4 RWs and 3 RWs (in case of 1 RW failure)


Larger than a few centimeters and smaller than a few millimeters


MWIR cross-talk correction and in-flight calibration protocol


Dual spectrometer with individual prism dispersers


To meet stringent requirements on polarization sensitivity and RγRA


Meets all requirements in terms of image quality (radiometrically and geometrically), availability, and fuel consumption


As much energy as the Sun radiates in a quarter of a million years


Contains a built-in module for analog information acquisition in structure of a set of multiplexers and ADCs


N point-and-shoot cameras, rigid support structure, turntable


Multi-aperture, non-Littrow echelle array grating spectrometer configuration


Information on vertical structures (temperature, humidity and wind at high horizontal, vertical and temporal resolution)


Optique et Instruments de Précision (OIP) Sensor Systems


Conventional low-resolution measurements and high-resolution synthetic aperture radar measurements


Separate the transmitting and receiving routes interfacing with the electronics subsystem


Compact and lightweight all-reflective imaging grating spectrometer


Similar for discrete and integrated mixer devices


Single chip microcontroller (C8051F022) of the Silicon Laboratories Company


Spectral images at several different wavelengths of the extreme ultraviolet spectrum


Up to 40 degrees during the first two years of operations


Deployable solar array, stringent requirements on attitude accuracy, near-real time POD services


Distinguish between natural sources of carbon dioxide and sources that are a result of human activity


Wave-like perturbations in ionospheric plasma density echo wave-like perturbations in the background neutral atmosphere that couple to the ionosphere through various mechanisms. Winds may mechanically move the ionospheric layer vertically through collisions


Temperatures of six layers of the atmosphere


Direct cross-calibration of QuikSCAT's SeaWinds scatterometer with the ISRO OSCAT


CCD detectors for the UVN channels and the MCT detectors for the SWIR channels


2.1 - 2.8 km in flight direction, 1.2 - 0.7 km in cross track direction


Effects of weightlessness on the hemopoietic system


Improved sea state and wind speed measurements, enhanced capabilities for river and lake hydrology applications, stability of sea-level rise estimates


Fits into a 1U CubeSat and can be scaled up to the nanosatellite and microsatellite classes


High Precision Ocean Altimetry reference mission


10º-170º with respect to the spin axis by 30º in azimuth


SSDL ground station at Stanford University


The central controller, Unit of radio channels, Power distribution and telemetry controller, Controller of power supply, Navigation equipment


Temperature profiles, oceanic humidity, and rain; global imagery characterizing fronts and hurricanes


WINCS (Winds-Ion-Neutral Composition Suite)


3.74 - 15.4 µm for the array grating spectrometer (IR bands)


Earth mapping; identification of surface minerals


Measures magnetic field variations associated with space weather


Provides high resolution, high cadence imaging in selected spectral bands


Ensure the beam collimation over the whole operative frequency band


Highest densities of both young and old stars


To derive the size, mass, speed, and direction of CMEs


Document the added value of water vapor observations derived from a hyperspectral infrared sounding instrument on a geostationary satellite for regional forecasting


To image the solar corona and observe Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)


Maintain quality closer to the coastline than Jason missions


Boom Assembly, actuator Assembly and hinge Assembly


PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) and GSLV-MkIII (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle)


Based on solid oxide electrolyte micro-sensors


UVIS (Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer) instrument channel launched on the TGO (ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter) mission in March 2016


Measure the time resolved behavior of atomic oxygen


METOC (Meteorological/Oceanographic) Program Office of SPAWAR


SwRI (Southwest Research Institute), San Antonio, TX, USA


Distinguish and measure atomic and molecular oxygen at very low ambient pressures (down to 10-10 mbar partial pressure)


Enable the corresponding amplifier for transmitting polarization selection


G. Kopp, G. Lawrence, "The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Instrument Design," Solar Physics, Vol. 230, No 1-2 (Special issue of SORCE), Aug. 2005


Magnetometers, Solar array sensors, Magnetorquers, Gyroscope


Show effects of magnetospheric storms and solar particle events


Gyro-based attitude reference using quaternion propagation with attitude updates from Earth sensors and sun sensors


Perform Restore-L's highly complex mission timeline and sequencing


T. Krynicki, “The Cosmic Radiation Detector (AMS-02) on the International Space Station,” Proceedings of IAC 2004, Vancouver, Canada, Oct. 4-8, 2004, IAC-04-IAF-Q.P.11


UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)


Ultra-high accuracy blackbody calibration reference source(s)


Almost full-sky coverage for brief events


Manabe, S. Ochiai, Y. Irimajiri, J. Inatani, H. Harada, T. Noguchi, S.-C. Shi, K. Narasaki, Y. Abe


Geometric Inflight Calibration by block adjustment


Largest satellite test facility in Europe


Three-axis stabilized using a combination of passive (gravity-gradient boom) and active (magnetorquers, reaction wheels) actuator elements


Digital Surface Model (DSM), Digital Terrain Model (DTM), and 3D Vectors


One PCB, one stainless steel gas sample cylinder, one chem-sensor housing containing 32 sensor elements, temperature and humidity sensors, three mini-solenoid valves


Institute of Aerospace Engineering of TU Dresden, Germany


Initial seeding, subsequent evolution of wave perturbations


Off-axis three mirror anastigmat type (TMA)


Short bursts of high-energy radiation that typically last for not even a second but are billions of times more luminous than the Sun


All local times, multiple seasons, range of latitudes from the equator to the inclination of the satellite


Rowland Circle style imaging spectrograph


Study the effect of shielding on cosmic rays


Only one pulse can be received by the transponder in a calibration routine


Medium frequency wave analyzer (electric and magnetic)


Magnetic torque rod, passive nutation damper, three-axis magnetometer, enhanced sun sensor, Autonomous Star Tracker (AST)


Morehead University, Morehead, KY, USA and GAUSS


Ability to measure the dynamic topography of the Western Boundary currents and their associated rings and eddies, to provide sea surface height data for assimilation into numerical models


Demonstrate the technologies required to rendezvous with, grasp, refuel and relocate a government-owned satellite


Flux of atomic oxygen shows different interactions with spacecraft surfaces


NASA Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Development (H-TIDeS) program grant


Bluish slice, with red and yellow colors denoting more scattering off of clouds and aerosols


Addresses one of the main challenges for small commercial missions, the reduction of operations costs


High School Students of Geymonat (Tradate, VA, Italy)


Total power millimeter and sub-millimeter wave conically scanning radiometer


CTIP (Compact Tiny Ionospheric Photometer)


64% during the first two years of the mission


Looking deep beneath the Martian surface


Implements direct digital synthesis functions for generating chirp pulses at programmable bandwidth, slope and duration


Assimilation into convective-scale, regional and global NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) models and through nowcasting products


Form as massive stars end their lives via powerful supernova explosions


81 K for LWIR patch, 98 K for MWIR/SWIR patch


Imaging spectrometer that combines three data channels in one instrument


Provides continuous remote access for users on ground


Provide operational altimetry data for the US Navy as well as for NOAA, NASA, and University ocean science and ocean monitoring


Mounted to two of the four deployable solar panels


Aligned with the Rosetta payload line of sight


Long-term characterization of the bus and component (magnetometer) testbeds


Spectral purity of the generated waveform and augmented flexibility


Slow pitch-up to allow its radiometer and GPS receiver payloads to sound overlapping volumes of Earth atmosphere


Chromosome changes and sensitivity to radiation in lymphocytes (white blood cells) of ISS crew members


Operate in a radiation intense environment


Parallel development, assembly, integration and test of the service and payload modules


Generates all the supply voltages for the IC


Creation of a novel 3D dataset of Antarctica


VNIR (Visible Near Infrared) and IRS (Infrared Scanner)


Study the effects of sun radiation on Earth's space environment


Generating and distributing the antenna parameters to the SAS


Location of the Russian Space Station Mir with Differential GPS


Flight operations chain, Data processing chain


1150 km for all VNIR channels, 1400 km for all SWIR and TIR channels


EPJ (European Physical Journal) Web of Conferences


As far as possible from the permanent sweeping magnets


External cold space/Earth limb looks, and vicarious scene comparison combined with an extensive pre-launch testing campaign


Address challenges such as food security, air pollution, rising sea levels, diminishing polar ice, natural disasters and climate change


Passive system for the deployment of the sail


Picosat Launcher and Payload, Accelerometer Testbed, Magnetometer Testbed


Angular momentum less of an issue when pointing


Maps of total ozone in the stratosphere and troposphere


UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), ASVs and AUVs


Great distance from us, in the depth of the very early Universe


Sensor of a local vertical, Sun sensor, Angular speed sensor, Magnetometer, Electromagnets, Engine-flywheels, Attitude control system controller


26º starting along the spin axis by about 3º in azimuth


Nickel-cobalt alloy with iridium coating


Provide measurement data of the magnetic field of the Moon


Acquisition & Processing Equipment, Distribution & Separation Equipment, Battery Pack Equipment, Telemetry Equipment, Sensors, Internal Camera, External Camera


ASTRA, COSMIAC, AFRL, University of Texas at Dallas and Boston College


Generates all the supply voltages for the SC


4 K with a scene at 185 K, 1 K with a scene at 300 K


Some of the most intense in the Universe


Build the satellite and collect the data from it


Global sea-ice concentrations and type (age) and sea surface temperatures; sea surface winds; snowcover; soil moisture; atmospheric water vapour over oceans; and rainfall


Red sprites, blue jets, elves, carrot sprites, gigantic jets


Support the dynamics via tracking of vertical water vapor structures


Three-axis stabilized utilizing a zero momentum system


Screens the Earth from charged particles and protects all life on the planet from the harmful effects of cosmic radiation


Columbus module of the International Space Station


Data assimilation for ocean tide estimation


Can see without a telescope on dark, clear nights


Optical subunit and Channel Control Unit (CCU)


Radio-telescope survey of gas in the Milky Way


Technology feasibility demonstration, technology refinement, full scale engineering production


Superimposed on the CALIPSO slice in brighter colors


Faster at responding to and observing sudden energetic events


Solve relativistic electron trajectories in arbitrary electric and magnetic field models of the inner magnetosphere


Drive and receive from the antenna for H and V polarization


D. A. V. Spilling, N. G. Wright, M. Caldwell, A. K. Ward


5G signal propagation, autonomous vehicles, smart cities and internet of things (IoT), guided munitions and disaster response planning and mitigation


First geostationary 3-axis stabilized satellite for Earth observation


POD (Precise Orbit Determination) facility


PCSU (Processing Control and Storage Unit), VAU (Video Acquisition Unit), CAU (Conditioning and Acquisition Unit), FAU (Fast Acquisition Unit), DSU (Data Storage Unit)


Single-tagged fragments ≥2mm in maximum dimension, original locations within panels, material, shape, mass, volume, CS area, characteristic length, and multiple photos


Satellite control and scientific information transfer


One spacecraft in near-equatorial- and the second spacecraft in polar orbit


MIL-STD-1553B bus, RS-422 interfaces, CCSDS protocol


Can be varied based on the desired resolution


RAL, UK (British Aerospace as prime contractor); CRPE, France, and CSIRO, Australia


Can be detected billions of light-years away


Si micromachined bolometer pixels, readout integrated circuits (ROIC) monolithically built in the Si wafer, radiometric package


Coordinated with pulsing by the magnetorquers


Cannot point to sources closer than 50º to the sun and to the anti-sun during nominal lifetime, 60º if eclipse seasons and extended lifetime


Demonstrate the efficiency of this technique as an early detection of impairment in bone remodelling and ultimately to provide information on the mechanics underlying bone loss and to accurately evaluate the efficiency of relevant countermeasures


Solar panel, wire mechanism with its hook, hinge mechanism


Brazilian software house located on the campus of UFSM (Federal University of Santa Maria)


11 channels in VNIR-NP (non polarized) from 380-865 nm, 2 channels in VNIR-P (polarized), 4 channels in SWIR, 2 channels in TIR


Ozone, dust and aerosols in the martian atmosphere


Vertically and to either side of the UARS observatory


Plays an important role in the depletion of the ozone layer over the South Pole


Solve time evolution of ions and fields including ULF waves in the inner magnetosphere self-consistently to investigate plasma and electromagnetic field variation during geospace storms


Magnetometer (MAG) unit and the Fluxgate magnetometer Control Electronics (FCE) unit


MWR (Microwave Radiometer) and the IRR (Infrared Radiometer)


Continuous monitoring of low resolution optical, field and particle data


Alternative magnetic field in the low and medium frequency ranges


Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Oceansat-2 scatterometer known as OSCAT


Data transmission from satellite to ground station through a geosynchronous satellite; develops satellite ephemeris through communication link range and range rate information


Ozone, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde


Climate models, interactions between the atmosphere and ocean, and weather/climate phenomena such as hurricanes and El Niño


Cloud droplet distribution, size and width measurements


Atmospheric temperature profiles, humidity profiles, land skin surface temperature


Seismometer, sensors for gauging wind and air pressure, a magnetometer, and a heat flow probe


To bring new high-resolution Ku- band synthetic aperture radar measurements into the altimetry reference time series


Telescope, optical bench, aft-optics, interferometer (FTS), ICT (Independent Calibration Target), SSM (Scene Selection Module), detectors, cooler, processing and control electronics, and instrument structure


Daytime/nighttime global cloud cover and water vapour mapping


Size characterization of debris fragments


Conventional radar-altimeter mode, advanced SAR mode


X-ray filters, Be-type filter, neutral density filter, polyimide filter


Twice the resolution of the best previous global map


B-dot attitude control system, magnetic-based control system, three-axis control system


Based on heritage in ground-based and airborne applications


Magnetometers, sun-sensors, gyroscopes, MEMS 9-axis IMU (each 3-axis magnetometer, gyroscope, and accelerometer), secondary magnetometers, high precision gyroscopes, redundant IMU, high precision sun-sensor


Telespazio's Fucino Space Center in Italy


ESA’s ESTEC testing facilities in the Netherlands


Monitoring earth-based sources and sinks of anthropogenic and natural sources of GHG


70 quadrillion times stronger than that of Earth


Pushbroom scanning in the VNIR spectral region, Whiskbroom scanning in the SWIR and TIR spectral region


Encodes the state of linear polarization in the intensity spectrum as a sinusoidal modulation


Up to 30 degrees during the extended mission phase


Microcontroller, real time clock, linear regulator, RS-232 transceivers, controlled power supply switches for the external systems


Three-mirror segmented telescope assembly


CTECS (Compact Total Electron Content Sensor) and a micro dosimeter


Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)


Simpler hardware configuration that eliminates the filters


Large amount of energy in all spectral bands, from gamma rays through to visible and infrared


Split into four beams due to birefringence


SwRI (Southwest Research Institute) and the University of New Hampshire in cooperation with the Austrian Academy of Sciences


SOSA (Slovak Organization for Space Activities )


ESA (European Space Agency), CNSA (China National Space Administration)


Better than the one of a mirror with a surface roughness of 2 nm rms


Characterize the GPS signal availability at selected altitudes up to GEO


TVAC (Thermal Vacuum) testing and antenna radiation pattern testing


Multi-wavelength, multi-angle with wide FOV


HH and/or VV imaging, cross-polar operation


Primarily filled with gas and pockets of star-forming activity


CSC (Compact Spherical Coil) triaxial fluxgate magnetometer


Within ±15º about the roll axis (or ±180º about the yaw axis)


183 GHz, 243 GHz, 325 GHz, 448 GHz and 664 GHz


57th IAC/IAF/IAA (International Astronautical Congress)


Evolution of a cross-section through the radiation belts


Quickly tilt and point to target swiftly moving objects in the sky


Characterizing cloud properties, especially ice clouds


Compound triaxial system of search-coil magnetometers


Ocean and land-surface temperature observations


1.5m long extendible rolled composite boom, boom mechanism, main PCB, Magnetometer, SpaceMag-Lite, 2 x RADFET


Short charging periods when the panels briefly faced the Sun


Measure the time resolved behavior of atomic oxygen flux in-situ in the upper atmosphere and lower thermosphere


MSSL (Mullard Space Science Laboratory) of Belgium


Long front baffle, mechanism for switching between different observation-modes


EUV spectrograph; MUV, NUV, and NIR spectrometers; and the 630 nm, 766 nm, and 777.4 nm photometers


Developing innovative solutions against the growing number of space debris


Exploit the augmented performance in terms of RF transmission and dissipated power


Measure sea-surface colour, the distribution of ice flow and chlorophyll, and the generation of “red tides”


Advance physical understanding of the links between TLEs and TGFs, Identify the generation mechanisms for TLEs and TGFs, Evaluate the potential effects of TLEs, TGFs, and bursts of precipitated and accelerated electrons


Noise diodes in radiometer and cold sky measurements


Use of altimeter data in coastal oceanography, in mapping mesoscale fronts and eddies, and, in using basin-scale data for generating eddy-resolving global ocean models