to here), the logbook of a man named Merer, who was an inspector during the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza under Pharaoh Khufu. This papyrus, which dates to around 2600 BCE, gives a day-by-day account of how Merer and his team of about 200 men spent time hauling and transporting stone and doing other work.
+ + + +Papyrus was susceptible to being eaten by insects or mice. But there were ways to prevent this. Pliny the Elder, for example, advises that sheets of papyrus soaked in citrus-oil won’t be eaten by moths.
+ + + + +If you were living in ancient Greece or Rome and wanted to write a book, how would you do it?
+ + + +First, you would buy sheets or rolls of papyrus to write on. If you couldn’t afford it, you’d have to write on the back or in the margins of papyri you already owned.
+ + + +If you didn’t own any papyri already, then you would have to write on other materials. According to the Greek historian Diogenes Laertius (3rd century CE), the philosopher Cleanthes (c. 331-231 BCE) “wrote down lectures on oyster-shells and the blade-bones of oxen through lack of money to buy papyrus”.
+ + + +Second, you would get your ink. In the ancient world, there were many varieties of ink. Normal black ink was made from the soot of burnt resin or pitch mixed with vegetable gum. When buying ink, it would come in powder form, and you would need to mix it with water before using it.
+ + + +Third, you would get your pen. It would be made from reed, hence it was called the “calamus” by Greeks and Romans (“calamus” is the Greek word for reed). To sharpen your pen you would need a knife. If you made a mistake, you would erase it with a wet sponge.
+ + + +Now you have all the materials you need. However, you don’t need to use the pen and papyrus yourself. If you want, you can get a scribe to write down your words for you.
+ + + +The Greek orator Dio Chrysostom (c.40-110 CE) even advised writers not to use the pen themselves:
+ + + +++ + + +Writing I do not advise you to engage in with your own hand, or only very rarely, but rather to dictate to a secretary.
+
If you needed to consult other books while writing, you could get friends to send them to you or ask book dealers to make you a copy. In a papyrus from the 2nd century CE found at Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, and written in Greek, the writer asks his friend to find the books that he needs and make copies of them. Otherwise, you would go to a library, though the best libraries at Alexandria, Rome and Athens might be far away.
+ + + +When you finished drafting your book you would need to revise and correct it. You could then publish it by having many copies made by scribes and delivering these copies to friends and booksellers.
+ + + +When all this was done, your book would be out in public. Perhaps someone like Aulus Gellius would stumble across it in a busy Roman bookshop. Maybe he’d even buy it.
+ + + + +The post What were books like in ancient Greece and Rome? appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Baby chimpanzees like to free fall through trees appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>After studying videos of 119 wild chimpanzees, researchers found that chimpanzees’ risky behavior peaks in their infancy, and then lessens as they get older. Specifically, they documented that infants were three times more likely, juveniles were 2.5 times more likely, and adolescents were 2.1 times more likely than adults to undertake risks. Chimps are typically classified as infants from birth to around five years old.
+ + + + +“One of the main findings is that all chimpanzee kids are risky, and that infant and juvenile chimpanzees are even more risky than adolescents,” Lauren Sarringhaus, lead-author of the recent study and a biologist at James Madison University, said in a statement. “That’s noteworthy because that is not what you see in humans.”
+ + + +Chimps’ risk-taking was not associated with their sex, nor how high up in the trees they were. In other words, it was equally probable for male and female infants to undertake physical risks at any height. The specific risky behavior studied in chimps was free flight—when they purposefully fall from a branch or jump from one branch to the next without any hold.The risk in free flight is falling and then getting hurt.
+ + + +Compared to chimpanzees, it’s more difficult to investigate physical risk-taking in humans. We can’t recreate the behavior in a lab, but even studies based on observations or survey data run into the issue that risky behavior in children (such as doing monkey bars) doesn’t usually continue into adulthood (such as skydiving), and vice-versa.
+ + + + +Interestingly, this study appears to suggest something novel about our own species. Simply put, the results indicate that while chimp mothers can only restrain their children as long as they can maintain them physically close, human parents and caregivers can continue monitoring them and human children are simply supervised more. What’s more, if we didn’t have this extended overwatch, our risky behavior might also peak earlier instead of being delayed to adolescence.
+ + + +“Bryce found that in fact the youngest chimps were doing all of these crazy leaps and drops, and it declined gradually as they aged. We were really scratching our heads thinking, ‘What is going on?’”said co-senior author Laura MacLatchy, a professor of anthropology at the University of Michigan, referring to co-author Bryce Murray. “We realized that the littlest chimps were unrestricted in what they do, as soon as they were out of arm’s reach of their mom and no longer clinging and riding around on their mom.”
+ + + +According to indications by earlier work, chimpanzee play might help them exercise abilities related to movement, or understand the results of risky behavior during a particular period of their lives—they are young, lightweight, have “spongier” bones, and have fewer chances of injury
+ + + +Indeed, infant chimps frequently take the risks in question while playing, MacLatchy explained, to gain the physical competencies and confidence necessary for an arboreal existence. “Competency as an adult really depends on practice when you’re little,” she added. “Play as practice might be part of what’s going on with these kids. Then again, there may be no stopping them.”
+The post Baby chimpanzees like to free fall through trees appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post How to avoid the iPhone’s notorious ‘silent alarm’ bug appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The bug causes alarms to go off, but silently—there’s no audible ring, and no vibration. That’s not ideal if you need to get up for work, a flight, or anything else you have to do. So what exactly is going on? Here’s what we know about the so-called silent alarm bug on the iPhone and what you can do about it.
+ + + +
If you set an alarm, it’s important that it actually alerts you at the right time. But these silent alarms that users have been noticing on their iPhones don’t make any sound and don’t trigger any vibrations. They do appear on screen as normal, but they’re completely silent.
+ + + +As for what’s causing it, no one seems certain. Back in 2024, Apple said it was fixing the issue, without going into much detail about what was behind it—but users are finding that it’s still happening. Sometimes it seems that a particular iOS version will patch the problem, only for it to show up again in a subsequent version.
+ + + +Given that it’s been happening for a long time, and affecting a substantial number of users (but not everyone), it’s possible that there are multiple causes. While there’s been no official guidance from Apple about how to fix it, there are steps you can take to minimize the likelihood of silent alarms.
+ + + +
First, make sure your alarms are set as intended from the Alarms tab of the Clock app. Tap on an alarm and you can check the Sound option to see the noise it triggers and the Repeat option to check the frequency—it may be that your alarm is set to go off some days and not others. If a specific alarm isn’t ringing, try deleting it and creating it again.
+ + + +You can get to the audio settings for your iPhone by opening up Settings, then choosing Sounds & Haptics. Look at the volume slider under Ringtone and Alerts to make sure it’s high enough. You might also want to turn off Change with Buttons to make sure you’re not adjusting the alert volume accidentally. Alarms shouldn’t be affected by the Silent Mode toggle, but you can try turning this off anyway.
+ + + +Under Bluetooth in Settings, make sure your iPhone isn’t connected to any speakers or headphones that it shouldn’t be—otherwise it could be piping your alarm sounds through a different device and not your iPhone speakers.
+ + + +Some users have found they can overcome the silent alarm bug by turning off the Attention-Aware Features toggle switch, which you’ll find under Face ID & Passcode in Settings. This changes certain iPhone behaviors, including the level of alarm sounds, if it thinks you’re looking at the screen. It could explain certain silent alarms—though it should only ever lower the alarm volume level, not mute it completely.
+ + + +It’s worth saying that the Do Not Disturb mode and any other modes you’ve got set up in Focus in Settings shouldn’t make any difference to alarms—they just control the volume for app notifications—but it’s perhaps worth reviewing them anyway.
+ + + +Finally, be sure to keep your iPhone up to date with the latest version of iOS. While it seems as though this bug is persisting in the latest software releases, hopefully at some point Apple will squash it for good, and when that happens you’re going to want to get the update as soon as possible.
+ + + +
Something else you can do to try and avoid silent alarms is to install a third-party alarm app, and there are lots to choose from. Alarmy actually prides itself on the loudness of its alarm alerts, so you should have no problems waking up. You can get some extra premium features and remove the ads by paying $4.99 a month, but the basic functionality is free.
+ + + +Then there’s Galarm, which packs alarms and reminders into one app, with a host of options available. You can categorize alarms and add notes to them, for example, and go into plenty of detail when it comes to when alarms should repeat. Again, you can opt to subscribe for more features and an ad-free experience, which costs $0.99 a month.
+ + + +Sleep Cycle is another app worth considering. Not only will it wake you up, it also has a smart alarm feature that aims to rouse you at the most beneficial time in your sleep cycle (within a preset window). It’ll track your sleep too—there’s a lot to it. You get the basics for free, with a pile of premium features (including weather reports and more sleep stats) available for a $2.99-per-month subscription.
+ + + +Or you can invest in a smart alarm clock. Or just an old-fashioned alarm clock with the big red numbers and real buttons.
+The post How to avoid the iPhone’s notorious ‘silent alarm’ bug appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Duluth Trading’s winter clearance drops its toughest coats, pants, and outerwear up to 70% off appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>This is the deal for replacing your default jeans with something that’s actually meant for being outside. A solid pair of hiking-style pants earns its keep fast especially on windy days, travel days, and any time you’re climbing over stuff that isn’t a curb.
+ + + + +A long, insulated parka is the move for truly cold days because it keeps your core warm and doesn’t leave your thighs out in the wind. If you spend any real time outside in winter, this is the kind of layer that makes the whole season less miserable.
+ + + + +If winter where you live is more wet-snow-and-freezing-rain than fluffy powder, a waterproof down parka is the right kind of overkill. It’s a long, insulated layer meant to keep you warm while still standing up to ugly weather.
+ + + + +
+
+ Duluth Trading
+The whole point of a 3-in-1 is that you’re not stuck committing to one level of warmth all day. It’s the kind of kit that makes sense if your week is split between commuting, dog walks, and the occasional cold weekend hike.
+ + + +The post Duluth Trading’s winter clearance drops its toughest coats, pants, and outerwear up to 70% off appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Hubble spots three young stars going through growth spurts appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>A T Tauri star is a young star, usually less than 10 million years old. During this phase, the still-growing stellar object sees the dust and gas surrounding it begin to disappear as stellar winds, radiation, and other ionized particles bombard it. This dynamic environment is reflected in the star’s brightness, which randomly fluctuates depending on the material interactions underway in its accretion disk. More regular shifts in brightness can also occur as sunspots move in and out of view to astronomers here on Earth.
+ + + +The T Tauri examples seen in Hubble’s image have a long way to go before they resemble the stars most observers recognize. Gravity will continue to bear down on the object until it forces hydrogen and helium elements to fuse in the star’s core, at which point it will finally become a main sequence stellar object.
+ + + +The stars in Scorpius are further along in their growth than the protostars highlighted by NASA on January 14, however. About 1,300 light-years away, protostars in the “sword” of Orion are getting their start inside the constellation’s Orion Molecular Cloud complex. Astronomers aimed Hubble toward this area of the sky to better understand outflow cavities—areas where a protostar’s gas and dust is shaved away by nearby stellar winds.
+The post Hubble spots three young stars going through growth spurts appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post You need a portable jump starter in your car and Amazon has these GOOLOO models for clearance prices appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Keep it in the trunk, forget it exists, then use it once every couple years to feel like a genius. The integrated cables won’t get lost in your car and you won’t have to depend on a kind stranger for a jump. The 100W charging matters, too—on road trips it can pull double duty as a legit power bank for phones, tablets, and other USB-C stuff.
+ + + + +If you’re trying to cover the two most likely roadside problems with one device, this is the pick. Jump the car when the battery gives up, then top off a tire after you’ve been ignoring that warning light for a while. The inflator’s auto-off feature is underrated: you set the target pressure and let it stop itself.
+ + + + +Sometimes you just want the affordable, no-drama option. Compact, cheaper than a tow, and capable of bailing out most everyday vehicles without taking up half your trunk, it’s well worth the price.
+ + + +If you drive something larger, live somewhere cold, or just want the most headroom, start here.
+ + + +If you drive a typical commuter car, this tier is often plenty—and it’s the easiest on the wallet.
+ + + +If you only want to throw one thing in your trunk and call it a day, pick from this section.
+ + + +If your car doesn’t have a full-size spare (most don’t), this is a smart add.
+ + + +If you’re tired of guessing why the check-engine light came on, a scanner can save time (and sometimes a trip) by giving you a starting point.
+ + + +Not car gear, but still useful: rechargeable air dusters are basically a reusable can of compressed air. They’re handy for keyboards, PC fans, car vents, and all the places dust likes to hide.
+ + + +The post You need a portable jump starter in your car and Amazon has these GOOLOO models for clearance prices appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post How to make a Blockbuster VHS sleeve for any movie appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>That’s not to say you can’t recreate at least some of those nostalgic aesthetics. A highly accurate tape case design was first uploaded online in 2024 by programmer Ryan Finnie. At the time, however, making your own sleeves required a fair amount of manual input and adjustment. As spotted by BoingBoing, digital strategist and creator Tex Jernigan recently debuted the streamlined, free-to-use Blockbuster Sleeve Generator. Like the name implies, the website allows anyone to print out customized, highly accurate tape case labels that look nearly identical to the iconic blue-and-yellow slips once seen lining video store aisles. All the customizable elements are also integrated into a single program for any cinephiles yearning for a bit of VHS roleplaying.
+ + + +“[Blockbuster] closed in 2010, but it lives on in our hearts as a beloved symbol of video rental culture,” Jernigan explained on the project’s website.
+ + + +
The generator is also integrated with a film database to automatically fill in backsleeve information like cast, director, summary, release year, and approximate runtime. To make your case really look like the real thing, Jernigan even gives it an inventory barcode. After using the site’s Store Search tool (also free), users can identify the childhood Blockbuster store’s retail location number, then add on the movie’s unique code as well as the hypothetical inventory’s copy number.
+ + + +It’s a nifty craft project for people looking for something to do with that old box of VHS tapes in the back of their closet. Jernigan also tells Popular Science that the best way of porting a show or movie onto a blank VHS tape (yes, they’re still available to buy).
+ + + +“It’s funny, the best way is still the same: you hook a VCR up to any TV, and then press record and watch the TV while it records in real time,” he says, adding that there are also cheap HDMI-to-AV converters you use for converting from a laptop or computer.
+ + + +“It does a slight squeezing of 1080p video so that it fits onto the screen. I think it does a great job,” he says.
+ + + +Jernigan does note it’s worth mentioning that his personal project is “focused on the design and nostalgia side” of VHS culture, and is not intended to help illegal copying or redistribution.
+ + + +“I always try to encourage people to be mindful of copyright and local laws and to respect the original creators,” he says.
+ + + +But for your own home, there are few ways to better respect the pinnacle of video rental outlets than trying out Blockbuster Sleeve Generator.
+The post How to make a Blockbuster VHS sleeve for any movie appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Bose is clearing out refurbished audio products, including a soundbar for just $99 appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>This low-effort upgrade for your TV is a simple set-and-forget solution to coax dialogue out from behind explosions and background music. Sidestep those tiny, tinny built-in speakers with an easy, one-connection setup. It supports Dolby decoding and is compact and clean-looking, tuned to make voices sound crisp at sane volumes and without redoing your living room.
+ + + + +When the world won’t stop being loud, QuietComfort earbuds are the low-key solution. Bose noise cancellation is top-tier, and the fin-secured fit never feels clunky. The sound lands rich and controlled, offering a pocketable escape pod from the hustle and bustle. If you want serious focus without a serious investment, this is the move—ideal for flights, commuting, or making an open office feel a lot less open.
+ + + + +Whether you want background music or event audio, this is the kind of portable speaker that makes everyday listening better. It’s compact, rugged, ready for spills and designed for thrills. The sound is punchy with balance but satisfying bass, whether you’re into podcasts in the kitchen, music in the backyard, or chill hangouts that don’t need a gigantic party speaker.
+ + + +The post Bose is clearing out refurbished audio products, including a soundbar for just $99 appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post In ancient Arabia, people dined on sharks and stingrays appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Since 2020, researchers from the Archaeological Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague (ARÚ) have investigated Wadi Nafūn, an ancient grave site megalith (a structure built with large stones) used by Neolithic locals during the 5th century BCE. Amid their excavations, researchers found the skeletal remains of over 70 men, women, and children. But this wasn’t a single generation of people. The crypt’s size and subsequent radiocarbon dating indicate that Wadi Nafūn was built and maintained communally for over 300 years.
+ +“This monument was not built by a single small group. It represents cooperation, shared beliefs, and repeated return to a common ceremonial landscape,” project director lžběta Danielisová recently told Arkeonews.
-Lectric is one of the OGs of foldable electric bikes, so much so that I’d nearly always get a shout or recognition from another Lectric rider when I was riding one around town. They’d chat with me at a stop or ride alongside me for a bit, and I can honestly say it’s never happened to me on another brand of e-bike. The Lectric XP4 finetunes what it’s learned from previous models for an affordable, fun ride with five pedal-assist levels and a thumb throttle. Lectric added more juice to the 500W motor, which can peak at 1,092W and kick out 55Nm of torque.
+
The tires are fat-tire lite—20 by 3 inches with custom tread—which makes for a more cushioned ride with the front suspension fork. The improved Shimano Altus gearing and an in-house-designed torque sensor mean less furious pedaling than other models to get up to top speeds. Lectric lists the standard step-over at $1,300 (there are also step-thru and long-range variations), but you can often find it on sale for a grand—and yet, it still has hydraulic brakes, which are a rarity at this price point. The XP4 also comes stock with many nice commuter extras, like integrated lights, front and rear fenders, and a monster rear rack that can hold up to 150 pounds. Lectric offers a ton of accessories, including a passenger seat for light riders (e.g., kids). It now features a TFT LCD color display with a USB-C charging port.
+However, Danielisová and collaborators faced an immediate challenge. Biological materials like teeth and skeletal fragments usually do not retain many organic components after being exposed to Oman’s arid climate for thousands of years. To properly understand their discoveries, the team needed to ship the materials back to the Czech Republic. There, they utilized isotopic analysis to examine a mineralized substance called bioapatite that remains on bones even after collagen disappears.
-For most people, the Lectric will meet their folding e-bike needs, but it’s not perfect. Lectric, more than many brands, makes you well aware of cords. While the wiring up front is well-organized, nothing is internally threaded. It folds at two points—at mid-frame and the handlebars—and it frankly takes some practice to align pedals, handlebars, and wheels just right. You’ll also need a bungee cord (or something similar) to keep everything nice and tight if you want to move the bike while folded (see below). But it does get small enough to go into a typical car trunk—not a Miata, let’s not get crazy. It is, however, a heavy 62 pounds (69 unless you scrap the battery).
+They particularly focused on traces of carbon, oxygen, and strontium to pinpoint some of each Neolithic person’s dietary sources of protein. But it was the discovery of certain nitrogen isotopes that surprised them most, as these compounds are only found in very specific marine animals.
-
“We know that these were not just ordinary proteins, but proteins from the top of the food chain,” Danielisová said in a university statement.
-For hundreds of years, it appears the Neolithic communities of southern Arabia regularly hunted and consumed sharks. They didn’t only eat the apex predators, either. Throughout Wadi Nafūn, archaeologists excavated shark tooth pendants, additional tiger shark teeth, fishing tools, and stingray barbs. In order to harvest all these materials, the Neolithic hunters appear to have even used their own teeth to help process and prepare their catches.
-“The teeth of this community have an interesting pattern. This indicates a specific diet and also that people used their teeth as tools,” explained ARÚ Prague anthropologist Jiří Šneberger.
+ + + +Additional evidence gleaned from the isotopic analysis also showed that some of the individuals buried at Wadi Nafūn weren’t technically locals. Strontium and oxygen levels suggest certain adults buried here at least spent their childhoods over 30 miles inland. Taken altogether, the shark and human evidence illustrate a highly dynamic, resourceful, and collaborative region that used everything at their disposal to flourish.
+ + + +“For the very first time, we were able to use natural science data to document specialized hunting of marine predators, directly by analyzing the local buried community,” said Danielisová. “The connection of this burial community with sharks is very interesting and is a new finding not only in prehistoric Arabia, but in the area of all Neolithic cultures of the arid zone.”
+The post In ancient Arabia, people dined on sharks and stingrays appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Don’t pick up frozen iguanas appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>When air temperatures get cold enough, the reptiles will get stunned (or freeze) and fall from trees. Today, morning temperatures in Jacksonville and Tallahassee dipped as low as 20 degrees Fahrenheit overnight, while Orlando hit the mid-30s, and Miami fell to the upper 40s. All temperatures that are cold enough to temporarily freeze an iguana.
+ + + +Reptiles like iguanas are cold-blooded—or ectothermic—reptiles that rely on external environmental conditions to regulate their body temperature. By comparison, warm-blooded or endothermic animals like humans and other mammals have a more consistent body temperature. Since the outside temperature has such a drastic effect on their bodies, cold-blooded animals often adapt their behavior as a response. They may bask in the sun to warm up or find shade to cool down and achieve a more balanced body temperature.
+ + + + +When it gets cold, iguanas may also enter a dormant state called cold-stunning or freezing since they are not adapted to life in colder temperatures. Iguanas can start to slow down if the temperature gets below 50 degrees, and stun once they hit the 40s or 30s.
+ + + +“When that happens, they may lose their grip and fall from the trees,” said AccuWeather Meteorologist Brandon Buckingham. “It’s a unique cold-weather hazard in Florida.”
+ + + +After they fall from a tree, they may appear to be dead. However, their critical body functions will all still be working and they will continue to breathe. Once temperatures rise, they can jump back into action as if nothing happened.
+ + + +Iguanas can grow up to seven feet long and weigh upwards of 30 pounds, so it is best to be cautious when walking under palm trees in colder weather. Getting hit by a reptile of that size could be dangerous.
+ + + +If you see a frozen iguana on the ground, do not rush in to warm them up. Joe Gonzalez from the Iguana Police told WPTV in West Palm Beach that relocating or interfering with an iguana can lead to more problems.
+ + + +“If you capture an iguana in your own yard and don’t move it anywhere else, that’s fine,” Gonzalez said. “But if you relocate it, you’re essentially taking your problem and dumping it somewhere else. This can have legal consequences, including fines.”
+ + + +Instead, it’s best to just leave the iguana alone. It will usually be fine once it gets over 50 degrees again.
+The post Don’t pick up frozen iguanas appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Why do cats lick you? An expert explains. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>But some felines don’t just lick themselves: They also lick you. A cat will be busy grooming themselves. Then, without warning, they’ll turn their spiky tongues on their unsuspecting humans. Other cats can’t be bothered and won’t ever groom or lick their human friends, or other kitty friends for that matter.
+ + + +So, why do some cats lick their owners? Are they trying to clean you, too? We asked an animal behaviorist and cat expert to help us sort out exactly what is going on when your cat licks you.
+ + + +For a mother cat, grooming is an important part of child rearing. When a mama cat licks her kittens it serves two important purposes: keeping her kittens clean and promoting social bonds, Kristyn Vitale, an animal behaviorist at Maueyes Cat Science and Education tells Popular Science.
+ + + +On the one hand, “mother cats are going to groom their kittens to help keep them clean and healthy,” says Vitale. Kittens can be especially susceptible to diseases, and “anybody who’s raised young kittens knows how dirty they can get, and a mother cat is not going to obviously bathe their kitten in a tub. They’re going to use their tongue to clean them.”
- - - - See It - - -
The Brompton Electric G Line doesn’t look like your average e-bike—and that’s the point. This is the electrified version of Brompton’s iconic folding bike, designed for people who need a compact ride that’s easy to stash indoors or carry onto public transit. It folds down smaller than anything else in this roundup, and hides its motor and battery inside a clever front-mounted bag that clicks on and off the frame. It’s a refined solution for riders who live in apartments, juggle multi-leg commutes, or just don’t have a safe spot to lock up a full-sized bike.
+But grooming also helps a mother cat strengthen her relationship with her kittens, says Vitale. A mother licking her babies is “one of the kitten’s first forms of social interaction.”
-At about 43 pounds, the Electric G Line is heavy for Brompton but very light for an e-bike, especially a folding one. Its signature tri-fold is among the fastest folding bikes: pivot the rear wheel under, collapse the main frame, and fold down the handlebars. The whole process only takes a couple of minutes, and the rear rack has wheels that let you roll the folded bike rather than lug it around. Skilled unfolders can kinda flick the bike open, but my short stature never got the hang of it—or it could be the G Line’s larger 20-inch wheels. Still, for people who go from bike ride to subway, the whole package rolls easily through a station and can slide under a desk once you get to an office.
+It’s essentially a way for mothers to say, “I love you and I care for you.”
-Despite its small size and quirky looks, the G Line rides like a much bigger bike. The 250W rear hub motor is quiet and natural-feeling, giving a smooth assist that enhances your pedaling without ever lurching forward. It’s paired with a 345Wh battery and a four-speed drivetrain that shifts cleanly—even if you might wish for an extra gear when really pushing. The high-volume Schwalbe tires soak up most road chatter, and the stretched frame geometry gives it a stable, planted feel. On paved streets and smooth trails, it feels confident and composed. Gravel is more of a backup plan; the G Line can handle light dirt or hardpack, but without suspension, rougher terrain sends vibration straight to your hands.
+The cockpit is minimal, and that can be a blessing or a quirk depending on your style. The small color display looks great, and you change pedal assist level by rocking the screen up or down. However, so many control units use physical buttons or touchscreens that this movement isn’t necessarily intuitive. You can also change assist levels from the battery bag or via the Brompton app, but neither is a fast mid-ride adjustment. On a full battery with max assist, it delivered over 27 miles of city and trail riding in testing, and it steps down its support gradually as the battery drains. Even fully unpowered, the bike is easy to ride thanks to its well-balanced frame and drivetrain.
+Kittens learn to groom from their mom, and usually start grooming themselves when they’re around four weeks old. Pretty soon after that, some cats “begin to reciprocate [their mother’s] grooming and they’ll groom their siblings or other unrelated cats and also preferred people in the house,” says Vitale.
-The G Line isn’t a casual purchase—it starts around $4,950—but it’s not built for casual needs. It’s a splurge for riders who want the convenience of a folding bike with the ride feel of something much larger, and who plan to use it as part of everyday life. If your bike lives inside with you, travels on trains, or gets folded twice a day, this one earns its keep. As we explained in our full review, the G Line makes few compromises for something this compact, and still manages to be fun, functional, and unexpectedly fast.
+If your cat grooms other cats, animal behaviorists like Vitale call those cats their “preferred associates.” For instance, bonded cats often groom each other as a way to reinforce their bestie status. For cats, grooming other cats becomes “a very important social behavior that helps build bonds between the individuals.”
-
We also see the same behavior in wild cats where mothers groom their cubs to keep them clean and strengthen their connection, says Vitale. In adulthood, wild cats might continue to groom others. You don’t have to search hard to find adorable videos online of lions and tigers licking their besties.
-But Vitale says there is one big difference here. A lot of wild cats, like tigers or even the closest relative of domestic cats, the African wild cat, “don’t live in social groups the same way the domestic cat does.” So they don’t always have the same opportunities to shower their buddies with love, because, well, they just don’t really have many buddies.
+ + + +So why, then, do some cats licks their owners? In general, if your cat licks you, it’s them saying (in so many licks) that they love you.
+ + + +Vitale says when her cat licks her, she sees it as them “engaging in a social behavior with me” that’s strengthening our relationship. “I’m thinking in my mind that they’re just in a happy mood and looking to hang out together and interact a little bit.”
+ + + +While all cats groom themselves (which is why you don’t really need to worry about baths for most cats), not all cats groom other cats or their human friends. But should you feel bad if your cat doesn’t lick you? Does it mean they don’t love you? “No!” says Vitale.
+ + + +“Licking’s just one social behavior they could engage in. If your cat just sits on your lap, or sits near you, or your cat’s rubbing up against you, or your cat plays with you, those are all other social behaviors that show there’s a bond,” she says. Cats show love for their owners in all sorts of ways, she emphasizes. “Licking is just one thing a cat could do.”
+ + + +Vitale has three cats, and of the three she says only one licks her, “very, very sparingly, like once or twice a month.”
+ + + +So, don’t worry, whether they’re a licker or not, your cat loves you. They might just have a different way of showing it.
+ + + +In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
+The post Why do cats lick you? An expert explains. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post The best folding electric bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The Heybike Mars 3.0 is built for weekend wanderers, RV adventurers, and anyone who’d rather be bouncing down a trail than weaving through traffic. With 4-inch fat tires and full suspension, it turns cracked pavement and chunky gravel into something closer to a suggestion than a challenge. It’s less about fitting into tight spaces and more about blasting out into wide-open ones.
+Twist the throttle or tap the pedals, and the Mars 3.0 surges forward like it’s been waiting for a greenlight at a race track. In Eco mode, pedaling feels effortless, and hills practically vanish. Kick it into Boost, and pedaling becomes optional. The plush suspension softens every hit, giving even rough trails a floaty, playful vibe. It’s the kind of ride that makes you seek out the bumpy route just for the fun of it.
+We don’t test these bikes in a lab—we take them out into the wild. That means folding and unfolding them on sidewalks, rolling them into elevators to see if they actually fit, and lifting them into car trunks to find out if it’s a one-person job or a two-person struggle. We ride the same loops we’d take to work or the store—complete with potholes, stoplights, sketchy shoulders, and plenty of zippy scooters.
-Yes, it folds, but you’ll need to mean it. At around 70 pounds, the Mars 3.0 is hefty, and the folding process—collapsing the frame and dropping the handlebars—is made trickier by its bulk and a center hinge that started out pretty stiff. There’s a built-in stand to keep stress off the drivetrain, but lifting it into a car is a two-person job for most people. It fit in a hatchback, barely, and would be more at home rolling into an RV or the back of a pickup.
+Every bike gets pushed on performance: full pedal assist, lights on, up and down hills until the battery taps out. We pay attention to what it’s like to live with the thing—how it rides, how it folds, and whether we’d actually want to use it every day.
-You’ll also need to keep track of the required key, and in fact, the Mars 3.0 features a multilayered security system that lets you choose between unlocking the bike with the app, PIN code, or NFC card. It feels like overkill until you remember this bike is basically a joyride machine, and Heybike clearly doesn’t want it rolling away without you.
+If you think of folding as a way to bring your bike to the trail—not necessarily store it under your desk—this one makes a strong case. As we explained in our full review, the Mars 3.0 trades sleekness for capability, and for the right kind of rider, that’s exactly the point.
+Folding e-bikes are all about space efficiency, but what that looks like depends on the rider and what accessories you might want to carry. If you’re an urban commuter navigating a cramped apartment, crowded train platforms, and zero bike parking, you want something that folds fast, rolls easy, and doesn’t make enemies in the elevator. On the flip side, RVers, van-lifers, or campers may want a more rugged ride with enough power and range to cruise trails, run errands, or sub in for a car when you’re off-grid.
-
All folding e-bikes promise one thing: they take up less space when you’re not riding them. Most have shorter wheelbases, lower standover heights thanks to smaller diameter wheels, and upright riding positions that keep you visible in traffic and balanced at low speeds. But the real magic is in the fold, whether that’s a single hinge or a multi-jointed origami routine. If you’re just tucking it into a hallway or closet, weight might not be a dealbreaker. But if you’re hauling it into a trunk or up a flight of stairs, make sure it’s something you can lift without needing an ice pack after.
-If you’re used to riding full-sized bikes, folding e-bikes do take some getting used to (as do all e-bikes). Taller riders might feel like they’re perched on a circus act, while smaller riders often find the compact fit more confidence-inspiring. The sharper turning radius is a win in tight spaces, but some gearing setups can leave you spinning without much payoff. Ride a few miles, though, and most people settle into the rhythm quickly.
+ + + +
+
Heather Kuldell
+Lectric
The Velotric Fold 1 Plus answers the question, “Can a bike be chill and still haul?” with a confident yep. Its 750W rear hub motor (1,100W peak) rockets you off the line, while a 624Wh battery delivers an eyebrow-raising 68 miles on pedal assist. That’s “all-day adventure” territory—without the sore legs.
- - - -One size really does fit all here (as our full review reveals): the ultra-low step-through frame welcomes riders from 4’9” to 6’5” and keeps cargo (up to 120 pounds on the rear rack) stable and steady. The ride is pure cush—front suspension, plush saddle, upright stance, and chunky 20×3-inch puncture-resistant tires soak up bumps so you can focus on grinning.
- - - -Commuter cred? Fully earned. Full fenders, a 130-lux aimable headlight, brake-activated rear light with turn signals, hydraulic disc brakes, and even a USB-C port to juice your phone mid-ride. It folds to 37.8 x 19.7 x 33.5 inches—compact enough for SUVs and RVs—while a built-in stand and velcro strap keep the package neat. Though it would be bulky if you’re trying to go from trail to train.
+Lectric is one of the OGs of foldable electric bikes, so much so that I’d nearly always get a shout or recognition from another Lectric rider when I was riding one around town. They’d chat with me at a stop or ride alongside me for a bit, and I can honestly say it’s never happened to me on another brand of e-bike. The Lectric XP4 finetunes what it’s learned from previous models for an affordable, fun ride with five pedal-assist levels and a thumb throttle. Lectric added more juice to the 500W motor, which can peak at 1,092W and kick out 55Nm of torque.
-Here’s the kicker: you can tune it to your mood. Swap between torque and cadence sensors, tweak top speed up to 28 mph (or dial it down for the kids), and track every ride through the Velotric app—with Apple Find My as your digital safety net.
+The tires are fat-tire lite—20 by 3 inches with custom tread—which makes for a more cushioned ride with the front suspension fork. The improved Shimano Altus gearing and an in-house-designed torque sensor mean less furious pedaling than other models to get up to top speeds. Lectric lists the standard step-over at $1,300 (there are also step-thru and long-range variations), but you can often find it on sale for a grand—and yet, it still has hydraulic brakes, which are a rarity at this price point. The XP4 also comes stock with many nice commuter extras, like integrated lights, front and rear fenders, and a monster rear rack that can hold up to 150 pounds. Lectric offers a ton of accessories, including a passenger seat for light riders (e.g., kids). It now features a TFT LCD color display with a USB-C charging port.
-Fast, comfy, and ridiculously versatile, the Fold 1 Plus isn’t just a folding bike—it’s your ticket to go farther, faster, and have more fun doing it. A do-it-all folder for riders of almost any size, this e-bike aims to (and mostly does) fit nearly everyone’s needs.
+For most people, the Lectric will meet their folding e-bike needs, but it’s not perfect. Lectric, more than many brands, makes you well aware of cords. While the wiring up front is well-organized, nothing is internally threaded. It folds at two points—at mid-frame and the handlebars—and it frankly takes some practice to align pedals, handlebars, and wheels just right. You’ll also need a bungee cord (or something similar) to keep everything nice and tight if you want to move the bike while folded (see below). But it does get small enough to go into a typical car trunk—not a Miata, let’s not get crazy. It is, however, a heavy 62 pounds (69 unless you scrap the battery).
-
+
Tony Ware
+Heather Kuldell-Ware
The Urtopia Carbon Fold 1 is a shockingly delightful but diminutive Shimano Altus 8-speed commuter that folds up fast and rides even faster. Thanks to its brightly painted carbon fiber frame and fork (the company’s signature material, Saffron Yellow colorway shown above), this bike weighs just 29 pounds. That makes it light enough to toss into small car trunks or an RV for road trips, camping, or other overlanding adventures. And makes it a dream if you live in a multi-story walkup and/or need to factor subway rides into your commute. Despite its compact build (which arrives fully assembled), it can support riders from 5’1’’ to 6’1’’ and up to 220 pounds in total weight, though taller or long-legged riders may feel somewhat cramped.
+The Brompton Electric G Line doesn’t look like your average e-bike—and that’s the point. This is the electrified version of Brompton’s iconic folding bike, designed for people who need a compact ride that’s easy to stash indoors or carry onto public transit. It folds down smaller than anything else in this roundup, and hides its motor and battery inside a clever front-mounted bag that clicks on and off the frame. It’s a refined solution for riders who live in apartments, juggle multi-leg commutes, or just don’t have a safe spot to lock up a full-sized bike.
-Little details make a big difference: Built-in magnets keep the bike securely folded while you move it around—no awkward flopping. Heavy-duty latches lock it back into riding position. Cable management is clean. A central cutout serves as a handle and place to thread your chain, so no one can fold the bike off its lock.
+At about 43 pounds, the Electric G Line is heavy for Brompton but very light for an e-bike, especially a folding one. Its signature tri-fold is among the fastest folding bikes: pivot the rear wheel under, collapse the main frame, and fold down the handlebars. The whole process only takes a couple of minutes, and the rear rack has wheels that let you roll the folded bike rather than lug it around. Skilled unfolders can kinda flick the bike open, but my short stature never got the hang of it—or it could be the G Line’s larger 20-inch wheels. Still, for people who go from bike ride to subway, the whole package rolls easily through a station and can slide under a desk once you get to an office.
-Out on the road, the 500W peak rear hub motor and 42Nm of torque provide quick, zippy acceleration, allowing you to reach speeds of up to 20mph. Its low standover height makes it super-easy for frequent stopping and standing during city rides. It also has a short wheelbase, making it excessively nimble—great for dodging cars illegally parked in the bike lane and weaving through potholes, cones, or people staring at their phones. Plus, the TEKTRO hydraulic disc brakes are responsive. It’s surprisingly fun for something whose main function is to be practical.
+Despite its small size and quirky looks, the G Line rides like a much bigger bike. The 250W rear hub motor is quiet and natural-feeling, giving a smooth assist that enhances your pedaling without ever lurching forward. It’s paired with a 345Wh battery and a four-speed drivetrain that shifts cleanly—even if you might wish for an extra gear when really pushing. The high-volume Schwalbe tires soak up most road chatter, and the stretched frame geometry gives it a stable, planted feel. On paved streets and smooth trails, it feels confident and composed. Gravel is more of a backup plan; the G Line can handle light dirt or hardpack, but without suspension, rougher terrain sends vibration straight to your hands.
-The 252Wh battery is cleverly hidden in the seat post (which can be fully removed for charging/storing … or to deter thieves, because a bike with no seat is just an extremely inconvenient scooter). It powers the motor, but also the color screen and integrated headlight/taillight. It feels like it’s designed for several short jaunts rather than significant mileage; however, as the published 40-mile range seems optimistic, especially on assist levels above Eco (Touring mode felt closer to the 20s).
+The cockpit is minimal, and that can be a blessing or a quirk depending on your style. The small color display looks great, and you change pedal assist level by rocking the screen up or down. However, so many control units use physical buttons or touchscreens that this movement isn’t necessarily intuitive. You can also change assist levels from the battery bag or via the Brompton app, but neither is a fast mid-ride adjustment. On a full battery with max assist, it delivered over 27 miles of city and trail riding in testing, and it steps down its support gradually as the battery drains. Even fully unpowered, the bike is easy to ride thanks to its well-balanced frame and drivetrain.
-My version two wishlist includes a more sensitive torque sensor and a bigger battery, but for anyone short on space—or anyone who wants a travel bike without messing with a rack—the Carbon Fold is a blast. The Carbon Fold 1’s recommended retail price is $2,500, but it has been consistently on sale for $1,600.
+The G Line isn’t a casual purchase—it starts around $4,950—but it’s not built for casual needs. It’s a splurge for riders who want the convenience of a folding bike with the ride feel of something much larger, and who plan to use it as part of everyday life. If your bike lives inside with you, travels on trains, or gets folded twice a day, this one earns its keep. As we explained in our full review, the G Line makes few compromises for something this compact, and still manages to be fun, functional, and unexpectedly fast.
-
+
+ Heather Kuldell-Ware
+The Ride1Up Portola has a big ol’ motor—750W, the largest of this roundup. It also features a front suspension fork, 8-speed drivetrain, hydraulic brakes, and a muscular welded rear rack that can hold up to 130 pounds. These details are surprising to find on a folding e-bike and downright shocking to find on one that costs less than a grand.
- - - -The Portola offers a lot to like, especially at the price point. Sturdy 20-inch by 3-inch tires and a front suspension fork work together to keep the rider relatively comfortable. There’s only one frame size, which Ride1Up calls “one size fits most,” or in this case, means riders from 4’10” to 6’4”—though taller riders or long-legged ones note they’d like a little more extension when they pedal.
- - - -The Portola initially starts with a 10.4Ah battery, but an upgrade to 13.4Ah is only $100 more. With five pedal-assist levels and a throttle, you might want the extra juice. The range is up to 40—or 45 with the larger battery. The e-bike also can be switched between Class 1, 2, or 3, depending on whether you want to limit or unleash a potential top speed of 28 mph. And here’s one very simple but very nice touch that many folding bike makers overlook: The Portola has a small velcro strap to secure the bike when it’s folded. It takes some fussing to get the wheels and handlebars just right, but folding bike owners frequently add their own bungees or straps because nothing was included.
- - - -Usually, a search for an e-bike begins with sticker shock, especially if you don’t ride other bicycles. You can find budget electric bikes under $1,000, though models quickly get into the multiple thousands. Expect to find more powerful motors with more torque, larger batteries, and frames made of higher-quality, often lighter-weight materials as the price climbs. They’re like cars: You can find a reasonably priced, reliable model or spend serious bucks on high-end components, luxury features, and eye-grabbing designs. While the options may be daunting, there is a model out there to suit your tastes and budget, whether you’re looking for the best electric commuter bike or the best fat tire electric bike.
- - - -It’s also worth checking whether your state offers tax credits or rebates for e-bikes to encourage adoption.
- - - -E-bike classes help define how fast your bike can go with motor assist and where you’re legally allowed to ride. This matters a lot if you plan to ride on bike paths, public trails, or shared-use routes. However, the rules will vary from state to state and from locality to locality. Before buying, check your local laws because some states treat e-bikes like regular bikes, while others (like Alaska and New Mexico) regulate them more like mopeds. (Check out the non-profit advocacy group People for Bikes’ guide for state laws.)
- - - -To make this even muddier, many e-bikes allow the owners to change classes through the display or an app. This is usually called “unlocking,” but it’s a simple setting that lets you set a top speed of 20 or 28 miles per hour. Similarly, some e-bikes have throttles that can be enabled, disabled, or totally removed.
- - -| Class | How it works | Assist limit | What it means for you |
| Class 1 | Pedal-assist motor only | Stops assisting at 20 mph | Usually allowed on bike paths and trails |
| Class 2 | Throttle and pedal assist | Stops assisting at 20 mph | Throttle use may be restricted in some areas |
| Class 3 | Pedal-assist motor only | Stops assisting at 28 mph | Sometimes banned from shared-use paths and may have age and/or helmet rules |
Most folding e-bikes use hub motors, usually built into the rear wheel. They’re simple, affordable, and beginner-friendly. The power comes on smoothly—more like a steady push than a sudden surge—which makes them great for casual riders or flat city commutes.
- - - -Mid-drive motors, which sit at the cranks, are more efficient and offer better torque for climbing hills or hauling loads. They feel more like traditional cycling because they work with your gears. You’ll find them less often on folding bikes due to their cost and complexity, but if you do, it’s a premium upgrade.
- - - -Motor power is usually measured in watts, ranging from 250W to the legal U.S. max of 750W. More watts can mean more speed and stronger acceleration, but torque is what really helps with hill climbs and quick takeoffs. If you’re in a hilly area or want zippier starts, look for motors with high torque ratings.
- - - -Range is one of those features e-bike makers love to hype—and it’s getting better all the time. These days, even folding models often boast 60, 70, or even 85 miles on a single charge without needing a second battery. But actually hitting those numbers? That depends.
- - - -Published ranges usually list a minimum and a maximum, and the real-world number lives somewhere in between. Terrain, rider weight, cargo, temperature, tire pressure, and how hard you push the motor (pedal assist vs. throttle, low vs. max level) all make a difference. For example, my commute in the summer takes a quarter of my fully charged battery, but in extreme headwinds or freezing temps, it can easily eat up more than half of my battery. Same ride, same battery, different conditions. If your planned ride is 15 miles round-trip, don’t buy a bike with a 15-mile max and hope for the best—get something with some buffer.
- - - -Removable batteries are especially helpful for folding bikes. You can charge them inside, swap in a spare for long rides, or remove them for storage. Integrated batteries keep things sleek and tamper-resistant, but mean bringing the whole bike to an outlet. Bigger batteries weigh more, but they also give you more flexibility and less range anxiety.
- - - -One last thing: battery safety isn’t optional. Look for certifications like UL 2849 (entire system), UL 2271 (battery only), or EN 15194 (European standard). These show that the battery’s been tested against overheating, impact, and general misuse.
- - - -Folding e-bikes can be game-changers for commuters, but they come with a few trade-offs. They’re usually more expensive than non-electric bikes and heavier than standard folders. You’ll also need a place to charge—or look for a model with a removable battery you can charge indoors. Over time, batteries degrade and need to be replaced. And while most bike shops can service standard parts, proprietary systems or wiring may need brand-specific help. Folding frames also introduce additional wear points, such as hinges, latches, and clamps, which may loosen over time and with repeated use.
Yes. Many folding e-bikes advertise up to 40 to 80 miles of range, but real-world numbers depend on terrain, assist level, rider and cargo weight, and weather. If you ride mostly flat roads on low assist, your battery will stretch much farther than if you’re using throttle up steep hills. As for comfort, smaller wheels and minimal suspension mean you’ll feel more of the road, so “long distance” might come with more bumps.
Folding e-bikes generally weigh between 35 and 70 pounds. Lighter models made with carbon fiber or smaller motors can dip below 35, while more powerful or accessory-loaded models hit the upper end. They’re still easier to maneuver than traditional e-bikes thanks to their compact shape and smaller wheels—but lifting one into a trunk or up stairs? That’s where the real test comes in.
In most cities, yes. Transit systems usually allow folding bikes on board, especially if they’re compact and folded before boarding. Just be prepared to carry or roll it quickly, and avoid peak commute times if the bike takes up space. Always check local transit rules—some systems restrict e-bikes by weight, battery size, or class.
Folding electric bikes are a funny sort of transportation. They’re purpose-built to be easy to transport or store, which may mean some compromises in riding comfort. However, this category of bikes has come a long way, incorporating fatter tires, more suspension systems, and hydraulic brakes for superior stopping power, along with more options than ever before. Find the model that fits—literally—into your apartment, car, or commute, and enjoy the ride.
-The post The best folding electric bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Black hole space volcano erupts after 100 million year nap appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>A black hole isn’t constantly devouring its unfortunate galactic neighbors. In fact, it can lay dormant for eons. But when one of these gargantuan entities finally reawakens, the resulting display isn’t only impressive—it illustrates the chaotic battle between its own cosmic forces and the pressures of the universe around it.
- - - -One of the most striking glimpses of such an event was recently captured by a team led by Shobha Kumari at India’s Midnapore City College. Supermassive black holes rarely emit magnetized, radio-emitting plasma, but according to Kumari, J1007+3540 is especially unique. After analyzing data collected by the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) in the Netherlands and India’s Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (uGMRT), researchers say there is undeniable evidence of multiple eruptions stretching deep into the universe’s past.
- - - -“It’s like watching a cosmic volcano erupt again after ages of calm—except this one is big enough to carve out structures stretching nearly a million light-years across space,” Kumari said in a statement.
- - - -
Radio imaging revealed a small, bright interior jet indicative of J1007+3540’s internal forces revving back up. But surrounding this illumination is an older layer of fading, distorted plasma from previous active eras.
- - - -“This dramatic layering of young jets inside older, exhausted lobes is the signature of an episodic [active galactic nucleus]—a galaxy whose central engine keeps turning on and off over cosmic timescales,” added Kumari.
- - - -The supermassive black hole’s forces are unfathomably strong, but the influences of the giant galaxy cluster around it can’t be ignored either. The surrounding plumes of incredibly hot gas exert their own pressure, in this case even higher than most other radio galaxies. These cosmic regions then mangle and distort J1007+3540’s plasma jets as they race outward. For example, LOFAR’s imaging depicts a compressed northern lobe that is curving to one side due to the galactic gas. Complimentary data from uGMRT reveals a very steep radio spectrum indicative of old, weakened plasma particles.
- - - -“J1007+3540 is one of the clearest and most spectacular examples of episodic AGN with jet-cluster interaction, where the surrounding hot gas bends, compresses, and distorts the jets,” added Surajit Paul, a study coauthor and astronomer at the Manipal Center for Natural Sciences in India.
- - - -Moving forward, Kumari, Paul, and their collaborators hope to employ higher-resolution equipment to peer into J1007+3540’s core. In doing so, researchers can better chart how the black hole’s reignited jets travel through the galaxy cluster, as well as how often such events actually occur.
-The post Black hole space volcano erupts after 100 million year nap appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Congress trying to make it easier to unsubscribe (again) appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The Heybike Mars 3.0 is built for weekend wanderers, RV adventurers, and anyone who’d rather be bouncing down a trail than weaving through traffic. With 4-inch fat tires and full suspension, it turns cracked pavement and chunky gravel into something closer to a suggestion than a challenge. It’s less about fitting into tight spaces and more about blasting out into wide-open ones.
-“Subscription traps have become an accepted inconvenience for American consumers. Too many companies rely on deceptive business models that force people to jump through hoops just to cancel,” Representative Amodei said in a joint statement. “We all live busy lives, and remembering to cancel after a free trial shouldn’t be another item on the to-do list.”
+Twist the throttle or tap the pedals, and the Mars 3.0 surges forward like it’s been waiting for a greenlight at a race track. In Eco mode, pedaling feels effortless, and hills practically vanish. Kick it into Boost, and pedaling becomes optional. The plush suspension softens every hit, giving even rough trails a floaty, playful vibe. It’s the kind of ride that makes you seek out the bumpy route just for the fun of it.
-Surprise subscription renewal fees are difficult enough to track in everyday life, but passing legislation to rein in the costly annual expenditures seems even harder to accomplish. After years of bipartisan lobbying efforts, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) finally announced a “click-to-cancel” rule in 2023. However, courts nullified the FTC ruling on a technicality in July 2025–just days before it was set to go into effect. Since then, the fight has continued to fix a broken system that regularly costs households as much as $200 a year in sneaky, unwanted subscriptions.
+Yes, it folds, but you’ll need to mean it. At around 70 pounds, the Mars 3.0 is hefty, and the folding process—collapsing the frame and dropping the handlebars—is made trickier by its bulk and a center hinge that started out pretty stiff. There’s a built-in stand to keep stress off the drivetrain, but lifting it into a car is a two-person job for most people. It fit in a hatchback, barely, and would be more at home rolling into an RV or the back of a pickup.
-“During a time when everything is more expensive, corporations are cashing in subscription models that rely on a consumer forgetting to cancel a free trial,” Rep. Takano added. “Corporations haven’t put into place commonsense reforms like ending a subscription just as easily as signing up for one.”
+You’ll also need to keep track of the required key, and in fact, the Mars 3.0 features a multilayered security system that lets you choose between unlocking the bike with the app, PIN code, or NFC card. It feels like overkill until you remember this bike is basically a joyride machine, and Heybike clearly doesn’t want it rolling away without you.
-If enacted, the new law would require all companies to receive explicit opt-in confirmations from customers before charging them full price after the end of a free or discount-rate trial. The sign-up process must also “clearly and conspicuously” explain subscription terms, and make it as easy to cancel as it was to initially enroll.
+If you think of folding as a way to bring your bike to the trail—not necessarily store it under your desk—this one makes a strong case. As we explained in our full review, the Mars 3.0 trades sleekness for capability, and for the right kind of rider, that’s exactly the point.
-As The Guardian first reported on January 13,, Rep. Takano has regularly advocated for similar legislative action since 2017. His most recent attempt in 2021 only garnered Democratic support in the House, although a companion Senate bill has had bipartisan backing for years.
+
So far under the Trump administration, the FTC has selectively enforced certain subscription fee-related actions, such as a $7.5 million settlement with the ed-tech company Chegg in September 2025. Comprehensive reforms have yet to materialize, however. The FTC quietly published a consumer group-led click-to-cancel petition in December 2025, and accepted public comments on it until January 2, 2026.
+With the Unsubscribe Act, legislators hope to bypass the ongoing regulatory hold-up.“This time…there’s interest across the aisle,” explained Rep. Takano.
-The post Congress trying to make it easier to unsubscribe (again) appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Mummified cheetahs could help save the critically endangered big cats appeared first on Popular Science.
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-Cheetahs once lived in much of Africa, and Western and Southern Asia, but their range in Asia has decreased by 98 percent over the past several thousand years. As a whole, cheetahs only occupy nine percent of the territory they used to. On the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait) cheetahs were found as recently as 1977, when a hunter in Oman killed an adult female cheetah. However, the animals are now considered locally extinct in the region. There are five cheetah subspecies, and the Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is believed to have been the only subspecies that lived in present-day Saudi Arabia. The Asiatic cheetah is currently considered critically endangered, with only one small wild population remaining in Iran. Whether or not cheetahs could be reintroduced in the area is debated, largely due to continued habitat destruction.
+Heather Kuldell
+During digs in five caves in 2022 and 2023, field biologist Ahmed Boug from Saudi Arabia’s National Center for Wildlife and his team uncovered skeletal remains of 54 other cats and seven naturally-mummified cheetahs. In desert regions, natural mummification is common due to the dry conditions where fungi and bacteria can’t thrive on a decomposing corpse. Deserts also have the right mineral content in the sand for preservation.
+The Velotric Fold 1 Plus answers the question, “Can a bike be chill and still haul?” with a confident yep. Its 750W rear hub motor (1,100W peak) rockets you off the line, while a 624Wh battery delivers an eyebrow-raising 68 miles on pedal assist. That’s “all-day adventure” territory—without the sore legs.
-One size really does fit all here (as our full review reveals): the ultra-low step-through frame welcomes riders from 4’9” to 6’5” and keeps cargo (up to 120 pounds on the rear rack) stable and steady. The ride is pure cush—front suspension, plush saddle, upright stance, and chunky 20×3-inch puncture-resistant tires soak up bumps so you can focus on grinning.
-The oldest of the cat skeletal remains date back about 4,000 years ago. The mummified cheetah remains were much younger—ranging from only 130 to 1,870 years ago.
+Commuter cred? Fully earned. Full fenders, a 130-lux aimable headlight, brake-activated rear light with turn signals, hydraulic disc brakes, and even a USB-C port to juice your phone mid-ride. It folds to 37.8 x 19.7 x 33.5 inches—compact enough for SUVs and RVs—while a built-in stand and velcro strap keep the package neat. Though it would be bulky if you’re trying to go from trail to train.
-They also extracted complete genome sequences from three of the seven mummified cheetahs. According to the team, this is the first time that this kind of genetic material extraction has been done on naturally-mummified big cats. While the most recent specimen is genetically closest to the Asiatic cheetah, the two older specimens are more similar to the Northwest African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki). This critically endangered species is found in the Sahara and several countries in northwestern Africa.
+Here’s the kicker: you can tune it to your mood. Swap between torque and cadence sensors, tweak top speed up to 28 mph (or dial it down for the kids), and track every ride through the Velotric app—with Apple Find My as your digital safety net.
-
Fast, comfy, and ridiculously versatile, the Fold 1 Plus isn’t just a folding bike—it’s your ticket to go farther, faster, and have more fun doing it. A do-it-all folder for riders of almost any size, this e-bike aims to (and mostly does) fit nearly everyone’s needs.
-The authors say that their results indicate that cheetah subspecies could support the re-establishment of cheetahs in Saudi Arabia. An increased available genetic pool from other subspecies would make rewilding efforts more feasible, as subspecies can generally interbreed and create fertile offspring that further the population. The team also suggests that their method shows that ancient DNA records from similar specimens can inform future reintroduction plans for other endangered species.
The post Mummified cheetahs could help save the critically endangered big cats appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Amazon has just about every Anker docking station, power bank, and portable power station on sale right now appeared first on Popular Science.
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+
Anker
+Tony Ware
The Urtopia Carbon Fold 1 is a shockingly delightful but diminutive Shimano Altus 8-speed commuter that folds up fast and rides even faster. Thanks to its brightly painted carbon fiber frame and fork (the company’s signature material, Saffron Yellow colorway shown above), this bike weighs just 29 pounds. That makes it light enough to toss into small car trunks or an RV for road trips, camping, or other overlanding adventures. And makes it a dream if you live in a multi-story walkup and/or need to factor subway rides into your commute. Despite its compact build (which arrives fully assembled), it can support riders from 5’1’’ to 6’1’’ and up to 220 pounds in total weight, though taller or long-legged riders may feel somewhat cramped.
+ - - +Little details make a big difference: Built-in magnets keep the bike securely folded while you move it around—no awkward flopping. Heavy-duty latches lock it back into riding position. Cable management is clean. A central cutout serves as a handle and place to thread your chain, so no one can fold the bike off its lock.
-If your laptop is doing its best impression of a desktop every day, this is the kind of dock that makes the whole setup feel intentional. You get a ton of ports in one box, dual 4K monitor support, and up to 160W of power delivery so you can park your laptop, plug in, and stop juggling dongles.
+Out on the road, the 500W peak rear hub motor and 42Nm of torque provide quick, zippy acceleration, allowing you to reach speeds of up to 20mph. Its low standover height makes it super-easy for frequent stopping and standing during city rides. It also has a short wheelbase, making it excessively nimble—great for dodging cars illegally parked in the bike lane and weaving through potholes, cones, or people staring at their phones. Plus, the TEKTRO hydraulic disc brakes are responsive. It’s surprisingly fun for something whose main function is to be practical.
-My version two wishlist includes a more sensitive torque sensor and a bigger battery, but for anyone short on space—or anyone who wants a travel bike without messing with a rack—the Carbon Fold is a blast. The Carbon Fold 1’s recommended retail price is $2,500, but it has been consistently on sale for $1,600.
-This is the move for people who are fully integrated into the Apple ecosystem. It’s a 3-in-1 stand that does Qi2 wireless charging (up to 25W) plus spots for your earbuds and watch. It’s the sort of thing that makes nightly charging feel less like a scavenger hunt.
+
+
- Anker
-For outages, tailgates, or job sites, a big power station is basically a silent generator you can lug anywhere. The SOLIX F2000 has a huge 2,048Wh-class battery and enough output to run appliances and tools then recharge your smaller gadgets on top. This is one of the steepest discounts in the list, so it’s worth a look if you’ve been waiting for a real price drop.
- - - -The Ride1Up Portola has a big ol’ motor—750W, the largest of this roundup. It also features a front suspension fork, 8-speed drivetrain, hydraulic brakes, and a muscular welded rear rack that can hold up to 130 pounds. These details are surprising to find on a folding e-bike and downright shocking to find on one that costs less than a grand.
-The Portola offers a lot to like, especially at the price point. Sturdy 20-inch by 3-inch tires and a front suspension fork work together to keep the rider relatively comfortable. There’s only one frame size, which Ride1Up calls “one size fits most,” or in this case, means riders from 4’10” to 6’4”—though taller riders or long-legged ones note they’d like a little more extension when they pedal.
-The Portola initially starts with a 10.4Ah battery, but an upgrade to 13.4Ah is only $100 more. With five pedal-assist levels and a throttle, you might want the extra juice. The range is up to 40—or 45 with the larger battery. The e-bike also can be switched between Class 1, 2, or 3, depending on whether you want to limit or unleash a potential top speed of 28 mph. And here’s one very simple but very nice touch that many folding bike makers overlook: The Portola has a small velcro strap to secure the bike when it’s folded. It takes some fussing to get the wheels and handlebars just right, but folding bike owners frequently add their own bungees or straps because nothing was included.
-Usually, a search for an e-bike begins with sticker shock, especially if you don’t ride other bicycles. You can find budget electric bikes under $1,000, though models quickly get into the multiple thousands. Expect to find more powerful motors with more torque, larger batteries, and frames made of higher-quality, often lighter-weight materials as the price climbs. They’re like cars: You can find a reasonably priced, reliable model or spend serious bucks on high-end components, luxury features, and eye-grabbing designs. While the options may be daunting, there is a model out there to suit your tastes and budget, whether you’re looking for the best electric commuter bike or the best fat tire electric bike.
-It’s also worth checking whether your state offers tax credits or rebates for e-bikes to encourage adoption.
-E-bike classes help define how fast your bike can go with motor assist and where you’re legally allowed to ride. This matters a lot if you plan to ride on bike paths, public trails, or shared-use routes. However, the rules will vary from state to state and from locality to locality. Before buying, check your local laws because some states treat e-bikes like regular bikes, while others (like Alaska and New Mexico) regulate them more like mopeds. (Check out the non-profit advocacy group People for Bikes’ guide for state laws.)
-To make this even muddier, many e-bikes allow the owners to change classes through the display or an app. This is usually called “unlocking,” but it’s a simple setting that lets you set a top speed of 20 or 28 miles per hour. Similarly, some e-bikes have throttles that can be enabled, disabled, or totally removed.
-| Class | How it works | Assist limit | What it means for you |
| Class 1 | Pedal-assist motor only | Stops assisting at 20 mph | Usually allowed on bike paths and trails |
| Class 2 | Throttle and pedal assist | Stops assisting at 20 mph | Throttle use may be restricted in some areas |
| Class 3 | Pedal-assist motor only | Stops assisting at 28 mph | Sometimes banned from shared-use paths and may have age and/or helmet rules |
Most folding e-bikes use hub motors, usually built into the rear wheel. They’re simple, affordable, and beginner-friendly. The power comes on smoothly—more like a steady push than a sudden surge—which makes them great for casual riders or flat city commutes.
-Mid-drive motors, which sit at the cranks, are more efficient and offer better torque for climbing hills or hauling loads. They feel more like traditional cycling because they work with your gears. You’ll find them less often on folding bikes due to their cost and complexity, but if you do, it’s a premium upgrade.
-Motor power is usually measured in watts, ranging from 250W to the legal U.S. max of 750W. More watts can mean more speed and stronger acceleration, but torque is what really helps with hill climbs and quick takeoffs. If you’re in a hilly area or want zippier starts, look for motors with high torque ratings.
-Range is one of those features e-bike makers love to hype—and it’s getting better all the time. These days, even folding models often boast 60, 70, or even 85 miles on a single charge without needing a second battery. But actually hitting those numbers? That depends.
-Published ranges usually list a minimum and a maximum, and the real-world number lives somewhere in between. Terrain, rider weight, cargo, temperature, tire pressure, and how hard you push the motor (pedal assist vs. throttle, low vs. max level) all make a difference. For example, my commute in the summer takes a quarter of my fully charged battery, but in extreme headwinds or freezing temps, it can easily eat up more than half of my battery. Same ride, same battery, different conditions. If your planned ride is 15 miles round-trip, don’t buy a bike with a 15-mile max and hope for the best—get something with some buffer.
-Removable batteries are especially helpful for folding bikes. You can charge them inside, swap in a spare for long rides, or remove them for storage. Integrated batteries keep things sleek and tamper-resistant, but mean bringing the whole bike to an outlet. Bigger batteries weigh more, but they also give you more flexibility and less range anxiety.
-One last thing: battery safety isn’t optional. Look for certifications like UL 2849 (entire system), UL 2271 (battery only), or EN 15194 (European standard). These show that the battery’s been tested against overheating, impact, and general misuse.
-Folding e-bikes can be game-changers for commuters, but they come with a few trade-offs. They’re usually more expensive than non-electric bikes and heavier than standard folders. You’ll also need a place to charge—or look for a model with a removable battery you can charge indoors. Over time, batteries degrade and need to be replaced. And while most bike shops can service standard parts, proprietary systems or wiring may need brand-specific help. Folding frames also introduce additional wear points, such as hinges, latches, and clamps, which may loosen over time and with repeated use.
Yes. Many folding e-bikes advertise up to 40 to 80 miles of range, but real-world numbers depend on terrain, assist level, rider and cargo weight, and weather. If you ride mostly flat roads on low assist, your battery will stretch much farther than if you’re using throttle up steep hills. As for comfort, smaller wheels and minimal suspension mean you’ll feel more of the road, so “long distance” might come with more bumps.
Folding e-bikes generally weigh between 35 and 70 pounds. Lighter models made with carbon fiber or smaller motors can dip below 35, while more powerful or accessory-loaded models hit the upper end. They’re still easier to maneuver than traditional e-bikes thanks to their compact shape and smaller wheels—but lifting one into a trunk or up stairs? That’s where the real test comes in.
In most cities, yes. Transit systems usually allow folding bikes on board, especially if they’re compact and folded before boarding. Just be prepared to carry or roll it quickly, and avoid peak commute times if the bike takes up space. Always check local transit rules—some systems restrict e-bikes by weight, battery size, or class.
Folding electric bikes are a funny sort of transportation. They’re purpose-built to be easy to transport or store, which may mean some compromises in riding comfort. However, this category of bikes has come a long way, incorporating fatter tires, more suspension systems, and hydraulic brakes for superior stopping power, along with more options than ever before. Find the model that fits—literally—into your apartment, car, or commute, and enjoy the ride.
+The post The best folding electric bikes for 2026, tested and reviewed appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Black hole space volcano erupts after 100 million year nap appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>A black hole isn’t constantly devouring its unfortunate galactic neighbors. In fact, it can lay dormant for eons. But when one of these gargantuan entities finally reawakens, the resulting display isn’t only impressive—it illustrates the chaotic battle between its own cosmic forces and the pressures of the universe around it.
-One of the most striking glimpses of such an event was recently captured by a team led by Shobha Kumari at India’s Midnapore City College. Supermassive black holes rarely emit magnetized, radio-emitting plasma, but according to Kumari, J1007+3540 is especially unique. After analyzing data collected by the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) in the Netherlands and India’s Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (uGMRT), researchers say there is undeniable evidence of multiple eruptions stretching deep into the universe’s past.
-“It’s like watching a cosmic volcano erupt again after ages of calm—except this one is big enough to carve out structures stretching nearly a million light-years across space,” Kumari said in a statement.
-
Radio imaging revealed a small, bright interior jet indicative of J1007+3540’s internal forces revving back up. But surrounding this illumination is an older layer of fading, distorted plasma from previous active eras.
-“This dramatic layering of young jets inside older, exhausted lobes is the signature of an episodic [active galactic nucleus]—a galaxy whose central engine keeps turning on and off over cosmic timescales,” added Kumari.
-The supermassive black hole’s forces are unfathomably strong, but the influences of the giant galaxy cluster around it can’t be ignored either. The surrounding plumes of incredibly hot gas exert their own pressure, in this case even higher than most other radio galaxies. These cosmic regions then mangle and distort J1007+3540’s plasma jets as they race outward. For example, LOFAR’s imaging depicts a compressed northern lobe that is curving to one side due to the galactic gas. Complimentary data from uGMRT reveals a very steep radio spectrum indicative of old, weakened plasma particles.
-The post Amazon has just about every Anker docking station, power bank, and portable power station on sale right now appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Anker Prime Power Bank (20K, 200W) review: Plenty of power for laptops and more appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“J1007+3540 is one of the clearest and most spectacular examples of episodic AGN with jet-cluster interaction, where the surrounding hot gas bends, compresses, and distorts the jets,” added Surajit Paul, a study coauthor and astronomer at the Manipal Center for Natural Sciences in India.
+Moving forward, Kumari, Paul, and their collaborators hope to employ higher-resolution equipment to peer into J1007+3540’s core. In doing so, researchers can better chart how the black hole’s reignited jets travel through the galaxy cluster, as well as how often such events actually occur.
+The post Black hole space volcano erupts after 100 million year nap appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Congress trying to make it easier to unsubscribe (again) appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>
- Stan Horaczek
-“Subscription traps have become an accepted inconvenience for American consumers. Too many companies rely on deceptive business models that force people to jump through hoops just to cancel,” Representative Amodei said in a joint statement. “We all live busy lives, and remembering to cancel after a free trial shouldn’t be another item on the to-do list.”
- - -Surprise subscription renewal fees are difficult enough to track in everyday life, but passing legislation to rein in the costly annual expenditures seems even harder to accomplish. After years of bipartisan lobbying efforts, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) finally announced a “click-to-cancel” rule in 2023. However, courts nullified the FTC ruling on a technicality in July 2025–just days before it was set to go into effect. Since then, the fight has continued to fix a broken system that regularly costs households as much as $200 a year in sneaky, unwanted subscriptions.
-“During a time when everything is more expensive, corporations are cashing in subscription models that rely on a consumer forgetting to cancel a free trial,” Rep. Takano added. “Corporations haven’t put into place commonsense reforms like ending a subscription just as easily as signing up for one.”
-If enacted, the new law would require all companies to receive explicit opt-in confirmations from customers before charging them full price after the end of a free or discount-rate trial. The sign-up process must also “clearly and conspicuously” explain subscription terms, and make it as easy to cancel as it was to initially enroll.
-The Anker Prime 20K is roughly the size of one of those skinny Diet Coke cans, but it’s a squared-off soda can with real heft. It measures 1.73 × 1.99 × 5.79 inches and weighs 1.12 lbs (510 g), which makes it easy to stash in a backpack or camera bag—and a little silly to carry in a jacket pocket unless you’re committed.
+As The Guardian first reported on January 13,, Rep. Takano has regularly advocated for similar legislative action since 2017. His most recent attempt in 2021 only garnered Democratic support in the House, although a companion Senate bill has had bipartisan backing for years.
-Build quality is a standout. It’s a dense block of hardware rather than a hollow plastic shell, which matters when you’re throwing it into bags, bouncing between locations, or generally living the clumsy reality of travel.
+So far under the Trump administration, the FTC has selectively enforced certain subscription fee-related actions, such as a $7.5 million settlement with the ed-tech company Chegg in September 2025. Comprehensive reforms have yet to materialize, however. The FTC quietly published a consumer group-led click-to-cancel petition in December 2025, and accepted public comments on it until January 2, 2026.
-Anker’s display is also genuinely helpful. Instead of the old system of four mystery LEDs, you get clear readouts for charge level, real-time wattage in/out, and time-to-empty or time-to-full estimates. When you’re trying to decide whether you have enough juice for a flight, a shoot, or a long coffee shop session, that kind of clarity is the difference between guessing and knowing. The shiny surface on the front of the device does pick up smudges and fingerprints easily, but that doesn’t matter much to me.
+With the Unsubscribe Act, legislators hope to bypass the ongoing regulatory hold-up.“This time…there’s interest across the aisle,” explained Rep. Takano.
+The post Congress trying to make it easier to unsubscribe (again) appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Mummified cheetahs could help save the critically endangered big cats appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Port layout is straightforward and practical: two USB-C ports and one USB-A across the top. In day-to-day use, I found it easier to lay it flat with the screen facing up so it’s less likely to tip if a stiff cable gets bumped.
+Cheetahs once lived in much of Africa, and Western and Southern Asia, but their range in Asia has decreased by 98 percent over the past several thousand years. As a whole, cheetahs only occupy nine percent of the territory they used to. On the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait) cheetahs were found as recently as 1977, when a hunter in Oman killed an adult female cheetah. However, the animals are now considered locally extinct in the region. There are five cheetah subspecies, and the Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is believed to have been the only subspecies that lived in present-day Saudi Arabia. The Asiatic cheetah is currently considered critically endangered, with only one small wild population remaining in Iran. Whether or not cheetahs could be reintroduced in the area is debated, largely due to continued habitat destruction.
-During digs in five caves in 2022 and 2023, field biologist Ahmed Boug from Saudi Arabia’s National Center for Wildlife and his team uncovered skeletal remains of 54 other cats and seven naturally-mummified cheetahs. In desert regions, natural mummification is common due to the dry conditions where fungi and bacteria can’t thrive on a decomposing corpse. Deserts also have the right mineral content in the sand for preservation.
-In the several weeks I spent with this device, I used it to fuel my 14-inch MacBook Pro with an M3 Max chip inside. I also used it to charge an iPhone 17 Pro Max, a DJI drone, a Canon R5 Mark II camera, and other devices. In each case, I was able to hit maximum charging speeds with each device and even keep up with the MacBook Pro output during high-intensity tasks like exporting files from Adobe Lightroom.
-You can absolutely buy the battery by itself and be happy. The main story here is that it refills fast enough (up to 100W input) that it’s easy to keep topped off between sessions—plug it in while you eat lunch, and you’ll get a meaningful chunk of capacity back.
+The oldest of the cat skeletal remains date back about 4,000 years ago. The mummified cheetah remains were much younger—ranging from only 130 to 1,870 years ago.
-If you want a cleaner workflow that’s always ready, Anker also sells a separate $99 charging base that uses pogo pins and charges the bank at the same 100W rate. It’s not required, but if this power bank is part of your daily desk kit, docking it like a gadget from the future is undeniably convenient.
+They also extracted complete genome sequences from three of the seven mummified cheetahs. According to the team, this is the first time that this kind of genetic material extraction has been done on naturally-mummified big cats. While the most recent specimen is genetically closest to the Asiatic cheetah, the two older specimens are more similar to the Northwest African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus hecki). This critically endangered species is found in the Sahara and several countries in northwestern Africa.
-
The “220W” in the name is the combined ceiling across ports. In practical terms, it means you can run a laptop at serious speed and still charge other devices without everything collapsing into “slow charge” mode.
+The authors say that their results indicate that cheetah subspecies could support the re-establishment of cheetahs in Saudi Arabia. An increased available genetic pool from other subspecies would make rewilding efforts more feasible, as subspecies can generally interbreed and create fertile offspring that further the population. The team also suggests that their method shows that ancient DNA records from similar specimens can inform future reintroduction plans for other endangered species.
The post Mummified cheetahs could help save the critically endangered big cats appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Amazon has just about every Anker docking station, power bank, and portable power station on sale right now appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The companion app is a nice touch, but I didn’t find myself using it all that often during normal use. The built-in screen typically told me what I needed to know.
+If your laptop is doing its best impression of a desktop every day, this is the kind of dock that makes the whole setup feel intentional. You get a ton of ports in one box, dual 4K monitor support, and up to 160W of power delivery so you can park your laptop, plug in, and stop juggling dongles.
-At this price point, I would have liked an integrated cable and possibly wireless charging as it requires a separate cable to input and output power. That’s not super common with models in this class, so it’s not a point against this model, but both features would have been welcome.
-The Anker Prime 20K sits in a sweet spot: smaller and lighter than the max-capacity carry-on limit bricks, but far more capable than the average travel power bank.
+ +| Feature | Anker Prime 20K (220W) | EcoFlow RAPID Pro (27,650mAh) | Shargeek Storm 2 | Anker 737 (24K, 140W) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capacity | 20,100mAh (~72Wh) | 27,650mAh (99.54Wh) | 25,600mAh (93.5Wh) | 24,000mAh |
| Max Output | 220W total (140W single USB-C) | 300W total (up to 140W single) | 100W (single-port fast charge class) | 140W max total |
| Max Input | 100W | 320W (with matching station) | 100W in/out | 140W two-way charging class |
| Ports | 2× USB-C, 1× USB-A | 4 total (incl. built-in retractable USB-C cable) | USB-C + USB-A + DC + more | 2× USB-C, 1× USB-A |
| Weight | 1.12 lb (510g) | 699.4g | 591.3g | 630g |
| Unique Feature | Optional pogo-pin charging base + strong on-device display | Built-in retractable cable + modular accessories | “Gadget-core” transparent design + DC output | More affordable entry to 140W-class charging |
This is the move for people who are fully integrated into the Apple ecosystem. It’s a 3-in-1 stand that does Qi2 wireless charging (up to 25W) plus spots for your earbuds and watch. It’s the sort of thing that makes nightly charging feel less like a scavenger hunt.
-| Category | Specification |
|---|---|
| Model | Anker Prime Power Bank (20K, 220W) |
| Capacity | 20,100mAh (~72Wh) Carry-on compliant under 100Wh |
| Ports | 2× USB-C, 1× USB-A |
| Single USB-C Max | Up to 140W |
| Combined Max Output | Up to 220W total |
| Recharge Speed | Up to 100W (USB-C) / Up to 100W (charging base) |
| Connectivity | Bluetooth (Anker app) |
| Dimensions | 1.73 × 1.99 × 5.79 inches |
| Weight | 1.12 lb (510g) |
If you’re truly a power user—or you just have a laptop that laughs at most power banks—this Anker Prime makes a compelling case. The headline isn’t just big number wattage. It’s that the wattage shows up in real use: no slow-charger warnings, no weird throttling, and no all-night recharge penalty once you’ve drained it.
+For outages, tailgates, or job sites, a big power station is basically a silent generator you can lug anywhere. The SOLIX F2000 has a huge 2,048Wh-class battery and enough output to run appliances and tools then recharge your smaller gadgets on top. This is one of the steepest discounts in the list, so it’s worth a look if you’ve been waiting for a real price drop.
-If you only need to charge a phone, this is unnecessary weight and money. But for photographers, frequent travelers, and anyone trying to keep a MacBook and a few other devices alive away from the wall, the Prime 20K feels like the first power bank that actually behaves like it belongs in a modern USB-C workflow.
-The post Anker Prime Power Bank (20K, 200W) review: Plenty of power for laptops and more appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Is turbulence really like Jello-O? Pilots weigh in. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“That is you flying through the sky,” she tells the camera. “There’s pressure from the bottom, pressure from the top, from the sides, pressure coming from everywhere.”
+She taps the top of the Jell-O, making the suspended napkin ball quiver.
+“This is what happens when there’s turbulence,” she says. “You feel the plane shaking, but [it] is not just going to fall down.”
+The video is by Australian TikToker Anna Paul. Just days after she uploaded it in June 2022, it had accumulated more than 15 million views and thousands of comments from people saying it had cured their fear of flying. Paul says she got the tip “from a real pilot.”
+But how accurate is the analogy? Is turbulence really like Jell-O?
+The Jell-O analogy is the brainchild of former airline captain Tom Bunn, who is now a licensed therapist and founder of the SOAR program, which helps people overcome their fear of flying. Over years of listening to clients express their worries, Bunn realized that explaining the science of flight was often not enough to reassure people that flying was truly safe.
+“Clients would say they look up in the sky and see a plane and it doesn’t look like it should be there,” he says. “It should fall because they don’t see anything holding it up.”
+Because these nervous flyers lacked understanding of the forces holding a plane in the air, they would feel the jolts during turbulence and panic, imagining the plane was about to drop from the sky. To help them overcome this fear, Bunn looked for an analogy that would convince the emotional part of their brains that the plane was not going to fall.
+He found it by asking them to recall the familiar sense of air resistance growing as speed increases.
+“If you walk across the room, air doesn’t slow you down,” he says. However, “if you’re in a car and push forward with your hand out the window, it feels about the same as putting your hand in a swimming pool and pushing against the water.”
+Appealing to this logic, Bunn would ask his clients to imagine the air getting thicker as the plane accelerated down the runway. By the time they were in the air, it was the consistency of Jell-O, supporting them on all sides.
+Bunn acknowledges that the analogy is not completely accurate scientifically. But it is an emotionally resonant way of visualizing the forces that hold a plane up during flight.
+“Technically, it involves Bernoulli’s theorem,” he says. “It has to do with the fact that the bottom of the wing is pretty much flat and the top is curved.”
+
Daniel Bernoulli was an 18th-century Swiss mathematician and physicist who formulated several key concepts in fluid dynamics. The most famous is Bernoulli’s principle, which states that an increase in the speed of a fluid decreases the pressure exerted by the fluid.
+In a river, for example, water speeds up as it passes through narrower sections. The water pressure is lower in these constricted areas, as the acceleration is caused by higher pressure behind the constriction than within it.
+Air behaves much like a fluid. When it encounters an obstacle, it compresses or speeds up as it flows around the object in its path.
+“When the plane runs into the air, the air that goes across the top of the wing has to catch up,” Bunn explains. Because of the curve on the wing’s top, the air “has to take a longer route, so the molecules spread out slightly. So, they don’t push as much on the top of the wing as on the bottom.”
+As Paul says in her TikTok video, there is pressure coming from the air above and below the airplane. But the wing’s design means that the air pressure is greater below it than in the faster-moving air above it, pushing the wing upwards. This is the phenomenon known in aerodynamics as “lift.”
+“The faster you go, the more powerful the Bernoulli effect,” Bunn explains. This is why, as a plane flies through the air at nearly 600 miles an hour, the pressure under the wings holds it in the sky as securely as a napkin ball in Jell-O.
+Turbulence happens when blocks of air rub past each other at different temperatures, pressures or speeds. It can have many different causes, from thunderstorms to the centrifugal force of the earth’s rotation, which pushes bands of air outwards. Its strength ranges from mild, causing little more discomfort than a slight trembling, to severe, in which passengers or flight crew can be thrown around the cabin and risk injury if not wearing seatbelts.
+But while strong turbulence can feel alarming, Patrick Smith, a commercial pilot and writer of the Ask the Pilot blog, says that “people tend to have a very exaggerated sense of what the airplane is actually doing.”
+“Airplanes have what we call positive stability,” he says. “When they’re disturbed from their position in space, by their nature they want to return to where they were.”
+During turbulence, every jolt down is matched by an equivalent jolt up, holding the plane steady on its course—as if it were suspended in Jell-O.
+“There has never been a plane crash from turbulence,” Paul says in her video. Is this true?
+Bunn recalls one incident in the 1960s when a flight departing Japan’s Tokyo airport encountered severe turbulence off the side of Mount Fuji, causing it to suffer structural damage and crash into a forest. But, he emphasizes, such an incident would never happen today. For one, commercial jets would never fly so close to a mountain, knowing that these can disrupt air flows and cause strong forms of turbulence close to solid ground, where planes are naturally most vulnerable.
+For another, improvements in airplane technology mean that planes are now much better constructed to withstand even the strongest forms of turbulence.
+During testing of modern airliners, “you can almost bend the wing double [in half] and it won’t break,” Bunn says. In real situations, “you never see even a tenth that much wing flex.”
+So, is turbulence really like Jell-O? Not exactly. But if you’re a nervous flyer, perhaps the image can help reassure you that the only real dangers from turbulence can be solved by simply wearing a seatbelt.
+As Paul says: “You can just chill there. You’re just wriggling in jelly.”
+In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
+The post Is turbulence really like Jello-O? Pilots weigh in. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Wikipedia’s 25 most popular entries of all time appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>January 15th marks the 25th anniversary of Wikipedia’s premiere, and the digital landscape around it is nearly unrecognizable. After two-and-a-half decades, the free encyclopedia encompasses over 7.1 million entries in English alone, most still written, edited, fact-checked, and maintained by tens of thousands of volunteers around the world. There are still plenty of issues with a website that runs under those parameters, but more often than not, a Wiki entry can serve as a starting point towards finding other helpful sources.
+But what are most Wikipedia visitors interested in learning about? The website’s parent organization, the Wikimedia Foundation, provided Popular Science with a list of the top 25 most searched Wikipedia subjects of all time. While the Wikimedia Foundation says its data only goes back to 2008, it’s safe to say these remain the highest trafficked topics across the millions of entries.
-| Subject | Page Views |
| 1. List of Deaths by Year | 647,025,321 |
| 2. United States | 328,501,200 |
| 3. Donald Trump | 325,397,973 |
| 4. Elizabeth II | 253,385,102 |
| 5. India | 210,779,909 |
| 6. Cristiano Renaldo | 209,262,818 |
| 7. Barack Obama | 200,619,072 |
| 8. Elon Musk | 197,557,694 |
| 9. World War II | 196,185,039 |
| 10. United Kingdom | 180,986,829 |
| 11. Lionel Messi | 169,027,752 |
| 12. Michael Jackson | 168,519,508 |
| 13. Game of Thrones | 166,648,136 |
| 14. Adolf Hitler | 163,955,099 |
| 15. Eminem | 159,866,098 |
| 16. Taylor Swift | 157,243,638 |
| 17. World War I | 156,010,435 |
| 18. The Beatles | 153,857,741 |
| 19. Dwayne Johnson | 141,840,884 |
| 20. List of presidents of the United States | 138,880,465 |
| 21. Canada | 137,871,236 |
| 22. Lady Gaga | 137,724,118 |
| 23. Academy Awards | 137,543,219 |
| 24. Freddie Mercury | 134,515,769 |
| 25. List of highest-grossing films | 133,992,783 |
As it turns out, a lot of people wonder who died recently. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the list is mostly a mix of politics, pop culture, sports, and history—but it’s still more than enough to get you up to speed for your next trivia night.
+As AI slop continues to flood search engines and generative media blurs the lines between reality and fiction, human-centric endeavors like Wikipedia are becoming increasingly critical for staying informed on everything from biomedical research and historical events, to…the Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas.
+Wikipedia still faces its fair share of critics, some with very valid issues. Instead of a lack of sources, certain detractors are now claiming (without much evidence) that the encyclopedia is filled with supposed political biases. But as Wikipedia has shown so far, it’s probably up to the task of proving the naysayers wrong. There’s even a well-sourced entry about it.
-The post Wikipedia’s 25 most popular entries of all time appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Without forests, mosquitoes turn to human blood appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Dr. Sérgio Lisboa Machado, a microbiologist from the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, is the co-author of a study published today in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution on a potential link between deforestation and mosquitoes’ increasing preference for human blood.
+In the study, Machado and his colleague Dr. Jeronimo Alencar examined the feeding habits of several mosquito species in the Atlantic Forest, a moist broadleaf forest that stretches along the eastern coast of South America.
+According to Machado, the project began as an attempt to figure out which local animals these mosquitoes were feeding on.
+“When we started our research, our main goal was to find the preferred blood source that some species of female mosquitoes use for reproduction,” Machado tells Popular Science
+The process of identifying the blood in the creatures’ stomachs was time-consuming. The first step was identifying which of the region’s roughly 40 mosquito species were biting. This involved careful scrutiny of the creatures with a stereoscope.
+“The identification itself is not complicated,” Machado says, “but there is a shortage of entomologists to perform it.”
+The post Amazon has just about every Anker docking station, power bank, and portable power station on sale right now appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Anker Prime Power Bank (20K, 200W) review: Plenty of power for laptops and more appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>This fact, along with the need to transport the mosquitoes back to Rio de Janeiro for analysis, meant by the time the samples were analyzed, the DNA and RNA inside of them had started to break down. Even with these difficulties, the analysis provided Machado with a pretty good idea of which mammal species the mosquitoes in question preferred for dinner. In several cases, this blood was human.
+Scientists engineer mosquito STD to combat malaria
-Mosquitoes can barely see–but a male’s vision perks up when they hear a female
-Mosquitos seem to like beer drinkers who recently had sex
-What would a world without mosquitoes look like?
+ +So why so much human blood? The researchers hypothesize that the Atlantic Forest’s changing environment has led these species to develop a taste for human blood.
+“We believe it’s a matter of opportunity given the lack of a preferred food source,” Machado says. “It seems that if mosquitoes can’t find their preferred blood source, they seek out whatever is available.”
+The Anker Prime 20K is roughly the size of one of those skinny Diet Coke cans, but it’s a squared-off soda can with real heft. It measures 1.73 × 1.99 × 5.79 inches and weighs 1.12 lbs (510 g), which makes it easy to stash in a backpack or camera bag—and a little silly to carry in a jacket pocket unless you’re committed.
-As biodiversity declines and animal species go extinct, more mosquito food sources are disappearing. However, unlike many of the animals on which they feed, mosquitoes are adaptable creatures. There’s almost always a ready-made alternative, including humans.
+Build quality is a standout. It’s a dense block of hardware rather than a hollow plastic shell, which matters when you’re throwing it into bags, bouncing between locations, or generally living the clumsy reality of travel.
-While this might be good news for the mosquitoes, it risks being terrible news for humans. As an increasing number of mosquito species develop a taste for humans, so too does the risk that species which have not been particularly problematic in the past could act as new vectors for blood-borne diseases.
+Anker’s display is also genuinely helpful. Instead of the old system of four mystery LEDs, you get clear readouts for charge level, real-time wattage in/out, and time-to-empty or time-to-full estimates. When you’re trying to decide whether you have enough juice for a flight, a shoot, or a long coffee shop session, that kind of clarity is the difference between guessing and knowing. The shiny surface on the front of the device does pick up smudges and fingerprints easily, but that doesn’t matter much to me.
-Once mosquitoes acquire a new food source, they tend to develop a preference for that particular blood—and humans are one species whose availability is most definitely not declining. Today, the Atlantic Forest occupies barely a quarter third of its former area, and it’s not alone. With every passing year, more wilderness is lost to human incursion.
+Port layout is straightforward and practical: two USB-C ports and one USB-A across the top. In day-to-day use, I found it easier to lay it flat with the screen facing up so it’s less likely to tip if a stiff cable gets bumped.
-The answer seems to be first arresting, and then reversing, this process of deforestation and habitat destruction. But it’s not altogether clear that the damage is so easily reversible. Humans certainly aren’t going anywhere, so who’s to say that the mosquitoes won’t just keep feeding merrily on us regardless?
+Machado expresses cautious optimism on how we can address how deforestation affects what mosquitoes eat.
+In the several weeks I spent with this device, I used it to fuel my 14-inch MacBook Pro with an M3 Max chip inside. I also used it to charge an iPhone 17 Pro Max, a DJI drone, a Canon R5 Mark II camera, and other devices. In each case, I was able to hit maximum charging speeds with each device and even keep up with the MacBook Pro output during high-intensity tasks like exporting files from Adobe Lightroom.
-“We believe this is a reversible process, but this will require restoring the biome while simultaneously continuing our study. We are still seeking more evidence that [these] mosquitoes have a preferred food source. For now, we are observing that there is a possibility that they are adapting to different sources and do not [prefer] human blood.”
+You can absolutely buy the battery by itself and be happy. The main story here is that it refills fast enough (up to 100W input) that it’s easy to keep topped off between sessions—plug it in while you eat lunch, and you’ll get a meaningful chunk of capacity back.
-Nevertheless, humanity continues to play with fire as it pushes further and further into previously unspoilt ecosystems. A landmark 2001 study found that new diseases are twice as likely to be zoonotic—transmissible between animals and humans—than existing ones. The danger posed by such diseases was exemplified by COVID-19, which jumped from bats to humans to catastrophic effect.
+If you want a cleaner workflow that’s always ready, Anker also sells a separate $99 charging base that uses pogo pins and charges the bank at the same 100W rate. It’s not required, but if this power bank is part of your daily desk kit, docking it like a gadget from the future is undeniably convenient.
-While disastrous scenarios surrounding a novel pathogen spread by mosquitoes are hypothetical, there are also very real dangers linked to deforestation. For instance, the malaria parasite in the Amazon is largely spread by the Anopheles darlingi mosquito. It was thought to have been eradicated in the 1960s, but re-emerged in the 1990s, and is now common. Another study found that cleared forest patches had created a perfect breeding environment for the insect, helping its return.
+Ultimately, Machado stresses that it’s important to control the emergence of new disease vectors and thus mitigate further risks.
+The “220W” in the name is the combined ceiling across ports. In practical terms, it means you can run a laptop at serious speed and still charge other devices without everything collapsing into “slow charge” mode.
-“The re-establishment of ecosystems will certainly contribute to this and should minimize the climate changes we are experiencing,” he says. “We need to learn that our actions today, however small, will always have global repercussions in the future.”
-The post Without forests, mosquitoes turn to human blood appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Australian police smash e-bikes in crackdown on unruly teens appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The roundup, dubbed Operation Moorhead, began last week in the suburbs of Perth in southwestern Australia. Police reportedly received complaints about menacing youths riding recklessly, evading officers, and “intimidating members of the public.”
+In some cases, the teens hurled objects at other vehicles and posted videos of their pranks on social media. One of those clips reportedly shows a 12-year-old zipping by on an e-bike capable of reaching speeds approaching 50 miles per hour. The ensuing crackdown led to the arrests of 25 youths between the ages of 11 and 18 and the seizure of 36 e-rideables. Western Australia (WA) police are now reportedly planning to ramp up e-bike seizures across the state.
+Thermals are solid, too. High-wattage power banks often get uncomfortably warm when they’re actually delivering big power for long stretches. This one stayed surprisingly composed during sustained use, which inspires more confidence than raw spec-sheet bragging ever could. It felt noticeably warm to the touch when it was charging up its own internal batteries, but it never got hot.
-A video posted on Facebook by Western Australian police shows several seized e-bikes and electric scooters being grabbed by an excavator’s claw and crushed flat. The claw then releases the broken bikes and pounds them down once more for good measure. What remains of the mangled metal is then chucked into a large pile of scrap.
+The companion app is a nice touch, but I didn’t find myself using it all that often during normal use. The built-in screen typically told me what I needed to know.
-“WA police will not tolerate anti-social behaviour that targets our community,” Joondalup police Acting Inspector Scott Gillis said during the press release. “It’s totally unacceptable.”
+At this price point, I would have liked an integrated cable and possibly wireless charging as it requires a separate cable to input and output power. That’s not super common with models in this class, so it’s not a point against this model, but both features would have been welcome.
+The Anker Prime 20K sits in a sweet spot: smaller and lighter than the max-capacity carry-on limit bricks, but far more capable than the average travel power bank.
-| Feature | Anker Prime 20K (220W) | EcoFlow RAPID Pro (27,650mAh) | Shargeek Storm 2 | Anker 737 (24K, 140W) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capacity | 20,100mAh (~72Wh) | 27,650mAh (99.54Wh) | 25,600mAh (93.5Wh) | 24,000mAh |
| Max Output | 220W total (140W single USB-C) | 300W total (up to 140W single) | 100W (single-port fast charge class) | 140W max total |
| Max Input | 100W | 320W (with matching station) | 100W in/out | 140W two-way charging class |
| Ports | 2× USB-C, 1× USB-A | 4 total (incl. built-in retractable USB-C cable) | USB-C + USB-A + DC + more | 2× USB-C, 1× USB-A |
| Weight | 1.12 lb (510g) | 699.4g | 591.3g | 630g |
| Unique Feature | Optional pogo-pin charging base + strong on-device display | Built-in retractable cable + modular accessories | “Gadget-core” transparent design + DC output | More affordable entry to 140W-class charging |
E-bikes, electric scooters, and other micromobility devices have surged in popularity as a convenient, easy way to navigate cities that lack reliable public transportation. But their relatively high maximum speeds—compared with traditional bicycles—have also led to a major uptick in accidents and sparked backlash from critics who argue they should be treated and regulated more like motorcycles.
+| Category | Specification |
|---|---|
| Model | Anker Prime Power Bank (20K, 220W) |
| Capacity | 20,100mAh (~72Wh) Carry-on compliant under 100Wh |
| Ports | 2× USB-C, 1× USB-A |
| Single USB-C Max | Up to 140W |
| Combined Max Output | Up to 220W total |
| Recharge Speed | Up to 100W (USB-C) / Up to 100W (charging base) |
| Connectivity | Bluetooth (Anker app) |
| Dimensions | 1.73 × 1.99 × 5.79 inches |
| Weight | 1.12 lb (510g) |
Micromobility-related injuries are also on the rise, and not just Down Under. A 2024 U.S. A Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) survey found injuries, both for riders and pedestrians, involving the devices increased nearly 21 percent between 2021 and 2022. A separate study published in the American Journal of Public Health estimates e-bike and scooter injuries increased by a staggering 293 percent and 88 percent respectively between 2019 and 2022. That data notably doesn’t specify how many of the injuries involved rampaging teens.
+
If you’re truly a power user—or you just have a laptop that laughs at most power banks—this Anker Prime makes a compelling case. The headline isn’t just big number wattage. It’s that the wattage shows up in real use: no slow-charger warnings, no weird throttling, and no all-night recharge penalty once you’ve drained it.
-If you only need to charge a phone, this is unnecessary weight and money. But for photographers, frequent travelers, and anyone trying to keep a MacBook and a few other devices alive away from the wall, the Prime 20K feels like the first power bank that actually behaves like it belongs in a modern USB-C workflow.
+The post Anker Prime Power Bank (20K, 200W) review: Plenty of power for laptops and more appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Is turbulence really like Jello-O? Pilots weigh in. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Local governments in the U.S. are beginning to pass new laws aimed at reining in potentially dangerous riders. Last month, Houston’s City Council voted unanimously to approve an ordinance putting in place a curfew that restricts e-scooter use between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. South Carolina also recently enacted a law allowing police to fine e-bike riders up to $500 if they are caught pushing the devices past 12 miles per hour. Police in New York City have likewise increased penalties for e-bike–related offenses, a move some critics fear could disproportionately target delivery drivers who have embraced the devices.
+“That is you flying through the sky,” she tells the camera. “There’s pressure from the bottom, pressure from the top, from the sides, pressure coming from everywhere.”
-Back in Australia, Willis says part of the problem, at least when it comes to teens, stems from the vehicles’ deceptive appearance. Parents unfamiliar with modern advances in e-rideable technology buy their children bikes and scooters without realizing they are capable of reaching such high speeds. They are also often unaware of laws already on the books that restrict where and how the devices can be used.
+She taps the top of the Jell-O, making the suspended napkin ball quiver.
-“We would like to remind the community that e-rideables are a type of vehicle so all road laws that apply to vehicles apply to e-rideable as well, unless expressly excluded.”
-The post Australian police smash e-bikes in crackdown on unruly teens appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Deer markings actually glow appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“This is what happens when there’s turbulence,” she says. “You feel the plane shaking, but [it] is not just going to fall down.”
-The woodland mammals appear to be using UV as a way of communicating. Their scrapes—markings they make in the dirt or on wood and fill with secretions—glow under UV light that they can see and we can’t. The same goes for their rubbings, or the secretion-filled marks their antlers make on trees and fence posts. According to the findings published in the journal Ecology & Evolution, the photoluminescence is potentially a way for the mammals to find a mate.
+The video is by Australian TikToker Anna Paul. Just days after she uploaded it in June 2022, it had accumulated more than 15 million views and thousands of comments from people saying it had cured their fear of flying. Paul says she got the tip “from a real pilot.”
-“People have been hypothesizing about if this glow exists in the environment, but nobody had gone out yet to try and connect it to the deer until now,” Daniel DeRose-Broeckert, a study co-author and ecologist at the University of Georgia’s Deer Lab, said in a statement. “As we got closer to breeding season, those markings increased in visibility as deer prepared for it.”
+But how accurate is the analogy? Is turbulence really like Jell-O?
-Over three months, the Deer Lab team searched for white-tailed deer markings in Whitehall Forest near Athens, Georgia, during the day. By night, they investigated them with UV lights. They analyzed 109 antler rubs on trees and 37 urine-marked acres across 800 acres of forest.
+
“Their vision is vastly different from ours. Once the sun is slightly gone around dusk and dawn, the UV light dominates for deer since it’s not being washed out by the visible light spectrum from the sun,” said DeRose-Broeckert.
+The Jell-O analogy is the brainchild of former airline captain Tom Bunn, who is now a licensed therapist and founder of the SOAR program, which helps people overcome their fear of flying. Over years of listening to clients express their worries, Bunn realized that explaining the science of flight was often not enough to reassure people that flying was truly safe.
-The team believes that rubs’ glow may be made from a combination of plant and tree sap and secretions from the animal’s forehead glands. The scrapes’ glow is likely from urine.
+“Clients would say they look up in the sky and see a plane and it doesn’t look like it should be there,” he says. “It should fall because they don’t see anything holding it up.”
-“In the process of scraping the bark off a tree with their antlers, they are depositing glandular secretions. Likewise, when they make a scrape, a different gland is also between their toes,” added study co-author and ecologist Gino D’Angelo. “Deer have lots of ways to interact with the environment, and they are leaving those signatures out there to smell and glow.”
+Because these nervous flyers lacked understanding of the forces holding a plane in the air, they would feel the jolts during turbulence and panic, imagining the plane was about to drop from the sky. To help them overcome this fear, Bunn looked for an analogy that would convince the emotional part of their brains that the plane was not going to fall.
-
He found it by asking them to recall the familiar sense of air resistance growing as speed increases.
-Earlier studies suggest that other mammals also glow under UV light, but the reasons why have been vague. Deer use the same scrapes as a way to communicate through scent, so the team on this study believes that the glow offers a visual way for deer to communicate
+“If you walk across the room, air doesn’t slow you down,” he says. However, “if you’re in a car and push forward with your hand out the window, it feels about the same as putting your hand in a swimming pool and pushing against the water.”
-“The scrapes become a communication hub where other deer will visit it after it’s created and contribute to it. It’s like a phone booth out in the city when trying to make nighttime plans at a meeting point,” D’Angelo said.
+Appealing to this logic, Bunn would ask his clients to imagine the air getting thicker as the plane accelerated down the runway. By the time they were in the air, it was the consistency of Jell-O, supporting them on all sides.
-During deer mating season from mid-October through December, marking is particularly important.
+Bunn acknowledges that the analogy is not completely accurate scientifically. But it is an emotionally resonant way of visualizing the forces that hold a plane up during flight.
-“We’ve known that there’s an olfactory component, but now we know the deer are also getting stimulated in two senses, both olfactory and visually,” said DeRose-Broeckert. “Both males and females utilize scrapes to advertise their presence in the environment and their breeding status and fitness level.”
-The post Deer markings actually glow appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Iron Age teeth reveal the hidden lives of ancient Italians appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“Technically, it involves Bernoulli’s theorem,” he says. “It has to do with the fact that the bottom of the wing is pretty much flat and the top is curved.”
-In Italy, a team at Rome’s Sapienza University has conducted the first dental study of its kind for an Iron Age community 35 miles south of present-day Naples. After analyzing the microscopic makeup of teeth from ancient Italians, it appears that the people living near Pontecagnano enjoyed a diverse diet that reflected a time of increased interactions with nearby Mediterranean societies. Their findings are detailed in a study published today in the journal PLOS One.
+
Archaeological records at Pontecagnano span multiple cultures and date as far back as the Copper Age (3500–2300 BCE). By the 7th century, the region was home to the Etruscans, who occupied the area until the Roman Empire’s arrival in the late 4th century. The Etruscans often interred their deceased in necropolises, which is where the Sapienza University team recovered 30 teeth from 10 individuals who died during the 7th and 6th centuries.
+“The teeth of Pontecagnano’s Iron Age inhabitants opened a unique window onto their lives: we could follow childhood growth and health with remarkable precision,” study co-author and archaeologist Roberto Germano said in a statement.
+Daniel Bernoulli was an 18th-century Swiss mathematician and physicist who formulated several key concepts in fluid dynamics. The most famous is Bernoulli’s principle, which states that an increase in the speed of a fluid decreases the pressure exerted by the fluid.
-They analyzed the growth patterns displayed in dental tissues, and then compared the resultant data between canines and molars to contextualize the first six years of each person’s life. This revealed minor stress events linked to dietary shifts, often between the ages of one and four. According to researchers, the changing sources of nutrition likely made the young children susceptible to diseases, which left lingering evidence in their teeth.
+In a river, for example, water speeds up as it passes through narrower sections. The water pressure is lower in these constricted areas, as the acceleration is caused by higher pressure behind the constriction than within it.
-However, their diets were incredibly diversified by the time of adulthood. Dental plaque examinations showed remnants from an array of foods, including legumes and cereals as well as “abundant carbohydrates and fermented foods.” These chemical traces are supported by the existing historical understanding of the era, which featured increased trade with other societies around the Mediterranean.
+Air behaves much like a fluid. When it encounters an obstacle, it compresses or speeds up as it flows around the object in its path.
-The team believes that their approach represents a proof-of-concept for using dental analysis to offer personalized insights into the individual lives of ancient peoples. While not intended as findings representative of the larger Etruscan region, the analysis illustrates a more intimate look at Iron Age existence.
+“When the plane runs into the air, the air that goes across the top of the wing has to catch up,” Bunn explains. Because of the curve on the wing’s top, the air “has to take a longer route, so the molecules spread out slightly. So, they don’t push as much on the top of the wing as on the bottom.”
-“The study…makes it possible to go beyond the narrow focus on the period close to their death, and brings to the forefront the life of each of them during their early years,” explained study co-author Alessia Nava.
-The post Iron Age teeth reveal the hidden lives of ancient Italians appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post 100 mystery sounds under review for signs of extraterrestrial life appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>As Paul says in her TikTok video, there is pressure coming from the air above and below the airplane. But the wing’s design means that the air pressure is greater below it than in the faster-moving air above it, pushing the wing upwards. This is the phenomenon known in aerodynamics as “lift.”
-“The faster you go, the more powerful the Bernoulli effect,” Bunn explains. This is why, as a plane flies through the air at nearly 600 miles an hour, the pressure under the wings holds it in the sky as securely as a napkin ball in Jell-O.
-Even with today’s advanced computers, the world’s most complex data problems can’t be solved by a single machine. Instead, it’s far more efficient to break up tasks among many separate computers. For decades, however, the technology to handle even these distributed responsibilities was relegated to well-funded companies and government institutions. But with the rise of personal computers (PCs), UC Berkeley researchers like David Gedye and David Anderson realized that the untapped pool of citizen scientists could be a vital asset. And what bigger data pool was there to draw from than the vastness of interstellar space?
+Turbulence happens when blocks of air rub past each other at different temperatures, pressures or speeds. It can have many different causes, from thunderstorms to the centrifugal force of the earth’s rotation, which pushes bands of air outwards. Its strength ranges from mild, causing little more discomfort than a slight trembling, to severe, in which passengers or flight crew can be thrown around the cabin and risk injury if not wearing seatbelts.
-In 1999, the computer scientists teamed with astronomers Eric Korpela and Dan Werthimer to launch SETI@home. The project relied on individuals downloading a client program to their home PC designed to parse data passively collected by a 984-foot-wide radio telescope at the now-shuttered Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Although Arecibo’s line of sight only encompassed about a third of the entire sky, that still included most stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
+“We [were], without doubt, the most sensitive narrow-band search of large portions of the sky, so we had the best chance of finding something,” Korpela said in a recent UC Berkeley profile.
+Before launching SETI@home, project organizers estimated they’d receive around 50,000 volunteers. In only a few days, they surpassed 200,000 participants from over 100 countries. By the program’s one-year anniversary, the SETI@home client had been downloaded onto over 2 million PCs.
+But while strong turbulence can feel alarming, Patrick Smith, a commercial pilot and writer of the Ask the Pilot blog, says that “people tend to have a very exaggerated sense of what the airplane is actually doing.”
-
“Airplanes have what we call positive stability,” he says. “When they’re disturbed from their position in space, by their nature they want to return to where they were.”
-During turbulence, every jolt down is matched by an equivalent jolt up, holding the plane steady on its course—as if it were suspended in Jell-O.
-The data itself wasn’t collected by simply aiming Arecibo at a section of space and listening for ET whisperings. Earth is constantly moving around the sun, and the same likely goes for any source of alien life. This required Korpela and colleagues to design a protocol to mathematically reconfigure frequency clips to account for any Doppler drifts.
+“There has never been a plane crash from turbulence,” Paul says in her video. Is this true?
-“We actually had to look at a whole range of possible drift rates—tens of thousands—just to make sure that we got all possibilities. That multiplies the amount of computing power we need by 10,000,” said Anderson. “The fact that we had a million home computers available to us let us do that. No other radio SETI project has been able to do that.”
+Bunn recalls one incident in the 1960s when a flight departing Japan’s Tokyo airport encountered severe turbulence off the side of Mount Fuji, causing it to suffer structural damage and crash into a forest. But, he emphasizes, such an incident would never happen today. For one, commercial jets would never fly so close to a mountain, knowing that these can disrupt air flows and cause strong forms of turbulence close to solid ground, where planes are naturally most vulnerable.
-By the time SETI@home officially ended in 2020, the team was staring down around 12 billion signals of interest. Combing through those files ultimately required enlisting the help of a supercomputer—in this case an installation at Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics. From there, researchers could winnow down their suspects to a couple million signals, then rank them by likelihood of ET origin after accounting for radio frequency interferences from sources like orbital satellites, TV broadcasts, and even kitchen microwaves.
+For another, improvements in airplane technology mean that planes are now much better constructed to withstand even the strongest forms of turbulence.
-Korpela and Werthimer eventually settled on about 100 final contenders worth additional examinations. Since July 2025, they have used China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) to collect new data from these sections of sky. The approach was detailed in two studies published last year in The Astronomical Journal, and showcases both the project’s highlights and places where future endeavors can improve on their work.
+During testing of modern airliners, “you can almost bend the wing double [in half] and it won’t break,” Bunn says. In real situations, “you never see even a tenth that much wing flex.”
-“Some of our conclusions are that the project didn’t completely work the way we thought it was going to. And we have a long list of things that we would have done differently and that future sky survey projects should do differently,” explained Anderson. “[But] if we don’t find ET, what we can say is that we established a new sensitivity level. If there were a signal above a certain power, we would have found it.”
+So, is turbulence really like Jell-O? Not exactly. But if you’re a nervous flyer, perhaps the image can help reassure you that the only real dangers from turbulence can be solved by simply wearing a seatbelt.
-As Paul says: “You can just chill there. You’re just wriggling in jelly.”
-However, Anderson and the others aren’t holding their breath. According to Korpela, Arecibo’s limited field-of-view and a lack of any particularly striking radio blips so far means a sudden ET revelation isn’t likely just yet.
+In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
-“There’s a little disappointment that we didn’t see anything,” he said. “In order to probe farther distances, you need bigger telescopes and longer observing times. It’s always best if you are able to control the telescope for your project. We weren’t able to control what the telescope was doing.”
+ +The post Is turbulence really like Jello-O? Pilots weigh in. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Wikipedia’s 25 most popular entries of all time appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Regardless, SETI@home speaks to the power of both crowdsourcing and citizen science. When combined with all of the PC advancements since 1999, there’s a chance that an heir to the project may finally find that extraordinary, history-altering space signal.
+January 15th marks the 25th anniversary of Wikipedia’s premiere, and the digital landscape around it is nearly unrecognizable. After two-and-a-half decades, the free encyclopedia encompasses over 7.1 million entries in English alone, most still written, edited, fact-checked, and maintained by tens of thousands of volunteers around the world. There are still plenty of issues with a website that runs under those parameters, but more often than not, a Wiki entry can serve as a starting point towards finding other helpful sources.
-“I think it still captures people’s imagination to look for extraterrestrial intelligence,” said Korpella. “I think that you could still get significantly more processing power than we used for SETI@home and process more data because of a wider internet bandwidth.”
-The post 100 mystery sounds under review for signs of extraterrestrial life appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post 14,000-year-old woolly rhinoceros DNA extracted from wolf’s stomach appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>But what are most Wikipedia visitors interested in learning about? The website’s parent organization, the Wikimedia Foundation, provided Popular Science with a list of the top 25 most searched Wikipedia subjects of all time. While the Wikimedia Foundation says its data only goes back to 2008, it’s safe to say these remain the highest trafficked topics across the millions of entries.
-“Sequencing the entire genome of an Ice Age animal found in the stomach of another animal has never been done before,” Camilo Chacón-Duque, a study co-author and paleogenomicist at Stockholm University in Sweden, said in a statement. “Recovering genomes from individuals that lived right before extinction is challenging, but it can provide important clues on what caused the species to disappear, which may also be relevant for the conservation of endangered species today,” he said.
+| Subject | Page Views |
| 1. List of Deaths by Year | 647,025,321 |
| 2. United States | 328,501,200 |
| 3. Donald Trump | 325,397,973 |
| 4. Elizabeth II | 253,385,102 |
| 5. India | 210,779,909 |
| 6. Cristiano Renaldo | 209,262,818 |
| 7. Barack Obama | 200,619,072 |
| 8. Elon Musk | 197,557,694 |
| 9. World War II | 196,185,039 |
| 10. United Kingdom | 180,986,829 |
| 11. Lionel Messi | 169,027,752 |
| 12. Michael Jackson | 168,519,508 |
| 13. Game of Thrones | 166,648,136 |
| 14. Adolf Hitler | 163,955,099 |
| 15. Eminem | 159,866,098 |
| 16. Taylor Swift | 157,243,638 |
| 17. World War I | 156,010,435 |
| 18. The Beatles | 153,857,741 |
| 19. Dwayne Johnson | 141,840,884 |
| 20. List of presidents of the United States | 138,880,465 |
| 21. Canada | 137,871,236 |
| 22. Lady Gaga | 137,724,118 |
| 23. Academy Awards | 137,543,219 |
| 24. Freddie Mercury | 134,515,769 |
| 25. List of highest-grossing films | 133,992,783 |
As it turns out, a lot of people wonder who died recently. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the list is mostly a mix of politics, pop culture, sports, and history—but it’s still more than enough to get you up to speed for your next trivia night.
-
As AI slop continues to flood search engines and generative media blurs the lines between reality and fiction, human-centric endeavors like Wikipedia are becoming increasingly critical for staying informed on everything from biomedical research and historical events, to…the Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas.
-Wikipedia still faces its fair share of critics, some with very valid issues. Instead of a lack of sources, certain detractors are now claiming (without much evidence) that the encyclopedia is filled with supposed political biases. But as Wikipedia has shown so far, it’s probably up to the task of proving the naysayers wrong. There’s even a well-sourced entry about it.
+The post Wikipedia’s 25 most popular entries of all time appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Without forests, mosquitoes turn to human blood appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The woolly rhino lived from 5.3 million to about 8,700 years so in present-day Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The large mammals had two large horns towards the front of the skull, and a thick coat of hair. Stone Age painters frequently included the woolly rhino in their work, including on cave paintings in France’s Chauvet–Pont d’Arc dating back about 30,000 years.
+Dr. Sérgio Lisboa Machado, a microbiologist from the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, is the co-author of a study published today in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution on a potential link between deforestation and mosquitoes’ increasing preference for human blood.
-The woolly rhinoceros DNA found inside of the ice age wolf was discovered in permafrost near the village of Tumat in Siberia. When scientists performed an autopsy on the ancient wolf, they identified a small fragment of preserved woolly rhino tissue inside of its stomach. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the tissue was about 14,400 years old, making it one of the youngest specimens of woolly rhinoceros ever discovered.
+
In the study, Machado and his colleague Dr. Jeronimo Alencar examined the feeding habits of several mosquito species in the Atlantic Forest, a moist broadleaf forest that stretches along the eastern coast of South America.
-Since genetic material degrades over time, mapping the genome of animals like these that died thousands of years ago is incredibly difficult. The wolf’s own DNA also further complicates the analyses.
+According to Machado, the project began as an attempt to figure out which local animals these mosquitoes were feeding on.
-“It was really exciting, but also very challenging, to extract a complete genome from such an unusual sample,” added Sólveig Guðjónsdóttir, a study co-lead author, who carried out the work as part of her master’s thesis at Stockholm University.
+“When we started our research, our main goal was to find the preferred blood source that some species of female mosquitoes use for reproduction,” Machado tells Popular Science
-The process of identifying the blood in the creatures’ stomachs was time-consuming. The first step was identifying which of the region’s roughly 40 mosquito species were biting. This involved careful scrutiny of the creatures with a stereoscope.
-To get a sense of how genome diversity, inbreeding levels, and harmful mutations changed throughout the last ice age, the team then compared the Tumat rhinoceros’ genome with two other high-quality genomes from older specimens. Both of these specimens were older, dating back to about 18,000 and 49,000 years ago.
+“The identification itself is not complicated,” Machado says, “but there is a shortage of entomologists to perform it.”
-They did not find any signs of genetic deterioration due to a lack of suitable mates as the woolly rhinos approached its extinction. This indicates that the species as a whole probably maintained a stable and relatively large population until just before it disappeared around 8,700 years ago.
+This fact, along with the need to transport the mosquitoes back to Rio de Janeiro for analysis, meant by the time the samples were analyzed, the DNA and RNA inside of them had started to break down. Even with these difficulties, the analysis provided Machado with a pretty good idea of which mammal species the mosquitoes in question preferred for dinner. In several cases, this blood was human.
-
“This was something we didn’t expect,” Machado says. “Since we were in a forest reserve, we expected to find DNA from vertebrates in the local fauna.”
-“Our analyses showed a surprisingly stable genetic pattern with no change in inbreeding levels through tens of thousands of years prior to the extinction of woolly rhinos,” said study co-author and paleogenomicist Edana Lord.
+Additionally, there was no evidence of a long-term gradual population decline within the genome. The extinction appears to have occurred relatively quickly, likely due to global warming at the end of the ice age.
+“Our results show that the woolly rhinos had a viable population for 15,000 years after the first humans arrived in northeastern Siberia, which suggests that climate warming rather than human hunting caused the extinction,” concluded study co-author and evolutionary genomicist Love Dalén.
-The post 14,000-year-old woolly rhinoceros DNA extracted from wolf’s stomach appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Why is okra so slimy? Blame the mucilage. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>So why so much human blood? The researchers hypothesize that the Atlantic Forest’s changing environment has led these species to develop a taste for human blood.
-Some okra recipes strive to minimize slime; others celebrate and embrace the thickening it provides to dishes like Louisiana gumbo. But did you ever wonder why okra is so gooey? What’s the source, and what purpose does it serve for the okra plant?
+“We believe it’s a matter of opportunity given the lack of a preferred food source,” Machado says. “It seems that if mosquitoes can’t find their preferred blood source, they seek out whatever is available.”
-As biodiversity declines and animal species go extinct, more mosquito food sources are disappearing. However, unlike many of the animals on which they feed, mosquitoes are adaptable creatures. There’s almost always a ready-made alternative, including humans.
-The edible part of okra is the plant’s immature seedpods, which contain high levels of a substance called mucilage. Food science writer Harold McGee described mucilage in his book On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen as “a complex mixture of long, entangled carbohydrate molecules and proteins that helps plants and their seeds retain water.” Basically, mucilage is the watery slime around the okra seeds. As the seeds develop, their moist coating protects them from drying out.
+While this might be good news for the mosquitoes, it risks being terrible news for humans. As an increasing number of mosquito species develop a taste for humans, so too does the risk that species which have not been particularly problematic in the past could act as new vectors for blood-borne diseases.
-Okra likely evolved its slime (or, more accurately, mucilage) as a water-conserving adaptation for growing in hot, dry climates. McGee notes that the okra plant “originated in either southwest Asia or eastern Africa, and came to the southern United States with the slave trade.” Today, okra is popular in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and is known for its high tolerance to heat and drought when compared with other crops.
+Once mosquitoes acquire a new food source, they tend to develop a preference for that particular blood—and humans are one species whose availability is most definitely not declining. Today, the Atlantic Forest occupies barely a quarter third of its former area, and it’s not alone. With every passing year, more wilderness is lost to human incursion.
-The answer seems to be first arresting, and then reversing, this process of deforestation and habitat destruction. But it’s not altogether clear that the damage is so easily reversible. Humans certainly aren’t going anywhere, so who’s to say that the mosquitoes won’t just keep feeding merrily on us regardless?
-Okra is not the only plant with goo-producing levels of mucilage. It’s a common feature of desert plants like cacti and succulents, which have a similar need to store water. Other edible examples include some seaweeds, and leafy greens such as Malabar spinach, native to Asia, and molokhia, popular in parts of Africa and the Middle East.
+Machado expresses cautious optimism on how we can address how deforestation affects what mosquitoes eat.
-Mucilage is actually produced in smaller quantities by almost all plants, as well as by some microorganisms. Single-celled protists like amoebas propel themselves on a trail of mucilage, similar to the slime trail of a snail. Japanese natto, made from fermented soybeans, gets its signature stretchiness from bacterial cultures.
+“We believe this is a reversible process, but this will require restoring the biome while simultaneously continuing our study. We are still seeking more evidence that [these] mosquitoes have a preferred food source. For now, we are observing that there is a possibility that they are adapting to different sources and do not [prefer] human blood.”
-
“The majority of plants produce mucilage from the seed coat,” according to a 2021 research review. However, the way that mucilage keeps seeds moist can vary. While okra seeds grow inside a mucilage coating, in other plants, mature seeds that have been shed produce mucilage by absorbing water from their surroundings. You can see this yourself when you soak chia seeds to make a chia pudding, or flaxseeds to make a “flax egg” for vegan baking. Each tiny seed sucks up water to form a layer of mucilage, creating a gel-like texture.
+Nevertheless, humanity continues to play with fire as it pushes further and further into previously unspoilt ecosystems. A landmark 2001 study found that new diseases are twice as likely to be zoonotic—transmissible between animals and humans—than existing ones. The danger posed by such diseases was exemplified by COVID-19, which jumped from bats to humans to catastrophic effect.
-There are also other ways plants use mucilage beyond water conservation. Carnivorous sundews use droplets of mucilage as glue traps for insects. Sierra Mixe or olotón, an heirloom variety of corn from Oaxaca, Mexico, has exposed roots that drip with mucilage. This slime shelters symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. As a result, says a 2020 UC Davis report, “Sierra Mixe corn receives much of the nitrogen it needs from the atmosphere,” and thrives in nitrogen-poor soil.
+While disastrous scenarios surrounding a novel pathogen spread by mosquitoes are hypothetical, there are also very real dangers linked to deforestation. For instance, the malaria parasite in the Amazon is largely spread by the Anopheles darlingi mosquito. It was thought to have been eradicated in the 1960s, but re-emerged in the 1990s, and is now common. Another study found that cleared forest patches had created a perfect breeding environment for the insect, helping its return.
-Ultimately, Machado stresses that it’s important to control the emergence of new disease vectors and thus mitigate further risks.
-The human uses for mucilage go far beyond food. Historically, plant mucilage was used as a natural hair gel, and as an adhesive for paper stamps and labels. In medicine, mucilage can act as a demulcent, a substance that soothes irritated mucus membranes by forming a protective layer over them. Examples include slippery elm tea for sore throat and aloe ointment for sunburn. Mucilage is also the active ingredient in fiber supplements such as psyllium husk, and is found in some cosmetics.
+“The re-establishment of ecosystems will certainly contribute to this and should minimize the climate changes we are experiencing,” he says. “We need to learn that our actions today, however small, will always have global repercussions in the future.”
+The post Without forests, mosquitoes turn to human blood appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Australian police smash e-bikes in crackdown on unruly teens appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Scientists also increasingly look to mucilage for industrial purposes. A 2021 research review describes plant mucilage as “a renewable and cost-effective source of plant-based compounds” that are both biodegradable and environmentally friendly. In the case of okra specifically, its mucilage has been used to make biodegradable food packaging film and for filtering particles from wastewater.
+The roundup, dubbed Operation Moorhead, began last week in the suburbs of Perth in southwestern Australia. Police reportedly received complaints about menacing youths riding recklessly, evading officers, and “intimidating members of the public.”
-In some cases, the teens hurled objects at other vehicles and posted videos of their pranks on social media. One of those clips reportedly shows a 12-year-old zipping by on an e-bike capable of reaching speeds approaching 50 miles per hour. The ensuing crackdown led to the arrests of 25 youths between the ages of 11 and 18 and the seizure of 36 e-rideables. Western Australia (WA) police are now reportedly planning to ramp up e-bike seizures across the state.
-A video posted on Facebook by Western Australian police shows several seized e-bikes and electric scooters being grabbed by an excavator’s claw and crushed flat. The claw then releases the broken bikes and pounds them down once more for good measure. What remains of the mangled metal is then chucked into a large pile of scrap.
-Some cultures actively celebrate mucilage as a part of the culinary experience. In Japan, the texture of ingredients like okra and natto, known as neba-neba, is prized. In Nigeria, dishes made with okra and other viscous ingredients are called “draw soups,” because they’re so thick they draw back into the pot on their own when lifted. However, some don’t like the slimy texture, which is why there are many methods to make okra less slimy in the kitchen, rather than more so.
+“WA police will not tolerate anti-social behaviour that targets our community,” Joondalup police Acting Inspector Scott Gillis said during the press release. “It’s totally unacceptable.”
-Science writer Jared Levan noted in a 2018 article for Food Republic that “mucilage’s viscosity increases when heat is applied.” Short cooking preparations of okra, such as frying or sauteeing, release less mucilage than long ones, such as stewing. Adding acidic ingredients like tomatoes to okra also helps reduce the slime. And because the mucilage is concentrated in the center of the okra pods, chopping or slicing them releases more slime than cooking them whole.
-Even if you’re not a fan of okra’s mucilage, there are still many ways to enjoy the vegetable without it. Or perhaps mucilage will go down a little easier when you remember just how useful it is, for both plants and people.
+In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
+The post Why is okra so slimy? Blame the mucilage. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Medieval plague victims likely found in mass grave in Germany appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>E-bikes, electric scooters, and other micromobility devices have surged in popularity as a convenient, easy way to navigate cities that lack reliable public transportation. But their relatively high maximum speeds—compared with traditional bicycles—have also led to a major uptick in accidents and sparked backlash from critics who argue they should be treated and regulated more like motorcycles.
-Now, an archaeological team including researchers from Leipzig University believe they have finally located one of those infamous burial sites. According to their study recently published in the journal PLOS One, land near the deserted medieval village of Neuses contains clear evidence of human remains, as well as the hastily mixed soil that covered the bodies.
+Micromobility-related injuries are also on the rise, and not just Down Under. A 2024 U.S. A Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) survey found injuries, both for riders and pedestrians, involving the devices increased nearly 21 percent between 2021 and 2022. A separate study published in the American Journal of Public Health estimates e-bike and scooter injuries increased by a staggering 293 percent and 88 percent respectively between 2019 and 2022. That data notably doesn’t specify how many of the injuries involved rampaging teens.
-“Our results strongly suggest that we have pinpointed one of the plague mass graves described in the Erfurt chronicles,” explained study co-author and Leipzig University geographer Michael Hein.
+
The suspected burial plot is fascinating not only for what it contains, but how it was identified. Instead of accidentally discovering archaeological evidence amid a construction project (as is often the case), Hein and colleagues used interdisciplinary techniques to seek out the potential Black Death burials. To do this, the team analyzed the ground beneath them using a process called electrical resistivity mapping. Every type of geologic material possesses some degree of electrical conductivity, which can be charted by firing currents into the earth and measuring resultant voltages. This allows researchers to correlate voltage to various soil and rock types.
+At one location, Hein’s team identified a roughly 33 by 49 by 11.5 foot site with noticeably disturbed subsurface sediment distributions. Subsequent drilled core samples produced mixed geologic materials along with the fragments of human remains. Additional radiocarbon dating indicated the remnants dated back to the 14th century. Taken altogether, it strongly suggests a medieval mass grave.
+Local governments in the U.S. are beginning to pass new laws aimed at reining in potentially dangerous riders. Last month, Houston’s City Council voted unanimously to approve an ordinance putting in place a curfew that restricts e-scooter use between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. South Carolina also recently enacted a law allowing police to fine e-bike riders up to $500 if they are caught pushing the devices past 12 miles per hour. Police in New York City have likewise increased penalties for e-bike–related offenses, a move some critics fear could disproportionately target delivery drivers who have embraced the devices.
-Apart from the bodies, the sediment composition itself supports the Black Death burial theory. The village of Neuses was likely settled in part due to its fertile soils known as chernozems. However, the grave pit is located in a drier region near a valley edge of the Gera River. It stands to reason that instead of interring Black Death victims in wetter soils closer to the town, the residents of Neuses opted to place them in drier conditions far outside the village walls.
+Back in Australia, Willis says part of the problem, at least when it comes to teens, stems from the vehicles’ deceptive appearance. Parents unfamiliar with modern advances in e-rideable technology buy their children bikes and scooters without realizing they are capable of reaching such high speeds. They are also often unaware of laws already on the books that restrict where and how the devices can be used.
-“This finding aligns with both modern soil science and the medieval ‘miasma theory,’ which held that diseases spread through ‘bad air’ and ‘vapours’ arising from decaying organic matter,” said study co-author Martin Bauch of the Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe.
+“We would like to remind the community that e-rideables are a type of vehicle so all road laws that apply to vehicles apply to e-rideable as well, unless expressly excluded.”
+The post Australian police smash e-bikes in crackdown on unruly teens appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Deer markings actually glow appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The team’s hypothesis won’t be confirmed without an actual excavation at the site, but until then, their novel approach paves the way for additional searches. This technique isn’t relegated to plagues of the distant past, however. Hein, Bauch, and their collaborators believe similar approaches can be applied to various other archaeological searches.
-The post Medieval plague victims likely found in mass grave in Germany appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Amazon is blowing out LEVOIT air purifiers so you can filter out irritants appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The woodland mammals appear to be using UV as a way of communicating. Their scrapes—markings they make in the dirt or on wood and fill with secretions—glow under UV light that they can see and we can’t. The same goes for their rubbings, or the secretion-filled marks their antlers make on trees and fence posts. According to the findings published in the journal Ecology & Evolution, the photoluminescence is potentially a way for the mammals to find a mate.
+“People have been hypothesizing about if this glow exists in the environment, but nobody had gone out yet to try and connect it to the deer until now,” Daniel DeRose-Broeckert, a study co-author and ecologist at the University of Georgia’s Deer Lab, said in a statement. “As we got closer to breeding season, those markings increased in visibility as deer prepared for it.”
-Over three months, the Deer Lab team searched for white-tailed deer markings in Whitehall Forest near Athens, Georgia, during the day. By night, they investigated them with UV lights. They analyzed 109 antler rubs on trees and 37 urine-marked acres across 800 acres of forest.
- -
The LEVOIT Core 300S-P Smart Air Purifier (up to 1,051 ft²) won’t dominate your room, but it will own your air quality, making it perfect for bedrooms, nurseries, and home offices that still want serious clean-air punch. It pairs 3-stage filtration with AirSight Plus real-time air quality sensing, plus Smart Wi-Fi controls through the VeSync app (schedules, timers, and remote tweaks) and voice control with Alexa or Google Assistant so you can adjust air on autopilot. It’s also impressively low-key: QuietKEAP can drop noise to 22 dB, making it the kind of purifier you forget is running—until you notice you’re breathing easier.
“Their vision is vastly different from ours. Once the sun is slightly gone around dusk and dawn, the UV light dominates for deer since it’s not being washed out by the visible light spectrum from the sun,” said DeRose-Broeckert.
-The team believes that rubs’ glow may be made from a combination of plant and tree sap and secretions from the animal’s forehead glands. The scrapes’ glow is likely from urine.
- - - - See It - -“In the process of scraping the bark off a tree with their antlers, they are depositing glandular secretions. Likewise, when they make a scrape, a different gland is also between their toes,” added study co-author and ecologist Gino D’Angelo. “Deer have lots of ways to interact with the environment, and they are leaving those signatures out there to smell and glow.”
-The LEVOIT Core 600S-P Smart Air Purifier (up to 2,933 ft²) is the go-big-or-go-back-outside option in the Core series. Designed for truly large spaces, it combines a 3-in-1 filter with HEPA Sleep Mode, an onboard PM2.5 monitor, Smart WiFi, and Alexa compatibility so you can see and control your air quality in real time. It’s AHAM VERIFIDE, so you’re not just guessing that it’s working—and when wildfire season or city smog rolls in, this is the kind of coverage you want on your side.
+
+Earlier studies suggest that other mammals also glow under UV light, but the reasons why have been vague. Deer use the same scrapes as a way to communicate through scent, so the team on this study believes that the glow offers a visual way for deer to communicate
-Levoit
-“The scrapes become a communication hub where other deer will visit it after it’s created and contribute to it. It’s like a phone booth out in the city when trying to make nighttime plans at a meeting point,” D’Angelo said.
-The LEVOIT EverestAir-P Air Purifier (up to 2,655 ft²) is the “I want it all” flagship, built for big rooms and bigger allergy problems. A 3-channel air quality monitor gives you at-a-glance feedback, while the washable pre-filter and HEPA Sleep Mode help tackle pet hair, dust, smoke, and everyday funk. With Alexa control and an AHAM VERIFIDE rating, it’s a smart, set-and-forget solution if you want cleaner air on autopilot in open-plan spaces.
+During deer mating season from mid-October through December, marking is particularly important.
+“We’ve known that there’s an olfactory component, but now we know the deer are also getting stimulated in two senses, both olfactory and visually,” said DeRose-Broeckert. “Both males and females utilize scrapes to advertise their presence in the environment and their breeding status and fitness level.”
+The post Deer markings actually glow appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Iron Age teeth reveal the hidden lives of ancient Italians appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>In Italy, a team at Rome’s Sapienza University has conducted the first dental study of its kind for an Iron Age community 35 miles south of present-day Naples. After analyzing the microscopic makeup of teeth from ancient Italians, it appears that the people living near Pontecagnano enjoyed a diverse diet that reflected a time of increased interactions with nearby Mediterranean societies. Their findings are detailed in a study published today in the journal PLOS One.
- -Archaeological records at Pontecagnano span multiple cultures and date as far back as the Copper Age (3500–2300 BCE). By the 7th century, the region was home to the Etruscans, who occupied the area until the Roman Empire’s arrival in the late 4th century. The Etruscans often interred their deceased in necropolises, which is where the Sapienza University team recovered 30 teeth from 10 individuals who died during the 7th and 6th centuries.
-Winter dryness can be brutal. It can make your eyes feel tired, your sinuses hurt, and your skin itchy and painful. A humidifier can help, and this popular Levoit model is on sale right now at 25 percent off its normal price. The 2.5-liter reservoir lasts up to 25 hours on a single fill. Rather than having a separate tank to carry to the sink, this is a top-fill model, so you simply remove the cover and pour in the water. This is one of the easiest and cheapest ways to upgrade your quality of life, especially in the winter.
+“The teeth of Pontecagnano’s Iron Age inhabitants opened a unique window onto their lives: we could follow childhood growth and health with remarkable precision,” study co-author and archaeologist Roberto Germano said in a statement.
-They analyzed the growth patterns displayed in dental tissues, and then compared the resultant data between canines and molars to contextualize the first six years of each person’s life. This revealed minor stress events linked to dietary shifts, often between the ages of one and four. According to researchers, the changing sources of nutrition likely made the young children susceptible to diseases, which left lingering evidence in their teeth.
-However, their diets were incredibly diversified by the time of adulthood. Dental plaque examinations showed remnants from an array of foods, including legumes and cereals as well as “abundant carbohydrates and fermented foods.” These chemical traces are supported by the existing historical understanding of the era, which featured increased trade with other societies around the Mediterranean.
-The team believes that their approach represents a proof-of-concept for using dental analysis to offer personalized insights into the individual lives of ancient peoples. While not intended as findings representative of the larger Etruscan region, the analysis illustrates a more intimate look at Iron Age existence.
-“The study…makes it possible to go beyond the narrow focus on the period close to their death, and brings to the forefront the life of each of them during their early years,” explained study co-author Alessia Nava.
+The post Iron Age teeth reveal the hidden lives of ancient Italians appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post 100 mystery sounds under review for signs of extraterrestrial life appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Even with today’s advanced computers, the world’s most complex data problems can’t be solved by a single machine. Instead, it’s far more efficient to break up tasks among many separate computers. For decades, however, the technology to handle even these distributed responsibilities was relegated to well-funded companies and government institutions. But with the rise of personal computers (PCs), UC Berkeley researchers like David Gedye and David Anderson realized that the untapped pool of citizen scientists could be a vital asset. And what bigger data pool was there to draw from than the vastness of interstellar space?
-In 1999, the computer scientists teamed with astronomers Eric Korpela and Dan Werthimer to launch SETI@home. The project relied on individuals downloading a client program to their home PC designed to parse data passively collected by a 984-foot-wide radio telescope at the now-shuttered Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Although Arecibo’s line of sight only encompassed about a third of the entire sky, that still included most stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
-“We [were], without doubt, the most sensitive narrow-band search of large portions of the sky, so we had the best chance of finding something,” Korpela said in a recent UC Berkeley profile.
-Before launching SETI@home, project organizers estimated they’d receive around 50,000 volunteers. In only a few days, they surpassed 200,000 participants from over 100 countries. By the program’s one-year anniversary, the SETI@home client had been downloaded onto over 2 million PCs.
- -The post Amazon is blowing out LEVOIT air purifiers so you can filter out irritants appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Is it illegal to own an axolotl? It depends. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>
A good example of the ongoing amphibian conundrum recently occurred at Chicago’s O’Hare Airport. According to a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) social media post earlier this month, inspectors flagged a shipment containing “smuggled” axolotls inside a commercial import of live fish intended for pet resale. Already listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), regulators also added them to the Lacey Act in 2025 an “injurious species” because of their potential to spread disease to native amphibians if released. Despite this, comments from both impassioned axolotl fans and wary observers quickly inundated the FWS.
+“These are commonly bred in captivity. Why the fuss?” one user asked. Another claimed that, “Making them illegal was a mistake. They will still be bought and sold everywhere.”
+The data itself wasn’t collected by simply aiming Arecibo at a section of space and listening for ET whisperings. Earth is constantly moving around the sun, and the same likely goes for any source of alien life. This required Korpela and colleagues to design a protocol to mathematically reconfigure frequency clips to account for any Doppler drifts.
-
“We actually had to look at a whole range of possible drift rates—tens of thousands—just to make sure that we got all possibilities. That multiplies the amount of computing power we need by 10,000,” said Anderson. “The fact that we had a million home computers available to us let us do that. No other radio SETI project has been able to do that.”
-Many others noted another mixed message from the FWS, this time in the post’s accompanying photo. Unlike Mexico’s dark-colored amphibians, these pinkish-white axolotls appeared to be leucistic, meaning they lacked their standard pigmentation. Leucistic axolotls are routinely bred in captivity—you may have even seen some in a local pet store. So, what’s the deal? Can or can you not own axolotls?
+By the time SETI@home officially ended in 2020, the team was staring down around 12 billion signals of interest. Combing through those files ultimately required enlisting the help of a supercomputer—in this case an installation at Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics. From there, researchers could winnow down their suspects to a couple million signals, then rank them by likelihood of ET origin after accounting for radio frequency interferences from sources like orbital satellites, TV broadcasts, and even kitchen microwaves.
-“Even though wild axolotls are imperiled, many of these animals are bred in captivity to be sold as pets. These animals are often cross bred with other species (such as tiger salamanders) and may be both genetically and behaviorally different than wild populations,” FWS senior public affairs specialist Christina Meister tells Popular Science.
+Korpela and Werthimer eventually settled on about 100 final contenders worth additional examinations. Since July 2025, they have used China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) to collect new data from these sections of sky. The approach was detailed in two studies published last year in The Astronomical Journal, and showcases both the project’s highlights and places where future endeavors can improve on their work.
-Meister explains that while they are illegal to own in some states, that isn’t the case everywhere. At the same time, the axolotl’s recent addition to the Lacey Act’s injurious species list makes it illegal to import the amphibians into the U.S. It’s also unlawful to transport them from the continental U.S. to either the District of Columbia or any U.S. territories without a proper permit. And because Meister says the Lacey Act “broadly prohibits” the sale or transfer of basically any wildlife in violation of federal, state, tribal, or foreign law, that means that you really need to check the fine print before acquiring your axolotl.
+“Some of our conclusions are that the project didn’t completely work the way we thought it was going to. And we have a long list of things that we would have done differently and that future sky survey projects should do differently,” explained Anderson. “[But] if we don’t find ET, what we can say is that we established a new sensitivity level. If there were a signal above a certain power, we would have found it.”
-
In the case of the recent incident at O’Hare Airport, the FWS clarified the exotic pets were part of a larger shipment that violated the Lacey Act, and included, “other wildlife that was not properly declared or labeled, violating both the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Lacey Act’s trade provisions.”
+However, Anderson and the others aren’t holding their breath. According to Korpela, Arecibo’s limited field-of-view and a lack of any particularly striking radio blips so far means a sudden ET revelation isn’t likely just yet.
-Axolotl demand now goes beyond pet owners, however. Meister says animal traffickers are particularly attracted to them due to their “unique appearance and inability to defend themselves make them a relatively easy target.” Meanwhile, they’re coveted by many researchers—particularly in the biomedical industries—because the critically endangered amphibians possess a remarkable ability to regenerate limbs and even certain organs.
+“There’s a little disappointment that we didn’t see anything,” he said. “In order to probe farther distances, you need bigger telescopes and longer observing times. It’s always best if you are able to control the telescope for your project. We weren’t able to control what the telescope was doing.”
-So although they aren’t illegal everywhere in the U.S., Meister highly recommends people consult both federal and state wildlife laws before considering purchasing an axolotl. And when you do, be sure to buy them from reputable vendors and not those trying to sneak them through airports.
-The post Is it illegal to own an axolotl? It depends. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Father and son reclaim Guinness World Record for fastest quadcopter drone appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Regardless, SETI@home speaks to the power of both crowdsourcing and citizen science. When combined with all of the PC advancements since 1999, there’s a chance that an heir to the project may finally find that extraordinary, history-altering space signal.
-“Sequencing the entire genome of an Ice Age animal found in the stomach of another animal has never been done before,” Camilo Chacón-Duque, a study co-author and paleogenomicist at Stockholm University in Sweden, said in a statement. “Recovering genomes from individuals that lived right before extinction is challenging, but it can provide important clues on what caused the species to disappear, which may also be relevant for the conservation of endangered species today,” he said.
-According to Luke Bell’s recent video update, he and his father have spent the past five months improving “every aspect” of their Peregrine design through a combination of simulation runs, stress tests, and equipment experimentation. This time around, they built much of their drone frame using a Bambu Lab H2D dual-extruder 3D-printer. This allowed them to print Peregrine 4’s main body, camera mount, and landing system as a single, unified component.
+
“That gave us smoother aerodynamics and a much higher surface finish quality than before,” Luke explained.
+Other alterations included upgrading to four, 900 kV T-Motor 3120 brushless motors—an increase of 100 kV over their previous motor choices. The Peregrine 4’s frame is also slightly larger than earlier models, but that clearly didn’t seem to affect its overall performance.
+The woolly rhino lived from 5.3 million to about 8,700 years so in present-day Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The large mammals had two large horns towards the front of the skull, and a thick coat of hair. Stone Age painters frequently included the woolly rhino in their work, including on cave paintings in France’s Chauvet–Pont d’Arc dating back about 30,000 years.
-As in past verification trials, Guinness World Record officials followed the industry-standard rubric of averaging two flight runs in opposing directions to offset any windspeed influences.
+The woolly rhinoceros DNA found inside of the ice age wolf was discovered in permafrost near the village of Tumat in Siberia. When scientists performed an autopsy on the ancient wolf, they identified a small fragment of preserved woolly rhino tissue inside of its stomach. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the tissue was about 14,400 years old, making it one of the youngest specimens of woolly rhinoceros ever discovered.
-It remains to be seen how long the Bells can hold on to their title now. The title has shifted multiple times over the past few years. After topping their own initial achievement in April 2024, two other inventors increased the drone speed records twice more before the duo set the bar even higher in June 2025. After supplanting Biggs’ subsequent efforts, this now marks the Bells’ third time as Guinness World Record holders. Like the drones themselves, the speed at which bragging rights changes hands seems to be constantly accelerating.
-The post Father and son reclaim Guinness World Record for fastest quadcopter drone appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Abandoned pigs rescued on Tennessee’s Looney Islands appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>
After some searching, the two pigs were found together and rescued thanks to a bit of patience and the team’s “pig whisperer.” This pig whisperer is Mary Nussbaum, the Young-Williams Animal Center’s Director of Medical Operations. Nussbaum has over 30 years of experience in veterinary medicine, including working at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine and its Veterinary Medical Center.
+Since genetic material degrades over time, mapping the genome of animals like these that died thousands of years ago is incredibly difficult. The wolf’s own DNA also further complicates the analyses.
-“She also is passionate about the care and protection of animals. Since the pigs were stranded on Looney Islands in January, available food resources were scarce, and the rescue team was able to lure the pigs with a whole lot of patience and several snacks,” Janet Testerman, CEO of the Young-Williams Animal Center tells Popular Science. “As soon as Mary started offering them food, they approached and were comfortable coming to her.”
+“It was really exciting, but also very challenging, to extract a complete genome from such an unusual sample,” added Sólveig Guðjónsdóttir, a study co-lead author, who carried out the work as part of her master’s thesis at Stockholm University.
-To get a sense of how genome diversity, inbreeding levels, and harmful mutations changed throughout the last ice age, the team then compared the Tumat rhinoceros’ genome with two other high-quality genomes from older specimens. Both of these specimens were older, dating back to about 18,000 and 49,000 years ago.
-The pigs were brought back to the rescue center and received a medical evaluation. As of now, it is not clear how they made it to the islands. If an owner comes forward to reclaim the pigs, Young-Williams will inquire further. If no one claims ownership, the duo will be made available for adoption.
+They did not find any signs of genetic deterioration due to a lack of suitable mates as the woolly rhinos approached its extinction. This indicates that the species as a whole probably maintained a stable and relatively large population until just before it disappeared around 8,700 years ago.
-The municipal no-kill shelter takes in over 10,000 animals every year, primarily stray cats and dogs. “But we also see our share of roosters, chickens, rabbits, hamsters, gerbils, snakes, turtles, and pigs,” says Testerman.
+
“Our analyses showed a surprisingly stable genetic pattern with no change in inbreeding levels through tens of thousands of years prior to the extinction of woolly rhinos,” said study co-author and paleogenomicist Edana Lord.
-The two-year-old facility accepts animals no matter the severity of sickness or injury and is considered a “no-kill” shelter. According to the Animal Human Society, in order to be considered a no-kill, a shelter or rescue must have an at least a 90 percent animal placement rate.
+Additionally, there was no evidence of a long-term gradual population decline within the genome. The extinction appears to have occurred relatively quickly, likely due to global warming at the end of the ice age.
-“The story of the pigs is but one of thousands of calls we have responded to in less than two years that have led to better options for the community and our animals,” says Testerman.
-The post Abandoned pigs rescued on Tennessee’s Looney Islands appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post In medieval France, murderous pigs faced trial and execution appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“Our results show that the woolly rhinos had a viable population for 15,000 years after the first humans arrived in northeastern Siberia, which suggests that climate warming rather than human hunting caused the extinction,” concluded study co-author and evolutionary genomicist Love Dalén.
+The post 14,000-year-old woolly rhinoceros DNA extracted from wolf’s stomach appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Why is okra so slimy? Blame the mucilage. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>However, reality is sometimes stranger than fiction. Because sometimes the criminal wheeled about town wasn’t human. Occasionally, the prisoner at the end of the rope was a pig, hung upside down until dead. In medieval Europe, pigs went to trial—and the gallows—surprisingly often.
+Some okra recipes strive to minimize slime; others celebrate and embrace the thickening it provides to dishes like Louisiana gumbo. But did you ever wonder why okra is so gooey? What’s the source, and what purpose does it serve for the okra plant?
-Most of us don’t live on farms today, so it can be easy to forget how dangerous domesticated animals can be. Cows can trample people to death, horses can deliver fatal kicks, and those are just the herbivores. Pigs, on the other hand, are omnivorous. Throughout history, this made them useful as they could be fed kitchen scraps and waste. Yet a pig allowed to wander freely could easily overpower a small child, and as a result, there are hundreds of records of pigs killing and eating children across medieval Europe.
+The edible part of okra is the plant’s immature seedpods, which contain high levels of a substance called mucilage. Food science writer Harold McGee described mucilage in his book On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen as “a complex mixture of long, entangled carbohydrate molecules and proteins that helps plants and their seeds retain water.” Basically, mucilage is the watery slime around the okra seeds. As the seeds develop, their moist coating protects them from drying out.
-In 1379, a group of pigs in the village of Saint-Marcel-lès-Jussey in eastern France killed a swineherd’s child. In 1386, a sow in Falaise, Normandy, savaged a young boy, who died of his injuries. In 1457, a sow killed five-year-old Jehan Martin in the village of Savigny in Burgundy. Gruesomely, the sow’s six piglets were nearby, covered in blood.
+Okra likely evolved its slime (or, more accurately, mucilage) as a water-conserving adaptation for growing in hot, dry climates. McGee notes that the okra plant “originated in either southwest Asia or eastern Africa, and came to the southern United States with the slave trade.” Today, okra is popular in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and is known for its high tolerance to heat and drought when compared with other crops.
-“We are used to this pink, fluffy, or quite chubby animal that would be quite slow, but pigs in the Middle Ages were much closer to the wild boar,” says Sven Gins, a historian and a researcher at the University of Groningen, as well as the author of Casting Justice Before Swine: Late Mediaeval Pig Trials as Instances of Human Exceptionalism. “So they were very fast, very strong, and they ate everything, including human meat sometimes.”
+
Okra is not the only plant with goo-producing levels of mucilage. It’s a common feature of desert plants like cacti and succulents, which have a similar need to store water. Other edible examples include some seaweeds, and leafy greens such as Malabar spinach, native to Asia, and molokhia, popular in parts of Africa and the Middle East.
-Mucilage is actually produced in smaller quantities by almost all plants, as well as by some microorganisms. Single-celled protists like amoebas propel themselves on a trail of mucilage, similar to the slime trail of a snail. Japanese natto, made from fermented soybeans, gets its signature stretchiness from bacterial cultures.
-In France, these incidents often resulted in trials, with the pig treated almost as a human defendant. “A lot of the records are saying, ‘This pig went to jail. This pig was transported in a cart. We got an executioner from Paris, and we paid him,’” says Gins. “These are very serious legal proceedings, in many cases. Almost mundane, actually. To us, it’s sensational that they would put a pig on trial, but to people at the time, it seemed [like] an ordinary thing to do.”
+
Gins notes that, as wild as pig trials sound, their purpose may have been practical. “One thing that is often not mentioned is that justice in general at the time was very much focused on reconciliation between the two parties,” he says. Sometimes, all it took was a payment from one side to the other to resolve an issue. “But then if a child is killed, that’s quite major, and money isn’t always going to cut it. So in that case, it helps if the law steps in and says, ‘We’ll take over from here.’”
+“The majority of plants produce mucilage from the seed coat,” according to a 2021 research review. However, the way that mucilage keeps seeds moist can vary. While okra seeds grow inside a mucilage coating, in other plants, mature seeds that have been shed produce mucilage by absorbing water from their surroundings. You can see this yourself when you soak chia seeds to make a chia pudding, or flaxseeds to make a “flax egg” for vegan baking. Each tiny seed sucks up water to form a layer of mucilage, creating a gel-like texture.
-Taking a pig to trial gave authorities a chance to dig deeper. “They sometimes wanted to know, was there any ill-intent present in this? If you know that a pig is dangerous, why would you let it wander about in the presence of young children? Sometimes even the parents themselves were suspect. They wanted to know if it was an unwanted child that they had left near the pigs, or if it was simply the owner who had been neglectful,” says Gins. “I would say that the court really stepped in to gain clarity and provide a coherent narrative for everyone.”
+There are also other ways plants use mucilage beyond water conservation. Carnivorous sundews use droplets of mucilage as glue traps for insects. Sierra Mixe or olotón, an heirloom variety of corn from Oaxaca, Mexico, has exposed roots that drip with mucilage. This slime shelters symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. As a result, says a 2020 UC Davis report, “Sierra Mixe corn receives much of the nitrogen it needs from the atmosphere,” and thrives in nitrogen-poor soil.
-Sometimes, higher authorities would get involved in local pig trials. In the 1379 case, a group of pigs, some belonging to the local abbey, were charged with killing a swineherd’s son.
+The human uses for mucilage go far beyond food. Historically, plant mucilage was used as a natural hair gel, and as an adhesive for paper stamps and labels. In medicine, mucilage can act as a demulcent, a substance that soothes irritated mucus membranes by forming a protective layer over them. Examples include slippery elm tea for sore throat and aloe ointment for sunburn. Mucilage is also the active ingredient in fiber supplements such as psyllium husk, and is found in some cosmetics.
-The abbey, Gins says, wrote to the Duke, Philip the Bold. Gins sums up the letter: “Can you please let our pigs go? Because we are sure that they were not involved in the killing. They are well-behaved pigs.” The Duke listened, and wrote a letter of pardon for the abbey’s pigs.
+Scientists also increasingly look to mucilage for industrial purposes. A 2021 research review describes plant mucilage as “a renewable and cost-effective source of plant-based compounds” that are both biodegradable and environmentally friendly. In the case of okra specifically, its mucilage has been used to make biodegradable food packaging film and for filtering particles from wastewater.
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+The seed vaults that could save humanity
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+ +In recent centuries, writers and historians have looked back on the trials of pigs and other animals as senseless revenge by crude peasants. However, animal trials could also serve a cold political purpose for local authorities, as the right to execute criminals and even build a gallows was considered a privilege.
- - +One homicidal pig in the 15th century, Gins notes, ended up in jail for five years before its execution. “That doesn’t scream petty rage to me. There were formal letters sent to the Duke asking, ‘Can we please build a gallows to execute this animal?’” It was quite a victory for the local lord, he adds, that Duke John the Fearless finally acquiesced. Not only did the lord get to show off his power by building a gallows of his own, but he was finally able to get the pig out of his jail and stop paying for its feed.
+Some cultures actively celebrate mucilage as a part of the culinary experience. In Japan, the texture of ingredients like okra and natto, known as neba-neba, is prized. In Nigeria, dishes made with okra and other viscous ingredients are called “draw soups,” because they’re so thick they draw back into the pot on their own when lifted. However, some don’t like the slimy texture, which is why there are many methods to make okra less slimy in the kitchen, rather than more so.
-Dr. Damian Kempf, a senior lecturer at the University of Liverpool, is an expert on medieval European monsters. He says animal trials were also “about restoring order when there has been chaos.” Despite popular belief, he notes, humans often weren’t put to death for crimes—such punishments were reserved for the most wicked deeds, such as infanticides.
+Science writer Jared Levan noted in a 2018 article for Food Republic that “mucilage’s viscosity increases when heat is applied.” Short cooking preparations of okra, such as frying or sauteeing, release less mucilage than long ones, such as stewing. Adding acidic ingredients like tomatoes to okra also helps reduce the slime. And because the mucilage is concentrated in the center of the okra pods, chopping or slicing them releases more slime than cooking them whole.
-“For medieval people, the world was created by God in a very logical way, with animals created first, in order to serve and help human beings who were created in the image of God,” Kempf explains. A trial and public execution, even of a pig, was considered a surefire way “to restore what was broken.” A pig eating a child was an unbearable inversion of the natural order, one that courts in medieval France would not let go unpunished.
+Even if you’re not a fan of okra’s mucilage, there are still many ways to enjoy the vegetable without it. Or perhaps mucilage will go down a little easier when you remember just how useful it is, for both plants and people.
-In That Time When, Popular Science tells the weirdest, surprising, and little-known stories that shaped science, engineering, and innovation.
-The post In medieval France, murderous pigs faced trial and execution appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Get a 4-pack of these UGREEN Air Tracker tags for just $23—less than the price of one Apple AirTag appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
-UGREEN FineTrack Air Tracker Tags (iOS Only) $23 (was $35)
+ +The post Why is okra so slimy? Blame the mucilage. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Medieval plague victims likely found in mass grave in Germany appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>UGREEN FineTrack (iOS only) is a 4-pack of Bluetooth trackers that integrates with Apple Find My tech. You pair it with an iPhone or iPad and manage it from the Items tab; when it’s nearby you can play a sound, and when it’s out of range it can surface a last-known location via the Find My network. It also supports lost-item alerts, Lost Mode (with contact info), and location sharing with family on iOS 17+. Power comes from a replaceable battery rated up to 2 years. It’s Apple MFi certified with end-to-end encryption claims, and it’s not compatible with Android (macOS viewing only).
+Now, an archaeological team including researchers from Leipzig University believe they have finally located one of those infamous burial sites. According to their study recently published in the journal PLOS One, land near the deserted medieval village of Neuses contains clear evidence of human remains, as well as the hastily mixed soil that covered the bodies.
-“Our results strongly suggest that we have pinpointed one of the plague mass graves described in the Erfurt chronicles,” explained study co-author and Leipzig University geographer Michael Hein.
-The suspected burial plot is fascinating not only for what it contains, but how it was identified. Instead of accidentally discovering archaeological evidence amid a construction project (as is often the case), Hein and colleagues used interdisciplinary techniques to seek out the potential Black Death burials. To do this, the team analyzed the ground beneath them using a process called electrical resistivity mapping. Every type of geologic material possesses some degree of electrical conductivity, which can be charted by firing currents into the earth and measuring resultant voltages. This allows researchers to correlate voltage to various soil and rock types.
-UGREEN DisplayLink Dock (9-in-1, dual 4K60) is an all-in-one “dock it and forget it” fix for hybrid-work setups. DisplayLink support is the key here—it can make dual external monitors possible even when your laptop’s built-in video output is limited. It’s $109.98 (was $169.99).
+At one location, Hein’s team identified a roughly 33 by 49 by 11.5 foot site with noticeably disturbed subsurface sediment distributions. Subsequent drilled core samples produced mixed geologic materials along with the fragments of human remains. Additional radiocarbon dating indicated the remnants dated back to the 14th century. Taken altogether, it strongly suggests a medieval mass grave.
-Apart from the bodies, the sediment composition itself supports the Black Death burial theory. The village of Neuses was likely settled in part due to its fertile soils known as chernozems. However, the grave pit is located in a drier region near a valley edge of the Gera River. It stands to reason that instead of interring Black Death victims in wetter soils closer to the town, the residents of Neuses opted to place them in drier conditions far outside the village walls.
-UGREEN 80Gbps NVMe SSD Enclosure (USB4/TB, w/ fan) lets you drop in an M.2 NVMe SSD and turn it into a ridiculously quick external drive for video projects, photo libraries, or game installs. The built-in cooling fan helps keep speeds from nosediving during long transfers. It’s $199.99 (was $299.99).
+“This finding aligns with both modern soil science and the medieval ‘miasma theory,’ which held that diseases spread through ‘bad air’ and ‘vapours’ arising from decaying organic matter,” said study co-author Martin Bauch of the Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe.
-The team’s hypothesis won’t be confirmed without an actual excavation at the site, but until then, their novel approach paves the way for additional searches. This technique isn’t relegated to plagues of the distant past, however. Hein, Bauch, and their collaborators believe similar approaches can be applied to various other archaeological searches.
+The post Medieval plague victims likely found in mass grave in Germany appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Amazon is blowing out LEVOIT air purifiers so you can filter out irritants appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>UGREEN Steam Deck Dock (9-in-1, 4K60, Ethernet) adds the ports you actually want—HDMI for the TV, Ethernet for more stable downloads, and extra USB for controllers and accessories. It’s a simple way to go from “handheld” to “couch mode” without a bunch of adapters. It’s $41.99 (was $59.99).
-
The LEVOIT Core 300S-P Smart Air Purifier (up to 1,051 ft²) won’t dominate your room, but it will own your air quality, making it perfect for bedrooms, nurseries, and home offices that still want serious clean-air punch. It pairs 3-stage filtration with AirSight Plus real-time air quality sensing, plus Smart Wi-Fi controls through the VeSync app (schedules, timers, and remote tweaks) and voice control with Alexa or Google Assistant so you can adjust air on autopilot. It’s also impressively low-key: QuietKEAP can drop noise to 22 dB, making it the kind of purifier you forget is running—until you notice you’re breathing easier.
The LEVOIT Core 600S-P Smart Air Purifier (up to 2,933 ft²) is the go-big-or-go-back-outside option in the Core series. Designed for truly large spaces, it combines a 3-in-1 filter with HEPA Sleep Mode, an onboard PM2.5 monitor, Smart WiFi, and Alexa compatibility so you can see and control your air quality in real time. It’s AHAM VERIFIDE, so you’re not just guessing that it’s working—and when wildfire season or city smog rolls in, this is the kind of coverage you want on your side.
-
-Levoit
+The LEVOIT EverestAir-P Air Purifier (up to 2,655 ft²) is the “I want it all” flagship, built for big rooms and bigger allergy problems. A 3-channel air quality monitor gives you at-a-glance feedback, while the washable pre-filter and HEPA Sleep Mode help tackle pet hair, dust, smoke, and everyday funk. With Alexa control and an AHAM VERIFIDE rating, it’s a smart, set-and-forget solution if you want cleaner air on autopilot in open-plan spaces.
-Winter dryness can be brutal. It can make your eyes feel tired, your sinuses hurt, and your skin itchy and painful. A humidifier can help, and this popular Levoit model is on sale right now at 25 percent off its normal price. The 2.5-liter reservoir lasts up to 25 hours on a single fill. Rather than having a separate tank to carry to the sink, this is a top-fill model, so you simply remove the cover and pour in the water. This is one of the easiest and cheapest ways to upgrade your quality of life, especially in the winter.
-The post Amazon is blowing out LEVOIT air purifiers so you can filter out irritants appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Is it illegal to own an axolotl? It depends. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>A good example of the ongoing amphibian conundrum recently occurred at Chicago’s O’Hare Airport. According to a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) social media post earlier this month, inspectors flagged a shipment containing “smuggled” axolotls inside a commercial import of live fish intended for pet resale. Already listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), regulators also added them to the Lacey Act in 2025 an “injurious species” because of their potential to spread disease to native amphibians if released. Despite this, comments from both impassioned axolotl fans and wary observers quickly inundated the FWS.
-“These are commonly bred in captivity. Why the fuss?” one user asked. Another claimed that, “Making them illegal was a mistake. They will still be bought and sold everywhere.”
-
Many others noted another mixed message from the FWS, this time in the post’s accompanying photo. Unlike Mexico’s dark-colored amphibians, these pinkish-white axolotls appeared to be leucistic, meaning they lacked their standard pigmentation. Leucistic axolotls are routinely bred in captivity—you may have even seen some in a local pet store. So, what’s the deal? Can or can you not own axolotls?
-“Even though wild axolotls are imperiled, many of these animals are bred in captivity to be sold as pets. These animals are often cross bred with other species (such as tiger salamanders) and may be both genetically and behaviorally different than wild populations,” FWS senior public affairs specialist Christina Meister tells Popular Science.
-Meister explains that while they are illegal to own in some states, that isn’t the case everywhere. At the same time, the axolotl’s recent addition to the Lacey Act’s injurious species list makes it illegal to import the amphibians into the U.S. It’s also unlawful to transport them from the continental U.S. to either the District of Columbia or any U.S. territories without a proper permit. And because Meister says the Lacey Act “broadly prohibits” the sale or transfer of basically any wildlife in violation of federal, state, tribal, or foreign law, that means that you really need to check the fine print before acquiring your axolotl.
-
In the case of the recent incident at O’Hare Airport, the FWS clarified the exotic pets were part of a larger shipment that violated the Lacey Act, and included, “other wildlife that was not properly declared or labeled, violating both the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the Lacey Act’s trade provisions.”
-Axolotl demand now goes beyond pet owners, however. Meister says animal traffickers are particularly attracted to them due to their “unique appearance and inability to defend themselves make them a relatively easy target.” Meanwhile, they’re coveted by many researchers—particularly in the biomedical industries—because the critically endangered amphibians possess a remarkable ability to regenerate limbs and even certain organs.
-So although they aren’t illegal everywhere in the U.S., Meister highly recommends people consult both federal and state wildlife laws before considering purchasing an axolotl. And when you do, be sure to buy them from reputable vendors and not those trying to sneak them through airports.
+The post Is it illegal to own an axolotl? It depends. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Father and son reclaim Guinness World Record for fastest quadcopter drone appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>According to Luke Bell’s recent video update, he and his father have spent the past five months improving “every aspect” of their Peregrine design through a combination of simulation runs, stress tests, and equipment experimentation. This time around, they built much of their drone frame using a Bambu Lab H2D dual-extruder 3D-printer. This allowed them to print Peregrine 4’s main body, camera mount, and landing system as a single, unified component.
-“That gave us smoother aerodynamics and a much higher surface finish quality than before,” Luke explained.
-Other alterations included upgrading to four, 900 kV T-Motor 3120 brushless motors—an increase of 100 kV over their previous motor choices. The Peregrine 4’s frame is also slightly larger than earlier models, but that clearly didn’t seem to affect its overall performance.
-As in past verification trials, Guinness World Record officials followed the industry-standard rubric of averaging two flight runs in opposing directions to offset any windspeed influences.
-It remains to be seen how long the Bells can hold on to their title now. The title has shifted multiple times over the past few years. After topping their own initial achievement in April 2024, two other inventors increased the drone speed records twice more before the duo set the bar even higher in June 2025. After supplanting Biggs’ subsequent efforts, this now marks the Bells’ third time as Guinness World Record holders. Like the drones themselves, the speed at which bragging rights changes hands seems to be constantly accelerating.
+The post Father and son reclaim Guinness World Record for fastest quadcopter drone appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Abandoned pigs rescued on Tennessee’s Looney Islands appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>After some searching, the two pigs were found together and rescued thanks to a bit of patience and the team’s “pig whisperer.” This pig whisperer is Mary Nussbaum, the Young-Williams Animal Center’s Director of Medical Operations. Nussbaum has over 30 years of experience in veterinary medicine, including working at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine and its Veterinary Medical Center.
-“She also is passionate about the care and protection of animals. Since the pigs were stranded on Looney Islands in January, available food resources were scarce, and the rescue team was able to lure the pigs with a whole lot of patience and several snacks,” Janet Testerman, CEO of the Young-Williams Animal Center tells Popular Science. “As soon as Mary started offering them food, they approached and were comfortable coming to her.”
-The pigs were brought back to the rescue center and received a medical evaluation. As of now, it is not clear how they made it to the islands. If an owner comes forward to reclaim the pigs, Young-Williams will inquire further. If no one claims ownership, the duo will be made available for adoption.
-The municipal no-kill shelter takes in over 10,000 animals every year, primarily stray cats and dogs. “But we also see our share of roosters, chickens, rabbits, hamsters, gerbils, snakes, turtles, and pigs,” says Testerman.
-The two-year-old facility accepts animals no matter the severity of sickness or injury and is considered a “no-kill” shelter. According to the Animal Human Society, in order to be considered a no-kill, a shelter or rescue must have an at least a 90 percent animal placement rate.
-“The story of the pigs is but one of thousands of calls we have responded to in less than two years that have led to better options for the community and our animals,” says Testerman.
+The post Abandoned pigs rescued on Tennessee’s Looney Islands appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post In medieval France, murderous pigs faced trial and execution appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>However, reality is sometimes stranger than fiction. Because sometimes the criminal wheeled about town wasn’t human. Occasionally, the prisoner at the end of the rope was a pig, hung upside down until dead. In medieval Europe, pigs went to trial—and the gallows—surprisingly often.
-Most of us don’t live on farms today, so it can be easy to forget how dangerous domesticated animals can be. Cows can trample people to death, horses can deliver fatal kicks, and those are just the herbivores. Pigs, on the other hand, are omnivorous. Throughout history, this made them useful as they could be fed kitchen scraps and waste. Yet a pig allowed to wander freely could easily overpower a small child, and as a result, there are hundreds of records of pigs killing and eating children across medieval Europe.
-In 1379, a group of pigs in the village of Saint-Marcel-lès-Jussey in eastern France killed a swineherd’s child. In 1386, a sow in Falaise, Normandy, savaged a young boy, who died of his injuries. In 1457, a sow killed five-year-old Jehan Martin in the village of Savigny in Burgundy. Gruesomely, the sow’s six piglets were nearby, covered in blood.
-“We are used to this pink, fluffy, or quite chubby animal that would be quite slow, but pigs in the Middle Ages were much closer to the wild boar,” says Sven Gins, a historian and a researcher at the University of Groningen, as well as the author of Casting Justice Before Swine: Late Mediaeval Pig Trials as Instances of Human Exceptionalism. “So they were very fast, very strong, and they ate everything, including human meat sometimes.”
-
In France, these incidents often resulted in trials, with the pig treated almost as a human defendant. “A lot of the records are saying, ‘This pig went to jail. This pig was transported in a cart. We got an executioner from Paris, and we paid him,’” says Gins. “These are very serious legal proceedings, in many cases. Almost mundane, actually. To us, it’s sensational that they would put a pig on trial, but to people at the time, it seemed [like] an ordinary thing to do.”
-Gins notes that, as wild as pig trials sound, their purpose may have been practical. “One thing that is often not mentioned is that justice in general at the time was very much focused on reconciliation between the two parties,” he says. Sometimes, all it took was a payment from one side to the other to resolve an issue. “But then if a child is killed, that’s quite major, and money isn’t always going to cut it. So in that case, it helps if the law steps in and says, ‘We’ll take over from here.’”
-Taking a pig to trial gave authorities a chance to dig deeper. “They sometimes wanted to know, was there any ill-intent present in this? If you know that a pig is dangerous, why would you let it wander about in the presence of young children? Sometimes even the parents themselves were suspect. They wanted to know if it was an unwanted child that they had left near the pigs, or if it was simply the owner who had been neglectful,” says Gins. “I would say that the court really stepped in to gain clarity and provide a coherent narrative for everyone.”
-The post Get a 4-pack of these UGREEN Air Tracker tags for just $23—less than the price of one Apple AirTag appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Adorama just dropped prices on Canon cameras and lenses by up to 30% appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Sometimes, higher authorities would get involved in local pig trials. In the 1379 case, a group of pigs, some belonging to the local abbey, were charged with killing a swineherd’s son.
-Idaho once dropped 76 beavers from airplanes—on purpose
+During WWII, a dress-wearing squirrel sold war bonds alongside FDR
+When the U.S. almost nuked Alaska—on purpose
+Andrew Jackson’s White House once hosted a cheese feeding frenzy
+The space billboard that nearly happened
+BOOM! That time Oregon blew up a whale with dynamite.
+The radioactive ‘miracle water’ that killed its believers
+During WWII, the U.S. government censored the weather
+ + +If you want one camera that can credibly handle everything from personal work to serious action, this full-frame mirrorless body is a sweet spot. It’s quick, offers impressive autofocus, and has enough controls to grow with you without feeling like a science project.
+In recent centuries, writers and historians have looked back on the trials of pigs and other animals as senseless revenge by crude peasants. However, animal trials could also serve a cold political purpose for local authorities, as the right to execute criminals and even build a gallows was considered a privilege.
-One homicidal pig in the 15th century, Gins notes, ended up in jail for five years before its execution. “That doesn’t scream petty rage to me. There were formal letters sent to the Duke asking, ‘Can we please build a gallows to execute this animal?’” It was quite a victory for the local lord, he adds, that Duke John the Fearless finally acquiesced. Not only did the lord get to show off his power by building a gallows of his own, but he was finally able to get the pig out of his jail and stop paying for its feed.
- - - - See It - -Dr. Damian Kempf, a senior lecturer at the University of Liverpool, is an expert on medieval European monsters. He says animal trials were also “about restoring order when there has been chaos.” Despite popular belief, he notes, humans often weren’t put to death for crimes—such punishments were reserved for the most wicked deeds, such as infanticides.
-Full-frame doesn’t have to mean a second mortgage. The RP is a compact, approachable way into Canon’s RF system—great for travel and portraits, and a big step up if you’re moving on from a phone or an older DSLR.
+“For medieval people, the world was created by God in a very logical way, with animals created first, in order to serve and help human beings who were created in the image of God,” Kempf explains. A trial and public execution, even of a pig, was considered a surefire way “to restore what was broken.” A pig eating a child was an unbearable inversion of the natural order, one that courts in medieval France would not let go unpunished.
-
+In That Time When, Popular Science tells the weirdest, surprising, and little-known stories that shaped science, engineering, and innovation.
+The post In medieval France, murderous pigs faced trial and execution appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Get a 4-pack of these UGREEN Air Tracker tags for just $23—less than the price of one Apple AirTag appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Canon
-UGREEN FineTrack Air Tracker Tags (iOS Only) $23 (was $35)
-This is classic glass for sports, events, and portraits. The bright f/2.8 aperture helps in dim gyms and late-day light, and it’s the kind of lens you’ll keep even if you upgrade bodies later. It’s also smaller than the previous DSLR versions.
+UGREEN FineTrack (iOS only) is a 4-pack of Bluetooth trackers that integrates with Apple Find My tech. You pair it with an iPhone or iPad and manage it from the Items tab; when it’s nearby you can play a sound, and when it’s out of range it can surface a last-known location via the Find My network. It also supports lost-item alerts, Lost Mode (with contact info), and location sharing with family on iOS 17+. Power comes from a replaceable battery rated up to 2 years. It’s Apple MFi certified with end-to-end encryption claims, and it’s not compatible with Android (macOS viewing only).
-Pick a series below and jump straight to the bundles and bodies that match your budget and how you shoot.
+UGREEN DisplayLink Dock (9-in-1, dual 4K60) is an all-in-one “dock it and forget it” fix for hybrid-work setups. DisplayLink support is the key here—it can make dual external monitors possible even when your laptop’s built-in video output is limited. It’s $109.98 (was $169.99).
-UGREEN 80Gbps NVMe SSD Enclosure (USB4/TB, w/ fan) lets you drop in an M.2 NVMe SSD and turn it into a ridiculously quick external drive for video projects, photo libraries, or game installs. The built-in cooling fan helps keep speeds from nosediving during long transfers. It’s $199.99 (was $299.99).
-UGREEN Steam Deck Dock (9-in-1, 4K60, Ethernet) adds the ports you actually want—HDMI for the TV, Ethernet for more stable downloads, and extra USB for controllers and accessories. It’s a simple way to go from “handheld” to “couch mode” without a bunch of adapters. It’s $41.99 (was $59.99).
-The post Get a 4-pack of these UGREEN Air Tracker tags for just $23—less than the price of one Apple AirTag appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Adorama just dropped prices on Canon cameras and lenses by up to 30% appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>If you want one camera that can credibly handle everything from personal work to serious action, this full-frame mirrorless body is a sweet spot. It’s quick, offers impressive autofocus, and has enough controls to grow with you without feeling like a science project.
-Full-frame doesn’t have to mean a second mortgage. The RP is a compact, approachable way into Canon’s RF system—great for travel and portraits, and a big step up if you’re moving on from a phone or an older DSLR.
-This is classic glass for sports, events, and portraits. The bright f/2.8 aperture helps in dim gyms and late-day light, and it’s the kind of lens you’ll keep even if you upgrade bodies later. It’s also smaller than the previous DSLR versions.
-Pick a series below and jump straight to the bundles and bodies that match your budget and how you shoot.
-These are the lenses that actually change what your camera can do—wide, long, fast, and weird.
+These are the lenses that actually change what your camera can do—wide, long, fast, and weird.
-If you’re still deciding what to buy (or you just want to nerd out), these guides pair well with the deals above:
+The post Adorama just dropped prices on Canon cameras and lenses by up to 30% appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Backcountry is blowing out hiking bags, backpacks, and luggage for up to 65% off during this clearance sale appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>If you think a rugged bag might be overkill for your needs, just remember what happens to a suitcase when you check it.
+Osprey Arcane WP Roll Top 18L Pack is down to $84.00 (65% off). The roll-top design is built for quick access and a little extra flexibility when you overpack, and the “WP” in the name is there for a reason when the sky decides to get dramatic.
+Eagle Creek Cargo Hauler 90L Duffel Bag is down to $75.60 (60% off). Ninety liters is the ‘throw it all in and go’ size—ideal for road trips, car camping, or lugging awkward gear to the gym without playing Tetris.
+
+Db Ramverk Pro 32L Backpack is down to $147.58 (60% off). At 32 liters, it’s big enough for a laptop, a lunch, and a light jacket (or a change of clothes for a weekend), without feeling like you’re hauling a suitcase on your back.
+If you’re still deciding what to buy (or you just want to nerd out), these guides pair well with the deals above:
-The post Adorama just dropped prices on Canon cameras and lenses by up to 30% appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Backcountry is blowing out hiking bags, backpacks, and luggage for up to 65% off during this clearance sale appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>If you think a rugged bag might be overkill for your needs, just remember what happens to a suitcase when you check it.
-Osprey Arcane WP Roll Top 18L Pack is down to $84.00 (65% off). The roll-top design is built for quick access and a little extra flexibility when you overpack, and the “WP” in the name is there for a reason when the sky decides to get dramatic.
-Eagle Creek Cargo Hauler 90L Duffel Bag is down to $75.60 (60% off). Ninety liters is the ‘throw it all in and go’ size—ideal for road trips, car camping, or lugging awkward gear to the gym without playing Tetris.
-Db Ramverk Pro 32L Backpack is down to $147.58 (60% off). At 32 liters, it’s big enough for a laptop, a lunch, and a light jacket (or a change of clothes for a weekend), without feeling like you’re hauling a suitcase on your back.
-The post Backcountry is blowing out hiking bags, backpacks, and luggage for up to 65% off during this clearance sale appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post 600-year-old Viking shipwreck is the largest of its kind appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“The find is a milestone for maritime archaeology,” excavation lead Otto Uldum said in a statement, adding the boat now offers a “unique opportunity to understand both the construction and life on board the biggest trading ships of the Middle Ages.”
+Named after the channel in which it resides, Svælget 2 was longer than two school buses and nearly as wide as one. Archaeologists analyzed tree rings in its timber to estimate that Viking artisans constructed the cog in the Netherlands around 1410 CE. Almost 40 feet of sand and silt had buried the ship since it sank centuries ago, protecting much of it from underwater conditions that normally destroy similar relics. Svælget 2 is so well-preserved that it still contains evidence of its rigging.
+
“It is extraordinary to have so many parts of the rigging. We have never seen this before, and it gives us a real opportunity to say something entirely new about how cogs were equipped for sailing,” said Uldum.
+Details like Svælget 2’s rigging will help archaeologists better understand how its comparatively small crew controlled such a large ship during its many voyages throughout the region.
+“The finds show how something as complex as the rigging was solved on the largest cogs,” Uldum added. “Rigging is absolutely central to a medieval ship, as it makes it possible to control the sail, secure the mast and keep the cargo safe. Without ropes and rigging, the ship would be nothing.”
+In addition to these materials, researchers are now finally able to confirm that some Viking cogs featured tall wooden platforms at both the bow and stern known as castles. Although historical illustrations have long suggested these structural features existed, no clear archeological evidence substantiated the artwork.
+“We have plenty of drawings of castles, but they have never been found because usually only the bottom of the ship survives,” said Uldum. “This time we have the archaeological proof.”
+
In the case of the stern (or back) castle, archaeologists identified details of a covered deck that provided shelter and protection for the cog’s crew. Compared to previous shipwrecks, Svælget 2 features an estimated 20 times as much material to analyze.
+“It is not comfort in a modern sense, but it is a big step forward compared to Viking Age ships, which had only open decks in all kinds of weather,” Uldum explained.
+Although its discovery doesn’t revise researchers’ understanding of medieval seafaring trade, Svælget 2 illustrates just how much funding, resources, and technological knowledge was required to construct such a vessel.
+“We now know, undeniably, that cogs could be this large—that the ship type could be pushed to this extreme,” said Uldum.
-The post 600-year-old Viking shipwreck is the largest of its kind appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Test your apple farming skills with this free video game appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Environmentalists and sustainable food system advocates alike have long stressed the importance of supporting small farms, but it’s easier said than done. Despite the clear health and environmental sustainability benefits, shopping local generally means spending much more money—often at seasonal markets. Overall, this makes it especially difficult for low-income families and those living in food deserts to access quality ingredients.
+The cost problem isn’t from price-gouging farmers, but the state of the overall industry. The vast majority of farms in the United States are struggling. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates around 88 percent of the industry falls under the “small operation” designation, meaning they earn less than $350,000 annually in gross sales. Factor in costs, and less than half of U.S. small farms actually generate any profit at all.
+
In 2023, researchers at the University of Vermont built a simulation game called Race Against Rot to illustrate the uphill battles facing farmers. In the game, players took on the role of a small apple orchard operation and worked to maintain profitability through multiple policy scenarios. These included opting for farmers market or wholesale distribution options, paying a universal basic income to their workers, and supporting localized food hubs.
+To incentivize the over 1,000 people who participated in the game, players could earn actual cash payouts of $1 per every $40,000 of orchard profits. But instead of walking away with the most pocket change possible, most Race Against Rot players opted to make less money in order to help supply their neighbors with healthy fruit. They called this concept of fostering local wellbeing “community nourishment.”
+“We found that there was a very, very strong commitment to a value structure around community nourishment,” principal project investigator Amy Trubek explained in a recent university profile.
+Food systems researcher Carolyn Hricko, co-author of a recent policy report based on the team’s findings, said it was “very heartening” to see random players adopt altruistic practices even during a simulated experience.
+“When they walked in the shoes of a farmer, [they] came out the other side saying they’re willing to support community nourishment alongside their ability to stay in business, theoretically,” she said.
+Trubek and Hricko know that reality is far more complicated than a video game simulation. People often behave more selfishly when consequential amounts of money—not to mention livelihoods—are on the line, and the global agricultural industry can’t be distilled down to a hypothetical apple orchard. At the same, most of today’s food distribution systems aren’t designed with this concept of community nourishment in mind. By beginning to consider the social implications of a game like Race Against Rot, policy makers could discover new and effective ways.
+“Equitable food systems solutions can only emerge from questions posed and data gathered that honestly reflect the structure and function of both our current food system and any vision for a better one,” the policy report authors wrote.
+Thanksfully, that vision of a better system is something most people want to see realized.
+“The public really cares about community well-being and the success and livelihoods of farmers. That’s great news,” added Hricko.
-The post Test your apple farming skills with this free video game appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Snow fleas use their tail to jump around the ice appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>As a video taken at the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge in Massachusetts shows, these little black specks bounce across the snow. While technically called springtails, snow fleas (Hypogastruna nivicola) are a springtail species active during winter. Snow fleas are generally found in groups and their dark-colored bodies are easily noticed against white snow. These ancient insects have been around 410 million years—making them older than dinosaurs.
+Springtails are found in habitats all over the world. According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, they typically show up on top of snow because colder temperautres slow their speeds down “just enough for us to notice their chaotic parkour routine.” That hopping move is done with a forked tail called a furcula that launches the bugs into the air. This long tail is typically tucked underneath the abdomen. However, if a springtail is disturbed or threatened, it will use the furcula to launch its body into the air like a spring. Their acrobatics are so impressive that they have inspired designs for leaping robots.
+They can also be found in soil, feasting on fungi, pollen, algae, or decaying organic matter, according to the University of Minnesota Extension. When they move through the soil, they create little pockets of air that help give plant roots oxygen, which helps keep them healthy. Eating decaying plant material helps break down organic matter into nutrients that the soil can use.
+Indoors, the jumpy critters are often found in areas with excess moisture, such as near plumbing leaks or poor drainage systems.
+Fortunately, the arthropods are harmless. They don’t sting, bite, or suck your blood since they are much more interested in chomping up all of that nutritious plant matter.
-The post Snow fleas use their tail to jump around the ice appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Dead star emits perplexing shock wave for 1,000 years appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“We found something never seen before and, more importantly, entirely unexpected,” explained Simone Scaringi, a researcher at Durham University in the United Kingdom.
+As Scaringi and her team describe in a study published today in the journal Nature Astronomy, they first noticed curious signals from the white dwarf RXJ0528+2838 while analyzing images taken by Spain’s Isaac Newton Telescope. A white dwarf is what remains after the death of a low-mass star, and sometimes exists in a binary system with another stellar object. In this case, RXJ0528+2838 is orbited by a still-living star similar in size to our sun.
+In such cases, material from the active star is usually siphoned to the white dwarf to form a disk of debris around it. Some of this energy is then also hurled into space in what are known as outflows. But RXJ0528+2838 doesn’t feature a disk, so the dead star shouldn’t create such a curved, “bow shock” outflow or its resultant nebula—yet it does. What’s more, the white dwarf’s outflow has billowed for at least 1,000 years.
+“Our observations reveal a powerful outflow that, according to our current understanding, shouldn’t be there.” added Krystian Iłkiewicz, a study co-author at Poland’s Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center.
+To further investigate the cosmic anomaly, the team used the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) inside the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope. MUSE helped the researchers construct a detailed map of the bow shock and its composition, which they traced back to RXJ0528+2838 instead of an unrelated dust cloud or nebula.
+The team confirmed that RXJ0528+2838 also possesses a strong magnetic field that allows it to gather material from its companion. While more examinations are needed, they believe it’s this magnetic field that can help explain the dead star’s strange behavior.
+“Our finding shows that even without a disc, these systems can drive powerful outflows, revealing a mechanism we do not yet understand,” said Iłkiewicz, adding that their new study now “challenges the standard picture of how matter moves and interacts in these extreme binary systems.”
+There are still many unanswered questions about this never-before-seen cosmic relationship. Importantly, the magnetic field Scaringi calls the white dwarf’s “mystery engine” doesn’t seem strong enough to generate the observed bow shock. Instead, the current field should power an outflow that only lasts a few hundred years. But with additional investigation, the astronomers hope to one day solve the discovery that no one saw coming.
+“The surprise that a supposedly quiet, discless system could drive such a spectacular nebula was one of those rare ‘wow’ moments,” said Scaringi.
-The post Dead star emits perplexing shock wave for 1,000 years appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post A giant-footed bird showed up in a Massachusetts backyard. It didn’t belong there. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Upon seeing this unique bird, an unidentified woman called the New England Wildlife Center in Weymouth, Massachusetts. The organization had never received a purple gallinule before. Priya Patel, wildlife medical director at the wildlife center, tells Popular Science that in Massachusetts, purple gallinules are exceptionally infrequent, with “a few reports of one or two up here in the last 10 years or so.”
+
According to the New England Wildlife Center, southern birds sometimes end up in Massachusetts. “During periods of strong storm systems and shifting low pressure these birds can get pushed off course and carried north along the coast,” the center writes.
+The purple gallinule in question, whom the staff did not name to avoid getting attached, arrived at the wildlife center majorly underweight and in a precarious condition. Thankfully, however, the team didn’t find any major injuries in their initial examination and X-rays.
+While it may seem that the best thing to do upon finding a struggling bird is feeding it as much food as possible, that is a dangerous move. If a starving animal eats a lot of food all at once, it can cause refeeding syndrome—when the stomach draws the limited remaining resources from the most vital organs, like the heart, brain, and lungs, too fast. This could lead to serious consequences, such as heart arrhythmias or brain seizures. This is why, among other reasons, the New England Wildlife Center doesn’t want the public to feed found animals before they have undergone an exam.
+
“This is why food must be introduced slowly to the animal so the organs have time to respond,” Patel says. “The best thing to do for these cases is fluid therapy, and rehydrating the patient often by giving injectable fluids.”
+As the purple gallinule’s health improved, they collaborated with partners to decide how to best return the bird to its habitat. On January 8, the purple gallinule landed in South Carolina aboard a small private plane piloted and co-piloted by New England Wildlife Center volunteers, explains Patel. It made the journey with another fellow purple gallinule found in Vermont. After landing, the birds were picked up by Carolina Wildlife Rehabilitation Center volunteers.
+While the team in Massachusetts doesn’t know specifically when the volunteers will release the birds, Patel says that the plan is for the volunteers there to briefly monitor them to make sure they are okay before letting them travel further south.
-The post A giant-footed bird showed up in a Massachusetts backyard. It didn’t belong there. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post How pilots avoid thunderstorms—and what happens when they can’t appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>In reality, plane crashes in thunderstorms are extremely rare—largely because pilots seldom fly into thunderstorms in the first place.
+“You’re never going to intentionally fly into a thunderstorm, because thunderstorms contain the roughest air, as well as other hazards,” says Patrick Smith, an airline captain and writer of the Ask the Pilot blog.
+Avoiding thunderstorms, Smith explains, involves close collaboration between meteorologists, air traffic control, and the flight crew, both before and during the flight.
+“We receive reports and forecasts before every flight indicating where storms might occur,” he says, referring to detailed satellite mapping provided by meteorologists. “But if you’re on a 12-hour flight, the information you have at the beginning is only so valuable. What you’re really relying on are the real-time tools.”
+Part of the job of Smith and other pilots is to constantly monitor the plane’s onboard radar and Weather Avoidance System (WAS), which show “where storms are, how high they are, how fast they’re moving, the direction they’re moving and so on,” he says.
+“[The radar] sends a signal out from the airplane and it bounces off the water in the clouds and comes back,” former pilot Tom Bunn explains. “The more water, the more intense the thunderstorm.”
+“There might be 20, 30, 40 airplanes that [air traffic] control is watching at a certain altitude range,” Bunn says. “Everybody’s on the same frequency, you can hear each other. If you have turbulence, you’re supposed to announce it.”
+This combination of radar and information-sharing allows pilots to track storms and rough air up to a couple of hundred miles ahead. They can then ask air traffic control for a change of altitude to avoid turbulence, or a change of route to bypass a storm. Most airlines recommend that pilots keep a minimum of 10 to 20 miles distance from thunderstorms, depending on their severity.
+“You see with your radar, it’s color-coded,” Bunn says. “The green is the edge of the thunderstorm, that’s bumpy, but it’s not severe. The yellow would be pretty severe and then there’s red. You just want to stay out of that.”
+When flying through scattered thunderstorms, pilots may sometimes choose to chart a course through the gaps between the storms, rather than deviate too far from their planned path. In these conditions, the 20-mile distance guideline can provide an important buffer against unpredictable shifts in the weather.
+“It can change very quickly and you can be in an area where a storm moves or morphs a certain way where that amount of clearance is impossible,” Smith says. “You won’t fly into the heart of the storm, but you may be skirting the edge of it from time to time.”
+ -For the same reason, he says, it is usually not advised to fly over the top of storms—as the unfortunate pilot Brodie Torrance (Gerard Butler) attempts in the movie Plane.
+“Thunderstorms can extend well into what we call the flight levels, upwards of 40 or even 50,000 feet,” he says. Although flying over the top of a thunderstorm can be smooth and safe, they can billow up quickly, making it safer to go around them than above them.
-Despite such strenuous efforts at avoidance, both Smith and Bunn agree that flying into a thunderstorm is rarely as perilous as the movies might suggest—although it could make for an uncomfortable ride.
+The post Backcountry is blowing out hiking bags, backpacks, and luggage for up to 65% off during this clearance sale appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post 600-year-old Viking shipwreck is the largest of its kind appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>“Probably the worst thing that can happen is you get hailstones, they make little tiny dents on the wing,” Bunn says. “If you dent the edge of the wing, it’s not going to be quite as efficient.” More severe hail can even crack the plane’s windscreen, although the vast majority of hail damage to airplanes is more a financial concern to the plane’s owner than a safety threat to passengers.
+“The find is a milestone for maritime archaeology,” excavation lead Otto Uldum said in a statement, adding the boat now offers a “unique opportunity to understand both the construction and life on board the biggest trading ships of the Middle Ages.”
-Thunderstorms are often also accompanied by heightened turbulence, which can be uncomfortable and frightening for passengers, but rarely unsafe. The pilot’s protocol is simply to set the autopilot to the optimum Turbulence Penetration Speed—calibrated to maintain stability while minimizing aerodynamic stresses—and ride out the bumps.
+Named after the channel in which it resides, Svælget 2 was longer than two school buses and nearly as wide as one. Archaeologists analyzed tree rings in its timber to estimate that Viking artisans constructed the cog in the Netherlands around 1410 CE. Almost 40 feet of sand and silt had buried the ship since it sank centuries ago, protecting much of it from underwater conditions that normally destroy similar relics. Svælget 2 is so well-preserved that it still contains evidence of its rigging.
-
The one circumstance in which turbulence can be dangerous is when it occurs close to the ground, which is why pilots are particularly eager to avoid landing during thunderstorms.
+“It is extraordinary to have so many parts of the rigging. We have never seen this before, and it gives us a real opportunity to say something entirely new about how cogs were equipped for sailing,” said Uldum.
-“One of the big concerns is windshear,” Smith says. “Windshear is a sudden change in the speed and/or direction of the wind, which can be dangerous to planes at low altitudes.”
+Details like Svælget 2’s rigging will help archaeologists better understand how its comparatively small crew controlled such a large ship during its many voyages throughout the region.
-He explains that modern aircraft are equipped with windshear avoidance systems, and airports also have alerting systems for the phenomenon. If windshear is detected above the runway, “you may enter a holding pattern somewhere and wait for the weather to improve, or you may divert to an alternate airport.”
+“The finds show how something as complex as the rigging was solved on the largest cogs,” Uldum added. “Rigging is absolutely central to a medieval ship, as it makes it possible to control the sail, secure the mast and keep the cargo safe. Without ropes and rigging, the ship would be nothing.”
-“Those decisions are made usually between the pilots and the dispatchers on the ground,” he says. “Ultimately, it’s the captain’s decision, but in practice it’s a collaborative thing.��
+In addition to these materials, researchers are now finally able to confirm that some Viking cogs featured tall wooden platforms at both the bow and stern known as castles. Although historical illustrations have long suggested these structural features existed, no clear archeological evidence substantiated the artwork.
-And what about the greatest fear of many nervous flyers, a direct lightning strike like the one that takes out the aircraft’s power systems in Plane?
+“We have plenty of drawings of castles, but they have never been found because usually only the bottom of the ship survives,” said Uldum. “This time we have the archaeological proof.”
+
In the case of the stern (or back) castle, archaeologists identified details of a covered deck that provided shelter and protection for the cog’s crew. Compared to previous shipwrecks, Svælget 2 features an estimated 20 times as much material to analyze.
-“It’s not a problem,” Bunn says. “The average plane gets hit, I’m told, twice a year.” The electrical systems of commercial aircraft are designed to withstand these shocks, with backup systems that take over in the rare event of failure.
+“It is not comfort in a modern sense, but it is a big step forward compared to Viking Age ships, which had only open decks in all kinds of weather,” Uldum explained.
-“It’s like if lightning hits your car, it just follows the skin,” he explains. “Doesn’t do anything to people inside the car. Same with the airplane. If you get hit by lightning, you just have a flash and a loud noise.”
+Although its discovery doesn’t revise researchers’ understanding of medieval seafaring trade, Svælget 2 illustrates just how much funding, resources, and technological knowledge was required to construct such a vessel.
-In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
-The post How pilots avoid thunderstorms—and what happens when they can’t appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post 3D map of Easter Island takes you places visitors aren’t allowed appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“We now know, undeniably, that cogs could be this large—that the ship type could be pushed to this extreme,” said Uldum.
+The post 600-year-old Viking shipwreck is the largest of its kind appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Test your apple farming skills with this free video game appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>As you might expect, visiting the remote island isn’t easy. To combat overtourism to the small island, only a limited number of flights travel to Rapa Nui each week. That means flights can book up quickly, especially during the busy season between December and March. But now, thanks to the work of an intrepid team of geographers and researchers, you can view the impressive moai statues from the comfort of home.
+Environmentalists and sustainable food system advocates alike have long stressed the importance of supporting small farms, but it’s easier said than done. Despite the clear health and environmental sustainability benefits, shopping local generally means spending much more money—often at seasonal markets. Overall, this makes it especially difficult for low-income families and those living in food deserts to access quality ingredients.
-The team, which included faculty from Binghamton University and the State University of New York, just launched the first-ever high-resolution 3D model of Rano Raraku, one of the major quarries on Rapa Nui. The model includes nearly 1,000 carefully rendered moai statues. It also lets viewers explore the Rano Raraku quarry, which is located in a steep volcanic crater that visitors to the island can’t explore due to safety concerns.
+The cost problem isn’t from price-gouging farmers, but the state of the overall industry. The vast majority of farms in the United States are struggling. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates around 88 percent of the industry falls under the “small operation” designation, meaning they earn less than $350,000 annually in gross sales. Factor in costs, and less than half of U.S. small farms actually generate any profit at all.
-“You can see things that you couldn’t actually see on the ground. You can see tops and sides and all kinds of areas that [you] just would never be able to walk to,” said team member and Binghamton University anthropologist Carl Lipo in a statement. Lipo is also the lead author of a new paper on the model and statues published in PLOS One in November 2025.
+

In 2023, researchers at the University of Vermont built a simulation game called Race Against Rot to illustrate the uphill battles facing farmers. In the game, players took on the role of a small apple orchard operation and worked to maintain profitability through multiple policy scenarios. These included opting for farmers market or wholesale distribution options, paying a universal basic income to their workers, and supporting localized food hubs.
-In addition to providing researchers with a detailed 3D replica of Rano Raraku quarry, Lipo also hopes the model will help more people experience the island.
+To incentivize the over 1,000 people who participated in the game, players could earn actual cash payouts of $1 per every $40,000 of orchard profits. But instead of walking away with the most pocket change possible, most Race Against Rot players opted to make less money in order to help supply their neighbors with healthy fruit. They called this concept of fostering local wellbeing “community nourishment.”
-“We’re documenting something that really has needed to be documented, but in a way that’s really comprehensive and shareable.” So go get busy exploring Rano Raraku! As Lipo said, “the quarry is like the archeological Disneyland.” But one you can now visit from the comforts of home.
-The post 3D map of Easter Island takes you places visitors aren’t allowed appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Ornate medieval ring discovered in Norway’s oldest town appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“We found that there was a very, very strong commitment to a value structure around community nourishment,” principal project investigator Amy Trubek explained in a recent university profile.
-“When I first saw the ring when I was digging, I couldn’t believe that it was gold, but it immediately had the shine that gold has even if it has been in the ground for hundreds of years,” Åsheim, who works at the Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage, tells Popular Science.
+Food systems researcher Carolyn Hricko, co-author of a recent policy report based on the team’s findings, said it was “very heartening” to see random players adopt altruistic practices even during a simulated experience.
-She unearthed it while on a dig in Tønsberg, a town in southeastern Norway dating back to about 871 CE.
+“When they walked in the shoes of a farmer, [they] came out the other side saying they’re willing to support community nourishment alongside their ability to stay in business, theoretically,” she said.
-“I was the only archaeologist out on the dig that day, so there wasn’t anybody to confer with,” she explains “I was a bit uncertain if it was a genuine medieval ring, but the more I looked at it, the more certain I became.”
+Trubek and Hricko know that reality is far more complicated than a video game simulation. People often behave more selfishly when consequential amounts of money—not to mention livelihoods—are on the line, and the global agricultural industry can’t be distilled down to a hypothetical apple orchard. At the same, most of today’s food distribution systems aren’t designed with this concept of community nourishment in mind. By beginning to consider the social implications of a game like Race Against Rot, policy makers could discover new and effective ways.
-
“Equitable food systems solutions can only emerge from questions posed and data gathered that honestly reflect the structure and function of both our current food system and any vision for a better one,” the policy report authors wrote.
-While it’s difficult to understand the ring’s age from its decoration, the layer that Åsheim found the artifact in is directly beneath one that dates back to 1167-1269 CE, according to radiocarbon dating.. As such, the ring must be older than that date range. If the layer above that of the ring had had any “disruptions,” the question of the ring’s age might have been uncertain, Åsheim explains.
+Thanksfully, that vision of a better system is something most people want to see realized.
-“The ring is quite little in size, and is a ring worn by a woman of high social status,” she continues. “Rings of this type [are] not at all common, so it is natural to assume it had to be a person of some wealth that owned it.”
+“The public really cares about community well-being and the success and livelihoods of farmers. That’s great news,” added Hricko.
+The post Test your apple farming skills with this free video game appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Snow fleas use their tail to jump around the ice appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The ring’s discovery is important because it sheds major light on early Tønsberg’s social structure, Åsheim adds. While researchers presume that the wealthy class stayed elsewhere, the ring indicates that they also frequented the region of the excavation. Archeologists believe that this region is where commoners such as tradesmen lived. Åsheim says it is also possible that someone from the upper class was “just passing through.”
+Because the ring may have been imported, it could also provide insight into ties with Europe . Researchers are unsure if the jewelry’s stone is colored glass or a sapphire, so Åsheim and her team will continue investigating the ring’s ocean-colored centerpiece.
-The post Ornate medieval ring discovered in Norway’s oldest town appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Nature could take over an abandoned NYC surprisingly quickly appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>As a video taken at the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge in Massachusetts shows, these little black specks bounce across the snow. While technically called springtails, snow fleas (Hypogastruna nivicola) are a springtail species active during winter. Snow fleas are generally found in groups and their dark-colored bodies are easily noticed against white snow. These ancient insects have been around 410 million years—making them older than dinosaurs.
-Now, imagine if all that noise and all those people suddenly disappeared overnight. Just how quickly would nature move into abandoned apartments? Well in a new episode of Popular Science’s Ask Us Anything podcast, we explore just that. We even talk to special guest Les Stroud, the multi-award winning film producer of over 130 documentaries, including the beloved series Survivorman.
+Springtails are found in habitats all over the world. According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, they typically show up on top of snow because colder temperautres slow their speeds down “just enough for us to notice their chaotic parkour routine.” That hopping move is done with a forked tail called a furcula that launches the bugs into the air. This long tail is typically tucked underneath the abdomen. However, if a springtail is disturbed or threatened, it will use the furcula to launch its body into the air like a spring. Their acrobatics are so impressive that they have inspired designs for leaping robots.
+They can also be found in soil, feasting on fungi, pollen, algae, or decaying organic matter, according to the University of Minnesota Extension. When they move through the soil, they create little pockets of air that help give plant roots oxygen, which helps keep them healthy. Eating decaying plant material helps break down organic matter into nutrients that the soil can use.
-Ask Us Anything answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions—from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. So, yes, there’s a reason cats love boxes and no, hot workout classes usually aren’t better. If you have a question for us, send us a note. Nothing is too silly or simple.
+Indoors, the jumpy critters are often found in areas with excess moisture, such as near plumbing leaks or poor drainage systems.
-This episode is based on the Popular Science article “In a world without people, how fast would NYC fall apart? Here’s the timeline.”
+Fortunately, the arthropods are harmless. They don’t sting, bite, or suck your blood since they are much more interested in chomping up all of that nutritious plant matter.
+The post Snow fleas use their tail to jump around the ice appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Dead star emits perplexing shock wave for 1,000 years appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>“We found something never seen before and, more importantly, entirely unexpected,” explained Simone Scaringi, a researcher at Durham University in the United Kingdom.
-Listen and follow Ask Us Anything on your favorite podcast platform:
+As Scaringi and her team describe in a study published today in the journal Nature Astronomy, they first noticed curious signals from the white dwarf RXJ0528+2838 while analyzing images taken by Spain’s Isaac Newton Telescope. A white dwarf is what remains after the death of a low-mass star, and sometimes exists in a binary system with another stellar object. In this case, RXJ0528+2838 is orbited by a still-living star similar in size to our sun.
-Spotify | Apple Podcasts | YouTube | Or wherever you get your podcasts.
+Sarah Durn: Imagine the ceaseless cacophony of New York City suddenly stopped. No sirens wailed, no cars zoomed. No subways rumbled beneath sidewalks, all because the eight and a half million New Yorkers have disappeared overnight. Now imagine what would happen next. If no one’s around to sweep the sidewalks weed Central Park or turn the power grid on, nature would move in and quick.
+In such cases, material from the active star is usually siphoned to the white dwarf to form a disk of debris around it. Some of this energy is then also hurled into space in what are known as outflows. But RXJ0528+2838 doesn’t feature a disk, so the dead star shouldn’t create such a curved, “bow shock” outflow or its resultant nebula—yet it does. What’s more, the white dwarf’s outflow has billowed for at least 1,000 years.
-Dandelions would spring up from asphalt cracks. Raccoons would move into abandoned apartments. Sidewalk trees would outgrow their planters, but just how swiftly would the city return to a natural state? We talk to architects and urban ecologists to map out a potential timeline.
+“Our observations reveal a powerful outflow that, according to our current understanding, shouldn’t be there.” added Krystian Iłkiewicz, a study co-author at Poland’s Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center.
-Welcome to Ask Us Anything from the editors of Popular Science, where we answer your questions about our weird world from what is going on when you shiver to how do snakes actually move? No question is too zany or humdrum. I’m Sarah Durn, an editor at Popular Science.
+To further investigate the cosmic anomaly, the team used the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) inside the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope. MUSE helped the researchers construct a detailed map of the bow shock and its composition, which they traced back to RXJ0528+2838 instead of an unrelated dust cloud or nebula.
-Annie Colbert: And I’m Annie Colbert, editor-in-chief at Popular Science.
+The team confirmed that RXJ0528+2838 also possesses a strong magnetic field that allows it to gather material from its companion. While more examinations are needed, they believe it’s this magnetic field that can help explain the dead star’s strange behavior.
-SD: We thrive on curiosity here at Popular Science. The stranger, the question, the more we need to answer it.
+“Our finding shows that even without a disc, these systems can drive powerful outflows, revealing a mechanism we do not yet understand,” said Iłkiewicz, adding that their new study now “challenges the standard picture of how matter moves and interacts in these extreme binary systems.”
-AC: And this week our curiosity has led us to the somewhat bleak but fascinating question of what would happen if people suddenly abandoned New York City.
+There are still many unanswered questions about this never-before-seen cosmic relationship. Importantly, the magnetic field Scaringi calls the white dwarf’s “mystery engine” doesn’t seem strong enough to generate the observed bow shock. Instead, the current field should power an outflow that only lasts a few hundred years. But with additional investigation, the astronomers hope to one day solve the discovery that no one saw coming.
-SD: And just how quickly would nature move in.
+“The surprise that a supposedly quiet, discless system could drive such a spectacular nebula was one of those rare ‘wow’ moments,” said Scaringi.
+The post Dead star emits perplexing shock wave for 1,000 years appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post A giant-footed bird showed up in a Massachusetts backyard. It didn’t belong there. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>AC: As a perpetually paranoid New Yorker, I must know.
+Upon seeing this unique bird, an unidentified woman called the New England Wildlife Center in Weymouth, Massachusetts. The organization had never received a purple gallinule before. Priya Patel, wildlife medical director at the wildlife center, tells Popular Science that in Massachusetts, purple gallinules are exceptionally infrequent, with “a few reports of one or two up here in the last 10 years or so.”
-SD: Yeah. Honestly, I was surprised just how quickly nature would move in. First things first, the power goes out. New York City goes instantaneously dark. Within a year, you’d start to see pretty major building deterioration. Single pane windows on brownstones and family homes would crack. And once windows break, moisture seeps in, and then pretty soon plants and animals follow.
+
After a hundred years without maintenance, the city’s most iconic landmarks, like the Empire State Building or One World Trade Center, would collapse entirely.
+According to the New England Wildlife Center, southern birds sometimes end up in Massachusetts. “During periods of strong storm systems and shifting low pressure these birds can get pushed off course and carried north along the coast,” the center writes.
-AC: Yikes.
+The purple gallinule in question, whom the staff did not name to avoid getting attached, arrived at the wildlife center majorly underweight and in a precarious condition. Thankfully, however, the team didn’t find any major injuries in their initial examination and X-rays.
-SD: All in all, New York City would probably fare worse than the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Many modern skyscrapers and buildings just aren’t designed to last centuries, at least not without continual upkeep.
+While it may seem that the best thing to do upon finding a struggling bird is feeding it as much food as possible, that is a dangerous move. If a starving animal eats a lot of food all at once, it can cause refeeding syndrome—when the stomach draws the limited remaining resources from the most vital organs, like the heart, brain, and lungs, too fast. This could lead to serious consequences, such as heart arrhythmias or brain seizures. This is why, among other reasons, the New England Wildlife Center doesn’t want the public to feed found animals before they have undergone an exam.
-AC: That’s humbling.
+
SD: Yeah, right. If New York was abandoned, our ancestors might not even know that it was one of the largest cities in the world.
+“This is why food must be introduced slowly to the animal so the organs have time to respond,” Patel says. “The best thing to do for these cases is fluid therapy, and rehydrating the patient often by giving injectable fluids.”
+AC: Broadway, Times Square, pizza rats… all just lost to history. Well, before we dive deep into all the details, we wanna know what questions are keeping you curious.
+As the purple gallinule’s health improved, they collaborated with partners to decide how to best return the bird to its habitat. On January 8, the purple gallinule landed in South Carolina aboard a small private plane piloted and co-piloted by New England Wildlife Center volunteers, explains Patel. It made the journey with another fellow purple gallinule found in Vermont. After landing, the birds were picked up by Carolina Wildlife Rehabilitation Center volunteers.
-If there’s something you’ve always wondered, submit your questions through popsci.com/ask. We might even feature it in a future episode.
+While the team in Massachusetts doesn’t know specifically when the volunteers will release the birds, Patel says that the plan is for the volunteers there to briefly monitor them to make sure they are okay before letting them travel further south.
+The post A giant-footed bird showed up in a Massachusetts backyard. It didn’t belong there. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post How pilots avoid thunderstorms—and what happens when they can’t appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>SD: Give us your weirdest or simplest ideas.
+In reality, plane crashes in thunderstorms are extremely rare—largely because pilots seldom fly into thunderstorms in the first place.
-AC: Yeah, we’re not picky, just curious. Up next, we’re gonna get into all the nitty gritty details of just how quickly New York City would fall apart without humans.
+“You’re never going to intentionally fly into a thunderstorm, because thunderstorms contain the roughest air, as well as other hazards,” says Patrick Smith, an airline captain and writer of the Ask the Pilot blog.
-SD: From which would collapse first, the Empire State Building or One World Trade Center to which animals would be the first to move in. That’s coming up next after this quick break.
+AC: Welcome back! So Sarah, this story is actually something you pitched me last year. So I live in Brooklyn and I used to live in Manhattan, and I don’t know, there’s something kind of peaceful about imagining a city without all of its noise. Like one of my favorite times in New York is when everyone leaves.
+Avoiding thunderstorms, Smith explains, involves close collaboration between meteorologists, air traffic control, and the flight crew, both before and during the flight.
-Like there’s certain parts of summer where the city is just a little bit quieter. But just a little bit. So I imagine without any people, that would seem peaceful at first, but then also kind of sad and scary and strange and all of the unsettling things.
+“We receive reports and forecasts before every flight indicating where storms might occur,” he says, referring to detailed satellite mapping provided by meteorologists. “But if you’re on a 12-hour flight, the information you have at the beginning is only so valuable. What you’re really relying on are the real-time tools.”
-SD: Yeah, no, definitely.
+Part of the job of Smith and other pilots is to constantly monitor the plane’s onboard radar and Weather Avoidance System (WAS), which show “where storms are, how high they are, how fast they’re moving, the direction they’re moving and so on,” he says.
-AC: And, it’s probably kind of inevitable, right? Many cities get abandoned at some point. There’s plenty of real world examples of this.
+“[The radar] sends a signal out from the airplane and it bounces off the water in the clouds and comes back,” former pilot Tom Bunn explains. “The more water, the more intense the thunderstorm.”
-SD: Oh yeah? Do tell.
+AC: All right. Well, you know, I love a little history detour on this podcast, and a classic example of this is Pripyat in Ukraine. The city, which had a population of about 50,000 was evacuated in 1986 after the Chernobyl disaster.
+“There might be 20, 30, 40 airplanes that [air traffic] control is watching at a certain altitude range,” Bunn says. “Everybody’s on the same frequency, you can hear each other. If you have turbulence, you’re supposed to announce it.”
-Within a few years, trees and shrubs were growing through the streets and buildings, wolves and wild boars started roaming the empty city. It was eerie, but also wild, like nature was there to reclaim what humans had abandoned, even when there were high radioactive levels.
+This combination of radar and information-sharing allows pilots to track storms and rough air up to a couple of hundred miles ahead. They can then ask air traffic control for a change of altitude to avoid turbulence, or a change of route to bypass a storm. Most airlines recommend that pilots keep a minimum of 10 to 20 miles distance from thunderstorms, depending on their severity.
-SD: Oh yeah, I’ve seen the photos. It’s very, very, very eerie.
+“You see with your radar, it’s color-coded,” Bunn says. “The green is the edge of the thunderstorm, that’s bumpy, but it’s not severe. The yellow would be pretty severe and then there’s red. You just want to stay out of that.”
-AC: Extremely. And then let’s go back a little bit further into history. There’s the Native American metropolis of Cahokia, which was located near modern day St. Louis. At its peak around the year 1000, it was home to 12,000 people. And it was equal in complexity to contemporary European cities like a London.
-SD: Whoa.
+AC: But then by the end of the 1300s, as the climate cooled in the Little Ice Age, the city was abandoned.
+SD: Yeah. So those examples, they kind of give us a trailer of what could happen in New York City.
+When flying through scattered thunderstorms, pilots may sometimes choose to chart a course through the gaps between the storms, rather than deviate too far from their planned path. In these conditions, the 20-mile distance guideline can provide an important buffer against unpredictable shifts in the weather.
-AC: Right? But New York is like a whole different movie, right? It’s bigger, it’s denser, it has more infrastructure. It’s gonna unfold in its own very specific, dramatic way.
+“It can change very quickly and you can be in an area where a storm moves or morphs a certain way where that amount of clearance is impossible,” Smith says. “You won’t fly into the heart of the storm, but you may be skirting the edge of it from time to time.”
-SD: So let’s start at the very beginning. Imagine the city is empty. Eight and a half million people gone overnight.
+For the same reason, he says, it is usually not advised to fly over the top of storms—as the unfortunate pilot Brodie Torrance (Gerard Butler) attempts in the movie Plane.
-AC: Silent streets empty subways.
+“Thunderstorms can extend well into what we call the flight levels, upwards of 40 or even 50,000 feet,” he says. Although flying over the top of a thunderstorm can be smooth and safe, they can billow up quickly, making it safer to go around them than above them.
-SD: Right? Peaceful. Manhattan peaceful. And for the purposes of today’s episode, we aren’t going to get into how this might happen or what could have caused everyone to evacuate.
+AC: Needless to say, it’s probably something bad.
+Despite such strenuous efforts at avoidance, both Smith and Bunn agree that flying into a thunderstorm is rarely as perilous as the movies might suggest—although it could make for an uncomfortable ride.
-SD: Yeah, no, definitely probably something bad.
+“Probably the worst thing that can happen is you get hailstones, they make little tiny dents on the wing,” Bunn says. “If you dent the edge of the wing, it’s not going to be quite as efficient.” More severe hail can even crack the plane’s windscreen, although the vast majority of hail damage to airplanes is more a financial concern to the plane’s owner than a safety threat to passengers.
-AC: That’s a segue. So Sarah, what’s the first thing to go?
+Thunderstorms are often also accompanied by heightened turbulence, which can be uncomfortable and frightening for passengers, but rarely unsafe. The pilot’s protocol is simply to set the autopilot to the optimum Turbulence Penetration Speed—calibrated to maintain stability while minimizing aerodynamic stresses—and ride out the bumps.
-SD: So, probably the power without anyone monitoring or repairing the grid. Midtown goes dark in just a few days. Without light pollution, the Milky Way would shine over Manhattan
+AC: Living off a very bright road, I truly cannot imagine. It sounds incredible.
+The one circumstance in which turbulence can be dangerous is when it occurs close to the ground, which is why pilots are particularly eager to avoid landing during thunderstorms.
-SD: Yeah, no, exactly. And once the lights go out, temperatures inside buildings start to fluctuate wildly. No air conditioning, no heat. Architect Jana Horvat, who I interviewed for the story, told me that mold would start to form inside apartments within a week.
+“One of the big concerns is windshear,” Smith says. “Windshear is a sudden change in the speed and/or direction of the wind, which can be dangerous to planes at low altitudes.”
-AC: Oh, that’s gross. But also kind of fascinating.
+He explains that modern aircraft are equipped with windshear avoidance systems, and airports also have alerting systems for the phenomenon. If windshear is detected above the runway, “you may enter a holding pattern somewhere and wait for the weather to improve, or you may divert to an alternate airport.”
-SD: I know. The subways would also fill with water pretty quickly. Every day pumps remove 13 million gallons of water from underground train lines. Without them, the subway tunnels flood. Rats, cockroaches, pigeons, opossums, they’re first to move in near the stairs and platforms.
+“Those decisions are made usually between the pilots and the dispatchers on the ground,” he says. “Ultimately, it’s the captain’s decision, but in practice it’s a collaborative thing.”
-Plants like mosses, grasses, and hardy weeds would need a little more time to grow, but soon enough, at least where there’s light within the subway tunnels, it would pretty quickly start looking like a wetland.
+And what about the greatest fear of many nervous flyers, a direct lightning strike like the one that takes out the aircraft’s power systems in Plane?
-AC: Cool. Like little underground jungles.
+SD: Yeah, right. Moving forward in the timeline, all of New York City’s glass buildings would be in trouble. The glass on brownstones and older apartments, like we mentioned earlier, those would crack first, and then the reinforced glass on fancy skyscrapers would crack.
+“It’s not a problem,” Bunn says. “The average plane gets hit, I’m told, twice a year.” The electrical systems of commercial aircraft are designed to withstand these shocks, with backup systems that take over in the rare event of failure.
-AC: Mm.
+“It’s like if lightning hits your car, it just follows the skin,” he explains. “Doesn’t do anything to people inside the car. Same with the airplane. If you get hit by lightning, you just have a flash and a loud noise.”
-SD: And once that happens, water gets in. Apartments turn into humid hot houses. Warm, wet, moldy, perfect for mosquitoes. Water, snakes, fungus, rushes. It’s like a wetland on the second, or you know, 22nd floor.
+In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
+The post How pilots avoid thunderstorms—and what happens when they can’t appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post 3D map of Easter Island takes you places visitors aren’t allowed appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>AC: That sounds creepy. Eerie. Sounds a little bit like The Last Of Us.
+As you might expect, visiting the remote island isn’t easy. To combat overtourism to the small island, only a limited number of flights travel to Rapa Nui each week. That means flights can book up quickly, especially during the busy season between December and March. But now, thanks to the work of an intrepid team of geographers and researchers, you can view the impressive moai statues from the comfort of home.
-SD: Oh my god, love The Last Of Us. Also gave me nightmares for months.
+The team, which included faculty from Binghamton University and the State University of New York, just launched the first-ever high-resolution 3D model of Rano Raraku, one of the major quarries on Rapa Nui. The model includes nearly 1,000 carefully rendered moai statues. It also lets viewers explore the Rano Raraku quarry, which is located in a steep volcanic crater that visitors to the island can’t explore due to safety concerns.
-AC: Yes, absolutely.
+“You can see things that you couldn’t actually see on the ground. You can see tops and sides and all kinds of areas that [you] just would never be able to walk to,” said team member and Binghamton University anthropologist Carl Lipo in a statement. Lipo is also the lead author of a new paper on the model and statues published in PLOS One in November 2025.
-SD: And after a few years, the streets would be in bad shape too. Especially without maintenance. Asphalt cracks form from freeze thaw cycles, so after a few winters, you’d have pretty major cracks in the asphalt, as well as starting to have cracks in cement. Water would then settle in those cracks. Moss would grow first, but eventually young trees, especially London planetrees, which are the most common trees in the city, actually would start to sprout from the asphalt.
+
The same process would happen even more quickly in New York City Parks. Central Park would be unrecognizable in five years.
+In addition to providing researchers with a detailed 3D replica of Rano Raraku quarry, Lipo also hopes the model will help more people experience the island.
-AC: Like a full on forest?
+“We’re documenting something that really has needed to be documented, but in a way that’s really comprehensive and shareable.” So go get busy exploring Rano Raraku! As Lipo said, “the quarry is like the archeological Disneyland.” But one you can now visit from the comforts of home.
+The post 3D map of Easter Island takes you places visitors aren’t allowed appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Ornate medieval ring discovered in Norway’s oldest town appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>SD: A young forest, but yeah. And then after 50 years, a totally new ecosystem emerges. As Peter Del Tredici, one of the sources I had, calls it “a novel ecosystem.”
+“When I first saw the ring when I was digging, I couldn’t believe that it was gold, but it immediately had the shine that gold has even if it has been in the ground for hundreds of years,” Åsheim, who works at the Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage, tells Popular Science.
-It won’t look like anything humans have ever seen. Crab apple trees, London planetrees, honey locusts, pines, oaks, Norway maples would all start filling the city. Poison ivy and nightshade vines would creep up buildings. Moss would cover skyscrapers.
+She unearthed it while on a dig in Tønsberg, a town in southeastern Norway dating back to about 871 CE.
-AC: And I’m almost scared to ask, but the animals?
+“I was the only archaeologist out on the dig that day, so there wasn’t anybody to confer with,” she explains “I was a bit uncertain if it was a genuine medieval ring, but the more I looked at it, the more certain I became.”
-SD: Oh yeah. I mean, there’d be plenty.
+
AC: Oh, okay.
+While it’s difficult to understand the ring’s age from its decoration, the layer that Åsheim found the artifact in is directly beneath one that dates back to 1167-1269 CE, according to radiocarbon dating.. As such, the ring must be older than that date range. If the layer above that of the ring had had any “disruptions,” the question of the ring’s age might have been uncertain, Åsheim explains.
-SD: Deer, rabbits, groundhogs, wild turkeys, they’d all start moving in. Predators would then follow, you know, their prey. You’d have copperhead snakes, even black bears, and bobcats. Birds would move in pretty quickly. They would start nesting in hollowed out buildings. You’d have peregrine falcons and bald eagles and red-tailed hawks and great horned owls.
+“The ring is quite little in size, and is a ring worn by a woman of high social status,” she continues. “Rings of this type [are] not at all common, so it is natural to assume it had to be a person of some wealth that owned it.”
-AC: So it’s like a zoo, but with skyscrapers.
+The ring’s discovery is important because it sheds major light on early Tønsberg’s social structure, Åsheim adds. While researchers presume that the wealthy class stayed elsewhere, the ring indicates that they also frequented the region of the excavation. Archeologists believe that this region is where commoners such as tradesmen lived. Åsheim says it is also possible that someone from the upper class was “just passing through.”
-SD: Yeah. I mean like, just nature. But yeah, there’s lots of animals.
+Because the ring may have been imported, it could also provide insight into ties with Europe . Researchers are unsure if the jewelry’s stone is colored glass or a sapphire, so Åsheim and her team will continue investigating the ring’s ocean-colored centerpiece.
+The post Ornate medieval ring discovered in Norway’s oldest town appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Nature could take over an abandoned NYC surprisingly quickly appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>AC: Nice.
+Now, imagine if all that noise and all those people suddenly disappeared overnight. Just how quickly would nature move into abandoned apartments? Well in a new episode of Popular Science’s Ask Us Anything podcast, we explore just that. We even talk to special guest Les Stroud, the multi-award winning film producer of over 130 documentaries, including the beloved series Survivorman.
-SD: And eventually even the city’s skyscrapers would fail. Annie, what do you think would last Longer? Newer skyscrapers, like Hudson Yards or older skyscrapers, like the Empire State Building.
-AC: Ooh, a quiz! Pop quiz. Um, I’m gonna go with the newer ones, right? More building regulations, fancier building materials, all that.
-SD: Yes, yes. It’s an excellent guess. But the newest high rises, like 10 Hudson Yards, 111 West 57th Street, they would actually collapse first.
+Ask Us Anything answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions—from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. So, yes, there’s a reason cats love boxes and no, hot workout classes usually aren’t better. If you have a question for us, send us a note. Nothing is too silly or simple.
-AC: Ah, wrong.
+This episode is based on the Popular Science article “In a world without people, how fast would NYC fall apart? Here’s the timeline.”
-SD: So yeah, with those newer skyscrapers, once their reinforced glass facades crack, water would seep in and eventually corrode the steel beams that keep newer skyscrapers upright.
+AC: Oh, so what about the older skyscrapers?
+Listen and follow Ask Us Anything on your favorite podcast platform:
-SD: Yeah, older ones, like the Empire Step building or Chrysler Building, would actually last longer thanks to thick masonry and overbuilt steel frames. Basically when they were first building skyscrapers, they over-engineered them so that they were even stronger than they needed to be.
+Spotify | Apple Podcasts | YouTube | Or wherever you get your podcasts.
-AC: Gotcha.
+SD: So they’re sort of reinforced. At the end of the day, you’re looking at 10 Hudson Yards might last a century without upkeep and the Empire State Building would maybe last 150 years potentially. But eventually everything’s coming down.
+Sarah Durn: Imagine the ceaseless cacophony of New York City suddenly stopped. No sirens wailed, no cars zoomed. No subways rumbled beneath sidewalks, all because the eight and a half million New Yorkers have disappeared overnight. Now imagine what would happen next. If no one’s around to sweep the sidewalks weed Central Park or turn the power grid on, nature would move in and quick.
-AC: Gotcha. So what replaces them?
+Dandelions would spring up from asphalt cracks. Raccoons would move into abandoned apartments. Sidewalk trees would outgrow their planters, but just how swiftly would the city return to a natural state? We talk to architects and urban ecologists to map out a potential timeline.
-SD: A forest.
+Welcome to Ask Us Anything from the editors of Popular Science, where we answer your questions about our weird world from what is going on when you shiver to how do snakes actually move? No question is too zany or humdrum. I’m Sarah Durn, an editor at Popular Science.
-AC: Hmm.
+Annie Colbert: And I’m Annie Colbert, editor-in-chief at Popular Science.
-SD: After a century, you could have trees over a hundred feet tall. Soil regenerates, concrete dissolves. The Hudson and East River parks become wetlands teeming with egrets and turtles and eels, beavers, muskrats.
+SD: We thrive on curiosity here at Popular Science. The stranger, the question, the more we need to answer it.
-AC: Wow. But yet, even with all of that rewilding, some human traces survive. Tell me it survives a little bit, right?
+AC: And this week our curiosity has led us to the somewhat bleak but fascinating question of what would happen if people suddenly abandoned New York City.
-SD: They will.
+SD: And just how quickly would nature move in.
-AC: Okay.
+AC: As a perpetually paranoid New Yorker, I must know.
-SD: Yeah. No, they will. There will be things for archeologists to discover if there’s still archeologists in this weird future we are imagining. You’d have rusted steel beams of skyscrapers that would stick around for a couple hundred years.
+SD: Yeah. Honestly, I was surprised just how quickly nature would move in. First things first, the power goes out. New York City goes instantaneously dark. Within a year, you’d start to see pretty major building deterioration. Single pane windows on brownstones and family homes would crack. And once windows break, moisture seeps in, and then pretty soon plants and animals follow.
-The stones and bricks from townhouses and older skyscrapers like the Empire State Building would make big rubble piles for future archeologists to decode. The New York Public library’s cracked marble lions might last a thousand years or more.
+After a hundred years without maintenance, the city’s most iconic landmarks, like the Empire State Building or One World Trade Center, would collapse entirely.
-AC: So, you know, it’s really fascinating to visualize the ruins of New York City.
+AC: Yikes.
-Yeah. To kind of like think about it in your mind of what would this look like. I think we all have, you know, visions of TV shows or movies, but realistically, humans probably wouldn’t disappear all at once, right?
+SD: All in all, New York City would probably fare worse than the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Many modern skyscrapers and buildings just aren’t designed to last centuries, at least not without continual upkeep.
-SD: Yeah. Right. If we look at history, most cities get abandoned slowly over time.
+AC: That’s humbling.
-AC: Yeah.
+SD: Yeah, right. If New York was abandoned, our ancestors might not even know that it was one of the largest cities in the world.
-All of this makes you think, though, what do we need to do to survive? Can we survive? Like are there any basic techniques we should all know?
+AC: Broadway, Times Square, pizza rats… all just lost to history. Well, before we dive deep into all the details, we wanna know what questions are keeping you curious.
-SD: Yeah. Well, Annie, lucky you ask because I actually spoke to the Survivorman, about just that.
+If there’s something you’ve always wondered, submit your questions through popsci.com/ask. We might even feature it in a future episode.
-AC: Yes, the Discovery Channel Survivorman?
+SD: Give us your weirdest or simplest ideas.
-SD: Uhhuh. Yeah. We’re just gonna take a quick break and then I’ll be back with Les Stroud!
+AC: Yeah, we’re not picky, just curious. Up next, we’re gonna get into all the nitty gritty details of just how quickly New York City would fall apart without humans.
-And we’re back with Les Stroud. Les is often credited as the creator of the survival TV genre through his groundbreaking, much beloved survival series Survivorman. Les is a multi-award winning film producer with over 130 documentaries to his name, an author of four bestselling and award-winning books, and is even a celebrated and award-winning singer songwriter.
+SD: From which would collapse first, the Empire State Building or One World Trade Center to which animals would be the first to move in. That’s coming up next after this quick break.
-Les say, you’re in New York City, everyone disappeared. What would it take to survive in an abandoned New York City?
+AC: Welcome back! So Sarah, this story is actually something you pitched me last year. So I live in Brooklyn and I used to live in Manhattan, and I don’t know, there’s something kind of peaceful about imagining a city without all of its noise. Like one of my favorite times in New York is when everyone leaves.
-Les Stroud: Ah, see, that’s one of my favorite questions. For one thing, let’s remember, we’re gonna want to help our fellow neighbor. We’re not all going to be, “It’s me or die.” You know, that’s Hollywood. You know, if, if Sarah, you and your family came to me and I had supplies or goods, I’m going to want to help you.
+Like there’s certain parts of summer where the city is just a little bit quieter. But just a little bit. So I imagine without any people, that would seem peaceful at first, but then also kind of sad and scary and strange and all of the unsettling things.
-I’m not gonna be like, “Go away.” You know, that stuff is silly. So the reality of how you survive something like this is number one, is to remember that you’re not going to all of a sudden overnight become cold hearted. Yes, you’re gonna be protecting your family with your life, but you’re not gonna become cold hearted to other people who need help.
+SD: Yeah, no, definitely.
-So that’s, that’s a big one. And so when I look at city survival after it hits the fan, regardless of what “it” is, with maybe the exception of nuclear fallout, and you’re stuck in New York City, then you need to think about all of the resources that are available. And it is astonishing how many resources will be available.
+AC: And, it’s probably kind of inevitable, right? Many cities get abandoned at some point. There’s plenty of real world examples of this.
-And yes, it will look like a Hollywood movie set. There’ll be garbage everywhere, and there’ll be dilapidation and things will be falling into ruin and so forth. But nonetheless, there’s supplies everywhere and knowing where those supplies are, that I think a lot of people think, because I’m Survivorman, that it’s always gonna be about, you know, making a bow and arrow and going out into the Central Park and hunting deer.
+SD: Oh yeah? Do tell.
-It’s like, that’s silly. What I’m going to do is I’m going to go and figure out where all the industrial buildings are and what supplies they have because they’re abandoned. I’m going to assume at this point it’s more about where can I find the things I need to get to the next day or even make it for the next few months. And you have, in some ways anyway, there’s, I don’t wanna say ample supply, but a lot of opportunity.
+AC: All right. Well, you know, I love a little history detour on this podcast, and a classic example of this is Pripyat in Ukraine. The city, which had a population of about 50,000 was evacuated in 1986 after the Chernobyl disaster.
-SD: Yeah. Do you think, just to widen this out a little bit, do you think people should have a survival go bag with essentials?
+Within a few years, trees and shrubs were growing through the streets and buildings, wolves and wild boars started roaming the empty city. It was eerie, but also wild, like nature was there to reclaim what humans had abandoned, even when there were high radioactive levels.
-Les Stroud: No.
+SD: Oh yeah, I’ve seen the photos. It’s very, very, very eerie.
-SD: Why?
+AC: Extremely. And then let’s go back a little bit further into history. There’s the Native American metropolis of Cahokia, which was located near modern day St. Louis. At its peak around the year 1000, it was home to 12,000 people. And it was equal in complexity to contemporary European cities like a London.
-Les Stroud: I’d love to just leave that right there. Survivorman says “no,” and people freak out.
+SD: Whoa.
-I think that is one of the kitchiest things, you know? It’s like, “oh, I got my go bag.” I think better that you have the knowledge of where everything is in your house and the ability to pack something together quickly, put it in the trunk and go. You know it, it’s all about the situation and the variables.
+AC: But then by the end of the 1300s, as the climate cooled in the Little Ice Age, the city was abandoned.
-SD: Yeah.
+SD: Yeah. So those examples, they kind of give us a trailer of what could happen in New York City.
-Les Stroud: But this concept of “I’ve got my go bag, I’m set for the apocalypse.” It’s like, nah, no you’re not, you know, let alone having the strong skillsets of organization. Of survival methods and techniques, fire starting, water acquisition, food gathering. I can’t give you a perfect, in great shape, expensive compound bow and say, now go get us a deer.
+AC: Right? But New York is like a whole different movie, right? It’s bigger, it’s denser, it has more infrastructure. It’s gonna unfold in its own very specific, dramatic way.
-It’s not going to happen. Right? So those things are Hollywood. What’s gonna happen is we’re all gonna be scared and you’re going to be pulling from everything that you’ve got in your cupboards. So if you’ve got a larger supply, that is good. I don’t wanna talk that down too much, but it’s also overplayed.
+SD: So let’s start at the very beginning. Imagine the city is empty. Eight and a half million people gone overnight.
-SD: Yeah. Okay. What are basic survival techniques you think everyone should know?
+AC: Silent streets empty subways.
-Les Stroud: As I said, number one: the ability to get a fire going anywhere, anytime, in any weather, using varying supplies, possibly without a match or a lighter. Number two: in a wilderness situation I would say the next one is knowing how to, how to signal people.
+SD: Right? Peaceful. Manhattan peaceful. And for the purposes of today’s episode, we aren’t going to get into how this might happen or what could have caused everyone to evacuate.
-SD: Hmm.
+AC: Needless to say, it’s probably something bad.
-Les Stroud: How to signal for rescue. But if that’s not needed and everybody knows what’s going on, then I, I think number two for me would be a skillset about knowing how to organize for movement. I’ve seen people try to go somewhere quickly, you know, with paper bags of groceries, it’s not gonna work. You know, a great way to know how to do that is to go backpacking.
+SD: Yeah, no, definitely probably something bad.
-You learn really quickly how to travel over land on foot with a heavy pack. That organizational skill is incredibly helpful. First aid, you know, having a skillset of knowing how to treat and be conscientious of that, which is going to lead into, of course, knowing how to procure water and then eventually food.
+AC: That’s a segue. So Sarah, what’s the first thing to go?
-But, so there you go. That’s where it starts. The top fire. The ability to move and know how to logistically handle that. Medical skill sets, procuring water and shelter, those are vital. Without those, you’re, you’re really stuck.
+SD: So, probably the power without anyone monitoring or repairing the grid. Midtown goes dark in just a few days. Without light pollution, the Milky Way would shine over Manhattan
-SD: Yeah. Yeah. For sure. Well, thank you so much, Les.
+AC: Living off a very bright road, I truly cannot imagine. It sounds incredible.
-Les Stroud: Okay, well that’s great. Well, thanks so much guys for reaching out to me for this.
+SD: Yeah, no, exactly. And once the lights go out, temperatures inside buildings start to fluctuate wildly. No air conditioning, no heat. Architect Jana Horvat, who I interviewed for the story, told me that mold would start to form inside apartments within a week.
-SD: Bye. This was fun. Thank you, Les.
+AC: Oh, that’s gross. But also kind of fascinating.
-AC: Oh wow. Les is such a cool guy, but I’m gonna admit now I’m kind of nervous if I would survive New York City.
+SD: I know. The subways would also fill with water pretty quickly. Every day pumps remove 13 million gallons of water from underground train lines. Without them, the subway tunnels flood. Rats, cockroaches, pigeons, opossums, they’re first to move in near the stairs and platforms.
-SD: Yeah, I don’t know how I would get out. It’s a good thing I don’t live there. Sorry, Annie.
+Plants like mosses, grasses, and hardy weeds would need a little more time to grow, but soon enough, at least where there’s light within the subway tunnels, it would pretty quickly start looking like a wetland.
-AC: It’s not good.
+AC: Cool. Like little underground jungles.
-SD: Oh, I know. He was so cool. It was so wild to talk to him after watching him on SurvivorMan growing up.
+SD: Yeah, right. Moving forward in the timeline, all of New York City’s glass buildings would be in trouble. The glass on brownstones and older apartments, like we mentioned earlier, those would crack first, and then the reinforced glass on fancy skyscrapers would crack.
-AC: Yes, absolutely also loved that show.
+AC: Mm.
-SD: Oh, it’s so good. And that’s it for this episode. Please follow or subscribe to Ask Us Anything by Popular Science wherever you enjoy your podcasts. And if you like our show, leave a reading and a review.
+SD: And once that happens, water gets in. Apartments turn into humid hot houses. Warm, wet, moldy, perfect for mosquitoes. Water, snakes, fungus, rushes. It’s like a wetland on the second, or you know, 22nd floor.
-AC: We care what you think. Please tell us. Our theme music is from Kenneth Michael Reagan, and our producer is Alan Haburchak.
+AC: That sounds creepy. Eerie. Sounds a little bit like The Last Of Us.
-SD: This week’s episode was also produced by me, Sarah Durn, and is based on an article I wrote for Popular Science.
+SD: Oh my god, love The Last Of Us. Also gave me nightmares for months.
-AC: Please check out Sarah’s full story in the show notes.
+AC: Yes, absolutely.
-SD: And thanks to our whole podcast team and special thanks to you all.
+SD: And after a few years, the streets would be in bad shape too. Especially without maintenance. Asphalt cracks form from freeze thaw cycles, so after a few winters, you’d have pretty major cracks in the asphalt, as well as starting to have cracks in cement. Water would then settle in those cracks. Moss would grow first, but eventually young trees, especially London planetrees, which are the most common trees in the city, actually would start to sprout from the asphalt.
-AC: And one more time. If you want to have your own question explained on a future episode, go to popsci.com/ask. Until next time, keep the questions coming. And good luck surviving.
+The same process would happen even more quickly in New York City Parks. Central Park would be unrecognizable in five years.
-SD: Yeah, hopefully this helps.
+AC: Like a full on forest?
- -The post Nature could take over an abandoned NYC surprisingly quickly appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post 17 clever Apple Notes tips you might not know appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>SD: A young forest, but yeah. And then after 50 years, a totally new ecosystem emerges. As Peter Del Tredici, one of the sources I had, calls it “a novel ecosystem.”
-Even if you use Apple Notes every day to make lists, keep on top of your to-dos, or jot down random thoughts, you may not be aware of everything Notes can do for you. It’s an incredibly capable and versatile app, despite its unassuming interface, and you should find at least some of these tips useful.
+It won’t look like anything humans have ever seen. Crab apple trees, London planetrees, honey locusts, pines, oaks, Norway maples would all start filling the city. Poison ivy and nightshade vines would creep up buildings. Moss would cover skyscrapers.
-1. Collaborate on notes
+AC: And I’m almost scared to ask, but the animals?
-You can collaborate on notes with other people, via iCloud, which is handy for families and work teams. From inside a note, tap the share button (the arrow and square), select Collaborate at the top of the next screen, and you’ll get a link you can send to others.
+SD: Oh yeah. I mean, there’d be plenty.
-2. Attach tags to notes
+AC: Oh, okay.
-Tagging is a really effective way of organizing your notes: All you need to do is add the tag with a hashtag (like “#work”) anywhere in the note. You’ll see a list of used tags on the main notes screen, and you can then tap on any hashtag to jump to the matching notes.
+SD: Deer, rabbits, groundhogs, wild turkeys, they’d all start moving in. Predators would then follow, you know, their prey. You’d have copperhead snakes, even black bears, and bobcats. Birds would move in pretty quickly. They would start nesting in hollowed out buildings. You’d have peregrine falcons and bald eagles and red-tailed hawks and great horned owls.
-3. Add lines and grids
+AC: So it’s like a zoo, but with skyscrapers.
-
SD: Yeah. I mean like, just nature. But yeah, there’s lots of animals.
-If you’re using one of the drawing tools to scribble inside a note—whether it’s sketching or handwriting—lines and grids can be helpful guides. You can drop these into any note when it’s open by tapping the three dots (top right), then choosing Lines & Grids from the menu.
+AC: Nice.
-4. Drop tables into your notes
+SD: And eventually even the city’s skyscrapers would fail. Annie, what do you think would last Longer? Newer skyscrapers, like Hudson Yards or older skyscrapers, like the Empire State Building.
-Tables can be a really useful way of getting a note organised. When you’re in text editing mode inside a note, tap the table icon on the toolbar (it looks like four rectangles) to add one in. Tap the handles around the table to add and remove columns and rows as needed.
+AC: Ooh, a quiz! Pop quiz. Um, I’m gonna go with the newer ones, right? More building regulations, fancier building materials, all that.
-5. Quickly get to attachments
+SD: Yes, yes. It’s an excellent guess. But the newest high rises, like 10 Hudson Yards, 111 West 57th Street, they would actually collapse first.
-You can attach all sorts to your notes now, including photos, files, and web links. To quickly get to your attachments from the main list of notes, tap the three dots (top right), then pick View Attachments—it can save you a lot of time searching and scrolling.
+AC: Ah, wrong.
-6. Change the layout
+SD: So yeah, with those newer skyscrapers, once their reinforced glass facades crack, water would seep in and eventually corrode the steel beams that keep newer skyscrapers upright.
-
AC: Oh, so what about the older skyscrapers?
-New notes will start with a larger, bold heading by default, but you don’t have to stick with this if you don’t want to. From the main iOS Settings screen, choose Apps then Notes, then New Notes Start With: The available options are Title, Heading, Subheading, and Body.
+SD: Yeah, older ones, like the Empire Step building or Chrysler Building, would actually last longer thanks to thick masonry and overbuilt steel frames. Basically when they were first building skyscrapers, they over-engineered them so that they were even stronger than they needed to be.
-7. Proofread notes with AI
+AC: Gotcha.
-Apple Intelligence is now available in Notes, if you need it: From inside a note, tap the Apple Intelligence button on the toolbar (it looks like a pen inside a star shape), then choose Proofread to have the AI check spelling, grammar, and sentence structure.
+SD: So they’re sort of reinforced. At the end of the day, you’re looking at 10 Hudson Yards might last a century without upkeep and the Empire State Building would maybe last 150 years potentially. But eventually everything’s coming down.
-8. Solve equations
+AC: Gotcha. So what replaces them?
-Notes can solve basic equations and sums for you, like a calculator app or spreadsheet: You don’t need to do anything special to enable this, just write out your calculations followed by an equals sign. You can also do conversions, like “8 centimeters in inches =”.
+SD: A forest.
-9. Link notes together
+AC: Hmm.
-
SD: After a century, you could have trees over a hundred feet tall. Soil regenerates, concrete dissolves. The Hudson and East River parks become wetlands teeming with egrets and turtles and eels, beavers, muskrats.
-You can link notes together, Wikipedia style, if you need to. Select some text in a note where you want to create the link, then choose Add Link from the pop-up menu (scroll right if you need to). Next, type the name of the note to create a link to, then select it.
+AC: Wow. But yet, even with all of that rewilding, some human traces survive. Tell me it survives a little bit, right?
-10. Add scans to notes
+SD: They will.
-It’s possible to scan all sorts into your notes, if you need to. From inside a note, tap the three dots in the top right corner, then pick Scan and point your camera at whatever it is you want scanning (from documents to artwork). You can annotate your scans too.
+AC: Okay.
-11. Put your notes into subfolders
+SD: Yeah. No, they will. There will be things for archeologists to discover if there’s still archeologists in this weird future we are imagining. You’d have rusted steel beams of skyscrapers that would stick around for a couple hundred years.
-Notes supports folders, so you don’t have to have everything in one big bucket. From the main notes screen, tap the back arrow (top left) to see your folders and create new ones (via the new folder icon, top right). You can also make subfolders via the Edit button.
+The stones and bricks from townhouses and older skyscrapers like the Empire State Building would make big rubble piles for future archeologists to decode. The New York Public library’s cracked marble lions might last a thousand years or more.
-12. Create smart folders
+AC: So, you know, it’s really fascinating to visualize the ruins of New York City.
-
Yeah. To kind of like think about it in your mind of what would this look like. I think we all have, you know, visions of TV shows or movies, but realistically, humans probably wouldn’t disappear all at once, right?
-Smart folders are really handy. Whenever you create a new folder, you have the option to make it a smart folder, then it can be auto-populated using a range of different criteria: Specific tags, what it has inside it, when it was last edited, whether it’s locked, and more.
+SD: Yeah. Right. If we look at history, most cities get abandoned slowly over time.
-13. Switch to gallery view
+AC: Yeah.
-You don’t have to settle for the default list view for your notes: On the screen showing all your notes, tap the three dots in the top right corner, then pick View as Gallery from the pop-up menu. Your notes then show as thumbnails, in reverse chronological order.
+All of this makes you think, though, what do we need to do to survive? Can we survive? Like are there any basic techniques we should all know?
-14. Record voice notes
+SD: Yeah. Well, Annie, lucky you ask because I actually spoke to the Survivorman, about just that.
-Your notes can have voice clips attached, making this a handy if basic way of keeping audio recordings organized. To add a voice clip, tap the paperclip icon on the floating toolbar, then pick Record Audio. Tap the red record button, and you can start speaking.
+AC: Yes, the Discovery Channel Survivorman?
-15. Highlight text in a note
+SD: Uhhuh. Yeah. We’re just gonna take a quick break and then I’ll be back with Les Stroud!
-
And we’re back with Les Stroud. Les is often credited as the creator of the survival TV genre through his groundbreaking, much beloved survival series Survivorman. Les is a multi-award winning film producer with over 130 documentaries to his name, an author of four bestselling and award-winning books, and is even a celebrated and award-winning singer songwriter.
-Highlighting can help certain blocks of text stand out. Highlight any text in a note with a double tap, then tap the pen icon on the floating toolbar to highlight it. Tap the pen again and you can pick from five highlighter colors: Purple, Pink, Orange, Mint, and Blue.
+Les say, you’re in New York City, everyone disappeared. What would it take to survive in an abandoned New York City?
-16. Make quick notes from anywhere
+Les Stroud: Ah, see, that’s one of my favorite questions. For one thing, let’s remember, we’re gonna want to help our fellow neighbor. We’re not all going to be, “It’s me or die.” You know, that’s Hollywood. You know, if, if Sarah, you and your family came to me and I had supplies or goods, I’m going to want to help you.
-It’s possible to make a ‘quick note’ from anywhere on iOS: The quick note link is on the share menu (the arrow and rectangle icon), and you can add it to the Control Center too. Any note you create via the quick note overlay can be found inside the Notes app.
+I’m not gonna be like, “Go away.” You know, that stuff is silly. So the reality of how you survive something like this is number one, is to remember that you’re not going to all of a sudden overnight become cold hearted. Yes, you’re gonna be protecting your family with your life, but you’re not gonna become cold hearted to other people who need help.
-17. Lock a note
+So that’s, that’s a big one. And so when I look at city survival after it hits the fan, regardless of what “it” is, with maybe the exception of nuclear fallout, and you’re stuck in New York City, then you need to think about all of the resources that are available. And it is astonishing how many resources will be available.
-If there are specific notes you want to make extra sure are kept private, you can lock them with a passcode, Touch ID, or Face ID (whatever you currently use to lock your iPhone). From inside a note, tap the three dots in the top right corner, then tap the Lock icon.
-The post 17 clever Apple Notes tips you might not know appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post 2026 is off to a hopeful start for these critically endangered whales appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>And yes, it will look like a Hollywood movie set. There’ll be garbage everywhere, and there’ll be dilapidation and things will be falling into ruin and so forth. But nonetheless, there’s supplies everywhere and knowing where those supplies are, that I think a lot of people think, because I’m Survivorman, that it’s always gonna be about, you know, making a bow and arrow and going out into the Central Park and hunting deer.
-“Congrats to all of these North Atlantic right whale moms!” reads a social media post by the aquarium highlighting six recent sightings, including Juno—an over 40-year-old mother with her ninth documented calf spotted on December 27.
+It’s like, that’s silly. What I’m going to do is I’m going to go and figure out where all the industrial buildings are and what supplies they have because they’re abandoned. I’m going to assume at this point it’s more about where can I find the things I need to get to the next day or even make it for the next few months. And you have, in some ways anyway, there’s, I don’t wanna say ample supply, but a lot of opportunity.
-
SD: Yeah. Do you think, just to widen this out a little bit, do you think people should have a survival go bag with essentials?
-On January 8, the count jumped up to 18 calves, according to the Clearwater Marine Aquarium. Right whale Catalog #4610 and her first known calf spotted east of West Onslow Beach, North Carolina. While Catalog #4610 has not received an official name yet, she was born in 2016 to mother Swerven.
+Les Stroud: No.
-North Atlantic Right Whales can reach 140,000 pounds, grow as long as 52 feet, and make it to 70 years-old. They also contribute significantly to the marine ecosystem—their poop brings nutrients up to the ocean’s surface, and their dead bodies ultimately feed other creatures.
+SD: Why?
-In the fall, some right whales migrate from their northern feeding grounds down to the warmer waters off the United States’ southeast coast for calving season, which lasts from mid-November through mid-April. As of now, the 2025-2026 season has seen 16 new mother and calf pairs.
+Les Stroud: I’d love to just leave that right there. Survivorman says “no,” and people freak out.
-
I think that is one of the kitchiest things, you know? It’s like, “oh, I got my go bag.” I think better that you have the knowledge of where everything is in your house and the ability to pack something together quickly, put it in the trunk and go. You know it, it’s all about the situation and the variables.
-While animal mothers with their babies are always an endearing sight to see, it’s particularly uplifting for North Atlantic right whales, as the species is critically endangered. After noticing increased deaths in the small population of whales, researchers in Canada and the U.S. declared an Unusual Mortality Event (UME) in 2017 that continues to this day. Thankfully, the population has been slowly increasing—2024 saw a 2.1 percent increase from 2023’s estimates. As of October2025, last year was also looking good.
+SD: Yeah.
-“Yes, we’re seeing increases. They’re small, and we still are seeing injuries to animals from human activities. And so, you know, I say that we’re cautiously optimistic,” Heather Pettis, senior scientist at the New England Aquarium, told Popular Science last year.
+Les Stroud: But this concept of “I’ve got my go bag, I’m set for the apocalypse.” It’s like, nah, no you’re not, you know, let alone having the strong skillsets of organization. Of survival methods and techniques, fire starting, water acquisition, food gathering. I can’t give you a perfect, in great shape, expensive compound bow and say, now go get us a deer.
-
It’s not going to happen. Right? So those things are Hollywood. What’s gonna happen is we’re all gonna be scared and you’re going to be pulling from everything that you’ve got in your cupboards. So if you’ve got a larger supply, that is good. I don’t wanna talk that down too much, but it’s also overplayed.
-There are currently an estimated 384 North Atlantic right whales left, less than 80 of which are females that are actively reproducing. While they have increased since 2020’s recent low, researchers stress that we have to continue protecting the population to save these whales from extinction.
The post 2026 is off to a hopeful start for these critically endangered whales appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Why does AI suck at making clocks? appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>SD: Yeah. Okay. What are basic survival techniques you think everyone should know?
-The numbers seem to be consistently in the wrong place, and sometimes are outside the clock itself. The hands may or may not be in the correct position, and sometimes are floating off in space outside of the clock. Even the clocks that are pretty good look…off, somehow.
+Les Stroud: As I said, number one: the ability to get a fire going anywhere, anytime, in any weather, using varying supplies, possibly without a match or a lighter. Number two: in a wilderness situation I would say the next one is knowing how to, how to signal people.
-“Telling time is a very human thing, very easy thing for us to do, and something you learn at a very young age,” Brian Moore, the artist behind the site, told me in an interview. “It’s kind of fun and funny to turn the tables—to see something a human could do very easily and a computer cannot.”
+SD: Hmm.
-I’ve kept this site open throughout the process of writing this article and can confirm: It’s very funny. But why is the AI so bad at this?
+Les Stroud: How to signal for rescue. But if that’s not needed and everybody knows what’s going on, then I, I think number two for me would be a skillset about knowing how to organize for movement. I’ve seen people try to go somewhere quickly, you know, with paper bags of groceries, it’s not gonna work. You know, a great way to know how to do that is to go backpacking.
-Well, one thing to keep in mind is that the site limits all models to around 2000 tokens to generate its clocks, and uses the same prompt for all models. You could, given unlimited computing power and a very specific prompt, get a better clock from an AI system. But the question remains: Why is this so hard for AI systems? The reasons point to the way AI systems work.
+You learn really quickly how to travel over land on foot with a heavy pack. That organizational skill is incredibly helpful. First aid, you know, having a skillset of knowing how to treat and be conscientious of that, which is going to lead into, of course, knowing how to procure water and then eventually food.
-But, so there you go. That’s where it starts. The top fire. The ability to move and know how to logistically handle that. Medical skill sets, procuring water and shelter, those are vital. Without those, you’re, you’re really stuck.
-AI isn’t just bad at making clocks; it’s also bad at reading them. A 2025 study by technologist Alek Safar suggests that humans are 89.1 percent accurate at telling the time on analogue clocks while the top-rated AI is only 39.4 percent accurate.
+SD: Yeah. Yeah. For sure. Well, thank you so much, Les.
-That study only hypothesizes about the reasons this might be, but the potential explanations are all interesting. The first is that there simply aren’t enough pictures of clocks in the datasets for AI models to accurately learn to tell time. Another is that images of clocks are difficult to describe using language accurately, which is something large language models require in order to process them.
+Les Stroud: Okay, well that’s great. Well, thanks so much guys for reaching out to me for this.
-Another 2025 study conducted by the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh also found that all major large language models have trouble understanding the time when shown an image of an analogue clock.
+SD: Bye. This was fun. Thank you, Les.
-“Our findings suggest that successful temporal reasoning requires a combination of precise visual perception, numerical computation, and structured logical inference that current MLLMs have not yet mastered,” says the study.
+AC: Oh wow. Les is such a cool guy, but I’m gonna admit now I’m kind of nervous if I would survive New York City.
-As I said, neither of these studies claims to completely know why AI isn’t great at these tasks. There are some interesting factors to consider, though, including the datasets that AI systems use to understand the world.
+SD: Yeah, I don’t know how I would get out. It’s a good thing I don’t live there. Sorry, Annie.
-Something you need to understand is that large language models, the technology referred to as “AI” in contemporary parlance, don’t really do math. This is counterintuitive, because we’re used to thinking about computers as mathematical machines, but modern AI technology is based more on pattern recognition. Clocks are an interesting example of this at work. The systems, instead of calculating the angles or positioning of the hands to tell the time, are attempting to guess the time based on pattern recognition. Which, come to think of it, isn’t that different from how I personally tell time when looking at a clock—AI systems are just bad at this. And there are some interesting reasons why.
+AC: It’s not good.
-SD: Oh, I know. He was so cool. It was so wild to talk to him after watching him on SurvivorMan growing up.
-Go to your image search tool of choice and type “watch,” then keep track of what time you see on the watch faces. You’ll notice quickly that a majority of the analogue watches are set to ten after ten (10:10).
+AC: Yes, absolutely also loved that show.
-Why that particular time? Because marketing. Watch and clock sellers have long known that setting a watch to 10:10 makes it more attractive to would-be buyers. A 2017 study published in Frontier in Psychology suggests this might be because the two hands angles resembled a human smile. Another consideration is that, at 10:10, the hands don’t cover the logo, brand name, or any complications like the date. It makes for an attractive photo, basically, and has become standard for watch and clock marketing.
+SD: Oh, it’s so good. And that’s it for this episode. Please follow or subscribe to Ask Us Anything by Popular Science wherever you enjoy your podcasts. And if you like our show, leave a reading and a review.
-One consequence of this: many of the images of watches and clocks on the internet are set to 10:10. This in turn means a major chunk of the clocks in AI datasets are set to that same time. Ask any AI system to draw you a clock and, most of the time, they’ll set it to 10:10—sometimes even if you ask for a different time. Which is part of how Moore ended up making his website of hilariously bad AI clocks.
+AC: We care what you think. Please tell us. Our theme music is from Kenneth Michael Reagan, and our producer is Alan Haburchak.
-“I asked an image generator to give me an image of a clock at a particular time, and it definitely could not do that,” he told me. “I’d get a lot of 10:10s, even though I gave it a lot of specific prompting.” Moore isn’t alone here—at least one Reddit user noticed this while trying to generate clocks set to a specific time.
+SD: This week’s episode was also produced by me, Sarah Durn, and is based on an article I wrote for Popular Science.
-This is just one small rabbit hole about clocks and watches, granted, but it points to something about the data AI systems have access to that can affect their abilities. Another theory that comes up in discussions about this: drawing clocks is a common test for dementia, which in turn means there are some very inaccurate drawings of clocks on the internet.
+AC: Please check out Sarah’s full story in the show notes.
-The people who make AI systems don’t fully understand how they work, so a lot of this is just guessing. And that’s what makes the AI clock website so fun: it’s a glimpse at how these systems work.
-The post Why does AI suck at making clocks? appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Razer gaming gear is on sale at Amazon right now—keyboards, headsets, mics, and controllers up to 50% off appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>SD: And thanks to our whole podcast team and special thanks to you all.
-AC: And one more time. If you want to have your own question explained on a future episode, go to popsci.com/ask. Until next time, keep the questions coming. And good luck surviving.
+SD: Yeah, hopefully this helps.
-
- Razer
-The post Nature could take over an abandoned NYC surprisingly quickly appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post 17 clever Apple Notes tips you might not know appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>This headset includes a detachable mic, runs wirelessly via a USB-C dongle, and also supports Bluetooth—handy if you bounce between PS5 and a laptop. Razer claims up to 70 hours of battery life, so you can go a long time before you’re hunting for a charging cable.
+Even if you use Apple Notes every day to make lists, keep on top of your to-dos, or jot down random thoughts, you may not be aware of everything Notes can do for you. It’s an incredibly capable and versatile app, despite its unassuming interface, and you should find at least some of these tips useful.
+1. Collaborate on notes
-You can collaborate on notes with other people, via iCloud, which is handy for families and work teams. From inside a note, tap the share button (the arrow and square), select Collaborate at the top of the next screen, and you’ll get a link you can send to others.
- -2. Attach tags to notes
-A 65% layout saves desk space (and your mouse hand’s sanity). It supports both low-latency wireless and Bluetooth, and the hot-swappable design makes it easy to change how the board feels without buying a whole new keyboard. On paper, it can run up to 200 hours between charges depending on how you use the lighting.
+Tagging is a really effective way of organizing your notes: All you need to do is add the tag with a hashtag (like “#work”) anywhere in the note. You’ll see a list of used tags on the main notes screen, and you can then tap on any hashtag to jump to the matching notes.
-3. Add lines and grids
- - - - See It - -
If you like extra buttons and quicker inputs, this one brings six remappable controls plus hair-trigger options for shooters. It uses Razer’s HyperSpeed wireless connection and is built for PS5 and PC play, so you can keep the same muscle memory whether you’re on console or your desk setup.
+If you’re using one of the drawing tools to scribble inside a note—whether it’s sketching or handwriting—lines and grids can be helpful guides. You can drop these into any note when it’s open by tapping the three dots (top right), then choosing Lines & Grids from the menu.
-4. Drop tables into your notes
-Tables can be a really useful way of getting a note organised. When you’re in text editing mode inside a note, tap the table icon on the toolbar (it looks like four rectangles) to add one in. Tap the handles around the table to add and remove columns and rows as needed.
-5. Quickly get to attachments
-You can attach all sorts to your notes now, including photos, files, and web links. To quickly get to your attachments from the main list of notes, tap the three dots (top right), then pick View Attachments—it can save you a lot of time searching and scrolling.
-6. Change the layout
-
New notes will start with a larger, bold heading by default, but you don’t have to stick with this if you don’t want to. From the main iOS Settings screen, choose Apps then Notes, then New Notes Start With: The available options are Title, Heading, Subheading, and Body.
-7. Proofread notes with AI
-Apple Intelligence is now available in Notes, if you need it: From inside a note, tap the Apple Intelligence button on the toolbar (it looks like a pen inside a star shape), then choose Proofread to have the AI check spelling, grammar, and sentence structure.
-8. Solve equations
-Notes can solve basic equations and sums for you, like a calculator app or spreadsheet: You don’t need to do anything special to enable this, just write out your calculations followed by an equals sign. You can also do conversions, like “8 centimeters in inches =”.
-9. Link notes together
-
You can link notes together, Wikipedia style, if you need to. Select some text in a note where you want to create the link, then choose Add Link from the pop-up menu (scroll right if you need to). Next, type the name of the note to create a link to, then select it.
-10. Add scans to notes
-It’s possible to scan all sorts into your notes, if you need to. From inside a note, tap the three dots in the top right corner, then pick Scan and point your camera at whatever it is you want scanning (from documents to artwork). You can annotate your scans too.
-11. Put your notes into subfolders
-Notes supports folders, so you don’t have to have everything in one big bucket. From the main notes screen, tap the back arrow (top left) to see your folders and create new ones (via the new folder icon, top right). You can also make subfolders via the Edit button.
-12. Create smart folders
-
Smart folders are really handy. Whenever you create a new folder, you have the option to make it a smart folder, then it can be auto-populated using a range of different criteria: Specific tags, what it has inside it, when it was last edited, whether it’s locked, and more.
-13. Switch to gallery view
-You don’t have to settle for the default list view for your notes: On the screen showing all your notes, tap the three dots in the top right corner, then pick View as Gallery from the pop-up menu. Your notes then show as thumbnails, in reverse chronological order.
-14. Record voice notes
-Your notes can have voice clips attached, making this a handy if basic way of keeping audio recordings organized. To add a voice clip, tap the paperclip icon on the floating toolbar, then pick Record Audio. Tap the red record button, and you can start speaking.
-15. Highlight text in a note
-
Highlighting can help certain blocks of text stand out. Highlight any text in a note with a double tap, then tap the pen icon on the floating toolbar to highlight it. Tap the pen again and you can pick from five highlighter colors: Purple, Pink, Orange, Mint, and Blue.
-16. Make quick notes from anywhere
-It’s possible to make a ‘quick note’ from anywhere on iOS: The quick note link is on the share menu (the arrow and rectangle icon), and you can add it to the Control Center too. Any note you create via the quick note overlay can be found inside the Notes app.
-17. Lock a note
-If there are specific notes you want to make extra sure are kept private, you can lock them with a passcode, Touch ID, or Face ID (whatever you currently use to lock your iPhone). From inside a note, tap the three dots in the top right corner, then tap the Lock icon.
+The post 17 clever Apple Notes tips you might not know appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post 2026 is off to a hopeful start for these critically endangered whales appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>“Congrats to all of these North Atlantic right whale moms!” reads a social media post by the aquarium highlighting six recent sightings, including Juno—an over 40-year-old mother with her ninth documented calf spotted on December 27.
-
On January 8, the count jumped up to 18 calves, according to the Clearwater Marine Aquarium. Right whale Catalog #4610 and her first known calf spotted east of West Onslow Beach, North Carolina. While Catalog #4610 has not received an official name yet, she was born in 2016 to mother Swerven.
-North Atlantic Right Whales can reach 140,000 pounds, grow as long as 52 feet, and make it to 70 years-old. They also contribute significantly to the marine ecosystem—their poop brings nutrients up to the ocean’s surface, and their dead bodies ultimately feed other creatures.
-In the fall, some right whales migrate from their northern feeding grounds down to the warmer waters off the United States’ southeast coast for calving season, which lasts from mid-November through mid-April. As of now, the 2025-2026 season has seen 16 new mother and calf pairs.
-
While animal mothers with their babies are always an endearing sight to see, it’s particularly uplifting for North Atlantic right whales, as the species is critically endangered. After noticing increased deaths in the small population of whales, researchers in Canada and the U.S. declared an Unusual Mortality Event (UME) in 2017 that continues to this day. Thankfully, the population has been slowly increasing—2024 saw a 2.1 percent increase from 2023’s estimates. As of October2025, last year was also looking good.
-“Yes, we’re seeing increases. They’re small, and we still are seeing injuries to animals from human activities. And so, you know, I say that we’re cautiously optimistic,” Heather Pettis, senior scientist at the New England Aquarium, told Popular Science last year.
-
There are currently an estimated 384 North Atlantic right whales left, less than 80 of which are females that are actively reproducing. While they have increased since 2020’s recent low, researchers stress that we have to continue protecting the population to save these whales from extinction.
The post 2026 is off to a hopeful start for these critically endangered whales appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Why does AI suck at making clocks? appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The numbers seem to be consistently in the wrong place, and sometimes are outside the clock itself. The hands may or may not be in the correct position, and sometimes are floating off in space outside of the clock. Even the clocks that are pretty good look…off, somehow.
-“Telling time is a very human thing, very easy thing for us to do, and something you learn at a very young age,” Brian Moore, the artist behind the site, told me in an interview. “It’s kind of fun and funny to turn the tables—to see something a human could do very easily and a computer cannot.”
-I’ve kept this site open throughout the process of writing this article and can confirm: It’s very funny. But why is the AI so bad at this?
-Well, one thing to keep in mind is that the site limits all models to around 2000 tokens to generate its clocks, and uses the same prompt for all models. You could, given unlimited computing power and a very specific prompt, get a better clock from an AI system. But the question remains: Why is this so hard for AI systems? The reasons point to the way AI systems work.
-AI isn’t just bad at making clocks; it’s also bad at reading them. A 2025 study by technologist Alek Safar suggests that humans are 89.1 percent accurate at telling the time on analogue clocks while the top-rated AI is only 39.4 percent accurate.
-That study only hypothesizes about the reasons this might be, but the potential explanations are all interesting. The first is that there simply aren’t enough pictures of clocks in the datasets for AI models to accurately learn to tell time. Another is that images of clocks are difficult to describe using language accurately, which is something large language models require in order to process them.
-Another 2025 study conducted by the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh also found that all major large language models have trouble understanding the time when shown an image of an analogue clock.
-“Our findings suggest that successful temporal reasoning requires a combination of precise visual perception, numerical computation, and structured logical inference that current MLLMs have not yet mastered,” says the study.
-As I said, neither of these studies claims to completely know why AI isn’t great at these tasks. There are some interesting factors to consider, though, including the datasets that AI systems use to understand the world.
-Something you need to understand is that large language models, the technology referred to as “AI” in contemporary parlance, don’t really do math. This is counterintuitive, because we’re used to thinking about computers as mathematical machines, but modern AI technology is based more on pattern recognition. Clocks are an interesting example of this at work. The systems, instead of calculating the angles or positioning of the hands to tell the time, are attempting to guess the time based on pattern recognition. Which, come to think of it, isn’t that different from how I personally tell time when looking at a clock—AI systems are just bad at this. And there are some interesting reasons why.
-Go to your image search tool of choice and type “watch,” then keep track of what time you see on the watch faces. You’ll notice quickly that a majority of the analogue watches are set to ten after ten (10:10).
-Why that particular time? Because marketing. Watch and clock sellers have long known that setting a watch to 10:10 makes it more attractive to would-be buyers. A 2017 study published in Frontier in Psychology suggests this might be because the two hands angles resembled a human smile. Another consideration is that, at 10:10, the hands don’t cover the logo, brand name, or any complications like the date. It makes for an attractive photo, basically, and has become standard for watch and clock marketing.
-The post Razer gaming gear is on sale at Amazon right now—keyboards, headsets, mics, and controllers up to 50% off appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post REI is clearing out high-end Arc’teryx winter coats, jackets, hoodies, and more during this end-of-season sale appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>One consequence of this: many of the images of watches and clocks on the internet are set to 10:10. This in turn means a major chunk of the clocks in AI datasets are set to that same time. Ask any AI system to draw you a clock and, most of the time, they’ll set it to 10:10—sometimes even if you ask for a different time. Which is part of how Moore ended up making his website of hilariously bad AI clocks.
-Even on sale, Arc’teryx gear isn’t cheap, but you have to look at it as an investment. This is serious gear that’s meant to last a lifetime if you care for it properly.
+“I asked an image generator to give me an image of a clock at a particular time, and it definitely could not do that,” he told me. “I’d get a lot of 10:10s, even though I gave it a lot of specific prompting.” Moore isn’t alone here—at least one Reddit user noticed this while trying to generate clocks set to a specific time.
-Quick tip: many of the Outlet listings are showing an extra promo code at checkout. If you’re an REI Co-op member, look for code OUTJAN26 (good through January 12, 2026) and stack it where it applies.
+This is just one small rabbit hole about clocks and watches, granted, but it points to something about the data AI systems have access to that can affect their abilities. Another theory that comes up in discussions about this: drawing clocks is a common test for dementia, which in turn means there are some very inaccurate drawings of clocks on the internet.
-Editor’s note: I’ve added some great REI deals from Patagonia and The North Face to the end of the post, so keep scrolling for more.
+The people who make AI systems don’t fully understand how they work, so a lot of this is just guessing. And that’s what makes the AI clock website so fun: it’s a glimpse at how these systems work.
+The post Why does AI suck at making clocks? appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Razer gaming gear is on sale at Amazon right now—keyboards, headsets, mics, and controllers up to 50% off appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>If you only buy one Arc’teryx piece on clearance, make it an Atom. It’s the classic do-it-all layer. It’s warm enough for cold walks and shoulder-season hikes, breathable enough that you won’t instantly overheat, and easy to wear under a shell when the weather turns. It’s also one of those jackets you’ll end up grabbing for everything from commuting to quick weekend trips.
+This headset includes a detachable mic, runs wirelessly via a USB-C dongle, and also supports Bluetooth—handy if you bounce between PS5 and a laptop. Razer claims up to 70 hours of battery life, so you can go a long time before you’re hunting for a charging cable.
+
Arc’teryx
+Razer
The Alpha SV is the big-ticket shell built for nasty weather and the kind of days where you’re committed no matter what the forecast says. If you’ve been eyeing a true top-tier hardshell for years, this is the rare moment when the price drops into the realm of reasonable.
+A 65% layout saves desk space (and your mouse hand’s sanity). It supports both low-latency wireless and Bluetooth, and the hot-swappable design makes it easy to change how the board feels without buying a whole new keyboard. On paper, it can run up to 200 hours between charges depending on how you use the lighting.
+
Arc’teryx
+Razer
This is a serious cold-weather parka with real storm protection baked in. The down insulation handles deep-winter warmth, while the Beta line’s weather-first design is meant for days when snow and wind are part of the plan. If you’ve been trying to upgrade from a basic puffy to something that can handle actual winter, this is one of the strongest discounts in the list.
- - - -If you like extra buttons and quicker inputs, this one brings six remappable controls plus hair-trigger options for shooters. It uses Razer’s HyperSpeed wireless connection and is built for PS5 and PC play, so you can keep the same muscle memory whether you’re on console or your desk setup.
-The post Razer gaming gear is on sale at Amazon right now—keyboards, headsets, mics, and controllers up to 50% off appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post REI is clearing out high-end Arc’teryx winter coats, jackets, hoodies, and more during this end-of-season sale appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Even on sale, Arc’teryx gear isn’t cheap, but you have to look at it as an investment. This is serious gear that’s meant to last a lifetime if you care for it properly.
-Quick tip: many of the Outlet listings are showing an extra promo code at checkout. If you’re an REI Co-op member, look for code OUTJAN26 (good through January 12, 2026) and stack it where it applies.
-Editor’s note: I’ve added some great REI deals from Patagonia and The North Face to the end of the post, so keep scrolling for more.
-If you only buy one Arc’teryx piece on clearance, make it an Atom. It’s the classic do-it-all layer. It’s warm enough for cold walks and shoulder-season hikes, breathable enough that you won’t instantly overheat, and easy to wear under a shell when the weather turns. It’s also one of those jackets you’ll end up grabbing for everything from commuting to quick weekend trips.
-The Alpha SV is the big-ticket shell built for nasty weather and the kind of days where you’re committed no matter what the forecast says. If you’ve been eyeing a true top-tier hardshell for years, this is the rare moment when the price drops into the realm of reasonable.
-This is a serious cold-weather parka with real storm protection baked in. The down insulation handles deep-winter warmth, while the Beta line’s weather-first design is meant for days when snow and wind are part of the plan. If you’ve been trying to upgrade from a basic puffy to something that can handle actual winter, this is one of the strongest discounts in the list.
-The post REI is clearing out high-end Arc’teryx winter coats, jackets, hoodies, and more during this end-of-season sale appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Plastic-free soy sauce container biodegrades in 4 weeks appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>One Australian state has already passed legislation banning the plastic fish-shaped soy sauce packets, and others are reportedly considering following suit. But designers at Heliograf and Australian design studio Vert Design may have found a way to keep the fish packet alive—albeit in a more sustainable form. Their newly designed fish is called Holy Carp! and is made entirely from biodegradable plant fibers. Allegedly, these fibers will completely break down in just four to six weeks, leaving no microplastics behind. The new product is also noticeably heftier than a typical plastic fish, with a liquid capacity of 12 milliliters—a deliberate choice informed by research showing that diners often use more than one packet per meal.
+“The soy fish are cute and convenient, but while they serve their purpose for just a few minutes, they can persist in the environment for hundreds of years,” Heliograf writes in a blog post. The company estimates somewhere between eight to 12 billion plastic fish soy sauce packets may have been discarded since the product’s introduction in the 1950s.
+“They’ve become a symbol of a wasteful, linear economy that’s harming both people and the planet,” Heliograf adds.
+
Heliograf and Vert Design say they gathered feedback from restaurants to arrive at a design that preserves some of the original fish’s emotional nostalgia, while prioritizing sustainability. The new container is made primarily from bagasse pulp, a byproduct of sugarcane production that has already been proven effective in other biodegradable packaging. When diners squeeze the fish’s engorged belly, soy sauce trickles out through a small dropper near its head. The team says the container is made entirely without PFAS, synthetic compounds that can take thousands of years to degrade, often called forever chemicals .
+However, there are some drawbacks. Since the fish containers needs to break down quickly, it can only hold sauce for a maximum of 48 hours. This means restaurants will have to fill the containers individually themselves. Heliograf and Vert Design optimistically suggest that this could result in fresher sauce for customers. It also means more work for store employees.
+
The plastic fish were reportedly first invented in Japan in 1954 by Teruo Watanabe, the founder of Japanese houseware company Asahi Sogyo.The earliest versions were made of ceramic and glass, but the push for mass production, and the timely advent of inexpensive industrial-grade plastics, led to the creation of the now-iconic polyethylene container. As in so many other cases, the pursuit of scale prompted manufacturers to adopt single-use plastics.
+Like water bottles and plastic grocery bags, these plastic fish are particularly problematic because of how long it takes for them to break down. That’s partly why lawmakers in South Australia passed legislation in 2025 officially banning the fish-shaped containers. Defending the law, government officials noted that the packets were especially troublesome because their petite size caused them to be captured, or missed entirely, by recycling sorting machines.
+
Relying too broadly on recycling to reduce plastic waste has proven to be a losing bet. Even as recycling has become more common, the vast majority of single-use plastics are not recycled. A 2023 United Nations report found that nearly half (46 percent) of all plastic waste ends up in landfills, while another 22 percent is mismanaged and becomes litter.
+Holy Carp! provides an elegant, though admittedly imperfect solution to the problem. The reality is, plastics are popular for a reason and sustainable alternatives will almost always struggle to match their convenience and functionality. But it’s been that and the more microplastic in the ocean, the real fish would certainly prefer the former.
-The post Plastic-free soy sauce container biodegrades in 4 weeks appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post 800 ancient Roman blade sharpeners found in Britain appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Over six months in 2025, researchers from the United Kingdom’s Durham University excavated the new evidence on the banks of the River Wear not far from Newcastle, England. There, experts located over 800 whetstones—traditional tools used to hone blades and weaponry—the largest deposit of its kind in northwest Europe. Archaeologists then utilized Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) to date the items. OSL is particularly helpful for dating quartz and other minerals that amass miniscule amounts of energy from sunlight.
+After focusing heat or light on the material in a controlled environment, scientists can determine how long an item has remained buried in sediment. While the soil below the whetstones dated to 42–184 CE, samples taken from the tools trace back to 104–238 CE, when Romans occupied the island.
+Additional nearby clues support the theory that the area functioned as a military manufacturing hub. Researchers noted a sandstone formation on the other side of the river—a likely sign Romans selected the location to quarry materials for their whetstones. Apart from the small tools, the team also excavated five stone anchors. These, coupled with another six anchors discovered along a neighboring location in 2022, suggest the waterway hosted vessels that carried sandstone across the river.
+Why so many whetstones? The answer likely can be found in their overall condition. All of the artifacts displayed some form of damage, meaning artisans likely tossed them aside because they didn’t meet the Roman army’s required whetstone length requirements. According to Durham University, the military “was particular about the uniformity of its equipment.”
+The archaeological discoveries here didn’t only date to ancient Roman occupation. Other finds within the sediment layers included both a stone and wooden jetty, chisels, a Tudor-era leather shoe, and even cannonballs and ammunition from the English Civil Wars of 1642 to 1651.
-The post 800 ancient Roman blade sharpeners found in Britain appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Mass death paved the way for the Age of Fishes appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>However, with great biological havoc also comes opportunity. During all of this upheaval, one group evolved to dominate all others—jawed vertebrates. This ultimately put life on a forward path that can be traced up to today, according to a study published today in the journal Science Advances.
+“We have demonstrated that jawed fishes only became dominant because this event happened,” Lauren Sallan, a study co-author and evolutionary biologist at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology in Japan, said in a statement. “And fundamentally, we have nuanced our understanding of evolution by drawing a line between the fossil record, ecology, and biogeography.”
+During the Ordovician period (roughly 486 to 443 million years ago) Earth looked very different than it does now. A southern supercontinent called Gondwana, dominated the planet and was surrounded by vast, shallow seas. There was no ice on the North or South Pole and the water was warm due to a greenhouse climate. Small plants and many-legged arthropods began to thrive on the coasts, and the water surrounding them were teeming with lifeforms that looked like something from a science fiction. Large-eyed, lamprey-like conodonts looped around sea sponges. Tiny trilobites scuttled among shelled mollusks. Sea scorpions as big as humans and nautiloids with 16-foot-tall shells scoured the water in search of prey.
+In between these creatures were the ancestors of gnathostomes, or jawed vertebrates. Gnathostomes would eventually dominate animal life on Earth.
+“While we don’t know the ultimate causes of LOME, we do know that there was a clear before and after the event. The fossil record shows it,” explained Sallan.
+The extinction came in two stages. First, the planet rapidly switched from a warmer greenhouse to a much colder icehouse climate. Most of Gondwana was covered with thick ice, drying out shallow ocean habitats. A few million years later, biodiversity began to recover, but the climate flipped again. The cold-adapted marine life drowned in warm, sulfuric, and oxygen-depleted water as the ice caps melted.
+During these waves of mass extinction, most vertebrate survivors were confined to refugia, or isolated biodiversity hotspots separated by large areas of deep ocean. In these zones, surviving jawed vertebrates evidently had an advantage.
+In the new study, the team pulled years of paleontological data about the Ordovician and early Silurian paleontology to build a new database of the fossil record during this dramatic period in Earth’s history.
+“That helped us reconstruct the ecosystems of the refugia,” added study co-author and Ph.D. student Wahei Hagiwara. “From this, we could quantify the genus-level diversity of the period, showing how LOME led directly to a gradual, but dramatic increase in gnathostome biodiversity. And the trend is clear – the mass extinction pulses led directly to increased speciation after several millions of years.”
+With this new database, the team linked the rising jawed vertebrate biodiversity to not only this first mass extinction, but also location. They could trace the movement of species around the world and pinpoint specific refugia that played a role in helping vertebrates diversify.
+ +“For example, in what is now South China, we see the first full-body fossils of jawed fishes that are directly related to modern sharks,” explained Hagiwara. “They were concentrated in these stable refugia for millions of years until they had evolved the ability to cross the open ocean to other ecosystems.”
+
Merging the fossil record with biogeography, morphology, and ecology, can help us better understand the course of evolution.
+“Did jaws evolve in order to create a new ecological niche, or did our ancestors fill an existing niche first, and then diversify?” asks Sallan. “Our study points to the latter. In being confined to geographically small areas with lots of open slots in the ecosystem left by the dead jawless vertebrates and other animals, gnathostomes could suddenly inhabit a wide range of different niches.”
+A similar trend is seen in Darwin’s finches on the Galápagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador. These birds took advantage of new opportunities to diversify their diet to survive. Over time, their beaks evolved into different shapes to better suit their needs.
+While jawed fishes were trapped in South China, their jawless relatives continued to evolve in parallel elsewhere. The jawless fish ruled the wider sea for the next 40 million years, diversifying into different types of reef fish. Why jawed fishes—among all other survivors—came to dominate once they spread out from the refugia remains a mystery.
+According to the team, instead of wiping Earth’s ecological slate clean, the Late Ordovician mass extinction triggered a reset. Early vertebrate species stepped into the niches left behind by extinct conodonts and arthropods, rebuilding the same ecological structure, just with new animals. This pattern also repeats across the Paleozoic following other extinction events driven by similar environmental conditions. The team calls this a recurring “diversity-reset cycle,” where evolution restores ecosystems by converging on the same designs.
+“This work helps explain why jaws evolved, why jawed vertebrates ultimately prevailed, and why modern marine life traces back to these survivors rather than to earlier forms like conodonts and trilobites,” said Sallan. “Revealing these long-term patterns and their underlying processes is one of the exciting aspects of evolutionary biology.”
-The post Mass death paved the way for the Age of Fishes appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Zombie fungus, ‘living stones’ among favorite botany discoveries of 2025 appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>In Brazil, botanists described Purpureocillium atlanticum for the first time. This deadly fungus targets the region’s trapdoor spiders that reside in burrows on the rainforest floor. Once infected, P. atlanticum kills the arachnid after covering almost its entire body in fine threads of white root-like structures called mycelium. The fungus then grows a nearly 0.8 inch fruiting body through the trapdoor burrow entry. This extension eventually releases its own spores into a world of unsuspected spiders.
+
Other year-end selections are much larger than a zombie mushroom. In Peru, researchers described an acanth shrub that reaches upwards of 10-feet-tall. These plants feature fiery red, yellow, and orange flowers that reminded scientists of Calcifer, the fire demon in acclaimed animator Hayao Miyazaki’s 2004 classic, Howl’s Moving Castle. With that in mind, Aphelandra calciferi is an ode to the character—one with “great potential as a conservatory ornamental plant,” according to Kew.
+
Not all species are recognizably plants or fungus, however. Namibia’s woodland savannahs feature a newly described subspecies of lithop (Lithops gracilidelineata subsp. mopane) also known as a “living stone.” The moniker is well-earned, too. Each succulent looks more like a tiny pebble than a plant, and grows a single pair of leaves that collect sunlight through filter-like screens. Unlike other lithops, the mopane is more grayish-white in coloration than other relatives with more brown-pink or cream hues.
+Continuing to scour the world for unknown species is a critical role for today’s botanists, according to Martin Cheek, RBG Kew’s senior research leader for African species.
“It is difficult to protect what we do not know, understand and have a scientific name for,” Cheek said in a statement. “Each identification of a new species to science helps us better understand ecosystems. Without this foundational knowledge, species conservation efforts fail.”

RBG Kew estimates botanists add around 2,500 plants and even more fungi to taxonomic registers every year. Experts believe as many as 100,000 plant species and up to 3 million fungi remain undescribed. It’s a race against time to classify and conserve them—in a 2023 report, RBG Kew calculated as many as 75 percent of all undescribed plants face extinction threats.
+“Wherever we look, human activities are eroding nature to the point of extinction, and we simply cannot keep up with the pace of destruction,” said Cheek. “If we fail to invest in taxonomy, conservation and public awareness of the issues now, we risk dismantling the very systems that sustain our life on Earth.”
-The post Zombie fungus, ‘living stones’ among favorite botany discoveries of 2025 appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Science sleuths think they found Leonardo da Vinci’s DNA appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>A team of researchers from the Leonardo da Vinci DNA Project analyzed samples swabbed from a red chalk drawing possibly attributed to the famed polymath, as well as letters written by one of his known cousins. Buried within that jumble of genetic material were human Y-chromosome sequences that belong to the same genetic grouping, sharing a common ancestry in Tuscany, the region where da Vinci was born. Specifically, they belong to the broad E1b1b lineage on the Y chromosome, which is passed from father to son.
+The findings, presented this week in a preprint paper on the BioRxiv server, suggest that the DNA on the painting may belong to the storied Italian Renaissance man. If so, it would mark the first time scientists have identified his DNA.
+Though the researchers caution that they can’t link the DNA to da Vinci with absolute certainty, the investigative process they describe shows how recent advances in modern genetics could reshape the way the art world thinks about authenticating works. A process currently accomplished by painstakingly poring over brushstrokes and making educated guesses could become more precise by looking for biological signatures like fingerprints left behind by an artist. On a more personal level, the findings mean researchers involved in this work are a step closer to finally identifying da Vinci’s DNA—a journey that began nearly a decade ago.
+“Together, these data demonstrate the feasibility as well as limitations of combining metagenomics and human DNA marker analysis for cultural heritage science, providing a baseline workflow for future conservation science studies and hypothesis-driven investigations of provenance, authentication and handling history,” the team writes in their paper.
+
Paper lead author and University of Maryland and microbiologist Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe, who has worked with the da Vinci DNA project for years, tells Popular Science that he initially started looking for the presence of microbes in art pieces and cultural artifacts for conservation purposes. Successful findings there led him and his colleagues to hypothesize that human biological signatures might also be embedded in those artifacts.
+“Thus, we aimed to present a platform that could be used to study the multi-kingdom DNA present,” Gonzalez-Juarbe says.
+Despite being one of the most widely known figures of the European Renaissance, da Vinci’s genetic history is shrouded in mystery. Researchers in Italy claim to have identified 14 living descendants of his direct relatives, but as far as historians can tell, da Vinci didn’t father any children of his own. Analyzing his own remains also isn’t possible because the church he was buried in fell into ruin following the French Revolution. Researchers have also thus far been denied access to his presumed tomb at The Château d’Amboise in Amboise, France.
+
That left science sleuths to search for trace signs of genetic material the painter may have left on his works. In this case, researchers turned to the chalk drawing titled “Holy Child,” which had been in the private collection of the late art dealer Fred Kline for the past 20 years. Gonzalez-Juarbe says he and his colleagues reached out to Kline about studying drawing before he died.
+After some initial testing to determine the right extraction protocols, Gonzalez-Juarbe gently swabbed the drawing’s surface in April 2024 using a “minimally invasive” technique meant to collect biological signatures without damaging the work. That small swab, similar to the type so many people stick their nostrils for a COVID-19 test, collected hints of half millennia worth of history
+Since paper is porous, it absorbs even faint traces of sweat and skin, both of which can carry whispers of DNA. But paper doesn’t discriminate among DNA sources. That’s why researchers can’t simply look for signs of da Vinci’s genetic material on the “Mona Lisa” or “The Last Supper.” In both cases, countless human hands have made contact with these works over the past 500 years, leaving behind a jumble of genetic signatures.
+One of those human hands belonged to Kline. Luckily his wife remembered that he had previously sent a vial of his saliva to the personal genetics company 23andMe. Gonzalez-Juarbe and his colleagues were able to obtain that DNA sequence and effectively eliminate it from the list of possibilities. But that was just a drop in the genetic ocean. In reality, the vast majority of the DNA recovered from “Holy Child” wasn’t of human origin at all: around 99 percent came from bacteria, fungi, and plants.
+Some of that nonhuman DNA proved useful. The researchers discovered that one of the sequences belonged to sweet orange trees (Citrus sinensis), which were known to be cultivated in Medici gardens in central Italy during da Vinci’s era. That clue told the geneticists that they were on the right track. The team also found signs of Plasmodium DNA. The single-celled parasite was endemic to the same region of Italy and was responsible for the death of several Medici family members. DNA fragments from plants and animals known to have been used in art shops at the time were also found.
+“There were non-human sequences that mapped to animals, plants and other microbes that match the type of environment of Tuscany at the time of Leonardo,” Gonzalez-Juarbe says. “For example, the presence of plants such as sweet oranges, known to be a symbol of power to the Medici family and present in their palaces and gardens.”
+However, to narrow down the remaining human DNA, they needed a point of comparison. That’s where his relatives’ correspondence came into play.
+Since researchers knew the corresponding letters had shifted hands between several da Vinci descendants (and was sealed shut with a thumb), they could have confidence that the Y chromosome segments were in his lineages. Y chromosomes are passed down from father to son and remain essentially unchanged through many generations.
+
In this case, the Y chromosome samples in both the drawing and the letters were traced back to a haplogroup labeled E1b1b, which is traced back to Tuscany. This suggests the DNA sequence found in the drawing and in the letters are from the same family lines.
+“The [human] samples had composite profiles that show more than one person handled the piece and having more than one artifact from two different locations showing a similar Y chromosome marker was the interesting observation,” Gonzalez-Juarbe says. “However, this needs to be further validated by additional sampling. We cannot confirm at this stage that the result is the lineage of Leonardo just yet.”
+It is worth noting that all of this is only possible thanks to rapid advances in modern genetics, which allow scientists to read tiny DNA fragments and determine their source. This simply wasn’t feasible until the late 20th century.
+Shotgun genome sequencing, the technique used in this study, lets scientists sequence all the genetic material in a sample at once, rather than targeting one gene at a time. Over the past several decades, researchers have also compiled vast genomic databases, enabling them to quickly cross-reference their results.
+
Sequencing da Vinci’s genome could open up numerous possibilities. Most obviously it could shed light on physical features like the inventor’s eye and hair color, as well as height. But could also poetically help answer one theory surrounding his abilities. Some art historians believe da Vinci may have had an innate ability to “see” more frames per second than the average person. If that’s true, analyzing his genome could provide insight into whether there’s a genetic trait linked to that ability.
+And the possibilities don’t stop with da Vinci alone. If geneticists can sequence his genome, researchers could theoretically look for that same biological signature in other works of questionable origin to see if they were truly touched by his hands. There’s no reason the same principle couldn’t be applied to other artists as well. That ability to authenticate artworks could make a real dent in the estimated $4 to 5 billion in art fraud reported each year.
+Moving forward, Gonzalez-Juarbe says he’s hopeful this report will increase their odds of getting access to analyzing additional da Vinci drawings and letters. The end goal of all of that, he says, is to piece together a fuller picture of individuals who left an outsized mark on history.
+”We would like to learn more about his story, about his lineage and about him as a visionary,” Gonzalez-Juarbe adds.
-The post Science sleuths think they found Leonardo da Vinci’s DNA appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post BOOM! That time Oregon blew up a whale with dynamite. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>A whale that dies stranded on land is something different, a stinking mass of rotting flesh and draining fluids. While scavenging birds might struggle to bust through the corpse’s leathery skin, insects go to town. Little by little, they break the body down as its nutrients ooze into the sand and nearby vegetation.
+It takes about two years for everything but the whale’s skeleton to disappear. But with the unholy stench of a dead, 45-foot-long sperm whale turning stomachs across town after beaching on November 9, 1970, officials in Florence, Oregon couldn’t wait that long. They needed the eight ton carcass gone as soon as possible.
+The State Highway Division, which managed Oregon’s coastline in those days, treated the problem as if it were a giant boulder blocking a lane of traffic. They blew it up with dynamite, igniting “a blubber snowstorm,” as one observer described it. A geyser of blood and muscle shot a hundred feet into the air, falling on spectators stationed a quarter mile away. The reek reportedly lingered on their skin and in their hair for days.
+Ridding a beach of such a colossal problem with dynamite wouldn’t have seemed so unusual in the mid-20th century. There are many “wonderful new uses for dynamite,” a Popular Science article explained back in 1927—and not just on land, but at sea, where shark-leather operations used it to kill a dozen of the predators at once. The sad shark carcasses would bubble up to the surface for easy collection. Even whalers were, at the time, embedding small explosives in the tips of their “killing lances.”
+
The method did sort of work, says James Heiss, associate professor of environmental, Earth, and atmospheric sciences at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell, just “not in the way anyone hoped.”
+On a Monday, shifting tides pushed the bloated whale carcass into the mouth of the Siuslaw River and onto the sand dunes on the southwestern side of Florence, a small town on Oregon’s central coast.
+By Thursday morning, as workmen spent nearly two hours excavating holes under the body to fit 20 50-pound cases of explosives, its fetid reek had become almost unbearable—though that hadn’t stopped a local opportunist from sawing off the whale’s lower jaw for a souvenir sometime over the preceding days.
+Assistant district highway engineer George Thornton’s plan was to strategically place the explosives to blast the whale’s chunks into the river where they’d be gently carried back to the ocean by the tide. Instead, the dynamite’s enormous eruption flung the rotting beast every which way, a three-foot long piece caving in the roof of a car in the beach’s parking lot.
+When the foul rain stopped falling, all that was left at the site of the explosion was a large hole and the whale’s severed tail. “It went exactly right,” Thornton told the press, apparently oblivious to the sheen of blood and bits now covering the beach and everyone on it.
+The stench was reportedly only slightly less offensive than it had been in the first place. A bulldozer moved in to bury the largest hunks left by the dynamite. Seagulls, Thornton expected, would take care of most of whatever was left.
+
Today, “leaving a [beached] whale in place is the cheapest, easiest, and safest option,” says Heiss. “It also returns nutrients to the food web by serving as a food source for birds, crustaceans, and microbial decomposers.”
+Remote beaches are fewer and farther between than they were 55 years ago. Meanwhile, an increase in whale strandings due to malnutrition, boat collisions, and entanglement in fishing gear sometimes makes it impossible just to leave the carcass be. In those cases, Heiss explains, the standard practice isn’t blowing it up but “bury[ing] it in the beach above the high tide line.”
+There’s some controversy to the approach, including concerns over whether decomposing whales attract sharks and whether chemicals leaching from the body negatively impact water quality. While the answer to the shark question remains uncertain, the results of a study published by Heiss in 2020—a first step towards building a more comprehensive model—did show that buried whales leach chemicals that “are transported seaward in the beach by flowing groundwater and discharged to the ocean near the low tide line.” One compound he examined turned out to be 26 times higher in surf zones with a buried whale than without one—though the concentration could be decreased by interring the body closer to the water line where there’s “less opportunity for chemical reactions to occur.”
+Still, on beaches near human communities, the choice between dynamiting a dead whale into a million stinking pieces or burying those stinking pieces intact, under the sand, is no contest. Florence, Oregon, at least, has a sense of humor about the incident. In 2019, they renamed the notorious stretch of sand Exploding Whale Memorial Park in the whale’s honor.
+In That Time When, Popular Science tells the weirdest, surprising, and little-known stories that shaped science, engineering, and innovation.
+Idaho once dropped 76 beavers from airplanes—on purpose
-During WWII, a dress-wearing squirrel sold war bonds alongside FDR
-When the U.S. almost nuked Alaska—on purpose
-Andrew Jackson’s White House once hosted a cheese feeding frenzy
-The space billboard that nearly happened
-The radioactive ‘miracle water’ that killed its believers
-During WWII, the U.S. government censored the weather
- - -The post BOOM! That time Oregon blew up a whale with dynamite. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Grab rare deals on Hyperice’s high-end fitness recovery tools including percussion massagers and compression systems appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post REI is clearing out high-end Arc’teryx winter coats, jackets, hoodies, and more during this end-of-season sale appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Plastic-free soy sauce container biodegrades in 4 weeks appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Quick way to choose: go Normatec if you want a one-stop routine for legs/hips, go Hypervolt if you want to target specific tight areas, and go heat therapy if stiffness (especially around joints) responds better to warmth than pounding.
+One Australian state has already passed legislation banning the plastic fish-shaped soy sauce packets, and others are reportedly considering following suit. But designers at Heliograf and Australian design studio Vert Design may have found a way to keep the fish packet alive—albeit in a more sustainable form. Their newly designed fish is called Holy Carp! and is made entirely from biodegradable plant fibers. Allegedly, these fibers will completely break down in just four to six weeks, leaving no microplastics behind. The new product is also noticeably heftier than a typical plastic fish, with a liquid capacity of 12 milliliters—a deliberate choice informed by research showing that diners often use more than one packet per meal.
-“The soy fish are cute and convenient, but while they serve their purpose for just a few minutes, they can persist in the environment for hundreds of years,” Heliograf writes in a blog post. The company estimates somewhere between eight to 12 billion plastic fish soy sauce packets may have been discarded since the product’s introduction in the 1950s.
-“They’ve become a symbol of a wasteful, linear economy that’s harming both people and the planet,” Heliograf adds.
- - - - See It - -
This device goes directly after the problem areas—calves, quads, glutes, upper back—without committing to a full compression setup. A few minutes after training (or after a long desk day) can go a long way.
+
+Heliograf and Vert Design say they gathered feedback from restaurants to arrive at a design that preserves some of the original fish’s emotional nostalgia, while prioritizing sustainability. The new container is made primarily from bagasse pulp, a byproduct of sugarcane production that has already been proven effective in other biodegradable packaging. When diners squeeze the fish’s engorged belly, soy sauce trickles out through a small dropper near its head. The team says the container is made entirely without PFAS, synthetic compounds that can take thousands of years to degrade, often called forever chemicals .
-Hyperice
-However, there are some drawbacks. Since the fish containers needs to break down quickly, it can only hold sauce for a maximum of 48 hours. This means restaurants will have to fill the containers individually themselves. Heliograf and Vert Design optimistically suggest that this could result in fresher sauce for customers. It also means more work for store employees.
-If you run, hike, lift heavy, or just have a knee that loves to file complaints after leg day, a dedicated wrap is easier to stick with than a whole-body recovery plan you’ve been putting off since last New Year’s Day.
+
The plastic fish were reportedly first invented in Japan in 1954 by Teruo Watanabe, the founder of Japanese houseware company Asahi Sogyo.The earliest versions were made of ceramic and glass, but the push for mass production, and the timely advent of inexpensive industrial-grade plastics, led to the creation of the now-iconic polyethylene container. As in so many other cases, the pursuit of scale prompted manufacturers to adopt single-use plastics.
- -Like water bottles and plastic grocery bags, these plastic fish are particularly problematic because of how long it takes for them to break down. That’s partly why lawmakers in South Australia passed legislation in 2025 officially banning the fish-shaped containers. Defending the law, government officials noted that the packets were especially troublesome because their petite size caused them to be captured, or missed entirely, by recycling sorting machines.
-
If you train often, travel a lot, or stack workouts back-to-back, full-body compression can make downtime feel like it’s doing something useful instead of just being more couch time.
+Relying too broadly on recycling to reduce plastic waste has proven to be a losing bet. Even as recycling has become more common, the vast majority of single-use plastics are not recycled. A 2023 United Nations report found that nearly half (46 percent) of all plastic waste ends up in landfills, while another 22 percent is mismanaged and becomes litter.
-Holy Carp! provides an elegant, though admittedly imperfect solution to the problem. The reality is, plastics are popular for a reason and sustainable alternatives will almost always struggle to match their convenience and functionality. But it’s been that and the more microplastic in the ocean, the real fish would certainly prefer the former.
+The post Plastic-free soy sauce container biodegrades in 4 weeks appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post 800 ancient Roman blade sharpeners found in Britain appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Over six months in 2025, researchers from the United Kingdom’s Durham University excavated the new evidence on the banks of the River Wear not far from Newcastle, England. There, experts located over 800 whetstones—traditional tools used to hone blades and weaponry—the largest deposit of its kind in northwest Europe. Archaeologists then utilized Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) to date the items. OSL is particularly helpful for dating quartz and other minerals that amass miniscule amounts of energy from sunlight.
-Best for full-limb recovery when your legs feel heavy, travel wrecks you, or you want a consistent post-workout routine.
+After focusing heat or light on the material in a controlled environment, scientists can determine how long an item has remained buried in sediment. While the soil below the whetstones dated to 42–184 CE, samples taken from the tools trace back to 104–238 CE, when Romans occupied the island.
-Additional nearby clues support the theory that the area functioned as a military manufacturing hub. Researchers noted a sandstone formation on the other side of the river—a likely sign Romans selected the location to quarry materials for their whetstones. Apart from the small tools, the team also excavated five stone anchors. These, coupled with another six anchors discovered along a neighboring location in 2022, suggest the waterway hosted vessels that carried sandstone across the river.
-Why so many whetstones? The answer likely can be found in their overall condition. All of the artifacts displayed some form of damage, meaning artisans likely tossed them aside because they didn’t meet the Roman army’s required whetstone length requirements. According to Durham University, the military “was particular about the uniformity of its equipment.”
-The archaeological discoveries here didn’t only date to ancient Roman occupation. Other finds within the sediment layers included both a stone and wooden jetty, chisels, a Tudor-era leather shoe, and even cannonballs and ammunition from the English Civil Wars of 1642 to 1651.
+The post 800 ancient Roman blade sharpeners found in Britain appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Mass death paved the way for the Age of Fishes appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>However, with great biological havoc also comes opportunity. During all of this upheaval, one group evolved to dominate all others—jawed vertebrates. This ultimately put life on a forward path that can be traced up to today, according to a study published today in the journal Science Advances.
-“We have demonstrated that jawed fishes only became dominant because this event happened,” Lauren Sallan, a study co-author and evolutionary biologist at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology in Japan, said in a statement. “And fundamentally, we have nuanced our understanding of evolution by drawing a line between the fossil record, ecology, and biogeography.”
-During the Ordovician period (roughly 486 to 443 million years ago) Earth looked very different than it does now. A southern supercontinent called Gondwana, dominated the planet and was surrounded by vast, shallow seas. There was no ice on the North or South Pole and the water was warm due to a greenhouse climate. Small plants and many-legged arthropods began to thrive on the coasts, and the water surrounding them were teeming with lifeforms that looked like something from a science fiction. Large-eyed, lamprey-like conodonts looped around sea sponges. Tiny trilobites scuttled among shelled mollusks. Sea scorpions as big as humans and nautiloids with 16-foot-tall shells scoured the water in search of prey.
-Best for targeting specific tight spots, warming up stubborn muscles, or undoing the damage of sitting in one position for too long.
+In between these creatures were the ancestors of gnathostomes, or jawed vertebrates. Gnathostomes would eventually dominate animal life on Earth.
-“While we don’t know the ultimate causes of LOME, we do know that there was a clear before and after the event. The fossil record shows it,” explained Sallan.
-The extinction came in two stages. First, the planet rapidly switched from a warmer greenhouse to a much colder icehouse climate. Most of Gondwana was covered with thick ice, drying out shallow ocean habitats. A few million years later, biodiversity began to recover, but the climate flipped again. The cold-adapted marine life drowned in warm, sulfuric, and oxygen-depleted water as the ice caps melted.
-During these waves of mass extinction, most vertebrate survivors were confined to refugia, or isolated biodiversity hotspots separated by large areas of deep ocean. In these zones, surviving jawed vertebrates evidently had an advantage.
-In the new study, the team pulled years of paleontological data about the Ordovician and early Silurian paleontology to build a new database of the fossil record during this dramatic period in Earth’s history.
-Best when you want warmth and spot treatment, especially around joints and stubborn stiffness.
+“That helped us reconstruct the ecosystems of the refugia,” added study co-author and Ph.D. student Wahei Hagiwara. “From this, we could quantify the genus-level diversity of the period, showing how LOME led directly to a gradual, but dramatic increase in gnathostome biodiversity. And the trend is clear – the mass extinction pulses led directly to increased speciation after several millions of years.”
-With this new database, the team linked the rising jawed vertebrate biodiversity to not only this first mass extinction, but also location. They could trace the movement of species around the world and pinpoint specific refugia that played a role in helping vertebrates diversify.
-“For example, in what is now South China, we see the first full-body fossils of jawed fishes that are directly related to modern sharks,” explained Hagiwara. “They were concentrated in these stable refugia for millions of years until they had evolved the ability to cross the open ocean to other ecosystems.”
-
Best if you want broader coverage in one buy instead of piecing together a setup later.
+Merging the fossil record with biogeography, morphology, and ecology, can help us better understand the course of evolution.
-“Did jaws evolve in order to create a new ecological niche, or did our ancestors fill an existing niche first, and then diversify?” asks Sallan. “Our study points to the latter. In being confined to geographically small areas with lots of open slots in the ecosystem left by the dead jawless vertebrates and other animals, gnathostomes could suddenly inhabit a wide range of different niches.”
-A similar trend is seen in Darwin’s finches on the Galápagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador. These birds took advantage of new opportunities to diversify their diet to survive. Over time, their beaks evolved into different shapes to better suit their needs.
-While jawed fishes were trapped in South China, their jawless relatives continued to evolve in parallel elsewhere. The jawless fish ruled the wider sea for the next 40 million years, diversifying into different types of reef fish. Why jawed fishes—among all other survivors—came to dominate once they spread out from the refugia remains a mystery.
-Best for expanding your compression system beyond the basics, especially for upper body and hips.
+According to the team, instead of wiping Earth’s ecological slate clean, the Late Ordovician mass extinction triggered a reset. Early vertebrate species stepped into the niches left behind by extinct conodonts and arthropods, rebuilding the same ecological structure, just with new animals. This pattern also repeats across the Paleozoic following other extinction events driven by similar environmental conditions. The team calls this a recurring “diversity-reset cycle,” where evolution restores ecosystems by converging on the same designs.
-“This work helps explain why jaws evolved, why jawed vertebrates ultimately prevailed, and why modern marine life traces back to these survivors rather than to earlier forms like conodonts and trilobites,” said Sallan. “Revealing these long-term patterns and their underlying processes is one of the exciting aspects of evolutionary biology.”
+The post Mass death paved the way for the Age of Fishes appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Zombie fungus, ‘living stones’ among favorite botany discoveries of 2025 appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>In Brazil, botanists described Purpureocillium atlanticum for the first time. This deadly fungus targets the region’s trapdoor spiders that reside in burrows on the rainforest floor. Once infected, P. atlanticum kills the arachnid after covering almost its entire body in fine threads of white root-like structures called mycelium. The fungus then grows a nearly 0.8 inch fruiting body through the trapdoor burrow entry. This extension eventually releases its own spores into a world of unsuspected spiders.
-
Other year-end selections are much larger than a zombie mushroom. In Peru, researchers described an acanth shrub that reaches upwards of 10-feet-tall. These plants feature fiery red, yellow, and orange flowers that reminded scientists of Calcifer, the fire demon in acclaimed animator Hayao Miyazaki’s 2004 classic, Howl’s Moving Castle. With that in mind, Aphelandra calciferi is an ode to the character—one with “great potential as a conservatory ornamental plant,” according to Kew.
-
Not all species are recognizably plants or fungus, however. Namibia’s woodland savannahs feature a newly described subspecies of lithop (Lithops gracilidelineata subsp. mopane) also known as a “living stone.” The moniker is well-earned, too. Each succulent looks more like a tiny pebble than a plant, and grows a single pair of leaves that collect sunlight through filter-like screens. Unlike other lithops, the mopane is more grayish-white in coloration than other relatives with more brown-pink or cream hues.
-Continuing to scour the world for unknown species is a critical role for today’s botanists, according to Martin Cheek, RBG Kew’s senior research leader for African species.
“It is difficult to protect what we do not know, understand and have a scientific name for,” Cheek said in a statement. “Each identification of a new species to science helps us better understand ecosystems. Without this foundational knowledge, species conservation efforts fail.”
The post Grab rare deals on Hyperice’s high-end fitness recovery tools including percussion massagers and compression systems appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Why is this infamous iceberg turning blue? appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>

RBG Kew estimates botanists add around 2,500 plants and even more fungi to taxonomic registers every year. Experts believe as many as 100,000 plant species and up to 3 million fungi remain undescribed. It’s a race against time to classify and conserve them—in a 2023 report, RBG Kew calculated as many as 75 percent of all undescribed plants face extinction threats.
-In 1986, the flat-topped iceberg broke away from Antarctica’s Filchner Ice Shelf. Back then, it was over 1,500 square miles—almost twice the size of the state of Rhode Island. Today, the United States National Ice Center estimates the iceberg’s area is around 456 square miles. While that is much smaller than its original size, it still makes it bigger than New York City. In July, August, and September of 2025 iceberg A-23A saw some sizable breakups as it moved into the Southern Hemisphere’s relatively warm summer conditions by December.
+“Wherever we look, human activities are eroding nature to the point of extinction, and we simply cannot keep up with the pace of destruction,” said Cheek. “If we fail to invest in taxonomy, conservation and public awareness of the issues now, we risk dismantling the very systems that sustain our life on Earth.”
+The post Zombie fungus, ‘living stones’ among favorite botany discoveries of 2025 appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Science sleuths think they found Leonardo da Vinci’s DNA appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on the Terra satellite captured this image of what remained on December 26, 2025. An astronaut aboard the International Space Station (ISS) then captured a photograph showing a closer view of the iceberg one day later, with an even bigger melt pool.
+A team of researchers from the Leonardo da Vinci DNA Project analyzed samples swabbed from a red chalk drawing possibly attributed to the famed polymath, as well as letters written by one of his known cousins. Buried within that jumble of genetic material were human Y-chromosome sequences that belong to the same genetic grouping, sharing a common ancestry in Tuscany, the region where da Vinci was born. Specifically, they belong to the broad E1b1b lineage on the Y chromosome, which is passed from father to son.
-
The findings, presented this week in a preprint paper on the BioRxiv server, suggest that the DNA on the painting may belong to the storied Italian Renaissance man. If so, it would mark the first time scientists have identified his DNA.
-The extensive pools of “blue mush” on the iceberg’s surface are likely the result of ongoing disintegration events.
+Though the researchers caution that they can’t link the DNA to da Vinci with absolute certainty, the investigative process they describe shows how recent advances in modern genetics could reshape the way the art world thinks about authenticating works. A process currently accomplished by painstakingly poring over brushstrokes and making educated guesses could become more precise by looking for biological signatures like fingerprints left behind by an artist. On a more personal level, the findings mean researchers involved in this work are a step closer to finally identifying da Vinci’s DNA—a journey that began nearly a decade ago.
-“You have the weight of the water sitting inside cracks in the ice and forcing them open,” he said. “Note also the thin white line around the outer edge of the iceberg seemingly holding in blue meltwater—a ‘rampart-moat’ pattern caused by an upward bending of the iceberg plate as its edges melt at the waterline,” University of Colorado Boulder senior research scientist Ted Scambos explained in a statement.
+“Together, these data demonstrate the feasibility as well as limitations of combining metagenomics and human DNA marker analysis for cultural heritage science, providing a baseline workflow for future conservation science studies and hypothesis-driven investigations of provenance, authentication and handling history,” the team writes in their paper.
-The blue and white striped patterns are likely due to striations that were put into the ice hundreds of years ago, when the ice was dragged across Antarctic bedrock.
+
“It’s impressive that these striations still show up after so much time has passed, massive amounts of snow have fallen, and a great deal of melting has occurred from below,” added retired University of Maryland Baltimore County scientist Chris Shuman.
+Paper lead author and University of Maryland and microbiologist Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe, who has worked with the da Vinci DNA project for years, tells Popular Science that he initially started looking for the presence of microbes in art pieces and cultural artifacts for conservation purposes. Successful findings there led him and his colleagues to hypothesize that human biological signatures might also be embedded in those artifacts.
-The ailing iceberg may have also sprung a leak. The white area to its left could be the result of what Shuman described as a “blowout.” This occurs when the weight of the water pooling at the top of the iceberg creates enough pressure at the edges to punch through.
+“Thus, we aimed to present a platform that could be used to study the multi-kingdom DNA present,” Gonzalez-Juarbe says.
-These signs indicate that the iceberg could be just days or weeks from disintegrating completely.
+“I certainly don’t expect A-23A to last through the austral summer,” said Shuman.
+Despite being one of the most widely known figures of the European Renaissance, da Vinci’s genetic history is shrouded in mystery. Researchers in Italy claim to have identified 14 living descendants of his direct relatives, but as far as historians can tell, da Vinci didn’t father any children of his own. Analyzing his own remains also isn’t possible because the church he was buried in fell into ruin following the French Revolution. Researchers have also thus far been denied access to his presumed tomb at The Château d’Amboise in Amboise, France.
-The clearer skies and warmer air and water temperatures during summer in the Southern Hemisphere accelerate the disintegration process in an area known among ice experts as a “graveyard” for icebergs. Climate change is only speeding up this process, as air and water temperatures continue to smash records.
+
Even as A-23A fades, more enormous icebergs are parked or drifting along the Antarctic shoreline. A-81, B22A, and D15A, are each larger than 500 square miles and could also begin their journey north.
-The post Why is this infamous iceberg turning blue? appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Super smart dogs learn by eavesdropping appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>That left science sleuths to search for trace signs of genetic material the painter may have left on his works. In this case, researchers turned to the chalk drawing titled “Holy Child,” which had been in the private collection of the late art dealer Fred Kline for the past 20 years. Gonzalez-Juarbe says he and his colleagues reached out to Kline about studying drawing before he died.
-After some initial testing to determine the right extraction protocols, Gonzalez-Juarbe gently swabbed the drawing’s surface in April 2024 using a “minimally invasive” technique meant to collect biological signatures without damaging the work. That small swab, similar to the type so many people stick their nostrils for a COVID-19 test, collected hints of half millennia worth of history
-GWL is a fairly new distinction by scientists for dogs that are considered uniquely gifted for their ability to learn the names of various objects. Previous studies have found that these smart canines can categorize objects by function and understand how similar types of toys work, even if the toys don’t look alike. Being a GWL dog is not unique to any particular breed, but border collies and border collie mixes retained a decent amount of words in a 2023 study.
+Toddlers learn new words in many ways, including passively listening to interactions between adults. To do this, they must follow the speakers’ gaze and attention, spot communicative cues, and pick out the target words from a continuous stream of speech. Until now, it was not known if GWL dogs could also learn new object labels when not directly addressed.
+Since paper is porous, it absorbs even faint traces of sweat and skin, both of which can carry whispers of DNA. But paper doesn’t discriminate among DNA sources. That’s why researchers can’t simply look for signs of da Vinci’s genetic material on the “Mona Lisa” or “The Last Supper.” In both cases, countless human hands have made contact with these works over the past 500 years, leaving behind a jumble of genetic signatures.
-One of those human hands belonged to Kline. Luckily his wife remembered that he had previously sent a vial of his saliva to the personal genetics company 23andMe. Gonzalez-Juarbe and his colleagues were able to obtain that DNA sequence and effectively eliminate it from the list of possibilities. But that was just a drop in the genetic ocean. In reality, the vast majority of the DNA recovered from “Holy Child” wasn’t of human origin at all: around 99 percent came from bacteria, fungi, and plants.
-To learn more, a team from Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary’s Genius Dog Challenge research project tested 10 gifted dogs in two situations.
+Some of that nonhuman DNA proved useful. The researchers discovered that one of the sequences belonged to sweet orange trees (Citrus sinensis), which were known to be cultivated in Medici gardens in central Italy during da Vinci’s era. That clue told the geneticists that they were on the right track. The team also found signs of Plasmodium DNA. The single-celled parasite was endemic to the same region of Italy and was responsible for the death of several Medici family members. DNA fragments from plants and animals known to have been used in art shops at the time were also found.
+ + +The first situation was called an addressed condition, where owners introduced two new toys and repeatedly labeled them while interacting directly with the dog.
+“There were non-human sequences that mapped to animals, plants and other microbes that match the type of environment of Tuscany at the time of Leonardo,” Gonzalez-Juarbe says. “For example, the presence of plants such as sweet oranges, known to be a symbol of power to the Medici family and present in their palaces and gardens.”
+However, to narrow down the remaining human DNA, they needed a point of comparison. That’s where his relatives’ correspondence came into play.
-Since researchers knew the corresponding letters had shifted hands between several da Vinci descendants (and was sealed shut with a thumb), they could have confidence that the Y chromosome segments were in his lineages. Y chromosomes are passed down from father to son and remain essentially unchanged through many generations.
-The second was an overheard condition, where the dogs sat nearby as their owners spoke with another person about the toys and did not address the dogs.
+
“The [human] samples had composite profiles that show more than one person handled the piece and having more than one artifact from two different locations showing a similar Y chromosome marker was the interesting observation,” Gonzalez-Juarbe says. “However, this needs to be further validated by additional sampling. We cannot confirm at this stage that the result is the lineage of Leonardo just yet.”
-During each condition, the dogs heard the name of the new toys for a total of eight minutes over several short exposure sessions. To see if the dogs had learned the new labels, the toys were then placed in a different room. The owners asked the dogs to retrieve each toy by name. For example, an owner would ask a dog “Can you bring Teddy?” and the dog’s actions were recorded.
+In both conditions, seven out of the 10 dogs learned the new labels. The dog’s performance was also very accurate. During the addressed condition, the choices were correct 80 percent of the time. During the overhearing condition (when the dogs were not directly addressed) they were correct 100 percent of the time. Overall, the GWL dogs performed just as well when learning from speech they overheard as when they were directly taught.
+It is worth noting that all of this is only possible thanks to rapid advances in modern genetics, which allow scientists to read tiny DNA fragments and determine their source. This simply wasn’t feasible until the late 20th century.
-“Our findings show that the socio-cognitive processes enabling word learning from overheard speech are not uniquely human,” Dr. Shany Dror, a study co-author and cognitive researcher and animal trainer, said in a statement. “Under the right conditions, some dogs present behaviors strikingly similar to those of young children.”
+Shotgun genome sequencing, the technique used in this study, lets scientists sequence all the genetic material in a sample at once, rather than targeting one gene at a time. Over the past several decades, researchers have also compiled vast genomic databases, enabling them to quickly cross-reference their results.
-
During a second experiment, the team also found that GWL dogs can overcome one of the key challenges in learning labels. In the experiment called a discontinuity condition, dog owners first showed the dogs the toys and then put the objects inside of a bucket. They only named the toys when they were out of the dogs’ sight. For the dogs, this created a time delay between actually seeing the object and then hearing its name. Despite this, most of the dogs successfully learned the new labels.
+Sequencing da Vinci’s genome could open up numerous possibilities. Most obviously it could shed light on physical features like the inventor’s eye and hair color, as well as height. But could also poetically help answer one theory surrounding his abilities. Some art historians believe da Vinci may have had an innate ability to “see” more frames per second than the average person. If that’s true, analyzing his genome could provide insight into whether there’s a genetic trait linked to that ability.
+And the possibilities don’t stop with da Vinci alone. If geneticists can sequence his genome, researchers could theoretically look for that same biological signature in other works of questionable origin to see if they were truly touched by his hands. There’s no reason the same principle couldn’t be applied to other artists as well. That ability to authenticate artworks could make a real dent in the estimated $4 to 5 billion in art fraud reported each year.
-Moving forward, Gonzalez-Juarbe says he’s hopeful this report will increase their odds of getting access to analyzing additional da Vinci drawings and letters. The end goal of all of that, he says, is to piece together a fuller picture of individuals who left an outsized mark on history.
-“These findings suggest that GWL dogs can flexibly use a variety of different mechanisms to learn new object labels,” added study co-author and ethnologist Dr. Claudia Fugazza.
+”We would like to learn more about his story, about his lineage and about him as a visionary,” Gonzalez-Juarbe adds.
+The post Science sleuths think they found Leonardo da Vinci’s DNA appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post BOOM! That time Oregon blew up a whale with dynamite. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>According to the team, these findings suggest a dog’s ability to learn from overheard speech may rely on brain mechanisms shared across species, instead of being tied to human language. However, since GWL dogs are extremely rare, their abilities likely reflect a combination of nature and nurture.
+A whale that dies stranded on land is something different, a stinking mass of rotting flesh and draining fluids. While scavenging birds might struggle to bust through the corpse’s leathery skin, insects go to town. Little by little, they break the body down as its nutrients ooze into the sand and nearby vegetation.
-“These dogs provide an exceptional model for exploring some of the cognitive abilities that enabled humans to develop language,” Dror concluded. “But we do not suggest that all dogs learn in this way—far from it.”
+It takes about two years for everything but the whale’s skeleton to disappear. But with the unholy stench of a dead, 45-foot-long sperm whale turning stomachs across town after beaching on November 9, 1970, officials in Florence, Oregon couldn’t wait that long. They needed the eight ton carcass gone as soon as possible.
-If you suspect that your dog knows multiple toy names and could be a GWL dog, researchers from the Genius Dog Challenge research project encourage dog owners to contact them by email (geniusdogchallenge.offcial@gmail.com), Facebook, or Instagram.
-The post Super smart dogs learn by eavesdropping appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post New feature turns AirPods into iPhone camera remotes appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The State Highway Division, which managed Oregon’s coastline in those days, treated the problem as if it were a giant boulder blocking a lane of traffic. They blew it up with dynamite, igniting “a blubber snowstorm,” as one observer described it. A geyser of blood and muscle shot a hundred feet into the air, falling on spectators stationed a quarter mile away. The reek reportedly lingered on their skin and in their hair for days.
-With iOS 26, you’re able to use your AirPods as both remote controls for video recording, and as an external pair of mics too. If you’re recording yourself talking in any scenario, you should end up with a much higher quality result at the end.
+This also saves you having to pay money to buy separate remote control and mic accessories. Although top-end equipment will certainly work better than your AirPods, the Apple earbuds should be good enough for most casual users and hobbyists.
+Ridding a beach of such a colossal problem with dynamite wouldn’t have seemed so unusual in the mid-20th century. There are many “wonderful new uses for dynamite,” a Popular Science article explained back in 1927—and not just on land, but at sea, where shark-leather operations used it to kill a dozen of the predators at once. The sad shark carcasses would bubble up to the surface for easy collection. Even whalers were, at the time, embedding small explosives in the tips of their “killing lances.”
-

The method did sort of work, says James Heiss, associate professor of environmental, Earth, and atmospheric sciences at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell, just “not in the way anyone hoped.”
-First, you need to make sure your iPhone is updated to iOS 26. To check for any pending updates, open Settings on your iPhone, then tap General > Software Update. And after you’ve tried this AirPods trick, check out other new features in iOS 26.
+On a Monday, shifting tides pushed the bloated whale carcass into the mouth of the Siuslaw River and onto the sand dunes on the southwestern side of Florence, a small town on Oregon’s central coast.
-You’ll also need a pair of compatible AirPods. This works with the AirPods Pro 2, the AirPods Pro 3, and the AirPods 4 (either with or without active noise cancellation). If you haven’t yet connected these to your iPhone, then all you need to do is charge up the AirPods in their case, then bring the case and the earbuds close together.
+By Thursday morning, as workmen spent nearly two hours excavating holes under the body to fit 20 50-pound cases of explosives, its fetid reek had become almost unbearable—though that hadn’t stopped a local opportunist from sawing off the whale’s lower jaw for a souvenir sometime over the preceding days.
-Choose to pair the AirPods with your iPhone when you see the prompt appear on screen, and you should see them connected to each other within a few seconds. If these are brand new AirPods, you might want to wait a few hours before continuing, just so all the latest firmware updates for the earbuds can be found and applied (this happens quietly in the background, so you don’t need to do anything).
+Assistant district highway engineer George Thornton’s plan was to strategically place the explosives to blast the whale’s chunks into the river where they’d be gently carried back to the ocean by the tide. Instead, the dynamite’s enormous eruption flung the rotting beast every which way, a three-foot long piece caving in the roof of a car in the beach’s parking lot.
-When the foul rain stopped falling, all that was left at the site of the explosion was a large hole and the whale’s severed tail. “It went exactly right,” Thornton told the press, apparently oblivious to the sheen of blood and bits now covering the beach and everyone on it.
-
The stench was reportedly only slightly less offensive than it had been in the first place. A bulldozer moved in to bury the largest hunks left by the dynamite. Seagulls, Thornton expected, would take care of most of whatever was left.
-With the setup out of the way, you should see a new Camera Remote option appear if you tap on your AirPods in iOS Settings. This menu lets you decide whether the remote recording trigger works with a tap on the stem of your AirPods, or with a press and hold on the stem of your AirPods (or you can turn the feature off).
+
When you open up the Camera app, the new feature should be ready to go—and this trick will work with a variety of third-party camera apps too. Just frame the video (or photo) shot as normal, then use the tap or press and hold gesture on your AirPods to start recording or to take a snap.
+To switch to your AirPods for voice input, swipe down from the top right of the display to open Control Center, then tap on the green bar at the top of the screen. Select Audio Input, then choose your AirPods. The multiple recording modes offered by your AirPods will be shown on screen too, so you can choose between them.
+Today, “leaving a [beached] whale in place is the cheapest, easiest, and safest option,” says Heiss. “It also returns nutrients to the food web by serving as a food source for birds, crustaceans, and microbial decomposers.”
-Remote beaches are fewer and farther between than they were 55 years ago. Meanwhile, an increase in whale strandings due to malnutrition, boat collisions, and entanglement in fishing gear sometimes makes it impossible just to leave the carcass be. In those cases, Heiss explains, the standard practice isn’t blowing it up but “bury[ing] it in the beach above the high tide line.”
-
There’s some controversy to the approach, including concerns over whether decomposing whales attract sharks and whether chemicals leaching from the body negatively impact water quality. While the answer to the shark question remains uncertain, the results of a study published by Heiss in 2020—a first step towards building a more comprehensive model—did show that buried whales leach chemicals that “are transported seaward in the beach by flowing groundwater and discharged to the ocean near the low tide line.” One compound he examined turned out to be 26 times higher in surf zones with a buried whale than without one—though the concentration could be decreased by interring the body closer to the water line where there’s “less opportunity for chemical reactions to occur.”
-It’s all very straightforward, and can make a real difference to the quality and professionalism of your video recordings: Just like using AirPods on a video call. Do bear in mind though that your AirPods need to actually be in your ears for this to work (you can’t use them like a Bluetooth remote, for example).
+Still, on beaches near human communities, the choice between dynamiting a dead whale into a million stinking pieces or burying those stinking pieces intact, under the sand, is no contest. Florence, Oregon, at least, has a sense of humor about the incident. In 2019, they renamed the notorious stretch of sand Exploding Whale Memorial Park in the whale’s honor.
-Note that if you do set this up, the other gesture shortcuts for your AirPods will be disabled while you’re recording video or shooting photos. You might lose the ability to skip between media tracks for example, or to activate Siri, but these features will come back once you switch out of the Camera app.
+In That Time When, Popular Science tells the weirdest, surprising, and little-known stories that shaped science, engineering, and innovation.
-There’s still no way to switch between the cameras on an iPhone when you’re shooting video, so make sure you’ve got the right camera selected to begin with (via the button in the lower right corner). It’s a good idea to get your mic source selected before you start your recording too, so you don’t miss anything.
-The post New feature turns AirPods into iPhone camera remotes appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Duluth Trading’s winter clearance sale drops winter coats, jackets, and outwerwear up to 50% off appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Idaho once dropped 76 beavers from airplanes—on purpose
+During WWII, a dress-wearing squirrel sold war bonds alongside FDR
+When the U.S. almost nuked Alaska—on purpose
+Andrew Jackson’s White House once hosted a cheese feeding frenzy
+The space billboard that nearly happened
+The radioactive ‘miracle water’ that killed its believers
+During WWII, the U.S. government censored the weather
+ + +The post BOOM! That time Oregon blew up a whale with dynamite. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Grab rare deals on Hyperice’s high-end fitness recovery tools including percussion massagers and compression systems appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Quick way to choose: go Normatec if you want a one-stop routine for legs/hips, go Hypervolt if you want to target specific tight areas, and go heat therapy if stiffness (especially around joints) responds better to warmth than pounding.
-
+
Duluth Trading
+Hyperice
If your winter plan includes standing around outside—sidelines, ski lodge parking lots, or just supervising someone else’s shoveling—go longer and warmer. This expedition parka is $205.00 (41% off), and the extra coverage can make cold snaps feel a lot less personal.
+This device goes directly after the problem areas—calves, quads, glutes, upper back—without committing to a full compression setup. A few minutes after training (or after a long desk day) can go a long way.
+
Duluth Trading
+Hyperice
This is the kind of parka you buy when you’re tired of playing weather roulette. The name tells you the whole story: waterproof on the outside, down warmth on the inside, and built for days when wind + wet snow team up. It’s $158.97 right now (50% off), which is a serious drop for a true winter parka.
+If you run, hike, lift heavy, or just have a knee that loves to file complaints after leg day, a dedicated wrap is easier to stick with than a whole-body recovery plan you’ve been putting off since last New Year’s Day.
+
Duluth Trading
+Hyperice
Layering works, but sometimes you just want your core to feel like it’s getting preferential treatment. This battery-heated vest is $115.00 (42% off) and is easy to throw over a flannel or under a shell when you don’t want to haul a full parka everywhere.
- - -Tip: If you’re building a cold-weather system from scratch, prioritize outerwear first (parka/coat), then add lined pants, then fill gaps with a vest or fleece midlayer.
+If you train often, travel a lot, or stack workouts back-to-back, full-body compression can make downtime feel like it’s doing something useful instead of just being more couch time.
-Best for full-limb recovery when your legs feel heavy, travel wrecks you, or you want a consistent post-workout routine.
-Best for targeting specific tight spots, warming up stubborn muscles, or undoing the damage of sitting in one position for too long.
-Best when you want warmth and spot treatment, especially around joints and stubborn stiffness.
-Best if you want broader coverage in one buy instead of piecing together a setup later.
-Best for expanding your compression system beyond the basics, especially for upper body and hips.
-The post Grab rare deals on Hyperice’s high-end fitness recovery tools including percussion massagers and compression systems appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Why is this infamous iceberg turning blue? appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>
In 1986, the flat-topped iceberg broke away from Antarctica’s Filchner Ice Shelf. Back then, it was over 1,500 square miles—almost twice the size of the state of Rhode Island. Today, the United States National Ice Center estimates the iceberg’s area is around 456 square miles. While that is much smaller than its original size, it still makes it bigger than New York City. In July, August, and September of 2025 iceberg A-23A saw some sizable breakups as it moved into the Southern Hemisphere’s relatively warm summer conditions by December.
-The MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on the Terra satellite captured this image of what remained on December 26, 2025. An astronaut aboard the International Space Station (ISS) then captured a photograph showing a closer view of the iceberg one day later, with an even bigger melt pool.
-
The extensive pools of “blue mush” on the iceberg’s surface are likely the result of ongoing disintegration events.
-“You have the weight of the water sitting inside cracks in the ice and forcing them open,” he said. “Note also the thin white line around the outer edge of the iceberg seemingly holding in blue meltwater—a ‘rampart-moat’ pattern caused by an upward bending of the iceberg plate as its edges melt at the waterline,” University of Colorado Boulder senior research scientist Ted Scambos explained in a statement.
-The blue and white striped patterns are likely due to striations that were put into the ice hundreds of years ago, when the ice was dragged across Antarctic bedrock.
-“It’s impressive that these striations still show up after so much time has passed, massive amounts of snow have fallen, and a great deal of melting has occurred from below,” added retired University of Maryland Baltimore County scientist Chris Shuman.
-The ailing iceberg may have also sprung a leak. The white area to its left could be the result of what Shuman described as a “blowout.” This occurs when the weight of the water pooling at the top of the iceberg creates enough pressure at the edges to punch through.
-These signs indicate that the iceberg could be just days or weeks from disintegrating completely.
-“I certainly don’t expect A-23A to last through the austral summer,” said Shuman.
-The clearer skies and warmer air and water temperatures during summer in the Southern Hemisphere accelerate the disintegration process in an area known among ice experts as a “graveyard” for icebergs. Climate change is only speeding up this process, as air and water temperatures continue to smash records.
-Even as A-23A fades, more enormous icebergs are parked or drifting along the Antarctic shoreline. A-81, B22A, and D15A, are each larger than 500 square miles and could also begin their journey north.
+The post Why is this infamous iceberg turning blue? appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Super smart dogs learn by eavesdropping appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>GWL is a fairly new distinction by scientists for dogs that are considered uniquely gifted for their ability to learn the names of various objects. Previous studies have found that these smart canines can categorize objects by function and understand how similar types of toys work, even if the toys don’t look alike. Being a GWL dog is not unique to any particular breed, but border collies and border collie mixes retained a decent amount of words in a 2023 study.
-Toddlers learn new words in many ways, including passively listening to interactions between adults. To do this, they must follow the speakers’ gaze and attention, spot communicative cues, and pick out the target words from a continuous stream of speech. Until now, it was not known if GWL dogs could also learn new object labels when not directly addressed.
-To learn more, a team from Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary’s Genius Dog Challenge research project tested 10 gifted dogs in two situations.
-The first situation was called an addressed condition, where owners introduced two new toys and repeatedly labeled them while interacting directly with the dog.
-The second was an overheard condition, where the dogs sat nearby as their owners spoke with another person about the toys and did not address the dogs.
-During each condition, the dogs heard the name of the new toys for a total of eight minutes over several short exposure sessions. To see if the dogs had learned the new labels, the toys were then placed in a different room. The owners asked the dogs to retrieve each toy by name. For example, an owner would ask a dog “Can you bring Teddy?” and the dog’s actions were recorded.
-In both conditions, seven out of the 10 dogs learned the new labels. The dog’s performance was also very accurate. During the addressed condition, the choices were correct 80 percent of the time. During the overhearing condition (when the dogs were not directly addressed) they were correct 100 percent of the time. Overall, the GWL dogs performed just as well when learning from speech they overheard as when they were directly taught.
-“Our findings show that the socio-cognitive processes enabling word learning from overheard speech are not uniquely human,” Dr. Shany Dror, a study co-author and cognitive researcher and animal trainer, said in a statement. “Under the right conditions, some dogs present behaviors strikingly similar to those of young children.”
-During a second experiment, the team also found that GWL dogs can overcome one of the key challenges in learning labels. In the experiment called a discontinuity condition, dog owners first showed the dogs the toys and then put the objects inside of a bucket. They only named the toys when they were out of the dogs’ sight. For the dogs, this created a time delay between actually seeing the object and then hearing its name. Despite this, most of the dogs successfully learned the new labels.
-“These findings suggest that GWL dogs can flexibly use a variety of different mechanisms to learn new object labels,” added study co-author and ethnologist Dr. Claudia Fugazza.
-According to the team, these findings suggest a dog’s ability to learn from overheard speech may rely on brain mechanisms shared across species, instead of being tied to human language. However, since GWL dogs are extremely rare, their abilities likely reflect a combination of nature and nurture.
-“These dogs provide an exceptional model for exploring some of the cognitive abilities that enabled humans to develop language,” Dror concluded. “But we do not suggest that all dogs learn in this way—far from it.”
-If you suspect that your dog knows multiple toy names and could be a GWL dog, researchers from the Genius Dog Challenge research project encourage dog owners to contact them by email (geniusdogchallenge.offcial@gmail.com), Facebook, or Instagram.
+The post Super smart dogs learn by eavesdropping appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post New feature turns AirPods into iPhone camera remotes appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>With iOS 26, you’re able to use your AirPods as both remote controls for video recording, and as an external pair of mics too. If you’re recording yourself talking in any scenario, you should end up with a much higher quality result at the end.
-This also saves you having to pay money to buy separate remote control and mic accessories. Although top-end equipment will certainly work better than your AirPods, the Apple earbuds should be good enough for most casual users and hobbyists.
-
First, you need to make sure your iPhone is updated to iOS 26. To check for any pending updates, open Settings on your iPhone, then tap General > Software Update. And after you’ve tried this AirPods trick, check out other new features in iOS 26.
-You’ll also need a pair of compatible AirPods. This works with the AirPods Pro 2, the AirPods Pro 3, and the AirPods 4 (either with or without active noise cancellation). If you haven’t yet connected these to your iPhone, then all you need to do is charge up the AirPods in their case, then bring the case and the earbuds close together.
-Choose to pair the AirPods with your iPhone when you see the prompt appear on screen, and you should see them connected to each other within a few seconds. If these are brand new AirPods, you might want to wait a few hours before continuing, just so all the latest firmware updates for the earbuds can be found and applied (this happens quietly in the background, so you don’t need to do anything).
-
With the setup out of the way, you should see a new Camera Remote option appear if you tap on your AirPods in iOS Settings. This menu lets you decide whether the remote recording trigger works with a tap on the stem of your AirPods, or with a press and hold on the stem of your AirPods (or you can turn the feature off).
-When you open up the Camera app, the new feature should be ready to go—and this trick will work with a variety of third-party camera apps too. Just frame the video (or photo) shot as normal, then use the tap or press and hold gesture on your AirPods to start recording or to take a snap.
-To switch to your AirPods for voice input, swipe down from the top right of the display to open Control Center, then tap on the green bar at the top of the screen. Select Audio Input, then choose your AirPods. The multiple recording modes offered by your AirPods will be shown on screen too, so you can choose between them.
-
It’s all very straightforward, and can make a real difference to the quality and professionalism of your video recordings: Just like using AirPods on a video call. Do bear in mind though that your AirPods need to actually be in your ears for this to work (you can’t use them like a Bluetooth remote, for example).
-Note that if you do set this up, the other gesture shortcuts for your AirPods will be disabled while you’re recording video or shooting photos. You might lose the ability to skip between media tracks for example, or to activate Siri, but these features will come back once you switch out of the Camera app.
-There’s still no way to switch between the cameras on an iPhone when you’re shooting video, so make sure you’ve got the right camera selected to begin with (via the button in the lower right corner). It’s a good idea to get your mic source selected before you start your recording too, so you don’t miss anything.
+The post New feature turns AirPods into iPhone camera remotes appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Duluth Trading’s winter clearance sale drops winter coats, jackets, and outwerwear up to 50% off appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>If your winter plan includes standing around outside—sidelines, ski lodge parking lots, or just supervising someone else’s shoveling—go longer and warmer. This expedition parka is $205.00 (41% off), and the extra coverage can make cold snaps feel a lot less personal.
-
-Duluth Trading
+This is the kind of parka you buy when you’re tired of playing weather roulette. The name tells you the whole story: waterproof on the outside, down warmth on the inside, and built for days when wind + wet snow team up. It’s $158.97 right now (50% off), which is a serious drop for a true winter parka.
-The post Duluth Trading’s winter clearance sale drops winter coats, jackets, and outwerwear up to 50% off appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post World’s largest digital camera spots massive asteroid appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Layering works, but sometimes you just want your core to feel like it’s getting preferential treatment. This battery-heated vest is $115.00 (42% off) and is easy to throw over a flannel or under a shell when you don’t want to haul a full parka everywhere.
-To spot this asteroid, the team used the cutting-edge Vera C. Rubin Observatory. Located on a mountaintop in Chile, the observatory will repeatedly scan the sky for 10 years using the 3,200 megapixel LSST Camera to create an ultra-wide, ultra-high-definition time-lapse record of our universe. With this camera, Rubin can take an image every 40 seconds.
+Tip: If you’re building a cold-weather system from scratch, prioritize outerwear first (parka/coat), then add lined pants, then fill gaps with a vest or fleece midlayer.
-“NSF–DOE Rubin Observatory will find things that no one even knew to look for,” Luca Rizzi, an NSF program director for research infrastructure, said in a statement. “When Rubin’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time begins, this huge spinning asteroid will be joined by an avalanche of new information about our Universe, captured nightly.”
+While the observatory is expected to be fully up and running this year, preliminary observations taken in June 2025 revealed 1,900 asteroids never seen before.
+As these asteroids orbit the sun, they rotate at a wide range of speeds. For scientists, these spin rates offer clues about how they formed billions of years ago and can tell us more about their composition. An asteroid spinning quickly—like 2025 MN45—may have sped up because of a past collision with another asteroid. This means it could be a fragment of an originally larger object.
+Fast rotation also requires a space rock to have enough internal strength to avoid fragmentation—when it flies apart into smaller pieces. Most asteroids are considered “rubble piles,” made of many smaller pieces of rock that are held together by gravity. Without this more solid core, they have speed limits as to how fast they can spin without coming apart.
+Objects in the main asteroid belt—located between Mars and Jupiter—must rotate completely in 2.2 hours to avoid fragmentation. Anything spinning faster must be structurally strong to remain intact. If an asteroid is spinning above this limit and is fairly large, then it must be made of stronger cosmic material.
+The new study uses data collected over the course of about 10 hours across seven nights during Rubin Observatory’s early commissioning phase in April and May 2025. The astronomers found 76 asteroids with reliable rotation periods. This includes 16 super-fast rotators with rotation periods between about 13 minutes and 2.2 hours. Three are considered ultra-fast rotators that complete a full spin in less than five minutes.
+The 19 newly identified fast-rotators are about 100 yards–about the size of a football field (minus those important end zones). 2025 MN45 is about half a mile in diameter and completes a full rotation every 1.88 minutes. This combination of size and speed makes it the fastest-spinning asteroid with a diameter over 500 meters (1,640 feet) that astronomers have found.
+
“Clearly, this asteroid must be made of material that has very high strength in order to keep it in one piece as it spins so rapidly,” added lead author Sarah Greenstreet, NSF NOIRLab assistant astronomer and lead of Rubin Observatory’s Solar System Science Collaboration’s Near-Earth Objects.“We calculate that it would need a cohesive strength similar to that of solid rock. This is somewhat surprising since most asteroids are believed to be what we call ‘rubble pile’ asteroids, which means they are made of many, many small pieces of rock and debris that coalesced under gravity during Solar System formation or subsequent collisions.”
+Some of the other notable asteroid discoveries include 2025 MJ71 (1.9-minute rotation period), 2025 MK41 (3.8-minute rotation period), 2025 MV71 (13-minute rotation period), and 2025 MG56 (16-minute rotation period).
+Scientists expect to uncover more fast rotators when Rubin begins its 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). These regular observations will gradually take in data and aim to provide pivotal information about the strengths, compositions, and histories of these primitive cosmic bodies.
-The post World’s largest digital camera spots massive asteroid appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Chess or video games—which actually makes you smarter? The answer may surprise you. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>To find out, I asked experts which games do the most to sharpen your mind.
+“Sorry to disappoint you,” says Dr. Fernand Gobet, cognitive scientist and author of Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games, “but the answer is none.”
+“Not even chess?” I ask. “There is a moderate correlation between chess skill and different kinds of intelligence,” says Gobet, “but this seems to be explained by the fact that more intelligent individuals tend to be more attracted to activities such as chess.”
+That doesn’t mean games are useless for the brain. Rather, Gobet explains, most games teach “domain-specific skills,” or specialized knowledge. For example, if you want to boost your mathematical or business knowledge, choose Monopoly.
+Many classic games—chess, Go, checkers—encourage players to think before acting, says Gobet. This is a core component of executive function, the mental skills that help us solve problems, make decisions, and navigate complex situations.
+And games also foster social intelligence, such as respecting opponents and losing gracefully, he adds.
+A recent study suggests that while playing games in general is good for your brain, video games may have a stronger effect than board games. One reason may be that video games require players to process multiple streams of information at once and adapt strategies in real time.
+
“Constantly getting new challenges and having to figure out even entirely new systems is good for the brain,” says Dr. Kurt Dean Squire, a professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine, whose research focuses on game-based learning. “You are having to think laterally about ideas, exploring problems from new angles.”
+“Different games help build different types of intelligence,” says Dr. Nathan Carroll, a board-certified psychiatrist and author of Internet Gaming Disorder.
+Games that emphasize cooperation, such as Animal Crossing, Minecraft, and many MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games), benefit social intelligence—provided they’re played collaboratively, Carroll says.
+Role-playing games, which let you control characters in fictional worlds and tend to feature dense, descriptive text, can enhance linguistic intelligence. “In fact, I personally learned to read while playing RPGs on the Sega Master System in the 1980s,” Carroll says. “To engage with them, I needed to learn the words on the screen.”
+Games where the goal is to construct and manage some form of base or empire, like Minecraft, Valheim, and 4X games, encourage logical and spatial intelligence, Carroll says.
+“Augmented- and virtual-reality games offer many opportunities to develop kinesthetic (bodily/movement) intelligence,” says Carroll. “Great games for this include Beat Saber and Fruit Ninja.”
+For children, games can be a powerful teaching tool. “Children in particular might be more motivated to learn if they engage in activities that are fun,” says Gobet.
+A large study involving more than 500 primary-school students found that children who played modern board games in class got better at “updating”—the brain’s ability to swap out old information for new, useful facts—and they also had better reading and math skills compared to students taught using regular classes.
+The cognitive benefits of games aren’t limited to children. Among older adults, “trying new things, solving problems, any sort of mental stimulation has shown to lead to big gains in staving off cognitive decline,” says Squire. “Games that are social are even better.”
+Multiple studies have shown that older adults who regularly played games like Go and Ska (a traditional board game in Thailand) experienced improvements in attention, memory, and executive function (the mental skills used to plan, solve problems, and adapt to new situations).
+Age appropriateness matters, Gobet cautions. Games that are too easy bore older players, while overly complex games can frustrate younger ones. “This being said, children can learn complex games such as chess at a surprisingly young age,” says Gobet. “For example, an Indian child was recently in the news for having acquired a chess rating of nearly 1600 Elo—the rating of an average amateur level—at the age of 3.”
+Games don’t make you smarter, but they can support your brain, regardless of your age. Different games sharpen different skills—and video games may have an edge over traditional board games by demanding faster, more flexible thinking.
+Perhaps it’s time to update our Christmas game stash with a video game or two.
+In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
-The post Chess or video games—which actually makes you smarter? The answer may surprise you. appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Astronaut snaps spectacular photo of lightning above Italy appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>NASA astronaut Nichole Ayers proved this just last summer. On July 1, 2025 the former ISS crew member documented a dramatic look at lightning over the city of Milan, Italy. The brilliantly blue bolt can be seen illuminating the inside of a storm cloud above the historic city, but glimpses like these can go far beyond simply illustrating lightning’s grandeur.
+“Storm observations from [the] space station help scientists study Earth’s upper atmosphere, which can improve weather models and protect communication systems and aircraft,” NASA explained in a blog post on January 7th.
+Images like the one captured by Ayers aren’t necessarily rare occurrences. According to NASA, ISS crew members routinely photograph Earth from orbit to highlight how meteorological events and human activity change the planet’s surface. Visual data also help scientists assess natural disaster impacts, improve response efforts, and better understand the Earth’s dynamic and constantly changing weather patterns.
+Analyzing lightning can also aid in saving both human and plant lives . These electrical discharges are directly responsible for killing as many as 320 million individual trees every year. While many of these only doom the tree itself, others can easily instigate deadly and destructive wildfires. So while Ayers snapped her picture far away from lightning’s direct effects, the photo can still help researchers better understand these fascinating and powerful occurrences.
-The post Astronaut snaps spectacular photo of lightning above Italy appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post A little TV after a long day is good for your brain appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>“Household size is really about how many demands a person experiences when they go home,” Soo Min Toh, a behaviorist at the University of Toronto Mississauga and study co-author, said in a university profile. “We tend to think that home might be a place of rest, but when you have more people—at least when you look at it in terms of number of children—it could create more demands for someone and so it’s not necessarily a place for recovery.”
+To reach their conclusions, Toh and Ohio University colleague Xian Zhao reviewed answers from over 61,000 married adults recorded in the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics’ American Time Use Survey. They specifically focused on the amount of time respondents watched T.V. versus their number of children, as well as how tired or stressed they generally felt. Although they weren’t surprised to see a spike in reported anxiety and fatigue for households with young kids, they noticed a striking caveat: parents who watched more television said they “experienced” less exhaustion and stress.
+From there, Toh and Zhao surveyed over 100 Canadian college students on home life, asking them to rate statements like “I can’t hear myself think at home.” After the questionnaire, the study volunteers recorded nightly reports on their smartphone use and overall daily moods. Once again, hectic houses coincided with negative emotions—but those feelings weren’t as intense for people who spent more time on their phones.
+A final survey tasked another group of college students to list their total number of roommates, the amount of time they spent playing video games, and any difficulty returning to daily responsibilities the following morning. Similar to the previous two phases, young adults with more living companions found it harder to bounce back to class or work the next day, but those who played more video games didn’t find it as troublesome.
+“There is a buffering effect of screen time to household demands, strain and chaos, number of people, and responsibilities,” Toh explained.
+However, the team warns against using their findings as an excuse to veg out for as long as you want every night. For example, their work didn’t factor in issues like online addiction, which often negates any potential short-term mental health benefits. At the same time, there may still be a “Goldilocks Zone” for many people when it comes to checking social media or trying to beat that next video game level and not seeing the negative health impacts.
+“We’re not suggesting you should spend more time on your phone…[but] it allows you to take a breather and be in this space where you get a break from all your responsibilities,” said Toh. “And that can be quite restorative for recovering our resources.”
-The post A little TV after a long day is good for your brain appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post World’s oldest poison-tipped arrow discovered in South Africa appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Now, paleoarchaeologists say that a new find in South Africa indicates humans have been using poison arrows for even longer than originally thought. Not only that, but the findings explored in a study published today in the journal Science Advances suggest we have harnessed both tools and native ecologies to their advantage longer than we assumed.
+“This is the oldest direct evidence that humans used arrow poison,” Marlize Lombard, an archeologist at the University of Johannesburg and study co-author, explained in a statement. “It shows that our ancestors in southern Africa not only invented the bow and arrow much earlier than previously thought, but also understood how to use nature’s chemistry to increase hunting efficiency.”
+The team found multiple 60,000-year-old quartz arrowheads excavated from the Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter in South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal Province. The deposit about 300 miles southeast of Johannesburg is famous for its Stone Age artifacts, including evidence of fire-making. Chemical analysis of organic residues on the miniscule quartz weaponry found the presence of buphandrine and epibuphanisine. Both of these compounds are found in a poisonous onion called gifbol (Boophone disticha) that is still used by the region’s Indigenous hunters.
+The team then examined more recently made arrowheads housed in Swedish collections. Those specimens, collected by 18th century travellers to South Africa, closely match the organic molecules on the 60,000-year-old discovery.
+“Finding traces of the same poison on both prehistoric and historical arrowheads was crucial,” said Stockholm University archaeologist and co-author Sven Isaksson, adding that he found it “fascinating that people had such a deep and long-standing understanding of the use of plants.”
+While scientists have long theorized about ancient poison use based on indirect chemical traces, these quartz arrowheads mark the first direct evidence of using poison on arrowheads.
+“By carefully studying the chemical structure of the substances and thus drawing conclusions about their properties, we were able to determine that these particular substances are stable enough to survive this long in the ground,” he said.
+According to Anders Högberg, a study co-author and archaeologist at Sweden’s Linnaeus University, arrow poison illustrates the levels of planning, artisanry, and logical cognition already exhibited by Stone Age peoples.
+“It is a clear sign of advanced thinking in early humans,” he said.
-The post World’s oldest poison-tipped arrow discovered in South Africa appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Rare Celtic coin found by metal detectorist appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>According to David Duggleby Auctioneers in Scarborough, the coin is a variant of a Corieltauvi tribe gold stater. These types of coins were made by the Celtic Corieltauvi tribe that held much of the East Midlands, including all of present-day Lincolnshire, stretching north to one bank of the River Humber.
+The city of Leicester operated as the Corieltauvi tribe’s Roman capital, and included a mint where these coins were struck. However, this particular gold coin was found further north in an area that was once the territory of a different tribe—the Parisi. This smaller group once occupied an area in present-day East Yorkshire. Auctioneers believe that this indicates evidence of trade between the Corieltauvi and Parisi, as the tribes were “apparently pretty civilised.” Discoveries like this one can help illuminate how objects and ideas spread across tribal boundaries long before the Romans ruled the island.
+
The coin is the second known of its kind and considered a stater—an ancient coin commonly found in Greece. It weighs less than one ounce and is made up of 33 percent gold, 54 percent copper, and 9.5 percent silver. It has five dots on it and an illustration of a horse below the dots. That extra dot—also called a pellet or domino—is what makes the coin so rare and could even double its value at auction.
+“It is the fifth pellet on this coin that makes it so incredibly rare,” Auctioneer Coralie Thomson told the BBC. “Corieltauvi staters always had four pellets–or so everyone thought until a five-domino variant was unearthed in Northamptonshire last year.”
+The exciting find will be part of the Coins, Banknotes & Stamps auction on Thursday, January 8. It has a pre-sale estimate of £2,000 to £4,000 (about $2,698 to $5,396). The auction house expects “lively bidding,” as interest in this coin is already pouring in. This particular auction also includes a Queen Elizabeth II 1989 gold proof Britannia four-coin set, silver coins stretching back to the Medieval and Tudor periods, as well as bronze Celtic, Viking, Anglo-Saxon, and Roman coins.
-The post Rare Celtic coin found by metal detectorist appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Is cracking your knuckles really bad for them? appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Turns out, science says the knuckle cracker is right. Just like the myth that crossing your eyes will make them stay that way, warnings from parents, grandparents, and Great Aunt Mildred that cracking causes harm to knuckles remains an urban legend, says Dr. John Fernandez, an orthopedic surgeon specializing in hands, wrists, and elbows at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago.
+Here’s the science that backs that up.
+Fernandez has a suspicion about where the myth about knuckle cracking dangers emerged. He suspects Great Aunt Mildred and other critics had social etiquette on the mind when they warned against the practice. “It’s rude to make noises in public,” Fernandez says.
+Indeed, most people don’t relish hearing (and smelling) other biological processes, such as burps and farts. And while a knuckle crack isn’t stinky, it is a reminder of our bodily functions—specifically the fluid and gas in our knuckles.
+Our knuckle joints are composed of two bones capped with cartilage. The bones and cartilage are enclosed in a membrane that’s filled with an oily liquid called synovial fluid. This grease-like substance lubricates the joints, Fernandez says. The consistency is similar to olive oil and includes oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gases that are dissolved within the fluid. (Our blood also includes these dissolved gases as well, Fernandez notes.)
+
When someone stretches or bends their knuckle to crack it, they increase the space between the bones, which creates a drop in pressure in the joint. As a result of that pressure drop, the dissolved gases form a bubble, in a process called “cavitation.”
+Henry’s Law helps explain this phenomenon. It states that how much gas can stay dissolved in a liquid is dependent on pressure. When pressure drops, gases are released from the solution and form bubbles—sort of like how soda fizzes when you pop open a can.
+Cavitation also can happen in other instances, such as while scuba diving, Fernandez says. When scuba divers ascend too quickly, that pressure drop can cause nitrogen bubbles to form in the bloodstream, potentially causing serious injury.
+Luckily, a side effect of knuckle cracking is not the bends—or even a case of arthritis. Generations of scientists, perhaps all with Great Aunt Mildreds who recoiled at the noise, have looked into whether cracking truly bad for our joints or overall health. Bottom line, Fernandez says: “There’s no science that really supports that knuckle cracking leads to osteoarthritis or arthritis.”
+An early study from 1947 identified the changes that take place in a joint when it’s cracked. A 1975 study of 28 geriatric patients, all knuckle crackers, failed to show any correlation. A 2018 literature review came to the same conclusion.
+And one regular knuckle cracker and medical doctor, Dr. Donald L. Unger, documented what was going on in his own body for the cause. For more than 60 years, he cracked the knuckles on his left hand—but never his right—with no ill effect.
+For his work, which was published in the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism in 1998, he won the satirical 2009 Ig Nobel Prize in medicine. At the awards ceremony, Unger declared: “On my tombstone, I want it to say, ‘Here lies Don Unger, who finally has quit cracking his knuckles.’”
+Still, despite decades of research into knuckle cracking, one big question persists: When is that cracking sound actually created, Fernandez says.
+“There’s a big debate over: does the bubble make the noise when it comes out of solution, or does the bubble make the noise when the bubble actually pops?” Fernandez says. Some studies suggest the noise is made when the gas bubble is formed, he said. Others believe that it happens when the bubble actually pops.
+The bubble, Fermandez says, is almost instantaneously created and instantaneously popped, so it’s difficult to pinpoint the exact moment the sound is made, even using sophisticated, high sequence MRI scans.
-But there’s a limit to how much gas you can pull out of your synovial fluid. Knuckle crackers know this well: You can’t crack the same knuckle two or more times in a row because you no longer have that gas that’s able to escape, Fernandez says. “You have to wait about 15 to 20 minutes for the gas to dissolve back into the fluid before you pop it out again.”
+For habitual crackers, some minor thickening of the tissue around the joint may occur and make the joint appear fatter or larger, Fernandez notes. “It makes it look like an arthritic joint, but the joint is perfect,” he says.
+Arthritis happens with the breakdown of cartilage, which is not impacted when we crack our joints. “Other than annoying your mother, cracking the knuckles is not dangerous. It’s not unhealthy,” he says.
+Of course, not everybody can crack their knuckles. The ability depends on both physical factors and learned behavior, Fernandez says. Some people have joints with enough flexibility, while others don’t. And there’s also some skill involved.
+“It’s almost like learning how to whistle,” Fernandez says. Once you figure out the technique, such as which knuckle to pull or at what angle, most people can pop at least a few knuckles, though not necessarily all of them equally well.
+So should you crack away? In private, have at it, Fernandez says. But in public? “No!” he added with a chuckle. “It’s rude.”
+In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
-The post Is cracking your knuckles really bad for them? appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post 10 vulnerable wildlife species to watch in 2026 appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The list brings together science with field experience and frontline conservation and spotlights some of the world’s most extraordinary and highly threatened species.
+“Our annual Species to Watch list offers insight into the key challenges facing some of the world’s most vulnerable species, including habitat loss, deforestation, illegal wildlife trade and climate change,” said Kristian Teleki, the CEO Fauna & Flora. “But it also shines a spotlight on the weird and wonderful plants and animals we are working to protect, and on the inspiring people and partners Fauna & Flora works with across the globe to deliver effective conservation action. In challenging times, it stands as a beacon of hope.”
+Fauna & Flora’s 10 Species to Watch in 2026 are listed below. (Click to expand images to full screen.)
+
The post Duluth Trading’s winter clearance sale drops winter coats, jackets, and outwerwear up to 50% off appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post World’s largest digital camera spots massive asteroid appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The Saint Lucia fer de lance (Bothrops caribbaeus) is a highly venomous pit viper found on the Caribbean Island of Saint Lucia and the Lesser Antilles. Their bites are potentially deadly and these snakes can grow up to six feet long. While it is widely feared (and often killed on sight) the fer de lance is not aggressive and bites only when threatened. It is also in danger of extinction.
To spot this asteroid, the team used the cutting-edge Vera C. Rubin Observatory. Located on a mountaintop in Chile, the observatory will repeatedly scan the sky for 10 years using the 3,200 megapixel LSST Camera to create an ultra-wide, ultra-high-definition time-lapse record of our universe. With this camera, Rubin can take an image every 40 seconds.
-
“NSF–DOE Rubin Observatory will find things that no one even knew to look for,” Luca Rizzi, an NSF program director for research infrastructure, said in a statement. “When Rubin’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time begins, this huge spinning asteroid will be joined by an avalanche of new information about our Universe, captured nightly.”
-Once common all over the continent, the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is on a slippery slope towards extinction. Over the past 25 years, the population of this fish in the United Kingdom plummeted by 95 percent. The eels face threats from overfishing—including for a popular jellied eel dish—pollution, habitat fragmentation, and illegal trade.
+While the observatory is expected to be fully up and running this year, preliminary observations taken in June 2025 revealed 1,900 asteroids never seen before.
-European eels play a crucial role in both freshwater and coastal ecosystems and serve as a vital food source for otters, bitterns, and other fish-eaters.
+As these asteroids orbit the sun, they rotate at a wide range of speeds. For scientists, these spin rates offer clues about how they formed billions of years ago and can tell us more about their composition. An asteroid spinning quickly—like 2025 MN45—may have sped up because of a past collision with another asteroid. This means it could be a fragment of an originally larger object.
-Fast rotation also requires a space rock to have enough internal strength to avoid fragmentation—when it flies apart into smaller pieces. Most asteroids are considered “rubble piles,” made of many smaller pieces of rock that are held together by gravity. Without this more solid core, they have speed limits as to how fast they can spin without coming apart.
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Objects in the main asteroid belt—located between Mars and Jupiter—must rotate completely in 2.2 hours to avoid fragmentation. Anything spinning faster must be structurally strong to remain intact. If an asteroid is spinning above this limit and is fairly large, then it must be made of stronger cosmic material.
+Fauna & Flora’s Conservation Leadership Programme is supporting a female-led team of spider experts to protect an interesting arachnid. Haploclastus devamatha or the psychedelic earth tiger, Indian rainbow tarantula, or LSD earth tiger is only found in the tropical forests of the southern Western Ghats in Kerala, India. It is covered in groovy colors with a metallic iridescence. It faces some serious threats, including habitat loss and degradation and demand from the illegal pet trade. The Conservation Leadership Programme’s spider team is working to secure long-term protection for the tarantula through field surveys, community engagement, and awareness initiatives.
The new study uses data collected over the course of about 10 hours across seven nights during Rubin Observatory’s early commissioning phase in April and May 2025. The astronomers found 76 asteroids with reliable rotation periods. This includes 16 super-fast rotators with rotation periods between about 13 minutes and 2.2 hours. Three are considered ultra-fast rotators that complete a full spin in less than five minutes.
-The 19 newly identified fast-rotators are about 100 yards–about the size of a football field (minus those important end zones). 2025 MN45 is about half a mile in diameter and completes a full rotation every 1.88 minutes. This combination of size and speed makes it the fastest-spinning asteroid with a diameter over 500 meters (1,640 feet) that astronomers have found.
-Temmick’s pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) is a compact, ground-dwelling mammal and is the only one of Africa’s four pangolin species that is found in relatively arid areas of East and Southern Africa. It forages for food very slowly and deliberately. It is also known for walking on its back legs, using its tail as a counterweight. Like all pangolin species, this one is threatened by the illegal trade of its meat and scales. Fauna & Flora is currently supporting a crisis clinic to help rehabilitate and release rescued and injured pangolins in Mozambique.

“Clearly, this asteroid must be made of material that has very high strength in order to keep it in one piece as it spins so rapidly,” added lead author Sarah Greenstreet, NSF NOIRLab assistant astronomer and lead of Rubin Observatory’s Solar System Science Collaboration’s Near-Earth Objects.“We calculate that it would need a cohesive strength similar to that of solid rock. This is somewhat surprising since most asteroids are believed to be what we call ‘rubble pile’ asteroids, which means they are made of many, many small pieces of rock and debris that coalesced under gravity during Solar System formation or subsequent collisions.”
+Some of the other notable asteroid discoveries include 2025 MJ71 (1.9-minute rotation period), 2025 MK41 (3.8-minute rotation period), 2025 MV71 (13-minute rotation period), and 2025 MG56 (16-minute rotation period).
-Scientists expect to uncover more fast rotators when Rubin begins its 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). These regular observations will gradually take in data and aim to provide pivotal information about the strengths, compositions, and histories of these primitive cosmic bodies.
+The post World’s largest digital camera spots massive asteroid appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>The post Chess or video games—which actually makes you smarter? The answer may surprise you. appeared first on Popular Science.
+]]>Named for its distinctive call, the cao vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) is Earth’s second rarest primate. Scientists thought that it was extinct but it was rediscovered in 2002. Its estimated population is only 74 individuals. A 2021 census with acoustic recorders and drones mounted with thermal imaging cameras found that the cao vit gibbon’s population is even lower than conservationists originally suspected. This year’s census will help verify whether Fauna & Flora’s current protection and habitat restoration efforts have led to a population increase in the five years since.
To find out, I asked experts which games do the most to sharpen your mind.
-“Sorry to disappoint you,” says Dr. Fernand Gobet, cognitive scientist and author of Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games, “but the answer is none.”
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“Not even chess?” I ask. “There is a moderate correlation between chess skill and different kinds of intelligence,” says Gobet, “but this seems to be explained by the fact that more intelligent individuals tend to be more attracted to activities such as chess.”
-A fish fit for rock & roll, blackfin guitarfish (Rhinobatos cemiculus) appears to not be quite so sure whether it is a shark or a ray. Found in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic, it has a flattened nose, broad, wing-like pectoral fins, and long, finned tail. To some, it looks like it was sewn together in a misguided Victor Frankenstein-esque scientific experiment. In reality, the fish is a type of shovelnose ray. Conservationists are working to halt its decline by strengthening marine protected area networks and reducing unintended shark and ray mortality from fishing.
That doesn’t mean games are useless for the brain. Rather, Gobet explains, most games teach “domain-specific skills,” or specialized knowledge. For example, if you want to boost your mathematical or business knowledge, choose Monopoly.
-Many classic games—chess, Go, checkers—encourage players to think before acting, says Gobet. This is a core component of executive function, the mental skills that help us solve problems, make decisions, and navigate complex situations.
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And games also foster social intelligence, such as respecting opponents and losing gracefully, he adds.
-The Utila spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura bakeri) is named after a small island in Honduras, the only place this reptile lives. Locals call it wishiwilly del suampo, this lizard is strictly confined to mangrove forests. Fauna & Flora is supporting its in-country conservation partners to protect and restore this forest habitat that the Utila spiny-tailed iguana and several other threatened species need to survive. While the Utila spiny-tailed iguana remains critically endangered, results from a recent survey suggest that its population has increased from an estimated 3,000-6,000 to an encouraging 7,000-14,000.
+A recent study suggests that while playing games in general is good for your brain, video games may have a stronger effect than board games. One reason may be that video games require players to process multiple streams of information at once and adapt strategies in real time.
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For thousands of years, falconers have prized the lightning-fast and saker falcon (Falco cherrug). Today, its continued popularity has seen the species plummet. There are fewer than 30,000 of these powerful raptors now left in the wild. This year, Fauna & Flora will assess the impact of trade on the saker falcon in Central Asia to inform conservation strategies, community engagement and enforcement efforts.
+“Constantly getting new challenges and having to figure out even entirely new systems is good for the brain,” says Dr. Kurt Dean Squire, a professor of informatics at the University of California, Irvine, whose research focuses on game-based learning. “You are having to think laterally about ideas, exploring problems from new angles.”
-“Different games help build different types of intelligence,” says Dr. Nathan Carroll, a board-certified psychiatrist and author of Internet Gaming Disorder.
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Games that emphasize cooperation, such as Animal Crossing, Minecraft, and many MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games), benefit social intelligence—provided they’re played collaboratively, Carroll says.
-A lovely bit of flora among fauna, tulips are one of the most recognizable flowers on the planet. They have been widely cultivated for centuries, but their wild ancestors are native to the mountainous regions of Central Asia. The countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan harbour 63 unique species, or more than half of the world’s tulip population. Many wild tulip species are threatened with extinction, primarily due to overgrazing and trampling by livestock, overharvesting of cut flowers, urbanization, and climate change.
Role-playing games, which let you control characters in fictional worlds and tend to feature dense, descriptive text, can enhance linguistic intelligence. “In fact, I personally learned to read while playing RPGs on the Sega Master System in the 1980s,” Carroll says. “To engage with them, I needed to learn the words on the screen.”
-Games where the goal is to construct and manage some form of base or empire, like Minecraft, Valheim, and 4X games, encourage logical and spatial intelligence, Carroll says.
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“Augmented- and virtual-reality games offer many opportunities to develop kinesthetic (bodily/movement) intelligence,” says Carroll. “Great games for this include Beat Saber and Fruit Ninja.”
-This big cat’s beautiful markings are its most striking feature. Sadly, this exquisitely patterned coat makes the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) a prime target for the illegal wildlife trade. The mammals found in the Himalayas and mainland Southeast Asia into South China, are trafficked alive as exotic pets and their pelts are also sold illegally. Their teeth, claws and bones may also be sold as tiger parts. Fauna & Flora is currently supporting community-led patrols to protect this threatened feline in Cambodia’s Virachey National Park.
+ “The species we share our planet with are truly extraordinary. From the most peculiar of rays, to the majestic falcon, to the tulips we buy in our supermarkets each day, every plant and animal plays a unique and essential role in sustaining life on Earth,” concluded Teleki. “But time is running out. With less than five years to go until 2030, a guiding star for many global nature and climate goals, we can no longer afford to delay action to protect and restore our planet’s natural wonders. The pressures facing nature are severe, and species populations are declining at an alarming rate.”
The post 10 vulnerable wildlife species to watch in 2026 appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Giant phantom jellyfish spotted deep in Pacific appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>For children, games can be a powerful teaching tool. “Children in particular might be more motivated to learn if they engage in activities that are fun,” says Gobet.
-During a dive over the winter holidays, the team explored the wall of a submarine canyon and encountered the creature—also called the giant phantom jelly. It is a very rare find, with only about 118 sightings over 110 years. It is believed to be widespread throughout the world’s oceans, except in the Arctic Ocean. Giant phantom jellyfish have four long oral arms that do not sting the way the tentacles on other jellyfish do. Instead, they use these appendages to grab their prey and guide it towards their mouths
+The cognitive benefits of games aren’t limited to children. Among older adults, “trying new things, solving problems, any sort of mental stimulation has shown to lead to big gains in staving off cognitive decline,” says Squire. “Games that are social are even better.”
-According to the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) in California, they can reach lengths of 3.3 feet across and 33 feet long. MBARI’s ROV Tiburon previously spotted a fish swimming alongside of the giant phantom jelly during an expedition to the Gulf of California. The team watched the fish hover above the jellyfish’s bulbous body and swim in and out of its arms. Since the waters of the ocean’s Midnight Zone (about 3,300 to 13,100 feet) offer little shelter, many creatures find shelter in the gelatinous animals like jellyfish that live here.
-The post Giant phantom jellyfish spotted deep in Pacific appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>The post Beer waste helps lab-grown meat taste meatier appeared first on Popular Science.
-]]>Multiple studies have shown that older adults who regularly played games like Go and Ska (a traditional board game in Thailand) experienced improvements in attention, memory, and executive function (the mental skills used to plan, solve problems, and adapt to new situations).
-According to a study recently published in Frontiers in Nutrition by researchers at University College London, beer yeast’s second life may come from its bacterial cellulose. Similar to the cellulose in plants, the organic substance forms a protective layer around yeast cells and provides them with a sturdy shape. Researchers are increasingly interested in ways to harness this rigidity for a wide range of uses, including 3D-printed bandages and plant-based meals. But while lab-grown meat is more common and accessible than ever, the industry still faces challenges when it comes to affordability and properly imitating the real thing.
+Age appropriateness matters, Gobet cautions. Games that are too easy bore older players, while overly complex games can frustrate younger ones. “This being said, children can learn complex games such as chess at a surprisingly young age,” says Gobet. “For example, an Indian child was recently in the news for having acquired a chess rating of nearly 1600 Elo—the rating of an average amateur level—at the age of 3.”
-“While it’s relatively easy to grow animal cells for mass food production you need to be able to grow them on something cheap, edible and that preferably provides a structure that resembles real meat,” study co-author and UCL medical researcher Richard Day explained in a statement.
+To test yeast waste’s viability in its alternative role, Day and colleagues took a batch of old brewing bacteria and utilized it to culture Komagataeibacter xylinus—a bacterium with particularly strong cellulose. Next, they placed the new cellulose into a “chewing machine” that repeatedly compressed it to assess its physical properties. The team discovered that bacterial cellulose grown from brewer’s yeast not only equaled conventional methods, it supported animal cells known as fibroblasts. This strongly suggests yeast-based cellulose could be used in making artificial meat.
+Games don’t make you smarter, but they can support your brain, regardless of your age. Different games sharpen different skills—and video games may have an edge over traditional board games by demanding faster, more flexible thinking.
-“One of the biggest hurdles in cultivated meat is replicating the ‘mouthfeel’ and texture of real meat,” said study co-author and UCL Division of Medicine researcher Christian Harrison. “Our findings suggest that bacterial cellulose grown on brewing waste not only supports cell growth but also mimics the mechanical properties of meat more closely than other scaffolds.”
+Perhaps it’s time to update our Christmas game stash with a video game or two.
-There is still a lot of work to be done, but early analysis indicates there may soon come a day when yeast helps craft both your pint of beer and its accompanying burger.
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-]]>In Ask Us Anything, Popular Science answers your most outlandish, mind-burning questions, from the everyday things you’ve always wondered to the bizarre things you never thought to ask. Have something you’ve always wanted to know? Ask us.
+The post Chess or video games—which actually makes you smarter? The answer may surprise you. appeared first on Popular Science.
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