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Q:
Use Tempfile twice?
I'm having an issue with a simple program over what I believe has to do with Tempfiles. I am using 'open-uri' and 'nokogiri' and am trying to do a regex search on a document as well as an xpath search with nokogiri. However, it seems I cannot do this without making two seperate requests for the document and thus creating two separate Tempfiles. This works, but is making two requests:
require 'open-uri'
require 'nokogiri'
source_url = "http://foo.com/"
#grab html document and assign it a variable
doc = open(source_url)
#grab html document, convert to Nokogiri object and assign to variable.
noko_doc = Nokogiri::HTML(open(source_url))
#create array of stuff.
foo = noko_doc.xpath("//some element").collect { |e| e }
#create another array of stuff
bar = []
doc.each do |f|
f.each do |line|
abstract_matches = line.scan(/some regex string/)
unless abstract_matches.empty?
abstract_matches.collect! do |item|
if item.to_s.match(/yet another regex string/)
item
end
end.compact!
unless abstract_matches.empty?
abstract_matches.each { |match| bar << "#{ match } / " }
end
end
end
end
#all for this
puts foo + bar
I would prefer if I could pass the 'doc' variable into Nokogiri::HTML, as well as iterate over it. Help?
A:
It's uncommon to iterate a Tempfile. More common is to access like this:
html = open(source_url).read
noko_doc = Nokogiri::HTML(html)
html.split("\n").each do |line|
# do stuff
end
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Appcelerator Studio Crashes on Safari Launch?
I'm working on an iMac 27-inch, Late 2012 (macOS High Sierra)
When I open Safari, Appcelerator Studio crashes immediately! I couldn't figure that out why this is happening.
Does anyone know anything about this?
A:
Can you check what is the error reported in the crash log? Just look for main thread crash and search in the google - this might give some clue.
Not sure if it's related to this:
https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=465693
When crash happens, you'll see a rectangular dialog with a title of JVM Terminate on your screen and Studio will disappear. This indicates Java itself has crashed, but it creates a log file in the process.
By default, the crash file should be in either the Studio installation directory, or in the system temp directory, most likely with a file name of hs_err_pid*.log. If you still could not locate it, follow the directions here:
Finding your Error Log
On OS X, the location is ~/Library/Logs/Java/*.crash.log or ~/Library/Logs/CrashReporter, and the file will have the word java in its name.
http://docs.appcelerator.com/platform/latest/#!/guide/Crashes_and_Freezes
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 1 Self-consciousness and intersubjectivity 1 Kristina Musholt Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method London School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE Email: K.Musholt@lse.ac.uk Abstract This paper distinguishes between implicit self-related information and explicit selfrepresentation and argues that the latter is required for self-consciousness. It is further argued that self-consciousness requires an awareness of other minds and that this awareness develops over the course of an increasingly complex perspectival differentiation, during which information about self and other that is implicit in early forms of social interaction becomes redescribed into an explicit format. 1. Self-consciousness What is self-consciousness? Well, it seems to be the case that we have an unmediated, direct access to (at least some) of our mental and bodily states. At this particular moment in time, I know that I am sitting at my desk, looking at the monitor in front of me, thinking about what to write. I am aware of my slight feeling of thirst and of the slight pain in my back. And I seem to be aware of all of this in a very direct, immediate way. In fact, it seems that I know these things in a special way, from the first-person perspective or "from the inside", so to speak. To be sure, someone else could know these things about myself as well, but they would have to rely on me telling them, or on observing my behavior. They could observe my 1 Versions of this paper were presented at the ECAP7 conference in 2011 in Milan and at the first PLM conference in 2011 in Stockholm. I am grateful to members of the audience at these occasions for helpful comments and discussion. I would also like to thank Patrick Wilken and an anonymous referee for this journal for helpful comments. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 2 getting up, walking to the kitchen and fetching a glass of water, and conclude that I must have been thirsty, for example. But I do not need to rely on observation to know about my feeling of thirst, or about the pain in my back. I just know. It is this immediate awareness of one's mental and bodily states that we are ultimately after when we speak of self-consciousness.2 Of course, there are many other things that I can know about myself, but that I don't have access to in this immediate way. For instance, I know that I was born in January, because my parents told me so, and I can know that I am wearing a blue sweater because I just looked in the mirror. Similarly, I know what my face looks like from looking in the mirror or from looking at pictures of myself. The way I come to know about these things is not different from the way someone else can come to know them. All these facts about myself can also be learned by someone else, in much the same way that I learn about them, namely from the third person perspective. In fact, I can even come to know facts about myself from the third person perspective without realizing that they are about myself. For instance, someone might tell me "KM was born in January" and I could fail to understand that this is a piece of information about myself because I am suffering from amnesia and have forgotten my name. Or I might, in passing, glance at a mirror and – without realizing that I am looking into a mirror – think "That person really needs a haircut!" while failing to notice that the person is me. This is not possible when I feel a pain in my back and on the basis of this sensation come to think "I have a pain in my back", or when I am feeling thirsty and on the basis of this feeling think or say "I am thirsty". I know these things immediately and there can be no doubt as to who it is that is thirsty or has a hurting back when I form the corresponding judgment. I may have forgotten my name and I may know nothing else about me, but I can still refer to myself with the first-person pronoun in order to self-ascribe a state of thirst or a feeling of pain. As I just indicated, the canonical expression of self-ascriptions of this latter kind involves the first-person pronoun. Moreover, these self-ascriptions are such that they do not rely on any inference or identification and that there can be no doubt as to who is their subject. In other words, they are "immune to error through misidentification relative to the first person pronoun" (Shoemaker, 1968).3 That is to say that when making these types of self-ascriptions, 2 Note that throughout this paper I will follow the common convention of using the terms self-awareness and self-consciousness interchangeably. 3 Notice that not all judgments that involve the first person pronoun are immune to error through misidentification. Rather, it is only those judgments that, as Wittgenstein puts it, use the "I" as subject (as opposed to those where the "I" is used as object). These, in turn, are those that rely on a specific evidence base characteristic of the first person perspective. However, as first-person judgments that are immune to error through misidentification provide the basis for those first-person judgments that do not (see Bermúdez 1998; this volume), we can neglect this distinction for the present purposes. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 3 the subject might be mistaken with regard to the predicate she is ascribing to herself, but she cannot be mistaken with regard to the subject of her self-ascriptions.4 As I discuss elsewhere in more detail (Musholt, forthcoming), this immunity can be traced back to the information upon which these judgments are based. This information must be such that in obtaining it the subject necessarily ipso facto obtains information that relates to herself.5 No selfidentification or inference is required in order to form an "I"-thought based on this kind of information, and hence no misidentification (relative to the first person pronoun) is possible. Thus, we can define self-consciousness as the ability to think 'I'-thoughts, that is, the ability to think thoughts that are about oneself, that are known to be about oneself by the subject entertaining them, and that are immune to error through misidentification.6 2. Implicit self-related information vs. explicit self-representation How is this ability to think 'I'-thoughts to be explained? As indicated above, 'I'-thoughts rely on a specific kind of evidence base, namely on information about the subject that is immediately accessible to the subject as such. Obvious candidates for these types of information include information about occurrent mental and bodily states.7 Take perception and proprioception, both of which have been much discussed as providing the subject with nonconceptual8 first-personal content (e.g. Bermúdez 1998). Perception, it is argued, provides the perceiver not just with information about the environment, but – necessarily – also with information about the perceiving subject. For instance, according to Gibson's (1979) ecological theory of vision, the visual field contains self-specifying structural invariants such as the boundedness of the visual field and the occlusion of parts of the visual field by various parts of the body. Moreover, the patterns of flow in the optic array and the relations between the variant and invariant features provide the perceiver with information about her movement in the world, and the perception of affordances, that is, properties of objects in the environment that relate to the abilities of the perceiver, provides the subject with information about the possibilities for action that these objects afford. (Cf. Bermúdez 4 Consequently, these judgments have immediate implications for action. (See Perry 2000.) 5 Also see Evans (1982) and Bermúdez (1998; this volume). 6 As we will see in what follows, self-consciousness is a gradual phenomenon. As I will argue below, the ability to think 'I'-thoughts in the sense just specified requires explicit self-representations. However, we can distinguish between different levels of explicitness, and hence between different degrees to which one can possess this ability. 7 Bermúdez, this volume, also discusses autobiographical memory as a further source of this type of information. 8 Nonconceptual content is standardly defined as representational content that can be ascribed to a creature even if that creature lacks the concepts required to specify the content in question (cf. Bermúdez 1998). Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 4 1998.) Proprioception, on the other hand, provides the organism with information regarding the state of the body, such as its position in space, or its balance.9 Thus, it is argued, the content of perception and proprioception provides the organism with information that is about itself. Moreover, this information is thought to be immune to error through misidentification. This is because ecological perception delivers information that is necessarily about one's own spatio-temporal position relative to other objects in the environment and about one's own possibilities for interaction with these objects. Likewise, somatic proprioception delivers information that it necessarily about one's own body. If I perceive the apple in front of me to be within reaching distance, no question can arise as to who it is that can reach the apple. Likewise, if I proprioceive my legs to be crossed, there is no question as to whose legs are crossed – perception and proprioception do not require any selfidentification. Hence, it is claimed, perception and proprioception qualify as basic, nonconceptual, forms of self-consciousness, or 'I'-thoughts (Bermúdez 1998). However, on my view, what perception and proprioception provide the organism with is implicit self-related information, and this ought to be distinguished from explicit selfrepresentation (Musholt, forthcoming). Only the latter can provide the subject with thoughts that are known by the subject to be about itself.10 Hence, only the latter qualifies as selfconsciousness in the sense defined above. Following Dienes and Perner (1999), I take it that a "fact is explicitly represented if there is an expression (mental or otherwise) whose meaning is just that fact; in other words, there is an internal state whose function is to indicate that fact" (Dienes and Perner 1999, 736). That is to say that a fact or state of affairs is represented explicitly when the mental state in question contains a component that directly refers to this fact or states of affairs. In contrast, a fact or state of affairs is implicit in a mental representation when the mental state in question does not contain a component that directly refers to this fact, but when this fact or state of affairs is conveyed as part of the contextual function of the mental state. Now, any given conscious experience contains several different aspects (or "facts"), each of which can be either implicitly or explicitly represented. For instance, according to the standard analysis of propositional attitudes, we can distinguish between the content or 9 Crucially, the body is never presented to the subject in the way other objects in the environment are, but rather as a "system of possible movements" (Dokic 2003) that are subject to the will. 10 Moreover, as I argue elsewhere (Musholt, forthcoming), only the latter can be said to be immune to error through misidentification. Roughly speaking, this is because immunity requires the possibility of representing the subject of a self-ascription independently from the property and this in turn requires that the representation in question contains an explicitly self-referring component (as well as a component referring to the property). Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 5 proposition (standardly expressed by means of a "that"-clause), the propositional attitude (e.g. knowledge vs. belief vs. desire, etc.), and the holder of that attitude. Accordingly, as Dienes and Perner (1999) point out, there are three main types of explicit representation, depending on which of the three constituents of the propositional attitude is represented explicitly. We can distinguish between: (1) explicit content but implicit attitude and implicit holder of the attitude; (2) explicit content and attitude but implicit holder of attitude; (3) explicit content, attitude and holder of attitude.11 Their idea is that in the first instance it is the proposition that is represented, whereas the attitude results from the functional role of that representation. For example, a desire has a different functional role in my cognitive architecture than a belief, a fear or a wish. But the propositional attitude itself can also be explicitly represented as in when I am aware of the fact that I am currently entertaining a belief as opposed to a wish, imagination or worry. The attitude can then also be explicitly ascribed to myself (or, as it were, to another subject), thus making the holder of the attitude explicit.12 So say I am at this moment seeing a red lamp on my desk. In order to consciously access the content of this visual experience (so that I can report on the lamp, for instance), I must explicitly represent the red lamp. But I need not explicitly represent the fact that this is a visual perception, or that it is me who has this experience. However, in order for me to be aware of the fact that I am entertaining a visual representation, the information that was previously implicit in the functional role that my representation played must be represented explicitly. And the same holds for the fact that it is me (rather than someone else) who is seeing the lamp. This fact is implicit in the fact that I do indeed have the experience, but it must be made explicit for me to consciously access it (such that I can then form an 'I'thought). Now, on my view, proponents of theories of nonconceptual content are correct in pointing out the fact that perception is always perception from a specific egocentric perspective and hence necessarily self-related.13 They are also correct in pointing out that proprioception delivers the 11 Moreover, propositional contents contain different components, such as individuals, properties, predication relations between the former and the latter, as well as temporal context and factuality vs. fiction, each of which can also be either implicitly or explicitly represented. 12 Note that, as we are concerned here with nonconceptual as well as conceptual representations, in the following, I will sometimes choose the more neutral term "intentional attitude", rather than "propositional attitude". In contrast to the former, the latter suggests that the content of the representation in question is propositional, and it is not obvious that this is the case for nonconceptual representations. 13 Note that this is consistent with my claim above that my knowledge that I wear a blue sweater (which I gain by looking in the mirror) is not different in kind from the knowledge that 'she is wearing a blue sweater' gained by another person who is looking at me. In both cases, an identification component is involved (hence the possibility of misidentification is provided for). Although my perception necessarily contains self-specifying information, this information is not about the blue sweater being mine – rather it is information regarding my Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 6 subject with information regarding its bodily states and properties. However, this does not imply that the information is also explicitly represented as being about the subject. Rather, because perception always occurs from a unique perspective, and because proprioception always delivers information about a unique body, there is no need for the self to be explicitly represented. In other words, there is no need for the organism to keep track of the subject of its perceptual and proprioceptive states. Rather, as I argue elsewhere (Musholt, forthcoming), the self should be understood as an 'unarticulated constituent' (Perry, 2000) of perception and proprioception. The information that is provided by perception and proprioception is implicitly self-related because it is part of the function of perception and proprioception to provide information that is related to the subject such that the information can be used for the guidance of intentional action. But this ought to be distinguished from explicit selfrepresentation where the information is explicitly represented as being about the organism. In other words, it is one thing to be in a perceptual or bodily state, but it is another thing to explicitly ascribe this state to oneself. And to put it differently again: it is one thing to be conscious and another thing to be self-conscious. 14 While perception per se does not require explicit self-representation, the explicit representation of the subject of my perception – myself – comes into play when I am about to contrast my perception (and hence my egocentric perspective) with that of another subject. For instance, it might be the case that I can see a book on the table, but you cannot, because your visual access to the book is blocked by some other object that is located between you and the book on the table. Now once I realize that this is the case, I might come to the explicit judgment that I can see the book (while you cannot). This at once provides me with an understanding of a certain mental state being mine (rather than anybody else's) and with the realization that the world as I perceive it is not necessarily the world as you perceive it (while I perceive the book to be on the table, you do not). So explicit self-representation, and hence self-consciousness, comes into play when the organism is aware of the fact that there are other individuals with mental and bodily states similar to it's own, and when it begins to contrast them with its own.15 As long as I am merely possibilities for interaction with the environment. 14 Also see Baker, this volume, who argues that "the subject with only simple consciousness (only a rudimentary first-person perspective) is the origin of his perceptual field. He does not represent himself in his perceptual field; he is its source. He does not need to make any first-person reference; the question of a first-person pronoun does not arise.", and Kapitan, who argues that the fact that "direct proprioceptive awareness and other forms of inner awareness are exclusively of a unique center of reception and reaction [...] obviates the need for any separate first-person representation". (2006, 32) 15 The reason that this relation between selfand other-ascriptions holds for both mental and bodily states Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 7 engaged in interactions with the environment, I do not need to explicitly represent my perspective or my bodily states as such. (And the same holds, of course, for other mental states, such as emotions, intentions or desires.) It makes only sense for me to explicitly represent and refer to myself insofar as I am aware that the property or state I am ascribing to myself could, in principle, be ascribed to someone else, and insofar as I intend to draw a contrast between myself and others. To put it briefly: I am self-conscious only insofar as I can distinguish myself from other subjects. That is to say that explicit self-representation requires the ability to contrast one's own perceptions, emotions, proprioceptive feelings and other mental and bodily states with those of others. So on the view proposed here, selfconsciousness emerges in concert with the ability to represent other subjects via a process of an increasingly complex "perspectival differentiation" (cf. Pauen 1999). Accordingly, we should find that self-awareness and the awareness of other minds develop in parallel, and, as we will see in the following sections, this is indeed the case. Although this is not the place to explore these relations further, it is noteworthy that the view that self-consciousness and intersubjectivity are intimately related has predecessors in the phenomenological tradition, as well as in German Idealism.16 Fichte, and later Hegel, for instance, held that self-consciousness becomes reflective and intentional only through intersubjective encounters (which are characterized by a mutual "summoning").17 Similarly, in Sartre's phenomenology, (reflective) self-consciousness is the result of intersubjectivity, which, for him, is characterized by a constant mutual objectification and, consequently, selfalienation (as famously explicated in his description of the other's gaze in his "Being and nothingness"). In other words, according to Sartre, I acquire reflective self-awareness in considering how I am being perceived by the other. However, according to other thinkers in the phenomenological tradition, most notably Merleau-Ponty (1945), my encounter with another can only motivate self-reflection if I am already aware of my visibility to the other (Gallagher & Zahavi 2010). This awareness, in turn, is based on the pre-reflective, proprioceptive-kinaesthetic sense of my body and a common "corporeal schema" between self and other, which enables my recognition of the similarity between my own and the consists in the fact that we never experience our bodies as objects among others objects, but rather, as I indicated above, as a "system of possible movements" (Dokic 2003) that are subject to the will. Hence, the relevant contrast space consists of other such "systems" (that is to say of the bodily states of other subjects), not of inanimate objects. 16 Note that I take the notion of intersubjectivity to mean the encounter between two subjects who (in some sense) recognize each other as such. That is to say that not every social interaction qualifies as an instance of intersubjectivity (also see section 3.1). 17 For a detailed discussion see (Wood 2006). Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 8 other's body; an insight that, according to Gallagher and Zahavi (2010), goes back to Husserl. Thus, Merleau-Ponty seeks to locate the relation between self-consciousness and intersubjectivity already at the pre-reflexive, bodily level, rather than at the more abstract level of mutual recognition, perspective taking and summoning. Other thinkers, such as Mead or Habermas, in turn emphasize the linguistically mediated encounters between individuals as being constitutive for self-consciousness.18 As we will see in the following, the awareness of self and others is indeed a multi-facetted phenomenon, which includes bodily and nonconceptual as well as conceptual and linguistic aspects. It will be the task of the following section to spell out the different levels of this multi-facetted phenomenon systematically and in more detail. 3. Levels of selfand other-representation In the following, I will argue that there is a gradual transition from implicit to explicit selfand other representation. Accordingly, we ought to distinguish different levels of selfand other representation, with different degrees of explicitness. As well as on Dienes' and Perner's (1999) theory of implicit and explicit knowledge, my account builds on Barresi's and Moore's (1996) multi-level account of social understanding and on Karmiloff-Smith's (1996) model of "representational redescription", according to which implicit information is turned into explicit representation through a reiterative process by which "information already present in the organism's independently functioning, specialpurpose representations, is made progressively available, via redescriptive processes, to other parts of the cognitive system" (Karmiloff-Smith, 1996, p.18). Her model posits at least four levels of representation, ranging from implicit information that is encoded in procedural form to explicit information that is coded linguistically. At the first level (I), information is encoded in procedural form and the information embedded in the procedures remains implicit and is not available to other operations in the cognitive system. At the second level (E1), representations are available as data to the system, although not necessarily to conscious access and verbal report. (Karmiloff-Smith speaks of "theories-in-action" at this level.) At the third level (E2), representations become available to conscious access, but not to verbal 18 Note that some phenomenologists claim that every conscious experience entails a minimal, pre-reflective selfconsciousness (e.g. Zahavi 2006). In contrast, I think that we should distinguish consciousness from selfconsciousness, for the reasons mentioned above. Moreover, it is not obvious to me how the notion of prereflective self-consciousness is to be understood or what explanatory work it is supposed to do, and I don't think that it is phenomenologically obvious either that every conscious experience is also self-conscious. (For a more detailed discussion of these reasons see Musholt, forthcoming. Also see Schear 2009 for a critical discussion of the notion of pre-reflective self-consciousness.) Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 9 report. And finally, at the fourth level (E3), information is recoded into a cross-system code that allows for the translation into a linguistic format (cf. Karmiloff-Smith, 1996, chapter 1).19 It is important to note that on this account, implicit representations are not simply replaced by explicit representations, although they might in some cases be subsumed under them. While explicit representations require a representational redescription of the original implicit representations, this does not mean that the implicit representations are abolished during this process of redescription. For example, while a tennis player who wants to become a trainer or write a book on how to play tennis needs to find a way to access the information that is implicit in his skillful play, such that it can be described verbally, this does not mean that he thereby loses his ability to play. Both the implicit representations that guide his fluid and automatic play as well as the explicit representations that enable him to write books and teach others remain present, albeit in very different formats. Similarly, as we will see in what follows, we have various ways of representing others (and ourselves) at different levels of explicitness. On my view, although some of these occur earlier in development than others, all of them are retained so as to help us navigate the social world in different contexts and situations. 3.1 Primary intersubjectivity or self-other matching In order to recognize that other beings have bodily and mental states like oneself, and to contrast these with one's own, a being needs to be in a position to recognize the similarity between itself and others. This requires that the being is able to match the information it receives about others, from the third person perspective, with the information it receives about itself, from the first person perspective (Barresi & Moore 1996)20. That this is by no means trivial should have become obvious from my discussion of the difference between the firstand the third-person perspective in the first section. A first requirement for this recognition is that conspecifics must be recognized as such. Empirical results show that in humans, there are a number of -presumably innate – mechanisms that ensure that infants recognize members of their own species. For instance, 19 Note that empirically, it is not always possible to distinguish between levels E2 and E3, which is why they are generally taken together as E2/E3. In effect then, the model Karmiloff-Smith proposes has three levels. Notice that I will defend a model with four levels – this is consistent, because I am going to introduce an additional level, which is even more basic than level (I) in Karmiloff-Smith's model. 20 One might argue that insofar as we are dealing with information about other subjects (rather than objects), it would be more appropriate to talk about the second person perspective here. Indeed, there is a nascent debate within philosophy as to whether there is a specific epistemic perspective (i.e. a second person perspective) associated with intersubjectivity. While this is arguably the case, for the sake of simplicity I will ignore this rather complex debate here and only refer to the distinction between first and third person perspective. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 10 neonates preferentially attend to stimuli with face-like arrangements of elements (Johnson & Morton 1991). Moreover, already at birth, infants attend preferentially to human speech over other auditory input, and by 4 days they distinguish properties of their mother tongue from those of other languages (Mehler et al. 1988). Also, young infants can distinguish animate from inanimate movement and young children use potential movements as the basis for discriminating between photos of animates and inanimates (Massey & Gelman 1988). This suggests that humans possess innate attentional biases that cause them to treat conspecifics as subjects rather than as (inanimate) objects. However, the preferential treatment of social stimuli in comparison to stimuli from objects in the environment does not yet imply an understanding that these social stimuli originate in beings that are similar to oneself. For this understanding to be possible, there needs to be some kind of matching mechanism that enables subjects to match input from self and other, or first and third person information and to integrate the information in such a way that the resulting representation can be applied to both self and other. Otherwise, first and third person information would always be treated separately, and no common representational (and, ultimately, conceptual and linguistic) scheme could develop (cf. Barresi and Moore 1996). It has been suggested that the neural basis for this matching mechanism lies in the mirror neuron system. Mirror neurons are neurons that fire both when an action (such as grasping for an object) is perceived, and when that same action is executed (Gallese 2001; Gallese et al. 2004), thus bridging the gap between agent and perceiver. They were first detected in the premotor area F5 of monkeys (Rizzolatti et al. 1996). Although it has (for methodological reasons) not been established that humans possess single neurons that fire both during action execution and observation, there is evidence from functional imaging studies for a similar system in the human brain (Iacoboni et al. 1999; Keysers & Gazzola 2009). Empirical evidence suggests that in humans some such matching mechanism is in place from very early onwards, and might even be innate, such that "infants, even newborns, are capable of apprehending the equivalence between body transformations they see and the ones they feel themselves perform" (Meltzoff 1990, p.160). For instance, as Meltzoff and Moore (1977) have demonstrated, newborns seem to be able to imitate the facial gestures of adults, such as tongue protrusion and mouth opening shortly after birth. This seems to suggest that they are able to match visual information about the facial expression of others with the proprioceptive information they receive about their own faces. Accordingly, it has been argued that the ability to match first person and third person inputs is innate. However, according to Anisfeld, infants were shown to reliably match only one gesture, namely tongue protrusion, and this Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 11 effect was transitory (Anisfeld 1991).21 So the innateness of this matching mechanism is controversial.22 But whatever the case may be, it is uncontroversial that some such mechanism exists, explaining humans' general abilities for imitation and the possibility of the development of a common conceptual scheme for self and other. However, this is not to say that at very early stages of social interaction, infants already have an explicit representation of a self-other matching (or a self-other difference, for that matter). The content of the multi-modal representations at these stages is nonconceptual and implicit, and does neither require the explicit distinction between self and other, nor the explicit representation of an intentional relation.23 In fact, it seems plausible that at the very early stages of self-other matching indicated by neonate imitation, there is no differentiation between self and other whatsoever. Cases of early infant imitation are thus comparable to the phenomenon of emotional contagion (which will be further discussed in section 3.3), where the perception of an emotional expression by another subject causes the experience of that same emotion in oneself, so that there is no differentiation between the other's emotion and one's own. Because there is no self-other differentiation at this level (and hence no awareness of other subjects as such), we cannot yet speak of self-awareness or intersubjectivity in a philosophical sense (despite the fact that the phenomena in question are discussed under the label of "primary intersubjectivity" in the developmental literature). 3.2 Secondary intersubjectivity Social interactions and the representations associated with them reach a new quality from about the age of 9 to 12 months. At this age, infants enter into contexts of shared attention and intentionality. Within the developmental literature, these are also called forms of "secondary intersubjectivity", in contrast to the so-called forms of "primary intersubjectivity" described in the previous section (Trevarthen 1979). At this stage, infants begin to coordinate their object-directed behavior with their person-directed behavior, that is, they move from purely dyadic forms of interaction to triadic forms of interaction. In other words, they begin to engage in shared intentional relations. For instance, they will follow the gaze or the pointing gesture of another person to an object of mutual interest, thus exhibiting "shared attention" towards that object (Tomasello et al. 2005). This suggests an implicit understanding of others 21 Similar results were recently found in newborn monkeys (Ferrari et al. 2006). 22 See Heyes (2009) for an account that suggests that mirror neurons develop on the basis of sensorimotor learning processes, rather than constituting a specialized and innate module for imitation and/or action recognition. 23 According to Barresi and Moore (1996), an intentional relation is a relation involving an agent, a directed activity and an object. Examples include intentional actions as well as perceptions, beliefs, desires and emotions. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 12 as perceivers, and the existence of a mechanism that integrates the first person information about one's own perceptual situation with the third person information received about another's perceptual understanding. Moreover, infants at this age will begin to develop social referencing, which is to say that they use emotional information from their caregivers to regulate their own behavior in situations that are perceived as threatening (e.g., Feinman 1982). One example for such social referencing is the visual cliff paradigm used by Klinnert et al. (1983). A visual cliff is a table made of glass and visually divided into two halves. On one half, a pattern is placed immediately below the glass plate so that this half appears opaque, while on the other half a similar pattern is placed at a distance from the glass plate, so that there appears to be a sudden drop-off. When children reach the drop-off point, they will stop and look to their mothers. If the mother looks happy, the child will continue its crawl, but if the mother looks worried, it will refuse to move forward. This suggests a matching between first and third person emotional intentional relations (in addition to the perceptual and action-related intentional relations described above), such that children adopt the emotion they perceive their mothers to be expressing. Children at this age will also begin to display communicative gestures, such as protoimperative and proto-declarative pointing gestures (Bates 1979). Proto-imperatives function as a form of nonverbal request to a partner, for instance in order to obtain an object that is out of reach. In contrast, proto-declaratives are more akin to nonverbal comments on a situation, for instance when the pointing-gesture is used to inform another about the location of an object. While the former is an attempt at influencing what another person does, and is thus directed at action-related intentional relations, the latter is trying to affect the other's attention or thoughts, and is thus directed at epistemic intentional relations. So while the former seems to suggest an implicit grasp of others as agents, the latter seems to suggest an implicit understanding of others as perceivers and/or believers. Interestingly, while non-human (human-raised) primates have been found to use proto-imperatives to some degree, they do not seem to use proto-declaratives (Tomasello 2008). This suggests that while chimpanzees have an implicit understanding of others as perceivers and agents and can use this understanding instrumentally to their advantage, they either have no understanding or no interest (or both) to influence the mental states of others outside of instrumental contexts. That is, in contrast to humans, they do not seem to engage in the sharing of information or cooperation outside of instrumental contexts.24 24 In fact, Tomasello argues that it is precisely the ability and desire for cooperation (enabling the development of Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 13 However, neither shared attention, nor social referencing, nor the ability to use protoimperatives and declaratives imply the explicit attribution of mental states to others, for they do not require the distinction between propositional attitudes and propositional contents. That is to say that children at this age do not understand mental representations as such, so they are not able to understand, for instance, that mental states can misrepresent. Rather, the representations of others as agents, perceivers, and bearers of emotions that are involved in these contexts of secondary intersubjectivity are implicit in the procedures for different types of social interaction. Nor do these abilities require an explicit differentiation between self and other. During episodes of shared attention, there is a matching of first and third person information in the sense that infants perceive the gaze orientation of the other while simultaneously seeing the object of shared attention and sensing the position of their own head or eyes. Likewise, in the case of social referencing, the infant sees another's emotional expression and adopts a corresponding emotional attitude. So shared intentionality enables the matching of third person information about another's behavior with first person information about being in an intentional relation. Nonetheless, infants understand the intentional relations associated with these types of social interaction only to the extend that they actually engage in episodes of shared intentionality, and this engagement does not require an explicit differentiation between first and third personal sources of information, nor does it involve the explicit attribution of an intentional relation to an intentional agent (cf. Barresi and Moore 1996). Thus, the understanding of others (and thus of oneself) as intentional agents still seems to be located at the implicit level. This analysis is further supported by the fact that these representations seem to be domain-specific, for, according to Karmiloff-Smith (1996), in order for information that is implicit in specific behavioral procedures to become available to other parts of the cognitive system, it needs to be redescribed into a more explicit format. "At ten months of age, when infants are in the process of developing understanding of communicative actions such as pointing, and of states of social attention such as mutual gaze, these developments are not closely related: a child may master one of these domains while making little progress in the other [...]. Moreover, ten-month-old infants reliably follow a person's gaze to the object at which she is looking and look at an object to which she is reaching, but they fail to connect these two abilities so as to predict that a person will reach for the object to which she looks." (Spelke 2009; also see Phillips et al. 2002) "we-intentions (Tuomela & Miller 1988)) that distinguishes humans from other primates, and that accounts for language learning and other cultural achievements (e.g., Tomasello 2009). Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 14 This suggests that infants at this age fail to integrate their implicit understanding of others as agents with their implicit understanding of others as perceivers who share their own experiences of the world (cf. Spelke 2009). The representations that are implicit in different social interactions must first be transformed into more general, explicit representations before the infant can develop an integrated understanding of others – and consequently of themselves – as agents, perceivers and bearers of emotions. 3.3. Mirror self recognition and self-conscious emotions In order for a subject to realize that other subjects are distinct beings with their own mental states, and as such are similar to herself, she needs to be in a position to not only match third person information from others with first person information from her own experience in current episodes of shared intentionality, but she also needs to understand that others possess first person information about their mental states which might differ from her own. Moreover, she needs to understand that others have third person information about herself (just like she has third person information about them). In other words, she needs to understand that others can perceive and observe her (just like she can perceive and observe others), and that others ascribe intentional relations to herself on the basis of these perceptions. That is to say that she must understand the other's mental state about her own mental states. One indicator that the child is aware of third person information about the self is its ability for mirror-self-recognition (Barresi and Moore 1996). This ability is standardly tested with the help of the rouge test, in which the subject is marked with a red spot on its face and then put in front of a mirror (Amsterdam 1972; Gallup Jr 1979). If the subject attempts to remove the spot on her face, this is taken to demonstrate that she recognizes herself in the mirror. This ability typically emerges in children at about the age of 18 to 24 months. Self-recognition indicates that the child recognizes herself as a subject among other subjects, and thus as a subject that can be perceived by others. Interestingly, mirror self-recognition is accompanied by the development of so-called secondary or self-conscious emotions, such as embarrassment and coyness (Lewis et al. 1989).25 This suggests that the child's emotional attitudes are affected by her imagination of what she might look like to others, and thus indicate an integration of her first person experience with the third person information others have about herself (and that she can henceforth also have about herself by gaining information about herself in the ways others do, namely, for instance, by observing herself in a mirror). 25 Notice that this affective component of intersubjectivity and self-consciousness was already emphasized by Sartre. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 15 Thus, to use Rochat's terminology, from this point onwards, the child has "others in mind" (Rochat 2009). The child now begins to understand that she is a subject that can be observed by others, just like she can observe the behavior of others, and she can begin to consider others' perspectives on herself. It is at this point that the child begins to fully appreciate herself as a subject among other subjects, and thus that we can speak of genuine (if rudimentary) forms of self-awareness and intersubjectivity. Signs for a clear understanding of the emotional intentional relations of others as being different from one's own also begin to emerge during the second half of the second year. One example is the development of empathy (Hobson 2002). Younger children will typically get distressed themselves and seek comfort when they perceive expressions of distress by others, thus exhibiting signs of emotional contagion. In contrast, children during the second half of the second year – while still showing some signs of distress themselves, indicating that there is some first personal experience of the relevant emotional state -will try to do something to console the other, thus demonstrating an understanding that the emotion belongs to the other (Barresi and Moore, 1996). Much later, once children develop an explicit theory of mind, they will even be able to show sympathy, which is the ability to understand and be sensitive towards the mental states of others without experiencing them from the first person perspective. Moreover, at around this age, children begin to display a general understanding of the fact that someone else's perspective towards an object can differ from their own. For instance, 24months olds are capable of level 1 perspective taking, which is to say that they can understand that what another person sees is different from what they see (for instance that they can see an object that another person cannot see)26, and vice versa (Moll & Tomasello 2006). Thus, it is at this level that the child begins to explicitly differentiate between self and other and to attribute intentional relations differentially to self and other. Prior to this level, the child has de facto access to the mental states of others, but she need not explicitly represent these states as belonging to the other, for she is always engaged in an episode of shared intentionality during which she herself also experiences the intentional relations that she shares with her partner. In order for this shared intentionality to occur, it is sufficient that intentional relations are in fact shared; the child does not have to explicitly represent her own mental states as being distinct from those of others. In contrast, in the case of empathy, although the child will share some of the emotion of the other (as evidenced by her display of behavioral signs of distress), the comforting behavior that she directs towards the other does 26 In contrast, according to Flavell, level 2 perspective taking requires the understanding that the same object can be seen from different perspectives. The ability for level-2 perspective taking emerges later; see below. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 16 show that she explicitly represents the emotion as belonging to the other. Likewise, as the ability to for level-1 perspective taking indicates, she learns to represent perceptual states as belonging either to herself or to others. Thus, during the second half of the second year the child begins to understand that others have mental states (first person experiences) like herself, and that they may have different perspectives on the same world. That is to say that she now explicitly represents intentional subjects as well as intentional relations. However, these representations do not yet have to be in a conceptual or linguistic format. Rather, following Karmiloff-Smith's terminology, they might be said to constitute something like a theory-of-mind-in-action (at level E1 of explicitness), without that theory being conceptualized or consciously accessible, for instance in terms of folk psychological beliefdesire explanations. 3.4. Explicit mentalizing and theory of mind Although mirror self recognition and empathy indicate an emerging understanding of being a subject among others subjects, none of the abilities described above does yet imply the existence of an explicit theory of mind. To truly appreciate the nature of mental states, a subject must be able to distinguish propositional attitudes from propositional content, and she must understand that mental states can misrepresent. This ability is demonstrated when children pass so-called false belief tasks, which is usually the case at around 4 years of age. It is only at this stage that they reach the ability to explicitly represent belief states as states that can be held by others and thus differ from one's own beliefs, and as states that can misrepresent, and thus differ from reality. In the classical falsebelief task designed by Wimmer and Perner (1983), the child watches a scene involving a boy called Maxi and an experimenter. The experimenter hides a piece of chocolate in a box. When Maxi temporarily leaves the room, the chocolate is transferred into a different container. The child who is watching the scene is asked where the chocolate really is, and where Maxi will look for it upon his return. That is to say that the child has to distinguish between what she herself knows about the reality and Maxi's (false) belief about the location of the chocolate. So she has to differentiate her own belief from Maxi's belief, and she has to distinguish between propositional attitude ('Maxi believes that ...') and propositional content ('the chocolate is...'). Thus, in order to pass the false-belief task, the child has to have an explicit representation of propositional content, propositional attitude, and holder of the attitude. The child also has to know that Maxi's behavior will be determined by his mental state, rather than by reality. This implies that she now has to be able to integrate her knowledge about Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 17 Maxi as an agent with her knowledge about him as a perceiver and believer (for his belief state will be determined by where he saw the chocolate being hidden earlier and this in turn will determine how he behaves). As we saw in section 3.2, this kind of integrated representation is lacking at the level of implicit representations of intentional relations. At the implicit level, representations of others as perceiver, agents and bearers of emotions are domain specific and cannot be transferred to or integrated with information from other domains. But once the information has been recoded into an explicit format, it can be generalized and applied across domains, thus leading to a more complete notion of other persons – and of oneself. Crucially for the thesis of this paper, there is also direct evidence that the ability to ascribe (false) beliefs to others develops in parallel with the ability to ascribe (false) beliefs to oneself. Although the relevant empirical evidence to date must be regarded as preliminary due to the fact that the majority of research on ToM has focused on 'reading other minds' rather than self-attribution of mental states, several recent studies confirm such a parallel development (see Happé 2003 for a review). Most impressively, a recent meta-analysis of ToM studies (involving 178 separate studies) comes to the conclusion that children do not pass self-belief tasks earlier than other-belief tasks: "The essential age trajectory for tasks requiring judgments of someone else's false belief is paralleled by an identical age trajectory for children's judgments of their own false beliefs. Young children, for example, are just as incorrect at attributing a false belief to themselves as they are at attributing it to others." (Wellman et al., 2001, p.665). This confirms that there is a parallel development for the explicit representation of one's own mental states and those of others. At around the same time of passing false-belief tasks, children also begin to display a number of related cognitive abilities (see Rakoczy 2008 for an overview). For instance, they begin to be able to solve unexpected content tasks (Perner et al. 1987)27. Moreover, they begin to distinguish appearance from reality (J. H. Flavell et al. 1983). That is, they begin to distinguish what an object seems to be (for instance a sponge that looks like a stone) from what it really is (i.e. a sponge). They also begin to participate in second-level perspective taking; for instance, they are able to tell whether a drawing looks upside-down to an observer that is sitting opposite from them (J. H. Flavell et al. 1981). Finally, they master tasks 27 In this task, children are being presented with a box (e.g. a smarties box) and asked what they think is inside. They are then being shown the real content of the box, for example a pen. Afterwards, they are being asked a) what another child will think is in the box, and b) what they previously thought was in the box. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 18 involving intentional deception, for example by deceiving a "nasty" puppet, with whom they (or a "friendly" puppet) are competing for a reward, either through deceptive pointing or by telling a lie (Sodian 1991; Sodian 1994). What these tasks have in common is that they imply an understanding of epistemic perspectives as being different from reality, and of the fact that it is the content of subjective mental states provided by the respective perspective that is guiding the actions of individuals. In other words, the child learns to ascribe propositional attitudes to others and to use these as premises in predicting and explaining the behavior of others (Perner 1991; Rakoczy 2008). Thus, at this level, children possess a theory of mind that is explicitly represented in E2/3 format. This is further supported by the strong connection between linguistic abilities and the understanding of beliefs and folk psychology (see P. A. de Villiers 2005; Zlatev 2008 for an overview). For example, deaf children who are not exposed to sign language from very early on show a delayed understanding of the (false) beliefs of others compared to children with signing parents and hearing children (Peterson & Siegal 1995). Moreover, longitudinal studies indicate that language development predicts theory of mind performance, but not vice versa (Astington & Jenkins 1999; J. de Villiers & Pyers 1997). Also, exposure to discourse involving different perspectives enhances false belief understanding (Lohmann & Tomasello 2003).28 Once the child has acquired the relevant linguistic skills that enable explicit theory-of-mind reasoning, it can also begin to engage in inner speech. There is evidence that inner speech in particular plays an important role for explicit self-consciousness, in the sense of explicit selfreflection. Portions of the left prefrontal lobe are associated both with inner speech and selfreflective activities, and studies using various measures of self-talk and self-reflection indicate a strong correlation between these two mental activities (Morin, 2005). According to Morin, inner speech turns the initially socially generated practice of talking and reflection upon oneself into an inner experience. As Morin points out, this idea was already expressed by Mead (1912/1964), who argued that inner speech in early childhood serves to make young speakers aware of themselves and their separate existence through an internalization of others' perspectives on oneself. So inner speech would reproduce social feedback and perspective taking, thereby internalizing it. Moreover, inner speech is thought to facilitate the conceptualization and labeling of self-related aspects, thereby rendering these aspects more salient and more differentiated (Morin 2005). 28 The relation between language acquisition and the development of self-concept is also emphasized by Baker, this volume. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 19 As we can see, a number of social cognitive skills and forms of intersubjectivity are undoubtedly in place before the onset of linguistic abilities, and are arguably necessary requirements for the development of language. Nonetheless, linguistic abilities seem to be necessary to develop a full-fledged theory of mind. This might explain why chimpanzees and other great apes do not seem to be able to ascribe (false) beliefs or other mental states to others (with the probably exception of visual perceptual states), although they do seem to be able to engage in shared attention and selective imitation, and display mirror-self-recognition (Call & Tomasello, 2008). Notice that I am not arguing that pre-linguistic forms of social cognition, which rely on an implicit understanding of others, are being replaced or abolished by later, linguistically mediated and explicit forms of mentalizing. Rather, the model I propose assumes that the more basic forms of social cognition are retained, such that social cognitive skills become gradually enriched and more complex as implicit information is redescribed into a more explicit format. In other words, we have various ways of understanding and interacting with others, some of which are based on implicit information about the mental states of others, others based on explicit representation. 4. Conclusion I have argued that explicit self-representation requires the awareness of other subjects and of their similarity to oneself, such that one can contrast one's own bodily and mental states with those of others. This awareness develops over the course of an increasingly complex perspectival differentiation, during which information about self and other that is implicit in early forms of social interaction becomes redescribed into an explicit format. So my account suggests a gradual transition from implicit to explicit forms of selfand other-representation that leads to an increasingly complex array of social cognitive abilities and, in turn, to the development of a self-concept. The account is summarized in table 1 below. We can now see how we get from the self-related information that is implicit in perception and bodily forms of self-awareness to an explicit representation of oneself as a subject among other subjects. The crucial element is intersubjectivity, which requires a mechanism that allows for the matching of first and third person information in concert with a process of representational redescription such as to enable a differentiation between self and other. My account also suggests that we have multiple ways of understanding and engaging with others, which might require multiple explanatory strategies. Some of these are likely to Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 20 involve simulation processes and rely on bodily and implicit self-other matching, others require explicit mentalizing and linguistic abilities. Once the level of conceptual and linguistic self-other representation is reached, communicative actions, including personal and cultural narratives can begin to shape an individual's self-notion and influence its self-reflection and subsequently self-conceptualization as belonging to particular groups or cultures. It is not the place to argue for this claim here, but note that the account I have proposed suggests that it might be possible to conceptualize the different theories of mind which are currently debated, namely the theory-theory, the simulation theory, the interaction theory and the narrative practice hypothesis as complementary rather than as competing theories.29 Level Age Social cognitive abilities Representational format 1 Birth onwards Detection of multi-modal contingencies, neonatal imitation Automatic cross-modal matching, no self-other differentiation 2 9 months onwards Shared attention, selective imitation, social referencing, protoimperatives and proto-declaratives Implicit representation of self-other and of intentional relations, domain specific 3 18 months onwards Mirror-self-recognition, selfconscious emotions, empathy, level-1 perspective taking Explicit self-other differentiation and representation of intentional relations (E1) 4 4 years onwards Mastery of false-belief and unexpected content tasks, level-2 perspective taking, appearancereality distinction, intentional deception Explicit representations of mental states, distinction between propositional attitudes and propositional contents, E2/3 representations, conceptual & linguistic Table 1: Levels of self-and other-representation30 29 In this respect I take my account to be broadly compatible with the view expressed in Newen & Schlicht (2009). Although Newen & Schlicht see their "Person Model Theory" as an alternative to other theories of mind (and thus would object to the claim that they might be seen as compatible), they also argue that we have both nonconceptual and conceptual ways of representing and understanding other persons. Of course, whether we can see the different theories of mind as compatible rather than as competing will depend on how they are spelled out in detail – after all, for instance, both theory-theory and simulation theory come in rather 'different flavours'. 30 Notice that the first level in my model is even more basic than level (I) in Karmiloff-Smith's model. Accordingly, my account posits at least four different levels, while Karmiloff-Smith's account posits three levels (if E2/3 representations are taken together as one level). 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British Journal of Developmental Psychology 9, 173–88. Spelke, Elizabeth S. 2009: "Comments." In: Tomasello, M. Why We Cooperate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Tomasello, Michael 2008: Origins of Human Communication, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Tomasello, Michael 2009: Why We Cooperate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Tomasello, Michael et al., 2005. "Understanding and Sharing Intentions: The Origins of Cultural Cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, 675–691. Trevarthen, Colwyn 1979: "Communication and Cooperation in Early Infancy: A Description of Primary Intersubjectivity." In: Margaret Bullowa (Ed). Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication, 321–347. Tuomela, Raimo & Miller, Kaarlo 1988: "We-intentions." Philosophical Studies 53, 367–389. de Villiers, Jessica & Pyers, Jennie 1997: "Complementing Cognition: The Relationship between Language and Theory of Mind." Proceedings of the 21st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, 136–147. de Villiers, Peter A. 2005: "The Role of Language in Theory-of-mind Development: What Deaf Children Tell Us." In: Janet W. Astington and Jodie A. Baird (Eds). Why Language Matters for Theory of Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 266–297. Wellman Henry M. et al., 2001: "Meta-Analysis of Theory-of-Mind-Development: The Truth about False Belief." Child Development 72, 665-684. Wimmer, Heinz & Perner, Josef 1983: "Beliefs about Beliefs: Representation and Constraining Function of Wrong Beliefs in Young Children's Understanding of Deception." Cognition, 13, 103–128. Wood, Allen W. 2006: "Fichte's Intersubjective I." Inquiry 49, 62–79. Zahavi, Dan 2005: Subjectivity and Selfhood: Investigating the First-person. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Forthcoming in Grazer Philosophische Studien 84 (2012), p. 75-101 25 Zlatev, Jordan 2008: "The Co-evolution of Intersubjectivity and Bodily Mimesis." In: Jordan Zlatev, Timothy P. Racine, Chris Sinha and Esa Itkonen (Eds.) The Shared Mind: Perspectives on Intersubjectivity, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing, 215–244.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PhilPapers"
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|
Q:
ICY metadata support with ffmpeg
Is there any way to get ICY metadata from shoutcast stream using FFMpeg ?
One way would be to deal with the connection/stream by myself and send Custom IOStream to ffmpeg.
Is there any other simple way? or demuxer available ?
Thanks
A:
There was discussion of a patch for supporting it here: http://web.archiveorange.com/archive/v/yR2T400567mWEyyZHg3k
But, it doesn't look like it made it in yet. I suggest you simply parse this out yourself. See my answer here for how to do this:
https://stackoverflow.com/a/4914538/362536
Alternatively, you can just access /7.html on SHOUTcast servers, and you will get a line like this:
1,1,15,625,1,128,Oh Mercy - Stay, Please Stay
The fields are:
Number of listeners
Stream status (1 means you're on the air, 0 means the source isn't there)
Peak number of listeners for this server run
Max number of simultaneous listeners the server is configured to allow
The unique number of listeners, based on IP
Current bitrate in kilobits
The title. (Note, even if you have a comma in your title, it isn't escaped or anything.)
Beware though that /7.html isn't always available on non-SHOUTcast servers, and may not be available in the beta of the new version. While this is a quick and easy method, you would be better off parsing the metadata sent to clients.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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hob. There is a vice, that most I do abhor, And most desire should meet the blow of justice; For which I would not plead, but that I must; For which I must not plead, but that I am At war 'twixt will and will not.
Ang. Well; the matter?
Isab. I have a brother is condemned to die: I do beseech you, let it be his fault,"1And not my brother.
Ang. Condemn the fault, and not the actor of it! Why, every fault's condemned, ere it be done: Mine were the very cipher of a function, To fine the faults, whose fine stands in record,"And let go by the actor.
Isab. O just, but severe law! Must he needs die?
Ang. Maiden, no remedy.
Isab. Yes; I do think that you might pardon him, And neither Heaven nor man grieve at the mercy.
Ang. I will not do't.
Isab. But can you, if you would?
Ang. Look! what I will not, that I cannot do.
Isab. But might you do't, and do the world no wrong If so your heart were touched with that remorse As mine is to him 1
Ang. He's sentenced; 't is too late.
Isab. Too late? why, no: I,'that do speak a word, May call it back again. Well, believe this: No ceremony that to great ones 'longs,141Not the king's crown, nor the deputed sword, The marshal's truncheon, nor the judge's robe, Become them with one-half so good a grace As mercy does. If he had been as you, And you as he, you would have slipt like him; But he, like you, would not have been so stern.
Aug. Pray you, begone.
Isab. I would to Heaven I had your potency, And you were Isabel should it then be thus?
No! 1 would tell what't were to bo a judge, And what a prisoner.
Ang. Your brother is a forfeit of the law, And you but waste your words.
Isat Alas! alas! "Why, all the souls that were were forfeit once; And He that might the 'vantage best have took Found out the remedy! How would you be, If He, which is the top of judgment, should But judge you as you are? O, think on that, And mercy then will breathe within your lips, Like man new made.
Ang. Be you content, fair maid; It is the law, not I, condemns your brother: Were he my kinsman, brother, or my son, It should be thus with him ; — he must die to-morrow.
Isab. To-morrow 1 O, that's sudden! Spare him, spare him He's not prepared for death! Even for our kitchens We kill the fowl of season: shall we serve Heaven With less respect than we do minister To our gross selves? Good, good, my lord, bethink you: Who is it that hath died for this offence? There's many have committed it.
Ang. The law hath not been dead, though it hath sleot: Those many had not dared to do that evil, If the first man that did the edict infringe Had answered for his deed: now, 't is awake; Takes note of what is done; and, like a prophet, Looks in a glass ," that shows what future evils (Either now, or by remissness new-conceived, And so in progress to be hatched and born), Are now to have no successive" degrees, But, where they live, to end.
Isab. Yet show some pity!
Ang. I show it most of all when I show justice; For then I pity those I do not know, Which a dismissed offence would after gall; And do him right, that, answering one foul wrong, Lives not to act another. Be satisfied: Your brother dies to-morrow; be content.
Isab. So you must be the first that gives this sentence, - And he, that suffers! O, it is excellent To have a giant's strength; but it is tyrannous To use it like a giant. —Could great men thunder As Jove" himself does, Jove would ne'er be quiet, For every pelting," petty officer
Would use his heaven for thunder; nothing but thunder Merciful Heaveu!
Thou rather, with thy sharp and sulphurous bolt, Split'st the unwedgeable and gnarled oak, Than the soft myrfle: — But man, proud man!
Drest in a little brief authority,
Most ignorant of what he 's most assured, —
His glassy essence, — like an angry ape,
Plays such fantastic tricks before high Heaven
As make the angels weep.
We cannot weigh our brother with ourself:
Great men may jest with saints: 't is wit in them
But, in the less, foul profanation.
That in the captain's but a choleric word,
Which in the soldier is flat blasphemy.
Ang. Why do you put these sayings upon me?
Isab. Because authority, though it err like others, Uath yet a kind of medicine in itself. Go to your bosom:
Isab. Ay, with such gifts that heaven shall share with you. Not with fond shekels of the tested gold, Or stones, whose rates are either rich or poor, As fancy values them: but with true prayers, That shall be up at heaven, and enter there, Ere sunrise; prayers from preserved souls, From fasting maids, whose minds are dedicate To nothing temporal.
Ang. Well; come to me To-morrow.
Isab. Heaven keep your honor safe!
Ang. Amen. Shakspearb.
CLI. — THE MIND ITS OWN EDUCATOR.
1. Knowledge and virtue, or, in other words, intellectual and moral improvement, are mainly the mind's own work. The ordinary processes of direct instruction are, at best, but means, facilities, and aids, — of immense importance, it is true, but which presuppose in the mind to which they are applied an active, self moving cooperation. None can carry us up the hill of learning It must be done, if done, by the strain upon our own sinews by the wrenching of our »wn muscles, by the indoroitable resolution jf our own wills. Without this effort on our parte, all the means of instruction which this and all other ages have devised are vain, worse than vain.
2. There is a vague notion widely prevalent that schools and ampler seminaries are able, by a power inherent in themselves, to fill the mind with learning; or that it is to be received inertly, like the influences of the atmosphere, by a mere residence at the places of instruction. But this is a sad mistake. Something, in this way, doubtless, may be effected. Something may be thus
inspiration of the place. Intercourse, conversation, sympathy with his companions, will, without much voluntary effort on his part, convey some information, and mould, in some degree, the habits of his mind. But this, admitting it in its full extent, amounts to but very little. It is, moreover, too vague to be of any practical value.
3. The truth, after all, is, that the most elaborate and manifold apparatus of instruction can impart nothing of importance to the passive and inert mind. It is almost as unavailing as the warmth and light of the sun, and all the sweet influences of the heavens, shed upon the desert sands. "The schoolmaster," we are told by one, who, be it observed, is himself a prodigy of selfeducation, "the schoolmaster is abroad." The word has been caught up by the nations as prophetical of mighty changes. But the schoolmaster is abroad to little purpose, unless his pupils stand ready in their places to receive him with open and active minds, and to labor with him for their own benefit.
4. If all the means of education which are scattered over the world, and if all the philosophers and teachers of ancient and modern times, were to be collected together, and made to bring their combined efforts to bear upon an individual, all they could do would be to afford the opportunity of improvement. They could not give him .a single valuable thought independently of his own exertion. All that could be accomplished must still be done within the little compass of his own mind; and they could not approach this by a hair's breadth nearer than access was made for them by his own cooperation. Nothing short of a miracle can teach a man anything independently of this. All that he learns is effected by self-discipline, and self-discipline is the mind's own work. We all are, under God, intellectually, the makers of ourselves.
5. Virtue, religion, as well as knowledge, tnust also be mainlv the mind's own work. Here, too, external means arc useless, without the earnest cooperation of the individual. The usual
means of religious improvement, public r^agious instruction, public worship, the solemn and tender rites of our religion, seasons of abstraction from ordinary cares for self-intercourse, and for communion of the soul with God, are valuable, most valuable, — valuable very far beyond the common estimate that is made of them, — so valuable, that they are the principal head-springs of public morals, and possess a preventive and san'ative" influence over public sentiment, which is more effective in preserving good order, good institutions, civil rights, and private welfare, than any other influences which are brought to bear upon the community.
6. But how and why are they thus valuable? Simply and only as means and aids of personal exertion; simply and only by being brought into contact with the minds and hearts of men. Unless this is done, religious meetings and services and rites are a mockery. Worse, even, than this; they are a perversion of those overtures of mercy, and those means of improvement, which a gracious God has vouchsafed, to raise us from a mere earthly life, and make us partakers of a divine nature. What is prayer to him who does not pray? What is religious instruction to the vain, the frivolous, the indifferent, the preoccupied and foreclosed mind? What is the keeping of holy time to him, who, while he is ostensibly present at places of social worship, has yet left his thoughts and affections behind, to hold companionship with his business or his pleasures? Alas ! nothing. It is but as the vain oblations, the pageantry, and sacrifices of a darker age, without the excuse of ignorance to be pleaded in palliation. Under God, and by those spiri tual aids which are ever vouchsafed in exact proportion to our endeavors to obtain them (how gracious and glorious is this truth !), we are morally and religiously, as well as intellectually, the makers of ourselves.
FROM THE FRENCH OF DEGERANDO
CLII. — FULTON'S FIRST STEAMBOAT.
1. It was in reference to the astonishing impulse given to mechanical pursuits, that Dr. Darwin, more than forty years ago, broke out in strains equally remarkable for their poetical enthusiasm and prophetic truth, and predicted the future triumph of the steam-engine:
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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|
var baseForRight = require('../internal/baseForRight'),
createForIn = require('../internal/createForIn');
/**
* This method is like `_.forIn` except that it iterates over properties of
* `object` in the opposite order.
*
* @static
* @memberOf _
* @category Object
* @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
* @param {Function} [iteratee=_.identity] The function invoked per iteration.
* @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `iteratee`.
* @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
* @example
*
* function Foo() {
* this.a = 1;
* this.b = 2;
* }
*
* Foo.prototype.c = 3;
*
* _.forInRight(new Foo, function(value, key) {
* console.log(key);
* });
* // => logs 'c', 'b', and 'a' assuming `_.forIn ` logs 'a', 'b', and 'c'
*/
var forInRight = createForIn(baseForRight);
module.exports = forInRight;
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
{
"Enable Events": "Aktifkan Acara",
"Min. Bits": "Bit Min.",
"Max Events": "Acara Maks.",
"Text Color": "Warna Teks",
"Font": "Font",
"Font Size": "Ukuran Font",
"Theme": "Tema",
"Theme Color": "Warna Tema",
"Background Color": "Warna Latar Belakang",
"Show Animation": "Tampilkan Animasi",
"Hide Animation": "Sembunyikan Animasi",
"Animation Speed": "Kecepatan Animasi",
"Fade Time": "Waktu Memudar",
"Other Options": "Opsi Lain",
"Flip X": "Balikkan X",
"Flip Y": "Balikkan Y",
"Keep Events History": "Simpan Riwayat Acara",
"Manage List": "Kelola Daftar",
"Show Resubs": "Tampilkan Langganan Ulang",
"Show Sub Tiers": "Tampilkan Sub-tingkat",
"Raids": "Raids",
"Members": "Anggota",
"Super Chats": "Super Chat"
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
There are about 500,000 fractures of the tibia and fibula, 200,000 metacarpal fractures and over 400,000 distal radial fractures in the United States each year. In many cases the bones are immobilized by placing a cast on the fractured limb. However, casts often must immobilize a substantial length of the limb, can be heavy, inconvenient and limit the use of the limb, including significantly limiting the mobility of the subject. Additionally, there is a risk of non-union of the fractured ends, resulting in a failure of the fractured ends to unite. Non-unions may require additional operations to promote fracture healing. In addition to the risk of general anesthesia and early post-operative venous thromboembolism complications in patients who require re-operation face additional rehabilitation and time off from work.
Another means for fixation of long bone fragments includes the use of Kirschner wires (K-wires) drilled into the bone fragments and held in place by an external fixation device. However, external fixation devices may not be practical in all situations, as they may interfere with some functions. Additionally, because K-Wires pass through the skin, extended presence of conventional K-Wires may form a potential passage for bacteria and cause infection. Additionally, conventional K-Wires can migrate, causing a loss of fixation of the bone fragments.
Still another means for fixation of long bone fragments includes the insertion of an intramedullary (IM) nail into the lumen, or medullary cavity, of the long bone. The IM nail spans the fracture and is secured to the bone on either side by screws through the bone. IM nails are typically manufactured from a durable metal material and may be left in the bone after healing. In some instances, however, surgical removal of a durable IM nail is required, again exposing a subject to the risks of general anesthesia, venous thromboembolism, rehabilitation and time off from work. Additionally, present IM nails do not fill up the entire width of the lumen in the bone, potentially allowing the fracture to unite in a displaced, off-set or crooked manner, resulting in improper healing of the fracture. Accordingly, there exists a need for an improved IM nail in the form of an orthopedic fastener that is biodegradable and fills the lumen to prevent off-set healing of the fracture.
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{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
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ASUSのSIMロックフリースマートフォン「ZenFone 2(ZE551ML)」の中古品が、イオシス各店で特価販売中。店頭価格は税込6,980円で、保証期間は3か月。
今回販売されているのは「特に目立つ傷などはないが、経年劣化に該当する使用感が見られる」というBランク中古品で、26日(水)時点のイオシス全体の在庫は約130台。
端末の主な仕様はディスプレイサイズが5.5インチ(解像度1,920×1,080ドット)、搭載CPUがAtom Z3580(クアッドコア)、メモリ4GB、ストレージ32GB、OSがAndroid 5.0など。対応するLTEのバンドは1/2/3/4/5/6/8/9/18/19/28。
手頃な価格のSIMロックフリースマートフォンを探している方は、購入を検討してみてください。
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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スピン経済の歩き方： 日本ではあまり馴染みがないが、海外では政治家や企業が自分に有利な情報操作を行うことを「スピンコントロール」と呼ぶ。企業戦略には実はこの「スピン」という視点が欠かすことができない。 「情報操作」というと日本ではネガティブなイメージが強いが、ビジネスにおいて自社の商品やサービスの優位性を顧客や社会に伝えるのは当然だ。裏を返せばヒットしている商品や成功している企業は「スピン」がうまく機能をしている、と言えるのかもしれない。 そこで、本連載では私たちが普段何気なく接している経済情報、企業のプロモーション、PRにいったいどのような狙いがあり、緻密な戦略があるのかという「スピン」を紐解いていきたい。
衣料品大手「しまむら」の一部店舗で、ナチスドイツのハーケンクロイツ（カギ十字）をあしらったようなペンダントとタンクトップが980円（税込み）で売られていたとして問題になっている。
1カ月前から売られていたものを今月19日に店を訪れた客が画像付きでツイート。ネット炎上をマスコミが追いかけるという毎度お馴染みのサイクルで、20日には販売見合わせになった。
「仏教のありがたいマークじゃないか」という好意的な解釈をする人々もいたが、ナチスの鉄十字勲章と並べてみると、2020年東京五輪のエンブレムをデザインした佐野研二郎さんの作品群同様に元ネタとピタッとハマる。フランスパン問題で一躍脚光を浴びたトレース技術がここでも用いられている可能性が高い。
だが、「しまむら」が佐野さんのケースと大きく異なるのは、ハーケンクロイツのパクりだと判明してからもなお擁護（ようご）する声が多いことである。
「グローバル企業ならいざしらずドメドメの国内企業に欧米の理屈を押し付けるな」とか「行き過ぎた規制」という意見が多く、あげくの果てに店舗の従業員に「使ってはいけないマークだ」と苦言を呈した人物のほうが逆にネット上で中傷されるという事態にまで発展した。
かつてエノラゲイの搭乗員が原爆投下記念Tシャツをつくって全米で売ってまわった時、日本側から「よくそんな不謹慎なことができるな」と怒りの抗議をしたが馬の耳に念仏だったように、自分たちの痛みを国や文化が異なる人々に理解をしてもらうのはかなり難しい。「あのマークのなにが問題なの」と首をかしげる日本人が一定数いるのも当然かもしれない。
ただ、企業の経営という観点からみると、今回のナチスマーク騒動はかなり深刻な問題だと思っている。リスクの芽を事前に発見し、それを未然に防ぐ策を講じて組織運営にいかすという「フィードバック」が働いていない恐れがあるためだ。
1|2|3|4 次のページへ
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Streptavidin-based amplification techniques are widely used in flow cytometry, fluorescent imaging, western blotting, and microplate-based detection for increased signal output and greater sensitivity. Fluorescent conjugates of streptavidin are used to detect biotinylated biomolecules such as primary and secondary antibodies, ligands and toxins, or DNA probes for in situ hybridization or bead-based detection. Enzyme conjugates of streptavidin, such as HRP and AP, are commonly used in western blotting, ELISA, and in situ hybridization imaging applications. Streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads and resins can be used to isolate proteins, cells, and DNA, or they can be used in immunoassays or bio-panning.
Our family of biotin-binding proteins includes streptavidin, avidin, and NeutrAvidin® protein. Each protein binds four biotins per molecule with high affinity and selectivity.
Streptavidin is most commonly used—it is non-glycosylated and exhibits low levels of nonspecific binding.
Avidin is a highly cationic glycoprotein with an isoelectric point of about 10.5—it can cause nonspecific background staining in some applications due to its positively charged residues and oligosaccharide components.
NeutrAvidin® protein has been processed to remove the carbohydrate and lower its isoelectric point, resulting reduced nonspecific background staining.
Biotinylation reagents provide the "tag" that transforms the poorly detectable molecules into probes that can be recognized by a labeled detection reagent or an affinity-capture matrix. Once tagged with biotin or a hapten, a molecule of interest—such as an antibody, lectin, drug, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or receptor ligand—can be used to probe complex solutions, cells, and tissues, as well as protein and nucleic acid blots and arrays. We offer a broad range of products for labeling your molecules or biomolecules that are already labeled with biotin as well as kits to label proteins and antibodies.
Partner with us to scale-up your process or product development pipeline with bulk quantities of high-quality immunoassay reagents and biochemicals. We offer a variety of compounds, devices, and resins for your large-scale applications.
Please click on the button below to fill out our bulk and custom ordering form.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Wola Chynowska
Wola Chynowska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chynów, within Grójec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately south of Chynów, east of Grójec, and south of Warsaw.
The village has a population of 600.
People born in Wola Chynowska
Wincenty Szweycer
References
Wola Chynowska
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution in gas-phase-protonated difunctional compounds containing one or two arylmethyl groups.
A variety of dibenzyl esters and ethers undergo a rearrangement process upon isobutane chemical ionization and collision-induced dissociation of their MH(+) ions, whereby a new bond is formed between the two benzyl groups, giving rise to abundant [C(14)H(13)](+) (m/z 181) ions. This rearrangement has been explained as an intramolecular electrophilic substitution in the gas phase occurring in an ion-neutral complex formed by the cleavage of one of the benzyl-oxygen bonds. A similar highly efficient intramolecular electrophilic substitution takes place in di-alpha- and beta-naphthylmethyl adipates affording m/z 281 [C(22)H(17)](+) ions, but not in the sterically hindered di-9-anthracylmethyl adipate. An analogous efficient rearrangement occurs in benzyl alpha- and beta-naphthylmethylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarboxylates and in benzyl alpha- and beta-phenylethylcyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol ethers. The analogous rearrangement is much less efficient in benzylallyl, benzylpropargyl and benzyl-9-anthracylmethyl derivatives, even less in benzylisopropyl and benzylacetyl analogs, and it is absent in benzyltetrahydropyranyl derivatives. The distinctive behavior of the protonated difunctional benzyl derivatives is interpreted in terms of the energy requirements of the O-R bond heterolysis of the protonated functionalities, the ability of the neutral R' groups (non-dissociated from the oxygen atom) to play the role of the nucleophile in the intramolecular electrophilic substitution processes and the electrophilicity of the R(+) ions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Frisky Dingo
Frisky Dingo is an American adult animated cartoon series created by Adam Reed and Matt Thompson for Adult Swim. The series revolves around the conflict between a supervillain named Killface and a superhero named Awesome X, alias billionaire Xander Crews, and much of the show's humor focuses on parodying superhero and action-movie clichés. It debuted on October 16, 2006, and its first season ended on January 22, 2007. The second season premiered on August 26, 2007, and ended on March 23, 2008. A third season was in development, but in the absence of a renewal contract from Adult Swim, preproduction ceased. The production company, 70/30 Productions, subsequently went out of business in January 2009.
A spin-off show, The Xtacles, premiered on November 9, 2008, but only two episodes were aired prior to the production company's closure.
Origins
Frisky Dingo was created by 70/30 Productions, the same group of animators who worked on Sealab 2021. The show's name during development was Whiskey Tango. Because a band was already using the name, it was changed to Whiskey Tango Six. This name was determined not to be sufficiently distinct to avoid infringement suits, so the creators jokingly said they would call the show Frisky Dingo, and the name remained. In episode 113, Killface can be seen entering "Frisky Dingo" into the Annihilatrix launch terminal; this is mentioned in the second episode of the second season, where Sinn/Hooper remarks that "Frisky Dingo" is the launch code for the Annihilatrix.
According to an article in Atlanta Magazine, Whiskey Tango Six was going to be the name of the six-member superhero group on which the show focused, headed by husband and wife Jack and Grace Taggart. The team flew around in a spaceship called the Glennis. Killface was going to be the main villain, but not a major character. During revisions of the show's scripts, Killface became the focus of the show. When Whiskey Tango Six was replaced with Xander Crews/Awesome X and the Xtacles is not known.
Characters
The two main characters of the show are Killface, who is a naked, bone-white, red-eyed, earless, talon-toed, spur-heeled, , hairless, muscular humanoid supervillain focused on destroying Earth with his invention, the Annihilatrix; and billionaire tycoon Xander Crews, who fights crime under the superhero alias Awesome X. Both Killface and Xander are voiced by co-creator Adam Reed. The two have an ever-shifting relationship, changing from enemies to unwilling allies on many occasions.
Other major characters include Killface's son Simon – voiced by Christian Danley – an overweight, blond-haired, pale-skinned, sexually confused, teenaged Hannah Montana fan, who wears sweater vests and exhibits adolescent rebellion by muttering and breaking cereal bowls; reporter Grace Ryan, former girlfriend of Xander Crews turned into Antagone, a toxic, radioactive ant-powered villainess; Sinn – voiced by Kelly Jenrette – later known as Hooper, originally Killface's sidekick and later his enemy; and the Xtacles, Awesome X's team of easily distracted and remarkably inept, rocket-booted troops.
Setting
Frisky Dingo takes place primarily in and around a large city simply called "Town" or "the Town". Its actual name never being mentioned becomes a running joke throughout the series. Despite its lack of a specific name, maps of "Town" are featured throughout the series, which closely resemble interstate roadmaps of the city of Atlanta, Georgia, where 70/30 Studios, producers of Frisky Dingo, were based. Additional evidence for "Town" being Atlanta is the presence of buildings suspiciously resembling the Cotton Mill Lofts (a location that at one time housed production operations for 70/30) burning in the second episode, "Meet Awesome-X". Also, in the episode where Killface is pandering to the African American church congregation, he is wearing what looks like Michael Vick's Atlanta Falcons football jersey.
Episodes
Season 1 (2006–07)
The first season of Frisky Dingo follows the adversarial relationship between the villainous Killface, who aspires to strike fear into humankind before he drives the Earth into the Sun with his Annihilatrix, and Awesome X, the secret superhero identity of multibillionaire Xander Crews, who dreads retiring after having defeated the last known supervillain.
Season 2 (2007–08)
At the beginning of the second season, Killface is taking credit for "curing" global warming due to the Annihilatrix having moved the Earth a total of three feet further from the Sun before it malfunctioned, and has decided to run for President of the United States. Xander Crews follows suit, reforming his company and launching his own presidential campaign.
Home releases
Spin-off
The Xtacles is a spin-off from Frisky Dingo in which the Xtacles, Xander Crews' private army, take a lead role. The series revolves around the Xtacles' lack of direction following the abduction of their leader by aliens at the end of Frisky Dingo. They take on random missions from President Stan, who returns from the previous series. The series premiered its only two episodes on November 9, 2008.
References
External links
Category:2000s American adult animated television series
Category:2000s American parody television series
Category:2000s American superhero comedy television series
Category:2006 American television series debuts
Category:2008 American television series endings
Category:Adult Swim original programming
Category:American flash adult animated television series
Category:Television series created by Adam Reed
Category:Television series created by Matt Thompson
Category:Cartoons animated with Adobe After Effects
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Television series by Williams Street
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Yes, there is a formalized process. After Credit and Legal, and in most
cases RAC, look at transactions, a VP or higher will sign the Dash. For Doug
to sign the Bahamas option contract, I need to know the premium. Please
contact Brent Price for our DASH. (Deal approval sheet)
Jeff
Merritt Thomas 10/23/2000 04:51 PM
To: Jeffrey A Shankman/HOU/ECT@ECT
cc:
Subject: CACS
Jeff,
I'm sorry to bother you with this, but I can't seem to get a straight answer
from anyone - when one is signing a contract around here, is there a form you
fill out for approval? In London, everyone fills out a CACS form (Contract A
uthorisation Control Sheet), and if the deal is > $0.5m, then a DASH is
required as well. Brad seems to think that if a DASH is not required, then
the business unit head signs off on the expenditure? Is there a formalised
global-markets process for this, or is this a product-by-product thing? (in
which case, I'll assume LNG has no process, and I'll direct Eric to implement
one...) (Doug Arnell needs to purchase his option for the Bahamas land
thing, thus the reason for the question).
fyi, attached is European CACS form.
Thanks,
Merritt
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Leading industrial companies agree upon a built-up plan for a nationwide infrastructure
Significant expansion of hydrogen fuelling stations network by the end of 2011
Important milestone on the way to emission-free mobility
Leading vehicle manufacturers pursue the development and commercialisation of electric vehicles with fuel cell. Commercialisation with several hundred thousand units anticipated from 2015 onwards
Berlin, 10 September 2009 - Today leading industrial companies signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in Berlin with the participation of the German Minister of Transport, Wolfgang Tiefensee. The agreement intends the evaluation of the setup of a hydrogen infrastructure in Germany so as to promote serial production of electric vehicles with fuel cell. This marks a major step towards the commercialisation of such locally emission-free vehicles. The partners of the initiative "H2 Mobility" are Linde, Daimler, EnBW, OMV, Shell, Total, Vattenfall and the NOW GmbH National Organisation Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology. Thereby the co-operation is also open for further partners interested in the project.
In recent years significant progress has been made in Germany with the development of hydrogen based technologies in the mobility sector, identifying the country as a potential start-market in the context of a broader European perspective. This has been made possible by the continuous commitment of a significant number of industrial stakeholders and comprehensive support by the German government with the common aim of preparing for the commercialisation of electric vehicles with fuel cell and embedding hydrogen- and fuel cell technologies in the future powertrain portfolio. Current demonstration projects like the Clean Energy Partnership involving fuel retail companies, utility providers and engineering companies have shown that the production, storage, transportation and deployment of efficient equipment for compressed gaseous hydrogen are technically feasible. Moreover, leading automobile manufacturers recently announced a joint statement on the development and market introduction of electric vehicles with fuel cell. From 2015 onwards they anticipate several hundred thousand units over life cycle on a worldwide basis. The MoU goes back to a joint initiative by Daimler and Linde aimed at providing sufficient hydrogen fuelling station infrastructure, which is the key to establishing electric vehicles with fuel cell on the market.
The MoU comprises two phases. Phase One includes the evaluation of options for an area-wide roll-out of hydrogen fuelling stations in Germany and the definition of a joint business plan agreement including an analysis of possible public support measures. In Phase One partners intend to leverage plans to install new hydrogen fuelling stations by 2011. This will take place within the framework of the German economic stimulus package (Konjunkturpaket II) and other national and state programmes to jointly address standardisation and cost reduction issues.
Subject to the positive and satisfactory outcome of such a business case agreement the partners will implement the corresponding action plan in Phase Two. The nation-wide roll-out of hydrogen fuelling stations will be continued, supporting the introduction of series produced hydrogen powered vehicles in Germany around 2015.
Wolfgang Tiefensee, Minister for Transportation, Building and Urban Affairs:
"Today, after more than 100 years of combustion engines and the dominance of oil, we are facing a new technological era in the transport sector. Germany, with its excellent ideas from all over the country, is to become the market leader for modern drive technologies. This will secure and create new employment in the markets of the future. Our aim is to continue consistent and systematic promotion of electromobility based on batteries and fuel cells. Today we can see that Germany is setting the pace when it comes to hydrogen and fuel cell technology. We are aiming at establishing the nation-wide supply with hydrogen in Germany at around 2015 in order to support the serial-production of fuel cell vehicles."
Dr. Dieter Zetsche, CEO Daimler AG and head of Mercedes-Benz Cars:
"The only tailpipe emission from fuel cell vehicles is water vapor. That's good for the environment and for people - and it's the reason why we want to commercialise this technology as soon as possible. But the widespread adoption of fuel cells will only occur when drivers can readily refuel with hydrogen. To accomplish that end, we're working together with oil companies, energy providers and public policy makers to help drive the development of the necessary infrastructure."
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Reitzle, CEO Linde AG:
"Our jointly expressed commitment to hydrogen-based mobility sets the course for a low-emission and environmentally friendly future. We see ourselves as pioneers in the field of hydrogen technology and will do everything we can to live up to our aspirations with our accomplishments in the areas of hydrogen production, storage, distribution and fuelling technology."
Dr. Klaus Bonhoff, Managing Director (Chair) NOW GmbH Nationale Organisation Wasserstoff- und Brennstoffzellentechnologie:
"This commitment of market leading companies is a cornerstone for sustainable mobility in the future. Leveraging the ongoing NIP this MoU is the basis for a considerable contribution of industry partners and the federal government paving the way for the commercialisation of hydrogen vehicles."
Hans-Peter Villis, CEO EnBW AG:
"Regardless of whether vehicles are refuelled with hydrogen or electricity, it remains a fact that these innovative drive technologies will only be sustainable with a reliable infrastructure and only with CO2-free electricity for hydrogen production or for recharging batteries. EnBW will support both technologies - with its technological know-how in the power generation field and its large proportion of CO2-free electricity."
Dr. Dieter Tuppinger, Managing Director OMV Refining and Marketing GmbH Deutschland GmbH:
"In its role as supplier, OMV sees an ongoing responsibility to make future fuels available close to the customer in response to future changes. For example, additional hydrogen fuelling stations in the decades ahead can support the development and series production of competitive vehicles with fuel cell technology - for more efficient mobility without local emissions."
Dr. Peter Blauwhoff, Chairman of Management Board of Deutsche Shell Holding:
"The tasks facing us can only be mastered by cooperation between the industries involved and with support from governments. The agreement signed today leaves the door open for new partners. And that is essential in view of the challenges that still need to be tackled. It thus marks an important step towards solving the problems of establishing a hydrogen infrastructure in Germany."
Michel Mallet, Managing Director, Total Deutschland GmbH:
"Our field experience gained over the years in siting Hydrogen Refuelling Stations in Germany has allowed us to demonstrate that hydrogen based technologies may provide a sound answer to clean mobility. A significant leapfrog for both hydrogen vehicles & infrastructure deployments is now required, and this agreement intends to achieve this ambitious target."
Udo Bekker, Member of the Board, Vattenfall AG:
"With its climate protection strategy 'Making Electricity Clean', Vattenfall is pressing ahead with the expansion of environmentally sound individual mobility. By means of hydrogen produced using power from renewable energy sources, we will supply a low-emission fuel and ensure 'green' mobility. In Hamburg we are already putting this into practice: by the end of this year we will start work there on the construction of Europe's biggest hydrogen filling station."
The hydrogen fuelling station infrastructure in Germany
The setup of a public hydrogen infrastructure is crucial for the successful introduction of fuel cell vehicles. First hydrogen centres have been established in urban agglomerations such as Berlin and Hamburg. Seven of the current thirty hydrogen fuelling stations in Germany are integrated into public gas stations. Germany thereby has a leading position regarding the hydrogen infrastructure in Europe. Already five to ten hydrogen fuelling stations can secure a first supply in a major city. By connecting those urban agglomerations -such as Berlin and Hamburg - with supply corridors on main arteries, the essential prerequisites for a nationwide development are created.
The fuel cell fleet
A fleet of 40 hydrogen vehicles is part of the Clean Energy Partnership (CEP) in the key regions Berlin and Hamburg. The CEP is aiming to demonstrate the suitability for daily use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel for vehicles and to test the infrastructure of hydrogen fuelling stations. Daimler already presented the first fuel cell vehicle in 1994. Since then the company invested more than one billion Euros into the development of fuel cells. With more than 100 test vehicles and over 4.5 million kilometres of test runs, the automotive manufacturer from Stuttgart holds one of the largest fuel cell vehicle fleets of passenger cars and buses worldwide. The small series production of the B-Class F-CELL will start at the end of 2009. The first prototype of the new generation of fuel cell buses will also be presented this year.
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Starsmith
Finlay Dow-Smith (born 8 July 1988), known professionally as Starsmith, is a British songwriter and producer. He co-wrote and produced "Good Thing" by Zedd and Kehlani, and "I'll Be There" by Jess Glynne which went to number one in the UK and was nominated for Best Single at the 2019 Brit Awards.
He also co-wrote and produced "Crybaby" by Paloma Faith, as well as producing "Hold My Hand" by Jess Glynne, and "Real Love" by Clean Bandit and Jess Glynne. He co-wrote and produced the majority of Ellie Goulding's debut album Lights. Following its release in 2010, it went straight to No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart. The album has gone on to sell over 2,000,000 copies worldwide. He teamed up again with Goulding on her second number-one album, Halcyon, producing and co-writing three songs on the album.
He was nominated for Producer of the Year at the 2018 A&R Awards, as well as the Music Producers Guild Breakthrough Producer of the Year in 2011.
Career
He studied a classical music degree at the University of Surrey, majoring in performance on saxophone and graduating in 2009. He met Ellie Goulding during his final year and together they started creating what would become her debut album, which was then signed to Polydor Records a few months after he graduated. They are reportedly in the studio working on Ellie Goulding's 4th album.
Starsmith toured with Goulding in 2009 and 2010, and also played with her on Later... with Jools Holland in 2009, playing bass guitar. He is a noted instrumentalist, additionally playing piano and guitar, but his main instrument is the saxophone.
In December 2011, he was the subject of an episode of the Red Bull and Vice documentary series, The Producers.
In March 2014, the track "Dead In The Water" that he co-wrote and produced with Ellie Goulding was included in the promotion and soundtrack for the film Divergent, which opened at No.1 at the Worldwide Box Office.
In 2015 he co-wrote and produced 7 songs with Jess Glynne on her number one debut album I Cry When I Laugh, including the single Hold My Hand which spent 4 weeks at number 1 in the UK and sold over 2 million copies worldwide.
In 2017 he collaborated with Paloma Faith on her number one album The Architect cowriting and producing 5 songs. Their first writing session together resulted in the lead single Crybaby. That year he also wrote songs with Jessie Ware for her album Glasshouse and Rae Morris for her album Someone Out There. He worked with Cloves and her longtime writing partner Justin Parker on singles from her upcoming debut album. 'Bringing the House Down', their first collaboration together, was released in early 2018 as the albums lead single.
He co-wrote and produced the lead single I'll Be There for Jess Glynne's second album. The song went to number one in the UK, achieving their second number 1, and third top 3 single together. His work has been a part of 8 number one albums in the UK.
Songwriting and production credits
Remixography
References
External links
Starsmith at SoundCloud
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Bromley
Category:British pop musicians
Category:British saxophonists
Category:British male saxophonists
Category:British record producers
Category:Remixers
Category:British composers
Category:Alumni of the University of Surrey
Category:21st-century saxophonists
Category:21st-century British male musicians
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Power up your Switch and you should see the latest update to the news channel. It essentially tells players how they can feed meat or fruit to specific animals in Zelda's open world. Pretty straightforward thus far, right? The neat trick, however, is that when you tap the clickable link at the end of the update, you'll spawn in-game with three pieces of food. These tend to be split between basic meat and apples. Of course, be sure to have the game in your system, otherwise it won't work. It also seems like you can keep grabbing the items to your heart's content. Unless, Nintendo decides to disable the link when the next update drops.
It may read like a gimmick to get you checking game promos for now, but it could be worth keeping an eye on. Especially if Nintendo keeps dishing out free stuff. For example, players would be pretty chuffed if the Splatoon 2 channel started dropping free swag. If you're looking to populate your feed with more updates, just hit the news icon from the Switch home screen, and select find channels. Then, scroll through the list and start following the ones you like.
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Reduction of osteopontin in vivo inhibits tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition in rats with chronic allograft nephropathy.
Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is an important etiological factor causing graft loss. However, the mechanism of CAN is unclear. Osteopontin (OPN), a proinflammatory and profibrosis molecule, plays a key role in late stages of renal diseases. We investigated the potential role of OPN in the pathogenesis of CAN. Using a F344 to Lewis rat CAN model, we injected short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs targeting OPN or negative control plasmids through the renal vein following electroporation. At 12 weeks after the transplantation, we determined interstitial fibrosis (IF) and tubular atrophy (TA) of the tubular epithelial cells (TECs). OPN expression was examined using Western blots and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Molecules involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of TECs were examined using IHC and Western blots. OPN expression in kidney grafts was decreased by the RNA interference (RNAi) group. Histology observations showed IF and TA to be mild with stable renal function in the RNAi-treated group. EMT of TECs was significantly lessened after reducing OPN. Reduction of OPN in vivo inhibited progression of CAN. OPN may be of therapeutic value in transplantation settings.
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Role of the ghrelin system in alcoholism: Acting on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor to treat alcohol-related diseases.
There exists a substantial need to identify new neuropharmacological targets to treat alcohol-dependent individuals. Ghrelin represents a gut-brain peptide, initially discovered as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). The existing literature clearly demonstrates that ghrelin affects appetite and food intake. Both animal and human studies provide evidence that ghrelin not only influences hunger but also has a role in the search for rewarding substances, such as alcohol. Animal studies provide evidence that ghrelin stimulates the reward system, acting on specific brain reward nodes, and that ghrelin signaling is required for stimulation of the reward system by alcohol. Human studies show that ethanol acutely affects ghrelin levels. Interestingly, human studies with alcohol-dependent individuals suggest that higher ghrelin levels are associated with higher self-reported measurements of alcohol craving. Altogether, these findings suggest that the ghrelin system plays a role in alcohol dependence. Ghrelin antagonists (i.e., GHS-R1a antagonists and/or inverse agonists) might affect alcohol-seeking behavior, thus having therapeutic potential in alcohol use disorders. Future laboratory and clinical studies testing this hypothesis are warranted.
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How To Fix A Fork (In The Road)
The practice of street design evolves slowly, but it does evolve.
Every decade or so, a new technology like the bulb-out or the cycle track arrives on the scene to help us make our streets better. This quick article — for serious street geeks only — addresses a new type of street modification that holds great promise for improving the safety and walkability of a certain type of intersection: the fork. If your community has no forks — or you are not a serious street geek — please feel free to stop reading here. But that does mean that you will miss the awesome video.
Forks often need fixing because they create complicated intersections with dangerous sight lines and signals with too many phases, impeding the flow of both vehicles and pedestrians. Forks are fixable because they hold redundant roadway, an excess of asphalt that serves no purpose except to encourage higher speeds and lengthen crossing times.
The first person in the current era to have acted upon this crisis/opportunity may have been Janette Sadik-Khan, who oversaw the reconfiguration of a number of forks along Broadway in Manhattan, most notably at Times Square. Her team’s interventions simplified those intersections in a way that improved both public safety and traffic flow while converting driving space into much-needed public space.
What makes forks fixable are the cross-streets: by rerouting traffic to a cross-street at the base of the fork’s triangle, one leg of the fork can usually be closed and turned into public space. Fork repair is easy in Manhattan due to the prevalence of cross-streets — 20 per mile — in the island’s tight grid. The simplest type of fork fix looks like this:
Notice how one block of one of the merging roadways is eliminated, replacing an unwieldy five-point intersection with something standard, and allowing the expansion of the small open space at the fork. The simplification of the traffic pattern explains why, in Times Square, the reduction of roadway led to improved safety and fewer delays.
A recent fork repair in my area, Cambridge’s Lafayette Square, shows a slight twist on the model pictured above. One leg of the fork has been snipped and replaced by a public plaza, as usual. But, because the north-south cross-street staggers, a dogleg curve was needed to resolve the traffic flow. It looks awkward. . . and works just fine.
These successes were on my mind when a new client asked me to meet him one morning in Boston’s very forky Kenmore Square, to review a tower he was building at a prominent flatiron corner — in the middle of the Square’s western fork.
“Got any ideas for the public space?” he asked. Realizing that the best outcome would require moving his tower—already submitted for approvals — I answered cautiously: “Probably nothing you are going to like.”
The challenge in Kenmore Square is that there are no cross-streets for rerouting traffic as in the above examples. The only opportunity lay in my client’s own site, which, if vacated, could become a cross-street instead. The good news was that the resulting street layout would create a new building site much larger than the old one.
The four-step diagrams below illustrate what seemed to be the best solution. Rather than fully closing one leg of the fork, it seemed wiser to close half of each, to limit the width of any one leg. In image two, a new cross-street through my client’s site allows one eastbound leg to be closed. In image three, it allows one westbound leg to be closed. The result is a new island big enough to hold both the displaced building and a public plaza.
In addition to removing asphalt and drastically shortening crossing distances, this change should also reduce dangerous driving by interrupting sight lines through the square. While it requires more turning motions, the new configuration adds efficiency by simplifying the main traffic signal from four phases to three. This outcome is the result of pulling the transition from Commonwealth to Beacon out of the square, so that it no longer conflicts with pedestrian flows. The result is a Kenmore Square whose heart is a public space rather than a busy roadway.
When explaining such a complicated street reconfiguration, conventional graphics can fall short. For that reason, we commissioned a video from a former game designer, Spencer Boomhower of Cupola Media. Any confusion that persists at this point should be clarified by the video.
Kenmore Square Square from Cupola Media on Vimeo.
So, how did my client feel about the new square? Excited enough to replace his already-submitted plan. More to the point, it became clear that this alternative proposal, with its traffic improvements and large new public space, addressed head-on a number of concerns already raised in the community.
City planner Jeff Speck, AICP, CNU-A, LEED-AP, Honorary ASLA, is the principal of Speck & Associates and the author of the best-selling book Walkable City and the just-released Walkable City Rules, 101 Steps to Making Better Places.
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AGN Webinar: Annual Fund Leadership Gift Strategy
Overview
In almost any fundraising effort, the majority of the money raised will come from a few top donors. Annual Funds are no exception. Building a strong leadership giving program for your Annual Fund will not only help to achieve fundraising success today, but it will help to create a pipeline of future major gifts that will benefit your institution for years to come.
Webinar presented by Christy Moss
Senior Director of Strategic Engagement, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Who Should Attend
Annual giving and advancement services professionals, as well as others interested in learning more about this topic.
Annual Fund Leadership Gift Strategy - Credit Card
Annual Fund Leadership Gift Strategy - Check
Our Vision
Our vision is to attract broad resources that transform the USM and its institutions, create a network of advocates to embrace the USM’s role as an educator and economic engine, and to grow a long-term, sustainable culture of philanthropy across the University System of Maryland.
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Illinois Official Reports
Appellate Court
Villaverde v. IP Acquisition VIII, LLC, 2015 IL App (1st) 143187
Appellate Court MARCIAL VILLAVERDE, Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee,
Caption v. IP ACQUISITION VIII, LLC, BARBARA M. SPAIN 2004
REVOCABLE TRUST, and PATRICK SPAIN, Defendants-
Appellees and Cross-Appellants.
District & No. First District, Third Division
Docket No. 1-14-3187
Filed August 12, 2015
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-CH-43070; the
Review Hon. Neil Cohen, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Affirmed.
Counsel on Kristen E. Prinz, Jessica Fayerman, and Amit Bindra, all of Prinz Law
Appeal Firm, P.C., of Chicago, for appellant.
Paul W. Carrol and Jordan M. Hanson, both of Gould & Ratner, LLP,
of Chicago, for appellees.
Panel JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Lavin and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Marcial Villaverde won a $166,000 judgment for unpaid wages against his
former employer, S1 Audio, LLC, owned by Christopher Gantz. During the wage litigation,
creditors of S1 Audio, defendants IP Acquisition VIII, LLC, Barbara M. Spain 2004
Revocable Trust (Spain Trust or Trust) and Patrick Spain (collectively, defendants), conducted
a foreclosure sale and acquired S1 Audio’s most valuable asset–its intellectual property,
preventing Villaverde from being able to collect his judgment.
¶2 Villaverde filed suit alleging (1) successor liability; (2) civil conspiracy; and (3) violation
of the Illinois Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA) (740 ILCS 160/1 et seq. (West 2010)).
Defendants moved for summary judgment, and sanctions under Illinois Supreme Court Rule
137 (eff. July 1, 2013) for filing the suit. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of
defendants, finding that IP Acquisition was not a successor corporation to S1 Audio and that
no transfer of assets took place between S1 Audio and IP Acquisition in violation of the UFTA.
The court also denied the motion for sanctions.
¶3 Villaverde seeks reversal of the summary judgment order, claiming IP Acquisition
conducted the foreclosure sale solely to avoid paying Villaverde’s judgment. Villaverde
contends a genuine issue of material fact exists on whether IP Acquisition constitutes a
successor to S1 Audio. He further contends ample evidence exists to support his civil
conspiracy claim. Defendants cross-appealed contending the trial court should have granted
their motion for sanctions, arguing the complaint contains false statements and meritless legal
claims.
¶4 We affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on the basis that no exception to the
doctrine of corporate successor nonliability applies under the facts of this case. Furthermore,
the trial court acted well within its discretion in denying defendants’ motion for sanctions
against Villaverde.
¶5 BACKGROUND
¶6 Christopher Gantz owned S1 Audio between 2007 and December 2011 and employed five
individuals. Gantz paid $750,000 to acquire the rights to NxSet’s intellectual property for a
headphone that sits on a person’s shoulders. S1 Audio developed and attempted to sell, license,
and market NxSet.
¶7 Villaverde worked for S1 Audio from November 2008 to July 16, 2010. On September 24,
2010, Villaverde filed suit against Gantz and S1 Audio for failing to pay him wages. On
February 19, 2013, Villaverde obtained a judgment in the wage litigation against Gantz and S1
Audio in the amount of $166,000.
¶8 On December 4, 2012, some 10 weeks before the trial court entered judgment in the wage
litigation, Villaverde filed this suit against defendants and Gantz to recover the judgment from
his unpaid wages. In his first amended complaint, Villaverde alleged: (1) a violation of the
UFTA (740 ILCS 160/1 et seq. (West 2010)) based on the transfer of the intellectual property
from the Trust to IP Acquisition, (2) successor liability (claiming IP Acquisition is a merger or
-2-
consolidation of S1 Audio and that defendants foreclosed the intellectual property to defraud
Villaverde), and (3) civil conspiracy.
¶9 Gantz-Spain Relationship
¶ 10 Gantz had been friends with Patrick Spain since 1979. Between 2007 and 2010, Spain,
either individually or through the Spain Trust, provided eight different loans to Gantz and S1
Audio. In 2009, the Spain Trust loaned S1 Audio $100,000 in exchange for a security interest
in the company’s intellectual property. S1 Audio did not make any loan payments to Spain or
the Spain Trust. On November 4, 2011, the Spain Trust provided the only notice of default,
informing S1 Audio it had until November 11 to satisfy the $267,276.74 owed the Trust. S1
Audio did not cure the default and the Trust exercised its right as the primary secured creditor
to foreclose its security interest.
¶ 11 In December 2011, the Spain Trust advertised in the Chicago Daily Law Bulletin the
foreclosure sale of the intellectual property. On December 7, 2011, the date of the public sale,
no outside bids were made for the intellectual property. The sale was extended and, on
December 19, 2011, the Trust sold its security interest in S1 Audio to IP Acquisition of which
Spain served as the managing member. The next day, IP Acquisition acquired the intellectual
property of S1 Audio by making a credit bid–offering the amount of the debt S1 Audio owed.
¶ 12 Spain admitted IP Acquisition has only one asset–the S1 Audio intellectual property.
Unlike S1 Audio, which developed and attempted to sell, license, and market the headphones,
IP Acquisition’s business involved only selling or licensing the intellectual property. IP
Acquisition attempted to sell the intellectual property at a targeted online auction but received
only one bid of $5,000. IP Acquisition claims that before the auction, they offered Villaverde
the right to share in the proceeds of any sale, but he refused.
¶ 13 On October 1, 2012, IP Acquisition hired Gantz as an independent sales representative.
The agreement, dated June 1, 2012, provides Gantz with 20% of any money that IP Acquisition
receives for the intellectual property. Gantz continued to try to license or market the
intellectual property by working with prospective investors in America, Korea, and Japan.
Gantz communicated with the potential investors; Spain did not participate in the
conversations.
¶ 14 Neither Spain, the Trust, nor IP Acquisition entered into an agreement with S1 Audio to
assume its liabilities after purchasing its assets.
¶ 15 Communications Between the Parties
¶ 16 Settlement Negotiations
¶ 17 IP Acquisition contends that Spain, as the Trust’s trustee, periodically sought information
on when the loans to S1 Audio would be repaid. Defendants claim that in 2011, five months
before the foreclosure, Spain threatened to foreclose on the Trust’s secured interest in S1
Audio’s intellectual property. That fall, Spain advised Gantz that the Trust lost confidence in
the ability of S1 Audio to meet its obligations and advised Gantz that the trust would foreclose
its security interest. According to defendants, Gantz was “not happy with the situation” and
stayed out of the foreclosure process.
¶ 18 Between September 2011 (before the foreclosure) and January 24, 2012 (after the
foreclosure), Spain, through his then counsel, Ken Obel, and Villaverde, through his counsel,
-3-
the Prinz Law Firm, participated in settlement conversations. During a September 2011
meeting, Spain explained that he was attempting to settle Villaverde’s litigation against S1
Audio because he was trying to sell the intellectual property. During defendants’ first written
offer for Villaverde to share in the proceeds from any sale or license of the intellectual
property, defendants outlined three different payment scenarios in exchange for Villaverde
agreeing to dismiss his wage litigation, and, in all three, Villaverde’s ability to share in the
proceeds was second only to Spain’s. The agreement would allow Villaverde to still pursue the
amounts he was owed if S1 Audio could not sell or license the intellectual property within six
months of the agreement. Defendants sent Villaverde their second written settlement offer in
December 2011. Again, Villaverde’s payment would be second only to Spain, but Gantz could
receive proceeds only after Villaverde was paid in full. Defendants made a third written offer
in January 2012–if Villaverde was not fully paid by April 29, 2012, the release he provided
would be ineffective and he could pursue a claim for any deficiency. Again, Gantz would not
receive proceeds from the sale or license of the intellectual property until Villaverde was paid
in full.
¶ 19 On May 31, 2013, Gantz filed for bankruptcy and was removed from this litigation.
¶ 20 Email Correspondence
¶ 21 On February 9, 2011, Spain emailed Gantz,
“It may be time to go BK to clear a bunch of this stuff up or at a minimum do an
assignment for creditors. This will get rid of EAR [investor–Equipment Acquisition
Resources] as well. Does Gould [counsel for Defendants] have a BK lawyer we can
talk to? I will get the IP in a BK, but I will contribute it to a new company.”
On February 17, Spain wrote, “If we BK the company, which I think we must, I will have a
total nuisance of a co-security interest holder with an aggressive uninformed atty.” That same
day, he wrote, “I really don’t want them to have access to IP. Please don’t give them that.” Five
days later, Spain wrote, “getting the IP out of Sync1 ASAP is very important though.”
¶ 22 On March 28, 2011, Spain stated,
“I looked at Assignment FBC again and I think this may be a viable way to go if you
abandon the old company and sell the assets to the new company. I am not sure how
slow you can go. Also, it does not stop court proceedings but makes them pretty
pointless, effectively stopping many of them.”
¶ 23 In October 2011, Spain sent two emails to Gantz. In the first email, Spain wrote,
“We need to be ready to foreclose on the assets by Monday, as we don’t want a
judgment entered next week. It will go better for all if we have your cooperation and get
your signature on the documents this week.”
The next day, Spain emailed Gantz again and wrote,
“And if Villaverde gets a judgment and the IP is still in the company he will likely get
paid before me. The only way [I] know that I can make sure I get paid first and
completely (assuming there is any cash) is to own the IP.”
¶ 24 On March 12, 2013, well after Villaverde received a judgment on his unpaid wages, Spain
wrote Gantz, “It would have been simple as hell not to book [employees’] compensation as
salary and we would both have been spared a lot of grief and expense.”
-4-
¶ 25 Summary Judgment and Sanction Motions
¶ 26 On February 19, 2014, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of IP
Acquisition, holding that IP Acquisition had a perfected security interest and did not violate the
UFTA (740 ILCS 160/1 et seq. (West 2010)). The court further found no evidence of civil
conspiracy.
¶ 27 The court denied Villaverde’s motion to reconsider, stating:
“This court found that even assuming IP Acquisition was the successor of S1Audio,
Inc. a fact for which there was no evidentiary support, there was no wrongdoing for
which IP Acquisition could be held liable. The foreclosure of the IP was not fraudulent,
but specifically authorized by the Uniform Commercial Code ***. IP Acquisition
foreclosed on a valid lien as it was entitled to under the Uniform Commercial Code.”
¶ 28 On September 19, 2014, the trial court denied IP Acquisition’s Rule 137 motion. The court
held that sanctions would “punish a party or attorney for being zealous, yet unsuccessful.” The
court explained that although it found Villaverde’s legal arguments to be “unconvincing,”
sanctions could not be used to punish him for “misapplying the law.” Even though the court
found the evidence did not support Villaverde’s position, it concluded that Villaverde acted
reasonably in filing suit.
¶ 29 ANALYSIS
¶ 30 Villaverde argues errors of law and fact and that the trial court’s holding “allows
unscrupulous businesspersons to avoid a court judgment by merely changing the form of the
transfer of assets.”
¶ 31 Summary judgment is proper where there are no genuine issues of material fact and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005 (West 2010).
Summary judgment should be entered whenever the plaintiff fails to establish a prima facie
case on an essential element of his or her claim. Pyne v. Witmer, 129 Ill. 2d 351, 358 (1989).
We review the trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo. Outboard Marine
Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 102 (1992).
¶ 32 Uniform Commercial Code Applicability to Successor Liability
¶ 33 Villaverde asserts that the trial court premised its denial of his claims on the notion that a
Uniform Commercial Code sale preempts any claim for successor liability. IP Acquisition
responds that the trial court did and said no such thing. We agree. The ruling on summary
judgment does not turn on whether a UCC sale preempts successor liability, and Villaverde’s
argument to the contrary is without merit. The trial court entered summary judgment in IP
Acquisition’s favor because “there was no evidence in the record to support [Villaverde’s]
allegations that any of the defendants qualified as successors of S1” and “the record was
devoid of any evidence of a tortious or unlawful act by IP Acquisition, Spain, or the Trust
which would support a conspiracy claim.”
¶ 34 Illinois Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act
¶ 35 Villaverde maintains that IP Acquisition served as a continuation of S1 Audio and
defendants concocted the foreclosure sale for the fraudulent purpose of escaping liability.
Villaverde accuses S1 Audio, through Gantz, of colluding with Spain, to place the only
-5-
valuable asset–the intellectual property (NxSet)–into a new corporation (IP Acquisition) to
avoid paying Villaverde’s wage litigation judgment. Villaverde raises, as genuine issues of
material fact, whether the foreclosure proceedings and public sale were fraudulent. According
to Villaverde, the trial court improperly concluded that IP Acquisition could be liable under the
fraud exception to successor liability only after a fraudulent transfer as provided in the UFTA
(740 ILCS 160/1 et seq. (West 2010)).
¶ 36 Defendants respond that they did not participate in fraud. Rather, as a secured creditor of
S1 Audio, IP Acquisition properly foreclosed and bought S1 Audio’s intellectual property at a
public sale. IP Acquisition offered to share the proceeds of any sale or license of the
intellectual property with Villaverde, both before and after the foreclosure of S1 Audio, despite
no legal obligation to do so. Villaverde counters that the facts as presented, specifically the
relevant email correspondence, as well as Spain’s and Gantz’s conduct, create issues of
material fact sufficient to defeat IP Acquisition’s motion for summary judgment.
¶ 37 The UFTA allows a creditor to defeat a debtor’s transfer of assets to which the creditor was
entitled. 740 ILCS 160/5 (West 2010). Under the controlling definitions of the UFTA, the
intellectual property here was not an “asset” and its “transfer” could not be a violation of the
UFTA. “ ‘Asset’ means property of a debtor, but the term does not include *** property to the
extent it is encumbered by a valid lien.” 740 ILCS 160/2(b)(1) (West 2010). Accordingly, the
trial court properly granted summary judgment on count I of Villaverde’s complaint.
¶ 38 We disagree with Villaverde that the trial court based its ruling on count II (successor
liability) and count III (civil conspiracy) on its denial of count I. The trial court addressed each
claim individually, as will we.
¶ 39 Successor Corporate Liability
¶ 40 Generally, when a corporation sells its assets to another corporation, the seller’s liabilities
do not become a part of the successor corporation unless an agreement so provides. Diguilio v.
Goss International Corp., 389 Ill. App. 3d 1052, 1060-61 (2009) (citing Vernon v. Schuster,
179 Ill. 2d 338, 345 (1997)). But, four exceptions apply: (1) the transaction includes an express
or implied agreement of assumption; (2) the transaction constitutes a consolidation or merger
of the purchaser or seller corporation; (3) the purchaser is a continuation of the seller; or (4) the
transaction is an improper attempt to escape liability for the seller’s obligations. Id. at 1060.
¶ 41 Villaverde argues, based on the evidence, that he met two exceptions to the general rule of
successor corporate nonliability: (1) the transaction between S1 Audio and IP Acquisition was
an attempt by the seller to escape liability for its obligations to Villaverde (exception 4) and (2)
IP Acquisition exists as a continuation of S1 Audio (exception 3).
¶ 42 Evading Liability Exception
¶ 43 Villaverde argues IP Acquisition’s conduct before and after the 2011 foreclosure sale
offers evidence that fraud tainted the transactions. As support, Villaverde offers these facts he
claims are undisputed: (1) Villaverde filed a successful lawsuit for unpaid wages; (2) during
the wage litigation, Spain sent several emails to Gantz in which Spain expressed concern
Villaverde would receive a judgment; (3) Spain sent Gantz the only default notice less than two
weeks after the emails and four years of no repayment; and (4) IP Acquisition conducted the
foreclosure sale less than two months after Spain admitted he did not want a “judgment
-6-
entered.” Villaverde also attaches great significance to his claim that Spain sought Gantz’s
“corroboration.” As further evidence the sale attempts to escape liability, Villaverde questions
the notice of the foreclosure sale being published solely in the Chicago Daily Law Bulletin and
appearance of only the secured creditor at the public auction. Villaverde challenges the
relevancy of IP Acquisition’s security interest in the intellectual property because “it is clear”
the intent of the foreclosure sale was to avoid his judgment.
¶ 44 In addition, Villaverde relies on the factors outlined in the UFTA to support his claim of
fraud. The UFTA offers 11 “badges of fraud” to consider when determining actual intent: “(1)
the transfer or obligation was to an insider; (2) the debtor retained possession or control of the
property transferred after the transfer; (3) the transfer or obligation was disclosed or concealed;
(4) before the transfer was made or obligation was incurred, the debtor had been sued or
threatened with suit; (5) the transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets; (6) the debtor
absconded; (7) the debtor removed or concealed assets; (8) the value of the consideration
received by the debtor was reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or the
amount of the obligation incurred; (9) the debtor was insolvent or became insolvent shortly
after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred; (10) the transfer occurred shortly
before or shortly after a substantial debt was incurred; and (11) the debtor transferred the
essential assets of the business to a lienor who transferred the assets to an insider of the
debtor.” 740 ILCS 160/5(b) (West 2010); see also Kennedy v. Four Boys Labor Services, Inc.,
279 Ill. App. 3d 361, 369 (1996). The presence of these “badges of fraud” may give rise to an
inference or presumption of fraud; they are “considerations” the trial court should use in
determining whether fraud occurred. Steel Co. v. Morgan Marshall Industries, Inc., 278 Ill.
App. 3d 241, 251 (1996) (citing Kaibab Industries, Inc. v. Family Ready Homes, Inc., 80 Ill.
App. 3d 782, 786 (1978) (four “badges of fraud” sufficient to give rise to inference of fraud)).
¶ 45 Villaverde relies on badges 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10, arguing the following: Before the foreclosure,
Spain was aware that Villaverde had filed suit against Gantz and S1 Audio for unpaid wages
(4). IP Acquisition acquired the intellectual property–S1 Audio’s most valuable asset–during
the foreclosure (5 and 9), after which, Gantz personally filed bankruptcy (9). Although Gantz
originally paid $750,000 for the intellectual property, IP Acquisition received their security
interest in the intellectual property for $100,000 (8). During the wage litigation, the court
entered a substantial judgment against S1 Audio and Gantz for Villaverde’s unpaid wages
(10).
¶ 46 Villaverde further contends the record supports finding badges 1, 2, 3, and 11. Spain and
Gantz have been friends since 1979 and, hence, even if they are not “insiders,” their 30-year
relationship meant they were unable to bargain at arm’s-length (1). After the foreclosure,
Gantz continued with his same day-to-day duties. Potential clients assumed Gantz owned the
patent and rarely spoke to Spain (2). By advertising the intellectual property sale in the
Chicago Daily Law Bulletin, the defendants essentially concealed the transfer, particularly in
light of the absence of an outside bidder at the auction (3). Lastly, when the Spain Trust
transferred its interest in the intellectual property to IP Acquisition, the debtor transferred
essential assets to a lienor who transferred the assets to an insider, because Spain controls both
entities (11).
¶ 47 We disagree with Villaverde’s major contention–that the trial court held the foreclosure
sale automatically terminates successor liability. The court’s holding relates only to the facts as
presented. The foreclosure sale was not an improper attempt to shed the debt obligations of
-7-
unsecured creditors, such as Villaverde, but a proper means for the secured creditor to collect
on its debt after a default and, therefore, any exception to the general rule against successor
liability was inappropriate. See 15 William Meade Fletcher et al., Private Corporations § 7333,
at 642-44 (perm. ed. 1999) (“where an individual purchases the assets of a corporation at a
foreclosure sale and then resells to a new company composed largely of the members of the
company whose assets were sold, and there is no fraud, the new company is not liable for the
debts of the old”).
¶ 48 We agree with the trial court that the so-called badges of fraud identified by Villaverde do
not establish, individually or collectively, that the foreclosure transaction was a fraud to avoid
paying Villaverde his judgment. Examining the factors listed in section 5(b) of the UFTA,
there is not a significant number of “badges of fraud” present to support a presumption of
fraud. Under the UFTA, when the debtor is a corporation, like S1 Audio, an “insider” includes
a director of the corporation, an officer of the corporation, anyone in control of the corporation,
and a relative of a person in control of the corporation. 740 ILCS 160/2(g)(2) (West 2010).
Spain does not qualify as an insider but as a creditor of S1 Audio (1). His friendship with Gantz
does not alter his role relative to the corporation. Neither S1 Audio nor Gantz retained
possession or control of the intellectual property after the foreclosure sale (2). Before the
foreclosure sale, the Trust irrevocably sold and assigned its security interest in S1 Audio to IP
Acquisition, whose managing member was Spain (who never worked for S1 Audio).
Subsequently, IP Acquisition bid an amount equal to the amount S1 Audio owed under the
promissory notes and obtained its intellectual property. IP Acquisition hired Gantz as an
independent contractor for his expertise to help in IP Acquisition’s efforts to sell or license the
intellectual property; Gantz’s employment does not mean he possessed or controlled the
intellectual property. Spain and IP Acquisition controlled the intellectual property after the
foreclosure. Defendants never tried to conceal the transfer of the asset (3) and actually kept
Villaverde up to date on the intellectual property and offered to share the proceeds of any sale
or license before or after the foreclosure. The debtor had not been sued or threatened with suit
before the transfer was made or the obligation incurred (4). Between 2009 and 2010, the Trust
purchased promissory notes from S1 Audio in return for a security interest in the intellectual
property. Villaverde did not seek judgment or any other relief against S1 Audio and Gantz until
at least December 14, 2011. Accordingly, the obligation was incurred well before the threat of
suit.
¶ 49 Whether the transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets (5) is the only factor that
potentially supports a finding of fraud. From the record before us, S1 Audio’s only asset was
the intellectual property. This factor, however, is neutral at best because there is no in-depth
discussion concerning whether S1 Audio owned other intellectual property or was involved in
any other business pursuits. Gantz has not absconded (6); he actively sought to sell or license
the intellectual property as an employee of IP Acquisition after the foreclosure sale. The
intellectual property is the only asset at issue and Villaverde never contended its existence was
concealed from him (7). The valuation of the intellectual property does not support finding
fraud (8) where the undisputed facts establish the current value as $5,000 based on an outside
bid at the online auction. The record shows Gantz personally filed bankruptcy, but there is no
evidence concerning how S1 Audio fared following the foreclosure, so (9) does not support a
finding of fraud. No allegation was made that the transfer of the intellectual property occurred
before a substantial debt (10); in fact, the foreclosure sale took place four years after the
-8-
promissory notes were executed. Lastly, there was no allegation that a third party was involved
(11)–neither S1 Audio nor Gantz transferred the intellectual property to a lienor who
transferred the assets to an insider. The undisputed facts do not support finding an inference of
fraud based on the factors listed in section 5(b) of the UFTA.
¶ 50 Further, we are unpersuaded by Villaverde’s position regarding the value of the intellectual
property. Even though a third party valued the intellectual property at $800,000 at one point
and Gantz originally paid $750,000 for it, the only current valuation was the $5,000 bid
received during the public online auction in the Spring 2012. Accordingly, Spain’s acquiring
of the intellectual property as a security interest for his loan of $100,000 was not inadequate.
Likewise, we are unpersuaded that the foreclosure process itself establishes fraud. Villaverde’s
suggestion cannot be reconciled with defendants’ repeated attempts to have Villaverde share in
the proceeds from any sale or license of the intellectual property. Additionally, after the
foreclosure, defendants attempted to sell or market the intellectual property almost
immediately and continued their offer to have Villaverde share in the proceeds.
¶ 51 Nor does the email correspondence indicate fraudulent intent. The email exchange shows a
creditor exercising its right to be informed about its loan and the likelihood of repayment.
Undisputed is that only Spain and his counsel participated in the foreclosure process.
¶ 52 Both before and after the foreclosure sale, defendants, who were under no legal obligation
to do so, offered to enter into an agreement with Villaverde to provide him with proceeds from
the license or sale of the IP, but he refused. Before the foreclosure sale, defendants were
motivated by their need to sell the IP to recoup their investment and likely believed it would be
easier to sell without Villaverde’s judgment. After the foreclosure, defendants, as a successor
corporation, were under no legal obligation to pay Villaverde’s judgment but, again, probably
believed it would be easier to sell the IP without it.
¶ 53 Continuation Exception
¶ 54 Villaverde argues the undisputed facts also establish that IP Acquisition serves as a
continuation of S1 Audio and should be liable for his wage litigation judgment. Villaverde
finds it significant that both before and after the foreclosure, Gantz and Spain were the only
individuals who could receive any money from the sale or license of the intellectual property,
and both had the same essential duties before as after the sale.
¶ 55 The correct standard for evaluating whether the continuation exception applies is set out in
Vernon v. Schuster, 179 Ill. 2d 338, 346 (1997), cited by defendants, and not Steel Co. v.
Morgan Marshall Industries, Inc., 278 Ill. App. 3d 241 (1996), as suggested by Villaverde.
Illinois courts have held that the most important factor in determining whether a merger has
occurred for purposes of the continuation exception is the identity of the ownership of the new
and former corporations. Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 346-47; see also Diguilio v. Goss International
Corp., 389 Ill. App. 3d 1052, 1062 (2009) (deciding factor whether there is a continuation of
corporate entity of seller, not whether seller’s business operation continues). The exception
seeks to avoid the situation that would “allow the predecessor to escape liability by merely
changing hats.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Vernon, 179 Ill. 2d at 346.
¶ 56 Spain, the owner of IP Acquisition, was not an officer, director, or stockholder of S1
Audio–he was a creditor. Gantz, the CEO of S1 Audio is not an officer, director, or stockholder
of IP Acquisition–he is an employee/independent contractor. The focus for the continuation
exception is on the corporate entity of the seller and not whether there is a continuation of the
-9-
seller’s business operation. See id. at 347 (identity of ownership necessary to impose successor
liability).
¶ 57 No identity of ownership between S1 Audio and IP Acquisition exists that would justify
the application of the continuation exception to the general rule of successor corporate
nonliability. Under these facts, IP Acquisition, as a secured creditor of S1 Audio, properly
foreclosed on the secured collateral following default and collected on its debt. As a successor
corporation, IP Acquisition is not liable for the debts of S1 Audio and, because none of the four
exceptions apply, summary judgment in IP Acquisition’s favor is proper.
¶ 58 Civil Conspiracy
¶ 59 Villaverde argues the foreclosure sale was a civil conspiracy intended to delay recovery of
his unpaid wages.
¶ 60 “Civil conspiracy consists of a combination of two or more persons for the purpose of
accomplishing by some concerted action either an unlawful purpose or a lawful purpose by
unlawful means. *** A cause of action for civil conspiracy exists only if one of the parties to
the agreement commits some act in furtherance of the agreement, which is itself a tort.” Adcock
v. Brakegate, Ltd., 164 Ill. 2d 54, 62-63 (1994).
¶ 61 As support for this position, Villaverde relies on Zokoych v. Spalding, 36 Ill. App. 3d 654,
667 (1976), in which the court found a secured creditor bank cooperated with a co-owner of a
business in a scheme to breach his fiduciary obligations to his fellow owner and, thus, engaged
in a conspiracy to commit fraud. The bank claimed to be protecting its secured interest in
company machinery from a third-party creditor by allowing the defendant co-owner to
unilaterally transfer the secured machinery. Id. The court found the bank acted against the
company and other co-owner’s rights by knowingly allowing the secured assets to be
converted by the defendant co-owner without default on the underlying loan and with
knowledge of the plaintiff co-owner’s interest in the company. Id.
¶ 62 We disagree that Zokoych resembles the facts here. The Spain Trust, the primary secured
creditor of S1 Audio, enforced its undisputed right to foreclose on the secured collateral
(intellectual property) following default. IP Acquisition took no action that defrauded,
hindered, or delayed Villaverde from receiving his judgment. In contrast, IP Acquisition
presented evidence of communication with Villaverde both before and after the foreclosure for
him to share in any proceeds from the sale or license of the intellectual property.
¶ 63 The trial court properly found that the foreclosure and subsequent licensing of the
intellectual property did not violate the UFTA and, therefore, there is no unlawful act to
support a cause of action for a civil conspiracy. We affirm the trial court’s decision to grant
summary judgment on the civil conspiracy claim.
¶ 64 Summary Judgment Affirmed
¶ 65 Villaverde fails to present a question of material fact precluding summary judgment for
defendants and the trial court correctly found no exception to the doctrine of successor
nonliability.
- 10 -
¶ 66 Cross-Appeal on Denial of Rule 137 Sanctions
¶ 67 Defendants’ cross-appeal on the denial of Rule 137 sanctions for the filing of a vexatious
and harassing lawsuit. They argue that Villaverde and his counsel sought a guaranteed
payment through a lawsuit which purposely omitted key facts. As defendants tell it, Villaverde
and his counsel “twist the story and try to make it fit into the theory underlying their nuisance
pleading, ultimately setting forth a false and misleading version of the truth.”
¶ 68 Rule 137 provides a mechanism to keep parties from abusing the judicial process through
the availability of sanctions for “vexatious and harassing actions” based on unsupported
allegations of fact or law. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Burrows v. Pick, 306 Ill. App. 3d
1048, 1050 (1999). The party moving for sanctions must show the other side made untrue and
false allegations without reasonable cause. Id. at 1050-51. The trial court uses an objective
standard to determine whether the party made a reasonable inquiry into the facts and law
supporting the allegations. Id. at 1051.
¶ 69 We will uphold a ruling on Rule 137 sanctions unless the trial court abused its discretion.
Yassin v. Certified Grocers of Illinois, Inc., 133 Ill. 2d 458, 467 (1990). The trial court, which
sits in the best position to evaluate the circumstances, abuses its discretion only if no
reasonable person would take its view. Fremarek v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co.,
272 Ill. App. 3d 1067, 1074 (1995). Courts consider an allegedly offending complaint at the
time of its filing rather than engage in hindsight. Lewy v. Koeckritz International, Inc., 211 Ill.
App. 3d 330, 334 (1991). In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we determine whether it was
“informed, based on valid reasons, and followed logically from the circumstances of the case.”
Burrows, 306 Ill. App. 3d at 1051 (citing In re Estate of Smith, 201 Ill. App. 3d 1005, 1009-10
(1990)).
¶ 70 The trial court thoroughly examined the sanctions’ motion before issuing its ruling. As the
trial court observed in its Memorandum and Order, “[w]hile this court ultimately found
plaintiff’s legal arguments to be unconvincing, sanctions are not intended to punish litigants
for misapplying the law.” As for the evidence, the trial court observed that despite having
concluded that the evidence did not support Villaverde’s claims, “this does not mean that
plaintiff could not reasonably argue that the facts supported [his] position. Defendants have
failed to persuade us that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that Villaverde made a
reasonable inquiry into the facts, a good faith argument, and did not file his suit for the
improper purpose of harassment. Accordingly, we will not disturb the trial court’s denial of
Rule 137 sanctions.
¶ 71 CONCLUSION
¶ 72 We affirm both the grant of summary judgment and the denial of sanctions.
¶ 73 Affirmed.
- 11 -
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Delay-locked loops (DLLs) are often employed in integrated circuit devices to change the phase of a reference clock signal. In operation, a delay-locked loop generates an output clock signal based on an input clock signal to the delay-locked loop. The delay-locked loop generates an error signal by comparing the phase of the input clock signal to the phase of an output clock signal. Additionally, the delay-locked loop integrates the error signal and controls the delay of the input clock signal through a chain of delay elements based on the integrated error signal.
Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are also employed in integrated circuit devices to change the phase of a reference clock signal. Unlike a delay-locked loop, a phase-locked loop includes a voltage-controller oscillator. In operation, the phase-locked loop generates an error signal by comparing the phase of an oscillating clock signal generated by the voltage controlled oscillator with the phase of an input clock signal to the phase-locked loop. Additionally, the phase-lock loop generates a control signal for the voltage controlled oscillator by integrating the error signal. Because the control signal controls the frequency of the oscillating signal generated by the voltage controlled oscillator, the voltage controlled oscillator performs an integration in the phase-locked loop. Generally, a phase-locked loop performs two integrations but a delay-locked loop performs only a single integration. Thus the phase-locked loop is a second order feedback system while the delay locked loop is a first order feedback system.
In integrated circuit implementations, a delay-locked loop adjusts the error signal generated in a feedback loop of the delay-locked loop to compensate for voltage, temperature, and process variations across the integrated circuit. Because voltage, temperature, and process variations are generally independent of each other in an integrated circuit, the error signal generated by the delay-locked loop may not adjust to all these variations quickly enough to achieve phase-lock of the output clock signal to the input clock signal or have enough range to cover the variation.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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The polyphenylene ethers and processes for their preparation are known in the art and described in numerous publications including Hay, U.S. Pat. No. 3,306,874 and 3,306,875, both of which are incorporated by reference. Other patents which show the preparation of polyphenylene ethers include Bennett and Cooper, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,639,656, and 3,838,102, as well as Cooper and Bennett, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,642,699, 3,661,848 and 3,733,299, which are also incorporated by reference.
The processes most generally used to produce the polyphenylene ethers involve the self-condensation of a monovalent phenol in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas and a catalyst comprising a metal-amine complex.
These processes are run in the presence of an organic solvent and the reaction is usually terminated by removal of the catalyst from the reaction mixture.
The product is usually recovered by adding an antisolvent to the reaction solution in an amount sufficient to precipitate the polymer. The antisolvent is soluble in the polymerization solvent, but does not dissolve the polymer.
It is known, for example, from A. Factor, Jr. Polymer Sci. B, 7, 205 (1969), that polyphenylene ethers dissolve readily in methylene chloride, but precipitate on standing in the form of a crystalline polyphenylene ether-CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 complex. The complex loses methylene chloride on heating or simply on air drying to yield amorphous polyphenylene ethers. Attempts have been made to make use of the unusual solubility behavior of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)ether in methylene chloride to isolate the resins from reaction mixtures without the use of an antisolvent, but polymers suitable for molding applications have not been obtained. For example, when the polymerization is carried out in methylene chloride solvent, the polymer precipitates before it reaches high molecular weight; furthermore, the precipitate carries with it a large portion of the copper component of the polymerization catalyst; and the copper cannot easily be removed from the polymer by washing with water, methanol, acetic acid, etc.
It has now been discovered that high molecular weight polyphenylene ether (I.V. as high as 0.70 dl./g.) can be produced in methylene chloride solution without precipitation of the complex by carrying out the polymerization at a temperature greater than 40.degree. C. Since this is above the atmospheric boiling point of the solvent, it is necessary to carry out the reaction in a closed system under oxygen pressure, to prevent loss of the solvent and to provide sufficiently high oxygen concentration in solution for the polymerization reaction. A pressure of 25 and, preferably, 30 psig is sufficient to produce high I.V. polymer is less than two hours at a xylenol: CuBr.sub.2 : DBA ratio of 300 : 1 : 45, if poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene)ether is the desired product.
Because the polymer does not precipitate from solution during the polymerization, and remains dissolved for at least a short time after the reaction mixture is removed from the reactor, the catalyst can be extracted from the hot solution (either with aqueous acid, which removes both the amine and metal ion catalyst components, or with a chelating agent such as salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or the like, to remove only the metal ion). The solution can then be cooled, causing the polymer complex to precipitate out, and the polymer complex then can be isolated by filtration or centrifuging.
Essential features of the discovery are:
i. Polymerization in methylene chloride solution at a temperature of 40.degree. C. or above, under oxygen pressure; and PA1 ii. Cooling the polymer solution to room temperature or below to precipitate the polymer-methylene chloride complex. PA1 iii. Extraction of catalyst from hot solution; and PA1 iv. Separation of the complex by filtration or centrifuging and removal of the methylene chloride from the complex by heating.
Preferred features comprise:
The major advantage of the procedure is that no antisolvent is required for precipitation of the polymer, so that the substantial cost involved in separation of the solvent and antisolvent and recovery of the antisolvent by distillation is eliminated. A second advantage is that the polymer is amorphous, whereby polyphenylene ethers are more easily blended by coextrusion with other resins, such as polystyrene, than the partially crystalline polymers obtained by the usual commercial processes, in which an antisolvent such as methanol is added to the polymer solution to precipitate the polymer. The amorphous polyphenylene ether may be coextruded at lower temperatures and at higher rates than partially crystalline polyphenylene ethers, and the resulting blends, especially those containing relatively small proportion of the polyphenylene ether, have improved physical properties. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,960,811, incorporated herein by reference.
The polymers obtained by the process have a yellow color, but blends with polystyrene have physical properties equal to those of blends made with polyphenylene ethers isolated by conventional antisolvent precipitation techniques, so that they are suitable for applications where color is not important. The color can be reduced to a level approximating that obtained by methanol precipitation by redissolving the powder in hot methylene chloride, then cooling and separating the polymer-methylene chloride complex.
As has been mentioned, the crude polymer obtained by the new process is highly colored by diphenoquinone and other colored byproducts of the reaction. The color can be reduced to an acceptable level by repeated washing of the precipitated complex with methylene chloride, but this results in a significant reduction in yield, as well as more than doubling the total amount of solvent which must be recovered by distillation. It is a further discovery that both of these disadvantages can be partially overcome by a two-cycle solvent system, and this also forms part of the present invention.
In this two-cycle solvent system, the polymer is filtered from the reaction mixture and washed with a small amount of methylene chloride, and methylene chloride filtrate and wash combined. The polymer is then washed with methylene chloride in an amount equal to the original solvent volume. The first methylene chloride fraction is then distilled to recover pure solvent for subsequent washing operations, while the "wash" methylene chloride is decanted to remove any aqueous phase and used without purification, as the solvent for the next polymerization. The polymer present in the wash liquid is thus recovered at the end of the polymerization; the small amount of quinones and other low molecular weight products have no apparent effect on the quality of the polymer produced.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved process for the preparation of a polyphenylene ether resin with the aim of obtaining a polyphenylene ether resin with a reduced number of process steps and without the need to use an antisolvent.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a process which permits the removal of color producing compounds from polyphenylene ether and reducing the amount of solvent required.
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Sights, sounds and smells from Bangalore
Tuesday, September 07, 2010
Another boycott of autos brewing
Another boycott of autos brewingToday’s strike by autowallahs has triggered angry responses from commuters, with several calling for a mass boycott of autosNeethu.Reghukumar @timesgroup.com
With the city’s autowallahs going off the roads on Tuesday — this time, it is to press their demands for subsidies to buy digital meters and financial aid to purchase four-stroke autos — the patience of Bangaloreans is wearing thin. There is a growing opinion that commuters should once again boycott autos on Wednesday — as they did on Aug 12 — to register their protest against tampered meters and the rude behaviour of many auto drivers. A Bangalore Mirror reader, D Hemachandra Babu, has written asking people to boycott autos on Wednesday. He said,”By going on a strike on Tuesday, the auto drivers seem to have taken Bangaloreans for granted. They are assuming that they can strike at will. I request Bangaloreans to teach the auto drivers a lesson by boycotting autos on Wednesday, Sept 8, so that they incur a loss of income for one more day. Hope the public co-operates.” Others are of a similar opinion. M V Nahusha Raj, honorary director, Bangalore Kidney Foundation, said, “Auto drivers in Bangalore go on strike on flimsy g r o u n d s . Fortunately, the city’s public transport system is a good standby on such occasions. Once the Metro Rail starts, demand for autos will dwindle. By resorting to such strikes, auto drivers are losing whatever goodwill they have. It will send the right message if people boycott them for two days.” Nahusha suggested that on the lines of the monthly Bus Day, citizens should boycott autos for two days in a month. Shalini Majumdar, an IT professional, said, “Every time they keep increasing the fare and the government listens to them. We commuters have no say in the matter. Most of them are so rude. I have decided not to take an auto on Tuesday and Wednesday.” Shruthi, a junior designer with Big Design, said,”I feel we should boycott them on Wednesday. These autowallas charge one and a half times the fare even during the daytime. They concoct all kinds of excuses to extract more money from commuters. They should be taught a lesson.” Speaking for the auto drivers, Srinivas Murthy, vice-president of the CITU-affiliated autorickshaw drivers’ union, said, “We suspect the boycott is being provoked by some officials or individuals. No one is really against the service provided by autos. We know there is a problem with drivers’ behaviour and meters, and we are working to improve this. We too will take up checking of meters.”
BDA’s ‘dirty’ alternative to fill lakes
BDA’s ‘dirty’ alternative to fill lakesCommissioner moots filling up of rejuvenated lakes with treated sewage water before CM can be invited for their inaugurationNiranjan.Kaggere @timesgroup.com
WITH the monsoon coming to a close, the Bangalore Development Authority has come up with a ‘novel idea’ for refilling the 13 lakes that it has rejuvenated. It involves filling them up with ‘sewage water’. The BDA, which took up lakes’ rejuvenation work at a cost of Rs 100 crore, plans to refill them with treated sewage water as the rainfall has been inadequate and the authority began cleaning up works three months late. Chief Minister B S Yeddyurappa had kicked off the rejuvenation work on Ullal lake, one of the lakes selected for the clean-up operation, on May 27, 2009. During inauguration, he had said, “I assure you that by end of 12 months, I will be back to inaugurate the lake for public use.” The BDA is trying hard to refill the lakes before Yeddyurappa can be invited for the inauguration. Hence, it is looking at Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) for help (refilling the lakes). Though a few lakes have received good spells of rains, the water has not been enough to fill them. When asked about the mammoth task of refilling the tanks in view of the monsoon coming to a close, BDA Commissioner Bharat Lal Meena said, “If we don’t get sufficient rains, we can get it from BWSSB. There’s a lot of sewerage and it can be treated and released into these tanks. We are in talks with the BWSSB and hopeful of getting sufficient amount of water.” The BDA is yet to complete the rejuvenation work. Ninety per cent of the work has been completed, while some minor works - fencing, laying of pavements for walkers and planting of saplings - still remain. Meena says these would be completed at the earliest. Water-logging was common in the city during rains. But the BDA promises that it would not happen again. “One of the reasons for not getting sufficient water in these lakes is because many areas become waterlogged during the rains. We are studying the pattern of water flow and trying to make sure the water collected in the catchment areas reach the lakes. The task will be outsourced to an independent agency,” said Meena. CARETAKERS FOR LAKES After the rejuvenation, the BDA has to hand over the lakes to the BBMP for maintenance. However, the handover is unlikely to happen for the next one year. “We cannot tell when we will hand over these lakes to the BBMP. We scaled down some of the ornamental works, thinking that it could be taken up at a later stage. Within a year, we will complete that and till then, we will maintain the tanks. But we will discuss this matter with the BBMP,” he said. The commissioner also said the locals and villagers will be included in committees for the safe management of lakes. REVIVAL FOR 29 LAKES The BDA has been entrusted with the task of rejuvenating another 29 lakes. A decision in this regard was taken by the BBMP officials in May-June this year. “Though an official government order is yet to come, we will be taking up the survey work to prepare a detailed project report. If all goes well, in the next three months, we will commence work on all the 29 lakes,” said a top official of the Bangalore Development Authority.
Child’s play? NO WAY
Child’s play? NO WAYIT’S DIFFICULT FOR KIDS TO FIND SPACE TO PLAY. THEIR SEARCH TAKES THEM FAR AND WIDE, WITH DEADLY CONSEQUENCES AT TIMESSunitha Rao R | TNN
Bangalore: Who plays in BBMP’s playgrounds? Not children! Strangely, many playgrounds in the city have been converted to youth clubs, making it impossible for children below 14 years to even enter the grounds, let alone playing. College students and members of clubs use these spaces for their tournaments. Children below 14 are not allowed to join them and playing wherever they can, most often in front of their houses even as traffic flows by. What’s worse, playgrounds in many areas are encroached upon and converted for commercial purposes. “In many playgrounds, especially in Jayanagar East, there are skating clubs, basketball, athletic, gymnasium training camps. Only members are allowed there, and children of the area are left without space to play,” says B Chandrappa, former playground officer, BBMP. The BBMP’s plans to involve residents and corporators to give children back their space have remained on paper. “We’d planned to form a committee to monitor playgrounds but it’s still in the pipeline,’’ admit BBMP officials. Residents point out that local politicians support youth sports clubs and encourage them to use the playgrounds. “When we come to play with children in the Jayanagar Kittur Rani Chennamma playground beside our house, it’s usually occupied by others. Many of them aren’t even from surrounding areas. Our children end up playing in front of homes or on terraces,” said Manasa Ravi, a resident of Pipeline Road in Jayanagar East. Besides, many schools use playgrounds in their vicinity for regular physical education classes and that reduces space for games like football or cricket which children love to play with friends after school. NO BUDGETARY PROVISION BBMP’s Rs 8,488-crore budget has no funds for providing playgrounds, even in newly added wards where children have no space to play. ‘GIVE US SOME SPACE’ We’re a group of seven boys who come to Kittur Rani Chennamma Stadium thrice a week to play cricket. But every time, it’s the same problem — there’s no space left for us as there’s always some tournament or the other or practice session of adults or college students will be already playing there. After 7pm, it’s less crowded but our parents don’t like us playing there after dusk as it’s not safe. We play on roads but that is equally unsafe. There should be a separate playground, exclusively for children. —Naveen K V | CLASS 8 STUDENT, JAYANAGAR OFFICIAL LINE There are totally 154 playgrounds in the older wards maintained by BBMP. Earlier, BBMP’s education department had appointed a playground officer who would take care of all the playgrounds. Now, with decentralization in place, eight zones of BBMP (engineering department) have taken up the maintenance of playgrounds in their limits. However, BBMP is yet to make room for playgrounds in newly added wards. Wards like DJ Halli, Shakambari Nagar and Maruthi Seva Nagar have no playgrounds though they’re in the core areas.
Autos, city taxis off roads today
Autos, city taxis off roads todayTIMES NEWS NETWORK
Bangalore: Office-goers, schoolchildren, shoppers and other commuters are best advised to make their own transport arrangements on Tuesday, as autodrivers have decided to join the all-India strike. The cause: welfare and rise in prices. The strike will be on from 6 am to 6 pm. Au t o d r ive r unions told The Times of India that they are participating in the strike to force the state government to address their demands. The unions are demanding the establishment of an autodrivers’ welfare board that will address their needs from time to time, a house for each licensed driver from the BDA or a housing cooperative society authorized by the government, public distribution system cards to enable them to buy essential goods at lower prices and action against private financiers who are charging astronomical rates of interest for loans. The drivers also want loans to enable them to convert analog meters into digital meters. Schools that depend on autos to ferry their pupils will decide on Tuesday morning whether to declare a holiday or not. The Karnataka Auto and Taxi Drivers’ and Women Welfare Association, as also the BJP-affiliated auto drivers’ association, won’t support the strike. Meru and Easy Cabs will ply to the airport as usual. Some autos, pvt taxis will ply No Holiday For Schools; BMTC To Deploy Additional Buses Bangalore: Though their demand for a hike in fares was met, autodrivers are on strike on Tuesday to draw attention to their other demands of housing, PDS and loans. “Normal protests don’t seem to move the government. We have to resort to a strike to make it respond,” M Manjunath of Adarsha Union said. He said the demands have been long pending, but no one in the government seemed to care. “How else do we tell them what we face? Else, let the government do something to reduce prices.” SOME AUTO UNIONS AGAINST STRIKE An auto union owing affiliation to the BJP said it won’t support the strike. “We were on protest very recently and most of our demands were accepted. Why should we go on protest again? Is this right? We suspect that some parties against the BJP are instigating autodrivers to strike,” a union member said. The Karnataka Auto and Taxi Drivers and Women Welfare Association will not support Tuesday’s strike. In a statement issued on Monday, they said they were satisfied with the introduction of green autorickshaws being made mandatory, one-piece glass and others. “We strongly oppose the proposed autorickshaw strike on Tuesday in the interest of the three big festivals — Ramzan, Mary’s Feast and Ganesha Chathurthi. There are possibilities of untoward incidents such as attacks on drivers, damage to vehicles of those who intend to ply, and therefore we request the police department to provide protection,” the statement said. Representatives of Lorry Owners and Agents’ Association said lorries will not participate in the strike as the state government had agreed to address their demands on sand transport and toll levy. “We will wait for another week. Then we will take a call,” a member said. SOME TAXIS ON STRIKE City taxis on radio call will participate in the strike, while private taxis will not. Taxis coming under Meru and Easy Cab will ply to the airport. MORE BMTC BUSES BMTC has said it will deploy additional buses to help commuters reach offices and business areas. “We have surplus buses. It will not be a problem to deploy them in the interest of the public,” senior BMTC officials said. SOME SCHOOLS HIT Schools which depend on autorickshaws to ferry their children may be hit. These schools are contemplating whether to declare a holiday or not, depending on the situation on Tuesday. “There is a possibility that the strike could be called off. We will decide on Tuesday morning after confirming about the strike,’’ the authorities said. But a majority of schools said they will function as usual.
Where are autos with tampered meters hiding?
Where are autos with tampered meters hiding?AKANKSHA MEHROTRADC | BENGALURU
Article Rank
While commuters seem to find a number of autos with tampered meters on the roads, a recent three day drive by the transport department surprisingly came across very few such autos running in the city.Of the 2,117 autos inspected, only 10 had tampered with their meters.Considering the innumerable complaints received against autos running with faulty meters, transport officials expected to find several of them on the roads, but were taken aback to come across so few of them.
Speaking to Deccan Chronicle, assistant controller of the legal metrology department, M.Gopalappa said the special drive was conducted by the transport department in collaboration with his department in response to the sev eral complaints received from commuters about auto drivers trying to cheat them by manipulating their meters to show a higher fare than they should charge for the distance travelled. “But we did not come across many such autos during our inspection. Perhaps most of these autos were off the roads or the tampered meter had been calibrated back to normal,” he said, disclosing that most of the cases that were booked were against autos that had not renewed their fitness certificate.
But the transport department intends to deploy additional staff to identify
autos plying with faulty meters to make sure that none of them get away in future. "We will conduct surprise inspections until this menace is rooted out.Cases are being booked at the Nagarbhavi RTO and we are seizing all the faulty meters," Mr. Gopalappa added.The departments are also trying to find other ways of trapping auto drivers running with tampered meters They are approaching the auto unions to help them out and catch the drivers red handed. Charge sheets are being filed against the auto drivers who have tampered with their meters,
Stop the noise! Bengaluru craves the sounds of silence
Stop the noise! Bengaluru craves the sounds of silenceBengaluru,
Article Rank
With the festival season around the corner, the noise levels in Bengaluru are likely to go up several decibels with loudspeakers blaring music and huge processions on the streets. Health experts warn that noise pollution is not a mere nuisance, it can result in serious health disorders, report Sanchita Sen and Madhumitha B.
The city is noisy enough with traffic, but the decibel levels are about to rise with loudspeakers blaring music and processions crowding the streets as the festival season gets underway.The city gets at least four times noisier this season, says Madhuri Gore of the Institute of Speech and Hearing, warning that while the repercussions are not immediately apparent, they are nonetheless hazardous in the long run.
Bhargavi Rao of the Environment Support Group (ESG) feels the problem is that celebrations have shifted from being simple and austere to being grand and excessively noisy today. "Festivals are not celebrated like they were some years ago. It isn't about the fun of bursting crackers anymore but more about putting up a show. People and political parties are competing with each other to see who can hold a grander celebration.
So there are more firecrackers, bigger loudspeakers and more people, all adding to the noise pollution,” she says, adding that the only way this can be curbed is to have more policemen patrolling the city to ensure that the rules are enforced. However, in her view noise pollution is high in the city all through the year and not just during the festive season. “Vehicles on roads and generators in commercial buildings are contributing hugely to the noise one has to put up with every
day,” she deplores.Health experts warn it is not enough to see noise pollution as a mere nuisance as it can have serious consequences, sometimes even leading to permanent damage to the ears. “It may be
difficult to quantify the threat from the noise that we are exposed to along with the hazardous fumes of firecrackers this season, but it is time for the health department to step in and make more of an effort to contain it," they say.Ask secretary for environ ment and ecology Kanwar Pal about what the govern ment is doing about noise pollution and he says restric tions are in place during the festive season to contain the noise levels, but it is hard to see that everyone follows them. "How does one ensure that the rules in place are enforced when the law breake ers outnumber the law e enforcers, he asks, pointing e out that while the regulations say firecrackers must not s make a sound of over 50 decibels, unless their manufacture ers toe the line, the people n cannot be held responsible for the noise they make. "The question here is one of self-regula tion and about indi viduals maintain ing some decorum and dis cipline in pub lic," he says. Anything beyond 60 decibel gets uncomfortable for the ears. As endurance levels are different, we see people come to us with different levels of the problem. Such cases are definitely increasingly during the festival season. We have time and again appealed to people to celebrate but with lesser noise.
DR SUNIL NARAYAN DUTT, senior consultant, ENT, Apollo Hospital We do not realise the effects of noise or the fact that the decibel levels are already high in the city. This leads to different degrees of stress that is vented out in different ways by different people. Studies have revealed that the lack of a goodnight's sleep during festivals can affect memory apart from hearing difficulties. Much of today's young generation suffers from hearing problems due to constant exposure to noise.
MADHURI GORE, Institute of Speech and Hearing Festivals are not celebrated in a proper manner anymore. There is no joy in bursting firecrackers.
It is just an exhibition of wealth.
Each community or political party is competing with one another to for a grand celebration. There are more fire crackers, big crowds and bigger loud speakers, all causing more and more noise pollution.
City loses its trees at high speed
City loses its trees at high speedAMIT S. UPADHYEDC | BENGALURU
Article Rank
: Minsk Square is a graveyard of trees. Twisted stumps stand where once an avenue of gulmohars, jacarandas and pink tabubia bloomed. MG Road is a construction site. Now, information obtained under RTI by green activists Hasiru Usiru finds the central part of Bengaluru and its enviable green canopy will see 371 fully mature trees chopped down and another 200 pruned! This is to pave the way for a controversial addition to the IT capital's transport system -a High Speed Rail Link that stretches 34 kms from BRV grounds near Chinnaswamy stadium through the Raj Bhavan Road to Hebbal lake, home to migratory birds, when it could as well start from beyond Hebbal. As if the damage Sept. 6: As if the damage caused by the massive felling of trees at Minsk Square for the Metro project was not enough, the proposed High Speed Rail Link, which will connect the city centre to Bengaluru International Airport is expected to bring down more than 500 fully grown trees in the next few years.Apart from losing trees, there will be a huge impact on the environment in the central parts of Bengaluru.
The worst hit will be places like BRV Parade Grounds – the starting point of HSRL and Raj Bhavan Road, besides the historic Hebbal lake alongside which the high-speed lane will pass.
The information obtained by Hasiru Usiru, an NGO, after it filed an RTI on the felling of trees for the project, which was made available to Deccan Chronicle, says that 371 trees will have
to be uprooted completely while around 265 trees will have to be pruned.“So why is the government bent on spoiling the aesthetic look of central Bengaluru,” ask green activists in the city, who say a strict no-no to the project.
Already, Minsk Square has lost its charm and there are little chances of the
famous boulevard on MG Road being restored to its original glory. "The 34-km long HSRL will be an addition to Namma Metro and the proposed suburban rail system. Do we really need three rail systems for Bengaluru"? ask the activists."The detailed project report(DPR) of Metro Rail says some 700 trees will have to be felled to get the project done. Not even 40 per cent of the total project is complete and already, close to 3,000 trees have vanished from the city’s map,” said Vinay Sreenivasa, a member of Hasiru Usiru.
According to him, the 324 page DPR, prepared for HSRL, shows that no prop
er Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) was done. "A project of this scale, has no mention about EIA and even an energy audit. If the train has to move at high speed, from where will the government get the required power?Moreover, the train link will run next to the sensitive Hebbal Lake which is home to several species of birds," he said. Apart from losing trees, there will be a huge impact on the environment in the central parts of Bengaluru. The worst hit will be places like BRV Parade Grounds – the starting point of HSRL and Raj Bhavan Road besides the historic Hebbal lake.
Recharging lakes can help stop flooding
Recharging lakes can help stop flooding
Staff ReporterTwelve lakes have almost been rejuvenated, say officials
A NEW LEASE OF LIFE:Of the 14 lakes given to it, the BDA has completed 90 p.c. work on 12.Bangalore: If the Bangalore Development Authority's (BDA) plan to recharge the city's lakes works, it could solve the perennial problem of flooding when it rains.
The BDA, which has almost rejuvenated 12 lakes, has appointed consultants to study the feasibility of channelising rain water — that otherwise accumulates on most roads and low-lying areas — into the lakes.
Talking to presspersons here on Monday, BDA Commissioner Bharat Lal Meena said STUP Consultants had been entrusted with the project. “We are also discussing with the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) how to recharge the rejuvenated lakes,” he said.
Mr. Meena asserted that the idea was to treat sewage water and channelise it into the lakes apart from letting rainwater into them. “The city receives so much of rain but we don't know where it disappears. Although some of it flows into the stormwater drains. it ultimately gets mixed with sewage,” he said.
Of the 14 lakes handed over by the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) to the BDA, 90 per cent of work on 12 had been completed. Work on the remaining two would start soon, he said.
More lakes
Pointing out that the BBMP had handed over 29 more lakes to the BDA for rejuvenation, Mr. Meena said detailed project reports (DPRs) on rejuvenating these water bodies were being prepared. “We will soon invite tenders for the rejuvenation and work is likely to start in three months,” he said.
The lakes would not be handed over to the BBMP soon after the rejuvenation as per the initial agreement. “After the rejuvenation, the cost of which has been scaled down from Rs. 300 crore to Rs. 100 crore, we will maintain the lakes for one year. After spending so much, we want the lakes to survive,” he said.
He added that the local residents' welfare associations and other organisations would be involved in maintaining the rejuvenated lakes.
A load of garbage is destroying us
A load of garbage is destroying us
Prahlad Rao
A city which woke up rest of India on cleanliness is still struggling to cobble a comprehensive policy on garbage disposal. Solid waste management rules were framed in 2000 after the SC intervention due to PIL filed by a member of an NGO from Bangalore. Since then the city has toyed with various schemes like supporting local initiatives of the residents welfare associations or NGOs and some hi-tech projects of the civic body. Everything that the government or the civic administration claims to have done does not provide a long term vision. During the debate in BBMP there was talk of revising garbage collection contracts. The change that was tossed around pertains to giving contracts to two or three wards instead of current eight wards per contractor. If the proposal is passed it would mean too many contractors.This step is devoid of any rationale as garbage disposal works on volumes. More the volume of collection better will be the incentive to deploy modern means like collection trucks with lids. Take a look at what has been achieved till now. For the start, there is no plan to acquire a permanent landfill. Even Mavallipura landfill is mired in controversy because of health hazards. But the solid waste management is not just about land fills, collection contracts or the recent talks of garbage cess.The garbage management starts with the households, eateries and corporate entities. It is about the culture of garbage generation at these places and its storage before disposal. The households have to develop a culture or at least a habit of generating less garbage, be it the use of tissue paper or demanding plastic bags every time one buys half a kg of sugar. The administration is supposed to educate the citizens about the way certain types of garbage pollutes the soil and water. The public should also be told to segregate (degradable and non-degradable) garbage and ensure that the segregated garbage is not mixed by the conservancy staff. The Supreme Court Committee report, which formed the basis for the court verdict, had also set timeframe for reforms in waste management. These reforms range from awareness programmes for citizens to establishment of landfills. Some of the mandated tasks were: minimization of garbage generation, reuse and recycle, collection, composting, energy recovery and disposal in safe manner. The deadlines were from six months to 36 months. Unfortunately, these recommendations remain mostly on paper as the administrations play with our lives. We also resist many ideas in reducing garbage generated in the households and the offices. And this deliberate ignorance is corroding our lives
Link the lakes through channels, say experts
Link the lakes through channels, say experts
Bosky Khanna
Even as the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) looks satisfied with its efforts to rejuvenate 12 lakes, experts are critical of the programme. They say the ideal way to go about the task is to enhance the connectivity to the lakes, as it was done earlier.The BDA dried up the lakes completely to clear the silt. Ring tank bunds were created around to give them a distinctive shape. Though the depth increased, the size of lakes shrank. Encroachments were cleared in all BDA lakes, while wetlands and water inlets had been channelled. What remained now, according to BDA officials, is fencing, afforestation, water to fill in, construction of boat jetties and construction of sewerage treatment plants in Kommaghatta and Malathahalli.But experts suggested creation of treatment plants in all the lakes. The flow of water should be well directed, keeping in mind the upstream and downstream, they felt.Hasiru Usiru member Rohan D'Souza was dissatisfied by the way Rachenahalli lake structure was designed. "The idea of feeding other water bodies by channelling the overflow has not been looked into," lamented D'Souza."Here the BDA has completely dried up the lake. This hampered the biodiversity and also had a cascading effect," said D'Souza."The BDA should ensure that the plants in the wetlands are cut once in three months so that the quality of water remains good. Charcoal and carbon notches should also be maintained periodically," said Prof Sriram, who has been guiding BDA on lake rejuvenation.Environmentalist AN Yellappa Reddy said proper infiltration should be ensured to increase the underground water table.He added that it would take at least one or two years to restore the required dynamics of the lakes. Biodiversity elements are already being incorporated with the introduction of guppies, weeds and sediments.
Here order is needed, not widening
Here order is needed, not widening
If the crowded Dharmaraj Koil Street in Shivajinagar is to be widened, thousands of people will be rendered jobless. Traders say proper signals, strict enforcement of one-way and parking rules and clearance of footpaths can help in decongesting this busy, market area stretch
Shilpa CB
The streets of Shivajinagar are generous to the hawker and the street vendor but not so much to the motorist, especially during festive seasons. It is meant to be that way. Too bad if cars wanting a smooth passage through these short routes to the city are inconvenienced, say shoppers and vendors on Dharmaraj Koil Street, one of the many crowded lanes being considered for widening. Those who depend on the street for their livelihood oppose the plan for obvious reasons. "Widening will help. But where shall I go? The government won't give any substitute land or compensation," says Ratnavelu Chettiar who runs a shop beside the 150-year-old Sri Ekambareshwarar Dharmaraja temple that lends its name to the street it stands on."Widening should not be done as thousands of people will become unemployed. Besides, the government is not giving any compensation," says Suhail TA, a businessman who has been operating from here since 1975. "I will lose 5 ft of my shop. How will the traders benefit? It will only help the traffic needs of this road," Suhail says. Clearly, the street is more than just a transit road for vehicles that use it as a link road to move from Ulsoor, Fraser Town, Cox Town and other areas towards Queen's Corner. Most hours of the day, it stays true to its character. "It's a market area. Naturally, there will be congestion," says Chettiar, in a matter-of-fact way. A solution that is being proposed for regular roads will not do much for a bustling market area like this one, argue traders. Instead, the onus is on the traffic police to 'control' the traffic. There is no signal at the Taj Hotel Junction and the one-way rule applicable for part of the street is violated, they say. And 'control', to those sitting inside their shops, means clearing hawkers from the footpath and keeping away autos that linger around waiting for customers. "There is no need to tamper with this street. If the footpaths are cleared, the public will walk on them instead of on roads," says Tanvir Ahmed, a perfume shop owner who also uses part of the road to advertise his wares. Haphazard parking is also blamed for making things difficult for shoppers, traders and passing traffic. Further away from the market, illegal parking of cars eats into the little space available. "From Methodist Mission School to Nala Road or Bose Circle, you will find cars parked on both sides. Even one-way traffic can't move easily. Obvioulsy, there will be jams on this two-way street," says Ramu K who has been around for 53 years. Sreekanth PK, a grocery shop owner, says the street's proximity to Commercial Street makes it a free-for-all parking lot. It will, however, be wrong to assume that widening the road will automatically make it orderly. The bustling market area will continue to grapple with several issues while functioning in the manner it does today. The many persistent civic problems will contribute to chaos."The drains, especially at the Lubbay Masjid Street Corner, overflow during rains. All repairs have only offered temporary relief. They don't do anything permanent here," says Ramu."When it rains, it is hellish here. The drainage problem is our biggest and long-standing complaint," says Abdullah Basha, owner of a grocery shop operating here for 40 years."Water flows in one direction when it rains. After it stops, it flows in the opposite direction. Sometimes, the water is knee-high. It even flows into my shop," Sreekanth says. While pedestrians and residents complain of having to wade through sewage water during rains, others talk of the murky water that flows out of their taps. "The water we get is not clean," says Lakshmi Padmanabha, who runs a small canteen here. They have no choice but to use the dirty water to cook the food to keep their business going. What about road widening?"The larger the road, the more will be the number of vehicles. Every one wants to own a car or a two-wheeler. That being the case, how can road widening help us," she asks.
Don't bank on the autos today
Don't bank on the autos today
The drivers are likely to join the nationwide strike. The autorickshaws will be back on the roads by the time dusk sets in
Shwetha S
If you depend on autorickshaws to commute to work, be prepared for a little trouble today. Over 80,000 autorickshaws in the city are expected to stay off the roads between 6 am and 6 pm, as they join the all-India strike protesting the rising prices of commodities, and the failure of the Centre as well as the state government in acceding to demands for protection from inflation.President of the autorickshaw drivers' union, Meenakshi Sundaram, said, "We will be supporting the strike call across the country. We are demanding ration cards and housing allowances for autorickshaw drivers. We also want a welfare board for those plying autorickshaws."Owners and drivers of autorickshaws affiliated to different unions are expected to support the strike. Among the unions that have already declared their support for the strike call are the Autorickshaw Drivers' Union (ARDU, affiliated to CITU), the Adarsha Auto and Taxi Drivers' Union, and the Bangalore Autorickshaw Union.President of the Adarsha Auto and Taxi Drivers' Union, N Manjunath, said, "All autorickshaws will be off the roads from 6 am to 6 pm in support of the strike call. The drivers will be joining the strike as the Karnataka government has not granted various demands that were raised earlier. Drivers will take out a procession that will go from Mysore Bank Circle to Town Hall, starting at 10.30 am."Manjunath said that the rising prices have impacted autorickshaw drivers, just as it has affected a whole host of others. "All autos are expected to be off the roads. However, there are also rumours that some unions will not be joining the strike. The auto unit of the Kannada Rakshana Vedike, the Jaya Karnataka Auto Drivers' Union and the City Auto Drivers' Union may not participate," Manjunath said
An RTO that takes you for a ride
An RTO that takes you for a ride
Y Maheswara Reddy | ENS First Published : 06 Sep 2010 11:51:00 AM ISTBANGALORE: The Road Transport Office in Jayanagar Shopping Complex isenough to know about the apathy of the authorities towards the hundredsof people who come here everyday.People are forced to wait for more than 20 minutes, in queue, to reach the fourth floor of the complex, where the RTO office is located. On reaching the office, they are hounded by middlemen who offer their services for a sum. They make it clear that without their help, they would be stranded in the officefor hours.Besides, the RTO office is not spacious enough to accommodate the hundreds of visitors who come here daily.“We are looking for a spacious premises to shift this office. Wehave already shortlisted three premises. A decision will be taken to shift this office shortly,” said L Lingaraju, Road Transport Officer, Jayanagar.Visitors also complain that the employees of the RTO keep the toilets locked, to avoid public use, thereby, forcing them to use the public toilet located on the ground floor.“There is no sufficient water supply to the toilets. Hence, it isdifficult to allow visitors to use the toilets. The authorities concernedare yet to take measures to improve the water supply here,” said anRTO official.The shortage of manpower at the RTO is adding to the never-ending wait for the common man. Recently, two assistant road transport officers - one superintendent and three clerks - were suspended for issuing driving licence to a person who provided Minister for Transport R Ashok’s residential addressas his residential address and these posts were yet to be filled.“The shortage of manpower comes in the way of clearing the backlog of applications for permanent driving licence. We need six more employees to cater to the needs of applicants,” said Shastri, Superintendent.However, denying the allegations on the delay in issuing driving licence, Shivakumar Aradhya, Assistant Road Transport Officer said, efforts were being made to clear the pending applications. “As of now, the driving licences are being dispatched to applicants within seven days. Earlier, the waiting periodwas 15 days, due to the shortage of manpower,” he said.Meanwhile, the much-hyped driving simulator on the seventh floor has been out of order for the last few days. Speaking to Express, Lingarajusaid, “We have already informed the service engineer about the defunct simulator. He has to come from Hyderabad.”
Rain water harvesting: Do or dry: BWSSB
Rain water harvesting: Do or dry: BWSSB
N R Madhusudhan | ENS First Published : 06 Sep 2010 11:35:50 AM ISTLast Updated : 06 Sep 2010 11:55:34 AM ISTBANGALORE: Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB)may soon get the authority to act against building owners who have not installed rain water harvesting (RWH) system in their buildings.A recent amendment to section 109 of the BWSSB Act empowers the utility to file cases against those who do not comply with its notices.“We have requested the government to grant us permission to cut off the waterand sanitary connections of the buildings that are in the area of 2,400 sq ft or more if they do not have RWH system.It might be approved in the forthcoming cabinet meeting,” said BWSSB chairman P B Ramamurthy.“We will first cut off the connections and if the building owners do not complyeven after that, we will think of suing them,” he added. If found guilty, the building owners can be sentenced to six months imprisonment. The BWSSB has till now issued three notices to more than 54,000 building owners.The utility has collected acknowledgements of the notice from the building owners. Therefore, it can sue the building owners whenever itwants to. Though the last date to install the RWH system wasMay 27, only 20,000 building owners have installed it. The BWSSB has startedcollecting data about the buildings that have installed the RWH systems and is feeding it in its geographical information system.The utility has conducted awareness programmes and written letters to 700 government offices, 3,000 schools and 2,300 BWSSB employees,asking them to install the system in their buildings. Very few government officeshave approached the BWSSB, seeking assistance regarding RWH.Around 400 BWSSB employees have already installed RWH systems in theirbuildings and some of them have installed them even though their buildings aresituated in an area of less than 2,400 sq ft. The RWH park that is beingconstructed at Jayanagar is nearing completion.
Bharatlal Meena said the BDA intends to involve Residents’ Welfare Associations (RWAs) of respective areas to maintain the rejuvenated lakes.
Suggestions would also be invited from the RWAs on protecting the water bodies from encroachment and pollution.
He said these lakes will emerge as tourist spots for the local residents besides providing a choicest destination for the winged guests coming from far-off places. The BDA has built a silt trap, waste water diversion and screening barriers to Sompura lake. These measures will keep the lake clean round the year, claimed BDA engineer Prakash G Pawar. Konasandra lake, spread over 34.14 acres in BSK 6th Stage, will be restored to its past glory soon. Covered with weeds, the water body was reduced to a small pond before the BDA undertook rejuvenation July last.
Monday, September 06, 2010
20 yrs on, this locality gets its RWA
20 yrs on, this locality gets its RWATIMES NEWS NETWORK
Bangalore: Dollars Layout, where BBMP commissioner Siddaiah stays, finally has a proper residents welfare association in place with 110 members and a website as well. The association and its website www.jpn4dollars.org was launched on Sunday. The big launch witnessed the presence of Jayanagar MLA B N Vijayakumar, corporator Chandrasekhara Raju and Siddaiah. This layout in J P Nagar with 400 BDA sites was formed during 1989-90 and has close to 200 houses today. Majority of the members have been living here for more than five years. “With rapid development post-2003, we badly needed a proper association. There was one here before, but it was unregistered,’’ said association president Neelkante Gowda. The new association’s special gift to the Palike are free pushcarts for door-to-door garbage collection, which is being finalized. Alongside, they have also joined hands with the plastic-free Jayanagar initiative launched recently. Now, every house has been asked to segregate wet and dry garbage. According to members, one of their other main problems is contamination of stormwater drains. “We are surrounded by dirty stormwater drains. We are now working with the BBMP to close these,’’ they said. The start has sure been good. The only hope is that such initiatives and efforts don’t go down the drain with time.
Its name is inextricably associated with that of Bangalore, and its budget runs into crores, but some parts of Cubbon Park look decidedly run down. The sorry state of affairs in the park — its official moniker is ‘Sri Chamarajendra Park’ — has galvanised a group of elderly morning walkers into shooting off an e-mail to the chief minister’s office. The senior citizens, all residents of J P Nagar, have requested chief minister B S Yeddyurappa to see things for himself by changing the route of his morning constitutional from the Vidhana Soudha garden to Cubbon Park. The e-mail, a copy of which is with Bangalore Mirror, says, “Chief Minister Sir, we kindly request you to spare some time and walk from the Central Library to the Mahatma Gandhi Statue entrance as part of your daily walk, and you will see for yourself how badly the prestigious park has been maintained despite huge allocation of funds.” Group representative Ramakrishna Udupa told this paper, “Most of the walkers and joggers in the park use this particular stretch. Sadly, it is the most ill-maintained part of the park. We have been frequenting the park for the past 15 years. Over the past five to six years, we have found its maintenance abysmal. The pavement and walking paths have been damaged beyond repair. Even the rose garden in front of the Sheshadri Iyer hall is not attended to regularly.” Another senior citizen said, “People may think that ‘these oldies’ are unnecessarily complaining. But we have been seeing this poor maintenance for more than six years, hoping all the while that the (horticulture) department will get some ‘jnanodaya’ (enlightenment) one day. Not finding any improvement, we decided to ‘trouble’ the chief minister.” Their strategy seems to have worked. Officials in the CMO have forwarded the e-mail to the horticulture department with a noting calling for the necessary remedial measures. A senior official in the CMO said, “The chief minister has also spoken to the horticulture minister to look into the matter.”
Potholes will stay till Nov
Potholes will stay till NovThe cash-strapped BBMP can’t afford special technology that is needed to carry out repairs during the monsoonS Kushala bmfeedback@indiatimes.com
If potholed roads are ruining your commute, learn to live to with it, at least till mid-November. Last week, BBMP commissioner H Siddaiah issued a circular not to take up any road asphalting work till November 15. The reason is the cost. “Laying new roads or carrying out asphalting in damp conditions requires a thicker grade of bituminous mixture. We have estimated that the cost would be 180 per cent more than what it is in dry conditions. Hence, we issued a circular to stop all road works till the end of the monsoon,” BBMP chief engineer (storm water drain and major roads) Chikkarayappa told Bangalore Mirror. While the erstwhile BMP, covering 226 sq km, had a road network of nearly 3,000 km, BBMP has to deal with about 10,000 km. The worst sufferers will be people living in the newly-added pockets. In most such places, black top roads were laid in places that had none earlier. But, these newly-laid roads are in deplorable condition. THE ROAD STORY On an average, BBMP spends nearly Rs 500 crore to Rs 700 crore every year on road-related works. In the 2010-11 budget, the allocation is over Rs 1,000 crore. These works comprise asphalting, white topping (concrete roads), black topping (tar roads), high density roads, pothole clearance and ward roads. The BBMP spends Rs 13 lakh per km to lay a new basic road (two-lane stretch) and up to Rs 1 crore per km for a high density/major corridor. As per standards, a new road comprises a single layer of water-borne macadam (a mixture of quarry dust and jelly stones) that is 200 mm to 250 mm thick. During asphalting (fresh coat), a 40 mm to 50 mm layer of bituminous macadam or bituminous concrete is put on the road. In case of a high-density stretch, a combination of all three mixtures is used, a BBMP engineer explained. Roads get damaged if the contractor does not use the correct mixture in the right proportion. The result is roads getting washed away after a single downpour or potholes
Paint peels off 'beautified' walls
Paint peels off 'beautified' walls
The wall painting work was done at a cost of Rs75 lakh; one year later, the BBMP mulls over shelling out Rs12 lakh to restore them
Bosky Khanna
It was a task undertaken on Independence Day, 2009, to leave city walls beautiful. A year later, the paint is peeling, and the walls need re-touching. The initial cost of painting up city walls was Rs75 lakh; the re-touching alone would cost about Rs12 lakh. But there is no agreement, even now, on whether the repair job on the wall paintings needs to be undertaken at all. Was painting up city walls the best way to beautify the city? And were those paintings so good that they should be maintained at public cost, with fresh re-touching each year?Clean roads, natural greenery and properly managed solid wastes would go a far greater length in keeping the city clean, say some important opinion-makers in the city. There are even those who are peeved that the decision to paint walls was taken without any process of democratic consultation by the former commissioner of the BBMP, Bharat Lal Meena.Admitting the need for touching up the paintings, Ramesh, chief engineer of the BBMP (West), who had also been in charge of the project to beautify city walls, said, "A survey of the areas where paint has peeled off will be started soon, and we have plans to re-paint the places where the paintings have frayed. Wherever possible, contractors responsible for the first round of painting will be engaged again."BBMP commissioner Siddhaiah said that the paint has naturally withered off in some places and it must be repainted. He added that the quality of the paint used would be upgraded, so that it would stay on the walls longer. However, there are those in the city who contend that any more money spent on painting city walls would be money thrown down the drain. Deepak Srinivasan, member of the media collective Maraa, who has been studying the paintings on city walls, said, "It was a decision that the BBMP took in an undemocratic manner. Before the walls were painted up, there was a culture of sticking posters on city walls, and scores of people earned a livelihood putting up those posters. All those people were affected by this decision."He added that there were instances where decisions were taken to put up pictures of Hindu gods, with scant regard for the principles of either secularism or democracy.
He was speaking at the inauguration of the J.P. Nagar 4 {+t} {+h} Phase Dollars Layout Residents Welfare Association.
The drive envisages a prohibition on use of plastic in educational institutions, parks and playgrounds, government and BBMP offices as well as non-governmental offices coming under the constituency. This move comes close on the heels of the BBMP announcing plans for a ban on use of plastic during the budget.
Being a resident of the area himself, he also gave the green signal for an eco-friendly garbage disposal programme in which residents will be asked to segregate dry and wet waste at their homes as the first step. There are immediate plans of introducing a conversion plant as well.
“It is absolutely necessary to look for solutions now. One must visit the Mandur and Mavallipura landfills and see the pathetic living conditions of the people,” he said and added that the garbage had negatively affected agriculture and land prices in surrounding areas.
The commissioner said the BBMP was planning on a project involving a waste convertor similar to the one in Chennai with which oil and power is generated from waste.
Mr. Siddaiah pointed out that cemented pavements affected the growth of trees. He said the cement flooring prevented infiltration of water required for the trees.
The welfare association, which was registered two weeks ago, will serve the residents of about 180 houses in the area. Among the goals listed by the association are greening of the area, restricting the number of apartments and initiating security measures.
Mayor S.K. Nataraj, who was elected from the nearby Sarakki ward, hailed the vast improvements in the area and remarked that it was partly because all the top officials lived there.
Meanwhile, reacting to a proposal by the association to bring in measures to reduce commercialisation, councillor of J.P. Nagar N. Chandrashekhar Raju said that it could not be stopped as the law provided for the same.
Richmond Road becomes an unsafe zone
Richmond Road becomes an unsafe zone
Y Maheswara Reddy Express News ServiceFirst Published : 04 Sep 2010 05:28:06 PM ISTBANGALORE: Richmond Road, one of the well-known roads in Bangalore, is no more safe for motorists due to a huge number of potholes.The potholes near the Army Stores are extremely dangerous and need to be fixed. “A two-wheeler rider was injured when he failed to notice the pothole here,” said a sentry at the Army Stores.There is nothing to revel about the condition of the road after the traffic signal junction. With debris and garbage remains on the footpath for many months, the pedestrians have to use the road rather than the footpath, thus causing an inconvenience to the motorists. “Though the debris and garbage on the footpath do not pose problems for motorists, it is pedestrians who have to risk their lives since the vehicles move at high speed on this road. I have advised the pourakarmikas to remove the debris but in vain,” said a traffic police constable.The broken manhole cover at Castle Street Junction on Richmond Road poses a great threat for motorists, especially two-wheeler riders at night.“It would be better if the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) authorities ensure replacement of the broken cover on the manhole as early as possible to avoid any casualties,” said Shanmuga Sundaram, a two-wheeler rider.However, Raja Manohar, Executive Engineer, BBMP, has assured to take measures to fill up the potholes shortly. “We have taken up the filling up of manholes on Residency Road and Richmond Road. We will complete the work within a week,” said Raja Manohar.On the replacement of the broken manhole cover, Manohar said that he would inform the BWSSB authorities to do the needful.
Friday, September 03, 2010
This is more a parking lot than road
This is more a parking lot than road
When a protest in front of Town Hall blocks JC Road, MTB Road has to bear the pain. Crammed with parked vehicles and car accessory shops and trucks heading to Kalasipalya vegetable market, the road needs to be widened to escape chaos, say some. Others disagree and blame it on the 'parking mafia'
Shilpa CB
Mavalli Tank Bund Road or MTB Road does not have much going for it. Sandwiched between the manic JC Road, which is clogged most hours of the day, and a residential area, it has to cater to the demands of both. Widening the road will benefit everyone using the stretch, some believe. Others insist that it is already a broad stretch but has been reduced to a polluted and crammed one by the many businesses that abuse it. Any work on this one-way street should be complemented by efforts to make it more pedestrian-and traffic-friendly, they say. The entire area has been turned into one big parking lot, complain residents of Thayappa Layout, Journalists' Colony, Rajgopal Garden, Amit Khan Garden, the localities that surround MTB Road. Numerous car accessory shops use the space for their business. Obviously, this does get in the way of traffic that enters from Lalbagh Fort Road and moves towards AM Road and Kalasipalya. "This is a transport area. Most trucks that enter the city have to use this route to reach the vegetable market at Kalasipalya as they are not allowed on JC Road. Although these heavy vehicles are restricted after morning hours, it is not unusual to see them even at noon," says B Prabhakar, a businessman.Residents say that a 'parking mafia' is the trouble-maker here. Although there are no-parking boards in the three crosses of the adjacent Journalists' Colony, cars are lined up on both sides of the road."Double-parking, even triple-parking is common," complains Banashankari Mohan, an employee at an establishment here. The traffic police's apathy has aggravated the problem, commuters say. This has affected the contractors who manage the multi-level parking lot on JC Road."The matter has been in the court for the last five years. The contractors are demanding that the area be made a no-parking zone so that drivers are forced to use that space," a resident says. This is in the interest of all road users who are forced to turn into these streets when JC Road is blocked; the blockage is especially severe when there is a protest or dharna in front of Town Hall. Given its location, it is crucial that the menace of illegal parking and violation of the one-way rule be checked. Taken together, these measures will help solve traffic woes, says Ramesh V Naidu, a businessman. "I don't think that widening will help as the nature of businesses done here and the manner in which they are done are hindering traffic movement. Merely increasing the width of the road won't make much of a difference as that will again be used for illegal parking," says a resident who may lose about 15ft of land on which his three-storey building stands. Those employed in the commercial establishments fear that widening will drive them out of the city. "It will be difficult to transport the items they fabricate into the city. It will drive up the cost," says Shivanand R, an employee at a steel works establishment. Muthurkrishnan V, a tenant who deals in old tyres, points out that widening has been planned for a long time. "They've covered the drain and done it on the right side. Widening on the left side has been pending. I have been hearing it will be done, for years now," he says.If the BBMP goes ahead with the plan, it will have to compensate those losing property, says Naidu. "All governments have been giving compensation in exchange for land. That is the norm. There is no other way," counters Prabhakar, a local man.He is among the few residents who continue to live here despite the commercialisation that has taken away many comforts. While the residents demand cleaner roads and regular garbage collection, those working in the shops say that doing business here will be easier if stagnant water after rains is drained off and the drains and footpaths are maintained well.
Metro: Minsk Square to be closed for two years
Metro: Minsk Square to be closed for two yearsAMIT S. UPADHYE and AMBARISH B.DC | BENGALURU
Article Rank
In less than a fort night, a key portion of the city — the arterial Cubbon Road between Minsk Square and BRV Junction — will be closed off. And it will remain shut for the next two years as underground tunneling begins for the Metro. That is not all. Traffic on Queen's Road will be squeezed into one lane while the other lane will be used by construction vehicles for the Metro. The state of the roads after some 700 trucks loaded with underground excavation debris make the run every night is another matter! There's some good news -the traffic police are making elaborate plans to smoothen the way by constructing a steel underpass at Minsk Square in the next three months.“Construction of the underpass which will allow vehicles to move from Balekundri Circle towards MG Road will begin in the next two weeks. Traffic will be diverted,” said Praveen Sood, additional commissioner of police, (traffic).
The city could be in for more traffic chaos on its roads as the Metro Rail begins to tunnel underground for its stations and tracks. The stretch between BRV junction and Minsk Square on Cubbon Road will be closed for the next 28 months to allow construction of an underground station in this section. Drivers will not be able to use the road in front of HAL till the BRV junction for the next two years, while the work is under progress.With the Metro project falling behind schedule, both the police and the Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (BMRCL) are trying to ensure there is no more delay by diverting traffic where necessary to allow the work to go on uninterrupted.
As Minsk Square sees heavy traffic most days, the police is trying to make sure enough alternative arrangements are made to avoid chaos on the roads while it is out of bounds to vehicles.
The changes could begin to take shape in the next couple of weeks with the while it goes ahead with work on the underground section at Minsk Square.
Parts of the steel underpass
are already waiting to be laid at the BRV Parade Grounds and its construction could begin in the next fortnight."We held a meeting with Metro officials on the traffic diversions required and decided to make the underpass which will take about 90 days to complete. The underground work on the Metro will begin around Minsk Square once it is ready,” says additional commissioner of police, traffic, Praveen Sood.
“Several alternative routes have been planned and advisories will be issued to inform commuters about them. It will be best to avoid Minsk Square and use the diversions for the time being,” he explains. A new road has already come
up in front of the Central Telegraph Office to handle part of the traffic.But one diversion to allow vehicles to enter Cubbon park from Queen's Road, near the Election Commission building and exit on Ambedkar Veedhi has been stayed by the high court on a petition which claims it is a violation of the Karnataka Parks Preservation Act. But a senior police officer warns that without this road traffic will be hard to manage around Minsk Square while the work on the underground section of the Metro Rail progresses.
With the high court having appointed a special officer to look into the matter the police is hopeful the matter will be sorted out before long.
Work on diverting traffic will start in the next two weeks. A road map for two years has been planned after a meeting with BMRCL officials. It is best to avoid Minsk Square and is best to avoid Minsk Square and use the alternative routes that are being planned.Taking a right turn to move into Cubbon Park to reach KR Circle has been facilitated over the last few days so that vehicles which move on Minsk Square can reach K R Circle directly.PRAVEEN SOOD, additional commissioner of police (traffic) The police and BMRCL authorities must ensure that commuters who are affected by the traffic diversions are made aware of the alternate routes.Bengaluru has not seen an underground excavation of this magnitude and the one which was supposed to begin at Majestic is yet to takeoff.
H.S. SUDHIRA, urban planner Diverting vehicle movement towards Raj Bhavan Road from Cubbon Road and Queen's Road is significant. Creating alternate roads inside Cubbon Park is not feasible at all. Instead, the exist ing one-way traffic can be reversed and some junctions like the one at Indira Gandhi Musical Fountain can be turned into two-ways. Infantry Road, between Coffee Board junction and Income Tax Office junction, have to be reversed and vehicles coming from the city police commissioner's office will either have to take a right turn to Vidhana Veedhi and left turn to Balekundri.
BBMP stops work for want of funds
BBMP stops work for want of funds
Staff ReporterBangalore: Several important infrastructure projects citizens were counting on may not take off just yet. For, just a few days before the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike's (BBMP) ambitious Rs. 8,488-crore budget, Commissioner Siddaiah issued an order directing officials to immediately stop infrastructure works in the city.
The works likely to be hit are relaying of pavements, construction of grade separators and improvement of junctions. According to sources, the works estimated at Rs. 1,900 crore are in various stages.
While for some the work order had been issued, some are at the approval stage while the rest have been approved but not yet taken up.
Financial discipline
Sources justified the August 25 order saying it was issued to bring in financial discipline.
“We will take up only essential works. Emergency works such as clearing and remodelling of storm-water drains can be taken up.” The civic authority has to clear Rs. 1,763 crore in pending bills.
Leader of Opposition in the BBMP Council M. Nagaraj said such an order should not have been issued without discussion in the Council first.
Padmanabha Reddy, Janata Dal (S) floor leader, said it was ironical that the BBMP, which presented such an ambitious budget, was stopping works for want of funds. Spill-over works worth several crores were reflected in the 2010-11 budget, he said.
Thursday, September 02, 2010
Bear with us, the rains may just spoil your drive
Bear with us, the rains may just spoil your drive
Additional commissioner of police, traffic, Praveen Sood, requests that people be patient and cooperate with traffic policemen, as some things are beyond control. He was speaking to Aparajita RayWhy do rains pose such a big problem for traffic movement?Water logging due to potholes or clogged sewerage lines pose a big challenge to the smooth flow of traffic on city roads. There are about 40 points across the city where the water logging level increases to such an extent that we have to close off those roads for vehicles. Near Kino Theatre, Apollo Hospital on Bannerghatta Road, and parts of Rajajinagar and Malleswaram, water logging after the rain is so bad that vehicular flow is disrupted. Our role as traffic policemen is to inform the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike about water logging and keep traffic flowing, with the safety of people in mind. Most of the time, people come to the rescue, removing a stone, or clearing some stretches of blockade. The BBMP too rushes personnel to spots where there is trouble. These are, of course, only short-term remedies, and long-term ones will have to wait until the end of the monsoon. If a tree or an electric pole falls, safety of people using that stretch of road is what is uppermost on our minds. Sometimes, to ensure that people are not exposed to risk, we have to stop the flow of traffic.Why is it that potholes never seem to be filled up? Now that the BBMP has stepped back from road widening, there is unfinished work on many roads.You must understand that the BBMP's road widening project has little to do with us. Discussions of the matter have happened, but the traffic department has no business discussing the matter in public. Yes, traffic movement is delayed because of unfinished projects. We are talking to the BBMP separately.About potholes, again, our hands are tied. When potholes get water-logged, the situation is aggravated, especially if the road is also one that sees heavy traffic movement. Vehicles get stuck in potholes, and on a day when it rains and there are at least five buses that get stuck. All this slows traffic. We are as much victims as commuters, when the infrastructure crumbles in the rains.Metro construction too has posed a traffic problem.Carriage width is reduced to half in some areas, which are only about 50 km away from main roads. When four-lane traffic is forced into two lanes, and even these lanes are not in good condition, traffic flow is affected. The roads that we have now are not made for such heavy vehicular motion. Until the work finishes, we have asked workers at construction sites to keep us informed if they face any problem. They have been doing so.
Infrastructure is eating us out of home and heritage
Infrastructure is eating us out of home and heritage
BIG B's Blog entry set off a discussion on the things individuals lose as cities get new development projects
Aparajita Ray
After the much-publicised blog entry by actor Amithabh Bachchan saying that the Mumbai metro would "roll over Prateeksha," his house in the Juhu area, other celebrities too have remarked about infrastructure projects in urban areas. So widely were Bachchan's opinions being discussed in Mumbai that the man was forced to clarify that those charging him with valuing his privacy over the general good were mistaken; that the blog ought to be read in entirety.In Bangalore too, in the name of city infrastructure, the state government and the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike have displaced people and demolished heritage structures. Although the bulk of those who have lost their property to infrastructure projects are ordinary citizens, even some celebrity Bangaloreans have been affected.Actor Tara, winner of the national award for best actor, whose home is in the Fifth Phase, JP Nagar, said, "I have been staying in this house for 25 years. I have a strong sentimental attachment to my home. One fine morning, I saw a signboard outside my house saying that a subway would be built under the road in front of my house. I was shocked. Somehow, the compound wall of my house was not broken, but construction has happened right adjacent to my house. I feel one with those whose homes have been affected."The underpass near Tara's house is still under construction. It has still to be inaugurated. She is, however, apprehensive that the peace she enjoys at her home will soon be disturbed by the relentless flow of traffic. Ask her about the road-widening plans of the BBMP that have currently been shelved, and she says, "Yeah, a time will come when all we'll have in the city are roads, no houses."Remarking about the ham-handedness with which many infrastructure projects are implemented, Tara said, "In many Western nations that have had to deal with traffic congestion, heritage sites have been preserved as part of the city's landscape even as infrastructure projects have been implemented. Here, not only is heritage not even considered, even those displaced by such work remain uncompensated."Former judge of the Karnataka high court, justice MF Saldhana, said that it is time that the people acted to stop the devastation of the city in the name of development. "Under the guise of metro rail, they (the state government and the corporation) have devastated the city. It looks like a war zone. The mono rail consortium, a global organisation, had appealed to the state government that they could set up a system in 10 months, without cutting any tree or taking any land. The mono rail would have been a state-of-the-art venture, likely to serve the commuting needs of the city for at least 20 years. Fares would be lower than bus fares, and the project would be implemented at no cost to the government. But who listens?" asked the former judge, in conversation with DNA.
Potholes: Bengaluru needs long term plan not just a quick-fix
Potholes: Bengaluru needs long term plan not just a quick-fixBengaluru,
Article Rank
BBMP has made tall promises of filling up all potholes in the city in 15 days.But Bengalureans are sceptical as the civic body has found it difficult to keep most of its promises in the past. With craters resurfacing in most roads that were asphalted recently, the question being asked is will the city ever be free of these warts, report Amit S.Upadhye and Chandrashekhar G. I have begun a pothole filling drive. All ward engineers have been directed to fill all potholes in the next 15 days and Rs 1 lakh has been set aside for the job in each ward.
H. Siddaiah, BBMP commissioner Even young peo ple, who are between 25 and 35 years old, are suffering from slip discs due to the bad condition of the roads. Although various factors cause slip disc and spinal problems, the bad roads are making a considerable contribution.
Dr Keyur A. Buch, surgeon
Ben galureans, who have heard it all before, are not surprisingly sceptical about BBMP's promise to fill all potholes on the roads in the city in the next fortnight. They fear it may be a rushed job, and the potholes will reappear in no time. Now that the city is looking forward to more durable concrete roads on some stretches, people don't see why other roads too should not be repaired and made to last longer. But they are not prepared to go by promises alone. BBMP commissioner H. Siddaiah's announcement that potholes will be filled in a fortnight has therefore been met at best with cautious optimism. Not only has he promised to give every ward Rs 1 lakh to fill the potholes on roads in their jurisdiction, but has also directed contractors to repair newly laid roads that may have deteriorated in rain or for other reasons soon afterwards.No doubt the commissioner's intentions are good, but are they enough to accomplish what the city really needs -pothole-free roads for the next couple of years at least? An expert in laying roads doesn't think BBMP is up to the job. "It's an eyewash," he says, about the promise made to fill the potholes in the next two weeks, explaining that filling the crater-like holes on the roads is not as easy as it seems. "BBMP does not have the machines required to fill them up scientifically.Only the Land Army which fills potholes on 10 per cent of the roads has the equipment necessary," he says.
This is not something Bengalureans want to hear as most are fed up with the craters that have appeared even on roads that have been asphalted four times in the last couple of years like the stretch at the Basaveshwara Circle in front of Chalukya Hotel, where vehicles are forced to slow down to avoid a huge pothole that doesn't seem to disappear, no matter how many times it is filled.
Going by BBMP there are over a 100 nearly 10 inch deep potholes in the city's Central Business District alone.
Many were filled but have resurfaced after the recent downpour, leaving traffic experts pointing accusing fingers at BBMP's highly unscientific approach to filling them up. Vinay Sreenivasa, a member of NGO, Hasiru Usiru, says the solution lies in allowing a citizens' audit of the work done to repair roads. "BBMP must involve citizens in doing an audit of the work carried out to make sure that it is of superior quality.When the government is talking about following the Gujarat model of development for the state, why shouldn't BBMP learn something from the Ahmedabad City Corporation," he asks
BMRCL has stated that the civil works of the Byappanahalli-Chinnaswamy stadium stretch (6.7 km) will be completed by October end.
About 25 per cent of the track (3.1 km of double track) has been laid for the stretch up to the stadium from Byappanahalli and an average of 62.1 per cent of work on the six stations on the stretch is also complete. Also, piers have been completed at all the 222 locations, and about 99 per cent of viaduct launching has been completed.
BMRCL said the stretch between Byappanahalli and M G Road, which is to be commissioned by December 2010, is expected to meet the deadline and other system works - including signalling, etc, are on the anvil in the coming months. And construction of boundary wall, etc, at the Byappanahalli depot has been completed, while works like stabling shed and repair workshop are in the process of being completed and will be over latest by November.
Stating that the rolling stocks, including the coaches, will arrive in the City by October 15, BMRCL further said that the trail run of five trains will commence by November and the official commissioning of the stretch will be done in December.
The Corporation also said that the road traffic on the stretch will be open by October.
Similarly, Reach Two – on the stretch from Magadi Road to Mysore Road – about 712 piles have been completed out of 1,104. Besides, 41 piers out of 241 and 400 segments out of the 2,106 have been casted. About 16 per cent of the work in Vijayanagar, Hosahalli and Tollgate stations are complete, about 15 per cent of work is complete on Mysore Road, Deepanjali Nagar and Magadi Road stations.
Highlights
* Civil work on the 6.7 km Byappanahalli-Chinnaswamy stadium stretch to be completed by October-end* Five trail trains on the stretch to commence from November* 3.1 km of track (double) already laid* 62.1 per cent of work at the six stations on the stretch completed* Systems work to begin soon
Road trouble of Ambedkar Veedhi
Road trouble of Ambedkar Veedhi
Y Maheswara Reddy First Published : 31 Aug 2010 10:18:00 PM ISTLast Updated : 01 Sep 2010 11:14:37 AM ISTBANGALORE: If the condition of Dr B R Ambedkar Veedhi is any indication, one can imagine the miserable conditions of other low-lying areas in Bangalore city during monsoon.The USP of Ambedkar Veedhi is that almost all important people, including ministers, legislators and government officials, use this road every day. Needless to say, they are not affected by stagnated water near the Coffee Board since they use four-wheelers to commute between their homes and offices.However, it has become a Herculean task for pedestrians to use the footpath adjacent to the Coffee Board compound. Stagnated murky water is a major concern on this part of the traffic ridden roads.Surprisingly, there is no facility to drain out the rain water on this portion of the road. ‘’I have to use the footpath on the other side of the road due to the stagnated water on this side. I hope the authorities concerned do something to avoid this nuisance during monsoon,’’ said Sashidharan, a government employee.The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) officials have found an easy method to drain out the stagnated water by opening a hole to a sewage manhole. However, the water remain stagnated whenever the sewage manhole is choked with silt and other waste materials.‘’I am unaware of this problem. I have not received any complaints. I will depute an assistant executive engineer to inspect the spot,’’ said Suresh, Executive Engineer, BBMP.However, Sateesh, Assistant Executive Engineer, BBMP, said the sewage manhole was choked with silt. ‘’I will inform the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) authorities to take measures to clean the sewage manhole. If the manhole is clear, the water will flow into it and there will be no stagnation of rain water on this road,’’ Sateesh explains.
Bidadi township plan gets a push with developers
Bidadi township plan gets a push with developers
Jayadevan PK First Published : 01 Sep 2010 02:45:52 AM ISTLast Updated : 01 Sep 2010 11:00:32 AM ISTBANGALORE: The Bidadi integrated township project, touted as New Bangalore and estimated to cost `60,000 crore in 2007, has got a fresh lease of life.The township is once again generating interest among realestate developers after it was shelved because of economic slowdown.Sources in the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) said Reliance Infrastructure, Hindustan Construction Corporation, GVK, GMR, Marg and Rajesh Exports were among those keen to take the project forward.In a bid to encourage more competition, the state government, which was supposed to open the request for qualification (RFQ) bids on Tuesday, extended the date to September 24, sources said."The technical advisor to the project has said it would be wise to extend the date so that other bidders can participate and bidding is more competitive," said a BMRDA official who did not want to be identified.The source said the department has received a Request for Qualification from Reliance Infrastructure for the project.The mega project has been planned in Bidadi, 30 kilometres from Bangalore, over 9,178 acres of land.The project, planned with the idea to decongest Bangalore city, was awarded to Delhibased real estate player DLF in 2007.It was shelved after DLF backed out of the project citing economic slowdown and political instability in the state. The Karnataka government revived the proposal at the last Global Investors Meet and sought investors.The project, estimated to cost `60,000 crore in 2007, is now estimated between `70,000`80,000 crore. Officials said the increase in cost was due to increase in input costs and real estate prices.
Metro on a roll, will meet December deadline
Metro on a roll, will meet December deadline
Express News Service First Published : 02 Sep 2010 02:45:34 AM ISTLast Updated : 02 Sep 2010 09:11:54 AM ISTBANGALORE: With the completion of the metro bridge work on the Reach-1 (Byappanahalli to MG Road) stretch, the Bangalore Metro Corporation claims that it will be able to have the metro on track by the end of December.“The Byappanahalli to MG Road viaduct work has been completed and we will be able to have the metro rail on track by the end of the year, without missing the deadline,” said BMRCL deputy chief engineer, B L Yashavanth Chavan.However, even as the officials claimed that it will have the project ready by December 2010, only 25 per cent of the rail tracks have been laid, while 40 per cent work on the metro stations is still pending.If ‘namma metro’ is able to finish the project by December, it will overshadow the achievement of the Delhi Metro, which took four years and three months to finish the first 8.3-km stretch.The work on the 7.5 km Reach- 1 of the Bangalore Metro started in 2007 and if it meets the deadline, it will finish the work in three years.
BBMP to give Bangloreans a breather
In a bid to control pollution levels, the civic body has taken to planting saplings in cemeteries, defence land
With space becoming a luxury in the city, the BBMP has taken to planting saplings in open spaces such as cemeteries and defence land.
The BBMP is on a mission to plant more saplings by the end of September in a bid to control the damage it has caused from felling trees.
Dr NL Shantkumar, a member of the Karnataka Forest Department and conservator with the BBMP, said, "We have planted 2.5 lakh trees, but now we also want to work on parks solely devoted for trees so that the pollution levels go down. Trees consume carbon dioxide that the vehicles emit."
The BBMP has planted 2.5 lakh trees and plans to plant another three lakh saplings by the end of this month
He added, "Planting them in cemeteries and other open spaces is the only alternative right now. By the end of September we will plant another three lakh saplings. So in another three years, these saplings would have grown into small trees."
Shantkumar added, "It'll take a lot of time for the carbon dioxide levels to come down. Besides, it will take 10 years for these saplings to mature into adult trees. With this initiative, we might be able to bring back the sparrows, that have disappeared from the city."
Akshay Hevlikar, director, Eco Watch, said, "BBMP needs to think about what kind of trees to plant. After a heavy downpour a branch could just fall and cause a lot of damage."
He added, "These people have no vision. We understand that planting more saplings will make up for the felled trees but it'll take years for them saplings to grow."
Leo Saldana of the Environment Support Group said, "The BBMP has felled so many trees. They may claim to have only felled 3,000 trees but our figures show that this isn't the case. They can plant as many trees as they want to but the damage has already been done."
Tuesday, August 31, 2010
No room for parking at Jayanagar Metro stations
While Jayanagar seems set for better connectivity with two Metro Rail stations coming up in the area, the people here are not entirely happy with the way the stations on R.V.Road and 30th cross, Jayanagar 4th block, are shaping up . They are upset that there is no parking space at either station for commuters arriving to board the trains.
A member of the Citizens
Action Forum, N. Mukund points out that the two stations will be used by people from several parts of Jayanagar, who will find it difficult to park their vehicles if their grounds are out of bounds to them. “The Metro plan says there will be no room for parking inside these stations. This is going to be tough on the people who will have to hunt for parking space outside,” he says.People fear the result could be a noisy battle for parking in residential areas
or along the small service road near the 30th cross in Jayanagar 4th block. “This may only ruin the peace of our locality. The authorities must do something about it before it’s too late,” says a local resident, Kumar Naik.Also, while there are plans to have bus bays around the two stations there is little parking space for the buses here either.“All in all the Metro project seems out to cause us trouble,” Mr. Naik laments.A Metro Rail official when contacted, confirmed the people's fears.
“The Jayanagar stations will have a generator room at one end, but there will be no vendors, no shops, and no parking at any of the stations here,” he said, adding that there will be no bus stations either, only three bus bays on either side of the road at each station. “This will not hamper traffic on the main road, nor will the service roads be blocked in any way,” he maintained.
The BBMP budget is out. But there is much scepticism among the homemakers. "How will this address my immediate concerns," is the question on almost every homemaker's lips. When asked to list their problems on priority, they unleash a barrage of woes. "The BBMP should take up road asphalting seriously. But then what is the use? They asphalt the road and the next day someone else arrives to dig it up. The cycle goes on," says Anitha Srinivas, mother of two and resident of HBR Layout, taking a break from having lunch to shares her problems with DNA."They should also stop cutting trees. We should live our lives around the trees. Also, there are too many stray dogs. I just cannot take my two-wheeler out on the streets," says she.But she is relieved when informed of the BBMP's plan to set up five swimming pools. "I hope one of them is near my home so I don't have to take my kids all the way to the Basavanagudi pool," she says. Veena Seshadri, a resident of Shankarapuram, is miffed with the lack of civic sense among the citizens. "Any little space on the pavement next to a tree is turned into a garbage bin. Why is the BBMP not imposing a hefty fine on such people," she asks.Pavements are dug up unnecessarily and traffic system is in a mess, she says. "LED lights are fine for the city. But how about thinking in terms of alternative sources like solar lights," asks Veena. What makes Parizaad Berlin, a resident of Diamond District on Old Airport Road, furious is the Palike's unplanned tree planting campaigns. "Such drives are good for the city. But saplings are planted anywhere, and later they have to be removed because they come in the way of wires, or the road," she says.There is no monitoring of the laying of pavements. "One day you find the path okay but the next day, there is a gaping hole. Workers may have removed the slabs to lay cables but such a dangerous spot should be cordoned off," she says. There are not many parks or places where Preetha D'Souza can go for her evening walk near Hutchins Road, and this bothers her. "Open spaces and a bit of green can do so much to transform an area," she says. Resident of Whitefield, Sabah Arakkal, has a similar problem in her area. "There is space for a park, but no benches, no planned area for those who want to exercise. I cannot take the pram inside the park," she says.The school buses that ply in the residential area drive rashly. "They almost ran me over twice. There must be some monitoring of these buses," says Sabah.
50 new flyovers and underpasses will be built
50 new flyovers and underpasses will be built
The total outlay of the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike budget, at Rs8,488 crore, has doubled, when compared to last year. Nearly 62% of that outlay is provided for civic infrastructure development. Chairman of the Palike's standing committee on finance and taxation, PN Sadashiva, who presented the budget, spoke to Shwetha S.Road widening has been a controversial matter in the city. Does the budget make any allocation for it?The committee has not taken any decision on road widening. We will wait and watch, to see how matters improve with the construction of the proposed flyovers and underpasses.What plans do you have for easing traffic flow in the city?We plan to construct about 50 new flyovers and underpasses in different parts of the city. A few sites for such construction have already been identified, Jayanagar, for instance, and Chamarajpet South End Circle. We expect that these will ease traffic flow.Although the budget allocation this year is double what it was last year, the BBMP still faces a cash crunch. How will you manage to tide over that?I think we should be able to manage. We get about Rs500 crore through the State Finance Commission; once Akrama Sakrama is streamlined, we expect an amount of Rs750 crore. The state government's contribution to the BBMP budget is Rs1,500 crore.How about revenue mobilisation through property tax, or from advertisements?There has been gradual increase of income from property tax collection during the last five years. After adopting Unit Area Value (UAV) system as the basis for assessment of property tax, the yield has been good. Efforts are also being made to bring the missing properties into the tax net by using the GIS system. As for revenue from advertising, we have detected and removed unauthorised hoardings. We are working towards a policy of auctioning advertisement rights. We are expected to collect about Rs100 crore through advertisement tax during 2010-11.Do you have any additional means of revenue mobilisation planned? Special developmental charges on high-value properties will be levied. Tax on heavy commercial carriages, which use public roads for loading and unloading, will be levied. Heavy charges will be imposed on those who erect towers for commercial purposes, and install dish antennae for commercial uses. Annual fees will be levied on private electrical transformers installed on BBMP properties. These are some of the means of additional revenue mobilisation this year.
SC okays the military memorial
SC okays the military memorial
Many of those who earlier vehemently opposed the project have since resigned to the construction activity within the park
Bosky Khanna
The legal battle to protect an important and centrally-located park in the city from 'development' came to an end on Monday, as the Supreme Court dismissed the plea against the memorial filed by petitioner Dr Sudhir Pai, secretary of Krishna Apartments Association. The apex court upheld the decision of the Karnataka high court, which on June 4, had said that the construction of the National Military Memorial within the Indira Gandhi Musical Fountain Park would be in the interest of the general public, and a matter of pride for the city. The high court had also observed that the park would only lose about four eucalyptus trees.The petitioner had sought the intervention of the apex court against the June 4 ruling of the high court. The Supreme Court bench, comprising justices GS Singhvi and AK Ganguly dismissed the case on Monday. On July 26, the two judges had adjourned hearing of the case by four weeks as the respondents had said that they did not receive the court notice that sought details of the site map.Responding to the ruling of the Supreme Court, Dr Pai said, "If the court thinks that this is not a violation of the law, then what more can we do? We can do nothing but look on as the construction continues. We hope this won't set a precedent. After this, many other parks in the city could have construction approved for various issues, including emotional ones."Representing just the opposite viewpoint while reacting to the hearing, Major General MC Nanjappa, sub-committee member for the Rashtriya Sainik Smaraka, said that the ruling brought much joy. This is a national project, and this is one expression of gratitude to the martyrs, he said. "The cause of the construction of the Smaraka was not just an ex-servicemen's battle. It is also a victory for the state government. As ex-servicemen, we have a sentimental attachment to the project. We now hope that all, including the ones who went to court against the project, will now join hands in offering suggestions and seeing to the completion of the project," Major General Nanjappa said.With regard to the deadline set earlier for the completion of the project, Major General Nanjappa said, "We hope that the major symbolic portion of the proposed project would be completed by Vijay Diwas, December 16. We hope that the Veeragalu and flag post will be ready by then. Minor works like the motivation hall and landscaping could take more time."Subhashini Vasanth, founder-trustee of Vasantharatna Foundation for Art, also the wife of deceased Col Vasanth Venugopal, who died in 2007 fighting terrorists in Kashmir, said, "I am very happy for this judgment. It was beyond the power of any one person to do this, and there were certain delays, but I am hopeful that the construction of at least the basic structure would be done by Vijay Diwas. Else, it is likely that the project would be completed by Republic Day."Environmentalists, however, who had earlier opposed construction activity within the park, are now looking forward to the greening of the entire area. Dr AN Yellappa Reddy, a noted environmentalist, said, "Though in principle I was opposed to the construction, now I am resigned to it. I hope the whole area will be made a green space."What is heartening is that even those who earlier opposed the idea are now pitching in with suggestions. Yellappa said, "I was invited to visit the place a fortnight ago to offer suggestions on greening the area. I suggested that the six acres earmarked for the construction should be developed into a patriotic, spiritual garden."Chief minister BS Yeddyurappa, on July 1, faced with opposition to the project, had declared that construction of the memorial would be dropped; a fortnight later, in a volte-face, he had announced that construction would go ahead. The total cost of the project is estimated at Rs15 crore.
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Point to Ponder
What do you call a congenial, captivating, cosmopolitan confluence of software and shopping malls, electronics and environment friendliness, salubrious climate and
cleanliness, modern outlook and old worldliness, precision engineering and pubs? You call it India's best city for business. It is also called Bangalore.
Opening lines of Business Today's survey on India's best cities for business, December 1998. Does Bangalore resemble any of this today?
Disclaimer
This blog primarily aggregates news content related to Bangalore from multiple public sources apart from sporadic original writing. The sources of such aggregated content are duly credited. All copyright rests with their original authors and owners and the blog makes no claim to the same.
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SAMUEL BEN ISAAC HA-SARDI:
Spanish rabbi; flourished in the first half of the thirteenth century. In his youth he attended the school of Rabbi Nathan ben Meïr of Trinquetaille, Provence, and later he returned to Spain, his native country. Conforte ("Ḳore ha-Dorot," p. 20a) derives the name "Sardi" from the city of Sardinia. Zacuto ("Yuḥasin," ed. Filipowski, p. 221a) calls Samuel "Ha-Sefaradi"; so does Heilprin in "Seder ha-Dorot," i. 216b, 292a in the Warsaw edition of 1883, but in iii. 108b of the Warsaw edition of 1882 he designates him "Ha-Sardi."
Samuel was a contemporary of Naḥmanides, whom he consulted on Talmudical questions. Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, who in his implacable hatred of philosophy denounced the works of Maimonides and appealed to the Inquisition to burn them, wrote a letter to Samuel in which he speaks highly of his learning and reminds him of their friendly relations in their youth. This letter, one of the many that Solomon addressed to French and Spanish rabbis against Maimonides, was published by S. J. Halberstam in Kobak's "Jeschurun," viii. 98.
Samuel wrote in 1225: "Sefer ha-Terumot" (Salonica, 1596 and 1628; Prague, 1605, with Azariah Pigo's commentary "Giddule Terumah," Venice, 1643), novellæ on the civil laws of the Talmud, divided into "she'arim" (gates) and "peraḳim" (chapters). In the preface the author mentions another work written by him, "Sefer ha-Zikronot," on the arrangement of the tractates and chapters of the Mishnah; but it was not printed, and the manuscript is no longer extant.
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Q:
Question about von Neumann algebra generated by a complete algebra of projections
Hi all, sorry if this is a dumb question, I don't know much about von Neumann algebras except the definition and a few relevant facts I've managed to prove by myself so I expect the answer will turn out to be well known. Anyway, let $\mathcal{H}$ be a Hilbert space, and suppose that $P$ is a commuting set of self-adjoint projections on $\mathcal{H}$, with the additional two properties:
1) $P$ is closed under complements, i.e. if $p \in P$ then so is $1 - p$.
2) $P$ is closed under suprema of arbitrary subsets, i.e. if $S \subseteq P$ then $\sup S \in P$ (here the projections on $\mathcal{H}$ are ordered by defining $p \leq q$ whenever the range of $p$ is contained in the range of $q$).
Now let $V$ denote the smallest von Neumann algebra containing $P$. Suppose that $p \in V$ is a self-adjoint projection. Is $p \in P$?
I know that $p$ is necessarily in the closure (relative to the weak operator topology) of the set of finite sums $\sum_i \lambda_i p_i$, where $p_i \in P$ and $\lambda_i \in \mathbb{R}$. It seems like it may be possible to derive a contradiction from the assumption that $q$ has a strictly smaller range than $p$, where $q \equiv \sup ${$ r \in P | r \leq p $}. But I don't know how to proceed.
A:
The answer "yes" follows from Theorem 2.8 of Bade's "On Boolean algebras of projections and algebras of operators," 1955, which is in the more general context of algebras of operators on a Banach space.
Bade had previously proven a less general result that still covers your case, dealing with algebras of operators on reflexive spaces, in Theorem 3.4 of "Weak and strong limits of spectral operators," 1954.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
package stressql
import (
"bufio"
"bytes"
"io"
"log"
"os"
"strings"
"github.com/influxdata/influxdb/influxql"
"github.com/influxdata/influxdb/stress/v2/statement"
stressql "github.com/influxdata/influxdb/stress/v2/stressql/statement"
)
// Token represents a lexical token.
type Token int
// These are the lexical tokens used by the file parser
const (
ILLEGAL Token = iota
EOF
STATEMENT
BREAK
)
var eof = rune(0)
func check(e error) {
if e != nil {
log.Fatal(e)
}
}
func isNewline(r rune) bool {
return r == '\n'
}
// Scanner scans the file and tokenizes the raw text
type Scanner struct {
r *bufio.Reader
}
// NewScanner returns a Scanner
func NewScanner(r io.Reader) *Scanner {
return &Scanner{r: bufio.NewReader(r)}
}
func (s *Scanner) read() rune {
ch, _, err := s.r.ReadRune()
if err != nil {
return eof
}
return ch
}
func (s *Scanner) unread() { _ = s.r.UnreadRune() }
func (s *Scanner) peek() rune {
ch := s.read()
s.unread()
return ch
}
// Scan moves the Scanner forward one character
func (s *Scanner) Scan() (tok Token, lit string) {
ch := s.read()
if isNewline(ch) {
s.unread()
return s.scanNewlines()
} else if ch == eof {
return EOF, ""
} else {
s.unread()
return s.scanStatements()
}
// golint marks as unreachable code
// return ILLEGAL, string(ch)
}
func (s *Scanner) scanNewlines() (tok Token, lit string) {
var buf bytes.Buffer
buf.WriteRune(s.read())
for {
if ch := s.read(); ch == eof {
break
} else if !isNewline(ch) {
s.unread()
break
} else {
buf.WriteRune(ch)
}
}
return BREAK, buf.String()
}
func (s *Scanner) scanStatements() (tok Token, lit string) {
var buf bytes.Buffer
buf.WriteRune(s.read())
for {
if ch := s.read(); ch == eof {
break
} else if isNewline(ch) && isNewline(s.peek()) {
s.unread()
break
} else if isNewline(ch) {
s.unread()
buf.WriteRune(ch)
} else {
buf.WriteRune(ch)
}
}
return STATEMENT, buf.String()
}
// ParseStatements takes a configFile and returns a slice of Statements
func ParseStatements(file string) ([]statement.Statement, error) {
seq := []statement.Statement{}
f, err := os.Open(file)
check(err)
s := NewScanner(f)
for {
t, l := s.Scan()
if t == EOF {
break
}
_, err := influxql.ParseStatement(l)
if err == nil {
seq = append(seq, &statement.InfluxqlStatement{Query: l, StatementID: stressql.RandStr(10)})
} else if t == BREAK {
continue
} else {
f := strings.NewReader(l)
p := stressql.NewParser(f)
s, err := p.Parse()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
seq = append(seq, s)
}
}
f.Close()
return seq, nil
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Underserved populations need affordable access to quality products, and Companies, NGOs, and Governments seek knowledge about the growing Base of the Pyramid market.
18 months ago we set out to create a more reliable way for companies to understand these markets. We built our Mobile Data gathering technology and a network of Field Agents (local entrepreneurs, students and retail owners ) across Nigeria. This instantly created an infrastructure for companies to leverage when conducting surveys, market research, retail audits, mystery shopping and a host of other use cases. Companies launch data campaigns on our network and field agents receive them in the form of micro surveys or tasks which they perform in their communities. In exchange they receive small rewards which serve as extra income to them while the companies are gaining valuable information to help them improve their service delivery and track competition.
By leveraging our data crowdsourcing platform, we helped companies gather insights in a reliable way, reduced cost and drastically dropped their turnaround time for decision making.
However, we soon realized we could do more. The bulk of the economic activities that go on in emerging markets are done primarily offline and through traditional outlets which are fragmented. This creates huge problems for companies (including startups) trying to provide services and collect payments from these markets. Businesses are starting to realize they need to combine their online efforts with an offline distribution (field agent) network to effectively scale their services and collect revenue in emerging markets.
Today we are launching CrowdForce, Africa’s largest offline distribution network. A platform for businesses of all sizes to leverage our agent network to conduct research, provide services and collect payments in emerging markets. The CrowdForce mandate will start by creating three key solutions:
1. Access to Reliable Data
90% of Consumer Goods sales happen in traditional outlets which occur through a highly fragmented distribution chain and multiple intermediaries. CPGs and Governments already rely on our agent network to get real-time data to improve their supply chain, retail audits, understand consumers and monitor competition.
2. Access to Financial Services
The bulk of the 3 billion underbanked and unbanked are in these markets yet they transact volumes everyday. We will open up our network for Banks and money lending services to provide financial inclusion services on that will reach every community.
3. Access to Cryptocurrencies
While blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies have the power to transform these emerging markets far better than the banking system has done, many of them still lack an easy way to acquire cryptocurrencies. We will open up these network to Digital wallet and Exchange companies to use these network to serve as easy entry and exit points for customers to fund their wallets.
Our goal is to empower 1 million Field Agents with daily extra income while they in turn provide reliable relevant services to 1 Billion customers across emerging markets. These activities will serve to stimulate growth for startups, Banks, CPGs, NGOs and Government institutions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
oid sha256:249495ad382c83e6070e6a880a2ba13a16369091f412e2f22ea70063c7f7e668
size 14095
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Can't say I'd ever heard of German Wizards Summer Leaguer Daniel Theis before today, and neither had Bradley Beal. We both know who he is now, though, and so does Tyler Honeycutt after his powerful, full-wind-up tomahawk got stonewalled right at the rim:
That is perfect. That is Hibbert-on-Melo, but better.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ZopeData>
<record id="1" aka="AAAAAAAAAAE=">
<pickle>
<global name="ActionInformation" module="Products.CMFCore.ActionInformation"/>
</pickle>
<pickle>
<dictionary>
<item>
<key> <string>action</string> </key>
<value>
<persistent> <string encoding="base64">AAAAAAAAAAI=</string> </persistent>
</value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>categories</string> </key>
<value>
<tuple>
<string>action_type/object_onlyjio_action</string>
</tuple>
</value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>category</string> </key>
<value> <string>object_onlyjio_action</string> </value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>condition</string> </key>
<value> <string></string> </value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>description</string> </key>
<value>
<none/>
</value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>icon</string> </key>
<value> <string></string> </value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>id</string> </key>
<value> <string>view_field_submit_action_dialog</string> </value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>permissions</string> </key>
<value>
<tuple>
<string>View</string>
</tuple>
</value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>portal_type</string> </key>
<value> <string>Action Information</string> </value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>priority</string> </key>
<value> <float>3.0</float> </value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>title</string> </key>
<value> <string>Field Submit Action</string> </value>
</item>
<item>
<key> <string>visible</string> </key>
<value> <int>1</int> </value>
</item>
</dictionary>
</pickle>
</record>
<record id="2" aka="AAAAAAAAAAI=">
<pickle>
<global name="Expression" module="Products.CMFCore.Expression"/>
</pickle>
<pickle>
<dictionary>
<item>
<key> <string>text</string> </key>
<value> <string>string:${object_url}/Foo_viewFieldSubmitDialog</string> </value>
</item>
</dictionary>
</pickle>
</record>
</ZopeData>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
start_server {tags {"repl"}} {
start_server {} {
test {First server should have role slave after SLAVEOF} {
r -1 slaveof [srv 0 host] [srv 0 port]
after 1000
s -1 role
} {slave}
if {$::accurate} {set numops 50000} else {set numops 5000}
test {MASTER and SLAVE consistency with expire} {
createComplexDataset r $numops useexpire
after 4000 ;# Make sure everything expired before taking the digest
r keys * ;# Force DEL syntesizing to slave
after 1000 ;# Wait another second. Now everything should be fine.
if {[r debug digest] ne [r -1 debug digest]} {
set csv1 [csvdump r]
set csv2 [csvdump {r -1}]
set fd [open /tmp/repldump1.txt w]
puts -nonewline $fd $csv1
close $fd
set fd [open /tmp/repldump2.txt w]
puts -nonewline $fd $csv2
close $fd
puts "Master - Slave inconsistency"
puts "Run diff -u against /tmp/repldump*.txt for more info"
}
assert_equal [r debug digest] [r -1 debug digest]
}
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Probing the mechanistic principles of bacterial cell division with super-resolution microscopy.
Bacterial cell division takes place almost entirely below the diffraction limit of light microscopy, making super-resolution microscopy ideally suited to interrogating this process. I review how super-resolution microscopy has advanced our understanding of bacterial cell division. I discuss the mechanistic implications of these findings, propose physical models for cell division compatible with recent data, and discuss key outstanding questions and future research directions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
JURUPA VALLEY, Calif. (KABC) -- A 7-year-old female Siberian husky will be reunited with her family in New Mexico after she was reportedly stolen from them more than five years ago.The 65-pound dog named Azula was turned in to the Riverside County Animal Shelter in Jurupa Valley by a good Samaritan last month. Azula was found to be microchipped and her owners lived in New Mexico.The shelter contacted her owner, Jezus Vigil, who they said was happy to hear his beloved dog was alive. He was also surprised to learn she ended up in California after being stolen from Vigil's property more than five years ago.Shelter employee Aimee Hoesman and volunteer Dani Kerr bathed and groomed Azula to make sure she was ready for her flight home. She will fly out from Ontario Airport on Thursday and land to be reunited with her family in the evening at Albuquerque International Sunport.As a thank you for arranging Azula's trip home, Vigil and his family made a large donation to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Macrophage colony-stimulating activity is produced by three different EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines.
The lymphoblastoid cell lines BLY 9.84, Gl, and Pl constitutively release a colony-stimulating activity (CSA) which specifically stimulates murine macrophage progenitor cells in vitro. The biochemical characterization of BLY 9.84-derived CSA exhibits a molecular size of apparently 150-200 kDa even under dissociating conditions with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride or inhibition of glycosylation. Production of this CSA is inhibited by cycloheximide and its activity is destroyed by reduction with dithiothreitol. Replating experiments give evidence for a functional similarity with CSF-1 (macrophage colony-stimulating factor).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
#ifndef VNEWDIRDIALOG_H
#define VNEWDIRDIALOG_H
#include <QDialog>
class QLabel;
class VMetaWordLineEdit;
class QDialogButtonBox;
class QString;
class VDirectory;
class VNewDirDialog : public QDialog
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
VNewDirDialog(const QString &title,
const QString &info,
const QString &defaultName,
VDirectory *directory,
QWidget *parent = 0);
QString getNameInput() const;
private slots:
void handleInputChanged();
private:
void setupUI();
VMetaWordLineEdit *m_nameEdit;
QDialogButtonBox *m_btnBox;
QLabel *m_warnLabel;
QString title;
QString info;
QString defaultName;
VDirectory *m_directory;
};
#endif // VNEWDIRDIALOG_H
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Prevention of in vitro low-density lipoprotein oxidation by an albumin-containing Lp A-I subfraction.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and two lipoprotein particles, those containing apo A-I and apo A-II (LpA-I:A-II) and those containing only apo A-I (LpA-I) were examined for their effect on Cu(2+)-catalyzed oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Lipoproteins and lipoprotein particles were prepared from plasma samples of five healthy subjects. LDL and HDL were purified by ultracentrifugation, LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II were isolated by an immunoaffinity chromatography procedure. The contaminating albumin often linked to the LpA-I affinity purified particles was eliminated by selected affinity immunosorption. The presence of HDL, LpA-I or LpA-I:A-II, at an apo A-I-containing lipoproteins/LDL ratio of 1, did not prevent LDL oxidation when assessed by oxidation kinetics, electrophoretic mobility, amounts of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products and fragmentation of apo B-100. On the other hand, when the albumin removing step was omitted, the subfraction of albumin-containing LpA-I particles impeded and even inhibited the oxidation of LDL in an albumin dose-dependent manner.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Signs of the Times
Record Abuse Settlement Reached in California
The Diocese of Orange, Calif., reached a reportedly record-breaking financial settlement with 87 alleged victims of clergy sexual abuse on Dec. 2. Judge Owen Lee Kwong, who oversaw the settlement, ordered participants on both sides not to discuss details, but The Associated Press and the Los Angeles Times, citing anonymous sources, said it exceeded the previous record of $85 million that the Archdiocese of Boston paid out last year to settle abuse claims by 541 people. Massachusetts has a law limiting the financial liability of nonprofits; California does not.
Emerging from the civil courthouse in Los Angeles shortly after 11 p.m., Bishop Tod D. Brown of Orange called the settlement fair and compassionate. He said he planned to write each victim personally, seeking forgiveness and reconciliation. After the settlement was announced, the bishop was hugged by some of the victims, who praised him for his response.
The Orange settlement was the first major group settlement in California, where dioceses have faced a total of more than 800 cases. Most of the cases were brought forward in 2003 under a law that created a special one-year suspension of the state’s statute of limitations for suing institutions whose staff members sexually abused minors. About 500 lawsuits are in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles.
The Rev. Joseph Fenton, diocesan spokesman, told Catholic News Service that more details would be released only after the settlement was fully finalized, with all parties signing on to it. He indicated that the AP and Times reports on the approximate amount of the settlement were correct but declined to elaborate. He said another news report, which said the amount might be as high as $110 million, was unsubstantiated. He added, however, that it will be difficult for the diocese to make the adjustments needed to carry the settlement out.
Bishop Brown said the settlement will fairly compensate the victims in a way that allows our church to continue its ministry of service to the entire community. As with other group settlements around the country, the amount received will vary from one victim to another because of such factors as the nature of the abuse, the victim’s age at the time and the seriousness of the harm done. Normally about 40 percent of such a settlement goes to the attorneys.
Maltese Bishops Reject U.N. Demand for Abortion
The U.N. Committee for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights urged the governments and of Malta and Chile to allow abortions in cases of rape or incest or for therapeutic reasons. Malta’s Catholic bishops urged their government to reject the demand. Abortion is and remains the murder of innocent persons, whatever the reason behind it, the three-member bishops’ conference said. As bishops, we encourage the Maltese people to remain steadfast in their appreciation and defense of human life from its conception and in their total rejection of abortion.
The U.N. committee’s pressure on the Maltese state to legalize abortion in certain circumstances is objectionable and unacceptable, said the statement, dated Dec. 1 and signed by Archbishop Joseph Mercieca and Auxiliary Bishop Annetto Depasquale of Malta as well as Bishop Nikol Cauchi of Gozo.
Abortions are banned in Malta, where Catholics make up 96 percent of the population of 383,000. A clause allowing abortions in life-threatening cases was removed from the criminal code in 1981, and jail terms of up to four years are currently allowed for women who have abortions and their doctors.
After the Mediterranean island-state joined the European Union last May, it signed a protocol exempting its abortion legislation from E.U. controls. In early November, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, which oversees the Committee for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, called on Poland to liberalize its 1993 abortion law, which allows abortions only in cases of rape, incest or very serious and irreparable damage to the fetus, or when a woman’s life is endangered.
The demand was dismissed by the president of Poland’s Catholic bishops’ conference, Archbishop Jozef Michalik of Przemysl, who said the request indicated a shocking darkness in consciences and thoughts, and was another proof of crisis in the United Nations. Abortions are also banned or highly restricted in Ireland and Portugal.
Scientists Hope for Moral Way to Get Stem Cells
Speakers described to the President’s Council on Bioethics on Dec. 3 two experimental laboratory techniques for obtaining human embryonic stem cells that seek to overcome moral objections about destroying embryos in the process.
One technique would be similar to cloning an embryo, except that the nucleus from the donor cell with its chromosomal DNA would be genetically altered before being placed in a recipient egg, whose nucleus had been removed. The alteration would keep the resulting egg from developing into an embryo, but the entity would live long enough to create harvestable stem cells. This technique is called altered nuclear transfer, or ANT.
The other technique would harvest still-living stem cells from embryos that are declared dead according to a clinical definition, much the same way living organs are taken from fully developed humans judged to be brain dead. This technique would use frozen embryos produced by in vitro fertilization. The scientists who presented the ideas said that both are theoretically possible but still in the experimental stage.
Anti-Discrimination Laws Must Protect All Religions
Fighting discrimination against Jews and Muslims must not come at the expense of protecting the rights of Christians, a high Vatican official told European foreign ministers. Archbishop Giovanni Lajolo, the Vatican’s foreign minister, made his comments on Dec. 6 as head of the Holy See’s delegation to the annual session of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Sofia, Bulgaria. Some 55 countries, including the United States and Canada, are members of O.S.C.E., which addresses European security issues and crisis management.
Archbishop Lajolo told participants, Christians, who constitute the religious majority in the territory covered by the O.S.C.E., in some countries are also affected by discriminatory norms and behavior. While anti-Semitism and growing violence and discrimination against Muslims have been the focus of many European efforts, the archbishop warned that injustices against Christians must not be ignored. Archbishop Lajolo told the ministers that O.S.C.E. will have to treat openly, justly and adequately...the problem of discrimination against Christians.
In a speech on Dec. 3 in Rome to a conference on religious freedom sponsored by the U.S. Embassy to the Vatican, Archbishop Lajolo said that concern for church-state separation often led to religious activities being penalized in the public sphere, such as the exclusion of religiously motivated positions from public policy debates and tax laws that do not recognize the nonprofit status of the church’s charity work.
Pope on Conscience, Truth and Social Order
Pope John Paul II said U.S. bishops need to remind lay Catholics of their duty to follow authoritative church teachings, whether in private life or in social roles.
The separation between church and state should be respected, but there can be no separation between one’s personal faith and one’s political and professional participation, he said. The pope addressed the theme of the laity in a talk on Dec. 4 to a group of U.S. bishops making their ad limina visits to the Vatican. He began his remarks by saying he appreciated the outstanding contribution lay Catholics have made to the growth and expansion of the church in the United States.
But the pope said serious pastoral problems have been created by ambiguity over the relationships among personal conscience, truth and the social order. He said lay men and women should be encouraged to harmonize their rights and duties as members of the church and as members of society. That means recognizing that in all worldly affairs they must be guided by their Christian conscience, he said.
News Briefs
The Diocese of Spokane became the third U.S. diocese to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of civil lawsuits claiming sexual abuse of minors by members of the clergy. The diocese listed $81.3 million in liabilities and $11.1 million in assets in papers filed on Dec. 6 with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court of the Eastern District of Washington.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Antimicrobial activity and resistance selection of different bioglass S53P4 formulations against multidrug resistant strains.
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two different formulations of bioglass BAG-S53P4 against multiresistant microorganisms involved in bone infections, and the capability of bioglass to select for resistance. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by means of killing curves. The ability to select for resistant bacteria was evaluated by subculturing microorganisms in serial dilutions of bioglass. Scanning electron microscope acquisitions were conducted to evaluate bioglass-induced morphology changes. BAG-S53P4 formulations display a high antimicrobial activity and do not seem to select for resistance. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed cell shrinkage and membrane damage after exposure to bioglass. BAG-S53P4 has a significant potential as bone substitute for the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Like this:
I remember when the Unification Church (the Moonies) arrived Gloucester in the late 70’s and started bluefin fishing. It was a complex time, and thinking about it recently, I came across these reminiscences from Colleen Christian, a Moonie who moved to Gloucester to fish on one of the two dozen or so Gloucester bluefin boats the Moonies brought to the waterfont. Moonie crews fished with handlines for bluefin. Some crews were made up of only women. Anyhow, I got a kick out of the anecdote below, especially the part where a moonie from the Bronx teaches a Gloucester bluefin moonie crew how to respond to Moonies suck!
Colleen writes:
My first assignment in Gloucester was on a bluefin boat that went to the Northwest Corner, this huge bank, a rise in the ocean floor, where the water is about a hundred feet deep, ideal for bluefin tuna fishing. Soon after we we got there, there was a strike on one of the boats in there. When you hook a bluefin, first thing you do is, the first mate releases the anchor – attached to a big orange buoy ball – so that when you land your fish you can retrieve your anchor. In our fleet, it was permissible for any of our boats to come over and take the anchor of a Moonie boat that had just hooked up, the reasoning being, if one boat caught a tuna in that spot, another boat would, too.
So that’s what we did. Soon after we moved to the other boat’s mooring ball, I heard the snap of one of the clips holding our handlines. Our captain barked out orders to release the anchor and to pull in all the our other lines.
It was pandemonium and utter confusion, and so another boat in our fleet motored over to help. This big German guy jumped on board with us to us. He and I pulled in the extra lines and our captain took the fighting line to the bow. After a half hour, I took the fighting line, and that’s how it went, back and forth, for over two hours. , and it went on, like that, for two hours, his turn, my turn.
The fish we landed weighed 550 lbs. When we got it within a few feet of our boat, I gaffed it, and we inserted one line through its gills, another around its tail, and we tied it off alongside low enough in the water to keep cool for the trip home.
The big thing to do in was moon us. People in Gloucester knew us and knew our cars, and they would drive by us and pull their pants down and show us their butts. They’d yell,
“Moonies suck! Moonies suck!”
But there was a brother in our church who was kind of a bad dude before he joined the church. He was from the Bronx, and he knew how to answer Moonies suck. He said,
So we did. They yelled Moonies suck at us. And we yelled back, Your mother sucks!! And they yelled, My mother sucks?! You suck! and from there it would escalate.
Photo: Nancy Breyfogel, Susan Fox, Jane Rees and Lois Ramunnihad stand with a Moonie bluefin they landed in Gloucester in the early 1980’s. “Like anyone else,” Lois said, “I wanted to try it because it sounded exciting. It was something new.”
Like this:
You know those pretentious “Foodies” that think they know everything there is to know about Seafood?
The next time you’re invited to a cocktail party and they start in on how “Monkfish tastes just like lobster.” You know what you tell them?
“Get out my face sucka!”
That’s got to be one of the biggest laughs know to anyone who has handled or tried monkfish. Not even close. But you’ll hear every foodie spout it out. Idiots.
Next up is that skatewings taste just like scallops. Another idiotic statement. You know back in the late 80s early 90s there were days that we’d handle over 10,000lbs of skatewings at under 20 cents a lb. And some marketing guru at a rag like today’s “Edible Boston” probably got some idea to pitch the idea that skatewing tasted like scallops and the mindless lemmings that most Foddies are, they bought it hook, line and sinker.
You want to know the best underutilized species? Well I’ll tell you. Number one and my all time favorite fish fried similar to smelt is Whiting.
Another great one is ocean catfish (also called wolfish).
Idiots.
Monkfish, just like lobster.
Skatewing, just like scallops.
So next time you’re at the cocktail party with the pretentious foodie, you tell them to keep the monkfish and skatewing on their side of the table and push the lobster and scallops your way.
It’s 1932, Prohibition and two former Gloucester fishing schooners meet up with the US Coast Guard’s 75’ patrol boat, CG-100 which was then based in Gloucester. They are on Rum-Row, 3 miles off the coast of New York and New Jersey. The coast guard is charged with patrolling the 3 Mile Territorial Limit to protect against the illegal entry of liquor into the US.
On the left is the 100 ft. Sch. H.L. Marshall and on the right is the 110 ft. Sch. Arethusa. Both were Essex-built and had been high-liners among the Gloucester fishing fleet. They were purchased by the legendary bootlegger, Bill “The Real” McCoy of Florida. Both were rebuilt, strengthened and had their twin auxiliary engines replaced. The Arethusa had a new ten ft. bowsprit added to accommodate a flying jib and increase her carrying capacity to 16,000 cases of liquor. The Marshall carried 15,000 cases They were operating out of the Bahamas under British registry. At that time the Arethusa’s name was changed to Tomoka after McCoy’s home port in Florida. They were fast under sail or power and the nemises of the US Coast Guard. At the height of his career, McCoy operated six former fishing schooners, hauling illegal booze from the Bahamas, Cuba, Bermuda, Jamaica and St. Pierre & Miquellen Islands off Newfoundland. Those cases, offloaded on Rum-Row to fast small boats and landed in the US earned McCoy $10/case. The Marshall carried 1,500 cases and the Arethusa 1,600 and would earn him $31,000 cash
Rum-row was the 3 mile territorial limit of US legal jurisdiction off our coastline at the time. The federal boats had no jurisdiction outside the limit and the smart rum-runners stayed outside to avoid capture. McCoy operated one and hired young, seasoned fishing captains to skipper his other boats. His boats were mounted with Bofors and Colt Machine guns – not to battle the Coast Guard but, as protection against mob-owned hi-speed boats that cruised the “row” and hi-jacked unprotected ships. McCoy earned the nickname, The Real McCoy because he refused to buy his liquor from the mobsters and guaranteed it was not watered down.
Eventually, McCoy was captured by what he and many others claimed to be a very unscrupulous trick by the Coast Guard. My next painting in this series will be the show-down between his Schooner Tomoka/Arethusa and the cutter Seneca.
Arethusa
Definition: Arethusa was a nymph, possibly the daughter of an Arcadian river god, and a follower of the virgin goddess Artemis. One day as she was bathing, she discovered the river god Alpheus desired her, so she fled. She ran as far as the island of Syracuse, but he kept up. In desperation, Arethusa called on Artemis to defend her. Artemis did what she could. She transformed Arethusa into a spring, but according to Pausanias, the nymph didn’t remain pure even in her transformed state. Alpheus had himself transformed into a river running under the spring so that the waters of river and spring might mingle. AND KNOW YOU KNOW.
There are also these videos from Ben who came up and had a short stint aboard the Tommy’s Arethusa-
You may remember Ben from his brief stint as a lobsterman aboard Tommy Burns’ Arethusa and the Cartoon That Was Made About His Experience-
Can the Gloucester, Massachusetts, fishing fleet survive with no fish? John Bullard, the NOAA administrator who ordered ban on cod fishing in Gulf of Maine, and Jackie Odell, the executive director of Northeast Seafood Coalition, joined NECN to discuss the depleting resource.
By Laura Crimaldi
GLOUCESTER — On the cusp of what is effectively a six-month ban on cod fishing, Russell Sherman could have spent Tuesday on the Gulf of Maine trying to catch what he could.
Instead, he never left Jodrey State Pier, opting to work on repairs to the 72-foot fishing vessel he wants to sell, rather than make a final run for cod. And he had harsh words for the federal officials who oversee the fishing industry.
“They say, ‘Oh, we’re so sorry, boys. We got to do this. We got to do it for the fish,’ ” Sherman, 66, said from the Lady Jane. “ ‘Now go out of business quietly, will you.’ ”
The death knell, Sherman and other fishermen said, was sounded Monday by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which announced emergency measures intended to protect cod populations from further decline. The new rules go into effect Thursday.
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Good Morning Joey,As you are tied into the lobstering community, I am hoping you can help.The attached photos show a number of traps and buoys that washed up on the beach at Diamond Cove (Davis Neck end) during the first big storm (10/23/14). They can only be accessed at low tide as they are so heavy that they don’t float or show during high tide. One of the names on the traps is Bob Beloff, I believe of Rockport. If anyone knows these lobstermen, we would very much appreciate it if they retrieve the traps before they are buried further in the sand.Many thanks for your help!
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Phyllis A’s Moving
Tuesday 11/11(or Wednesday – depending on weather)
We have changed the restoration plan, with the immanent State Funding, and tomorrow the Phyllis A will be launched off the Railway, lifted with the Travel Lift, and moved to a repair spot in the parking lot of the Gloucester Marine Railways.This move and funding allows restoration work to progress from the Community Preservation funding work, in the stern, straight through to the bow!
It should be very exciting day!
We will post the final plans/ any changes tomorrow morning, in case you want to come see!
Phyllis A’sMoving Update
During afternoon coffee, I got updates from Doug…After lunch on November 11, the Phyllis A will be launched, floated around to the Travel Lift and lifted into the parking lot.As long as all goes well, everything should be done by 2pm. (IF they run into any issues, things may hold off until Wednesday. But everything is going to be just Fiiiine.)So come on by the Gloucester Marine Railways and watch the fun.
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I swear you couldn’t dream up this scene to paint it just the way it was at that very moment when I snapped the shot in between offloading boats.
You couldn’t have dreamed up the clouds or the sun breaking through at just the right angle to lead straight down the harbor to our dock. You couldn’t have dreamed up the lobster boats waiting to offload at just the right perpendicular locations to frame the shot on either side of the lobster boat’s mast that was tied up at the dock. Picture perfect.
Sometimes amid the madness you don’t really have time to take it all in because you’re ass deep in work but that one capture you managed to fire off brings it all back and reminds you that yes indeed, it wasn’t a dream.
Gloucester Webcam
The GloucesterCast Podcast
Free GMG Gloucester Sticker
As long as supplies last if any GMG folks want a bumper sticker but can't drop down the dock, just send a self addressed and stamped envelope longer then 7 and a half inches and I'll drop one in the mail for you.
Send the self addressed and stamped envelope to the dock at 95 East Main St Gloucester Ma 01930 care of Joey (put my name in big letters to make sure it gets to me)
Free GMG Gloucester Sticker
As long as supplies last if any GMG folks want a bumper sticker but can't drop down the dock, just send a self addressed and stamped envelope longer then 7 and a half inches and I'll drop one in the mail for you.
Send the self addressed and stamped envelope to the dock at 95 East Main St Gloucester Ma 01930 care of Joey (put my name in big letters to make sure it gets to me)
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Fog computing is a distributed approach of cloud implementation that acts as an intermediate layer from local networks (e.g., Internet of Things or “IoT” networks) to the cloud (e.g., centralized and/or shared resources). Current proposals and implementations are generally static in nature, where the fog network is designed and implemented prior to providing a set of pre-defined services (e.g., connectivity to cloud, data analytics, etc.).
Additionally, many of fog's IoT (or Internet of Everything or “IoE”) applications require high availability and/or nonstop operation. Even the few minutes of downtime needed to upgrade or replace hardware modules can cause unacceptable service outages. Some IoE use situations create short-term spikes in the load on specific fog nodes. For example, during a special event, big game, festival, or network maintenance activities, a city's or building's infrastructure nodes near the event may be taxed well beyond their design capacity. Many fog applications can't afford the expense, physical volume, or power dissipation increases that accompany fully duplicated system hardware, or providing capacity in excess of some nominal load.
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Although she was reticent about her lesbianism in her early novels, Marie-Claire Blais has since written works in which lesbian passion is at once lyrical, mystical, and liberating.
Blais was born into a working-class family in Quebec City on October 5, 1939. She was sent to a convent for her early education but left when she was fifteen at her parents' insistence to go to secretarial school. She did, however, attend courses in French literature at the University of Laval and published her first novel, La belle bête, when she was nineteen, a feat that inevitably caused her to be compared with another young woman writing in French, Françoise Sagan.
Sponsor Message.
The comparison was a superficial one since the two writers are linked only by precocity and language. Blais has gone on to be an immensely prolific presence on both the Quebec and the international French literary scene. Her earlier novels, La belle bête (translated as Mad Shadows), Tête blanche (1960), Une saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel (1965), and Manuscrits de Pauline Archange (1968), are lyrical and intense depictions of brutalized, tormented, and victimized young protagonists who inhabit a world that can increasingly be identified with the Gothic, repressive Quebec in the years before la révolution tranquille of the early 1960s.
Her fiction generated a storm of controversy, and it was in part to escape both her celebrity and her notoriety that Blais went to the United States in 1963. There Edmund Wilson introduced her to the painter, Mary Meigs, with whom she subsequently became lovers. Blais went to live with Meigs at Wellfleet on Cape Cod, where she became acquainted with the literary and artistic circle of which Wilson was a prominent member.
As Meigs eloquently documents it in her autobiography, Lily Briscoe, this must have been a painful period, for the then-closeted Blais had to endure the unacknowledged heterosexist and cultural colonialism of an intimidating group of famous Americans, all the while attempting to work out an ultimately doomed three-way relationship with Meigs's lover of fourteen years, Barbara Deming.
In the end, Blais and Meigs left the Cape for Brittany, only to become involved in a destructive triangular relationship with a French woman novelist. (All three have recorded their versions of the event: Meigs in The Medusa Head and Blais in Une liaison parisienne, in which the protagonist is male, and the whole relationship can be subject to a political interpretation as representative of French cultural arrogance toward its former colony.)
Although Blais's fiction had always included homosexual references and her novel Le loup (1972; translated as The Wolf, 1974) featured a gay male protagonist, it was not until 1978, in Les nuits de l'underground, set in part in the legendary and now-defunct Montreal lesbian bar, Madame Arthur, that Blais unequivocally turns her attention to lesbian life. The book is, as Blais herself has said, a more honest version of Une liaison parisienne, one in which lesbian passion is at once lyrical, mystical, and liberating.
Her most recent novel, L'ange de la solitude (1990), which has yet to appear in English, is a visionary account of a literary commune composed of young lesbians affected by the death, at twenty, of one of their members.
Blais remains enormously productive and, despite a certain reluctance among critics and the establishment altogether to accept the gay and lesbian content of her fiction, she continues to enjoy public acclaim. She has received, among many other prizes, the Canadian Governor General's award (twice), the Prix France-Québec, the Prix Medicis, the Prix Académie française, and recently, the singular honor of being elected to the Belgian Académie française. She returned to North America in 1978 and now divides her time between Kingsbury, Quebec, and Key West, Florida.
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Syrian pound
The Syrian pound or Syrian lira ( ; ; sign: LS or £S; code: SYP) is the currency of Syria and is issued by the Central Bank of Syria. The pound is subdivided into 100 qirsh (Arabic: قرش plural: قروش, qurūsh, piastres in English or French), although coins in qirsh are no longer issued. The standard abbreviation for the Syrian pound is SYP.
Before 1947, the word qirsh was spelled with the initial Arabic letter غ, after which the word began with ق. Until 1958, banknotes were issued with Arabic on the obverse and French on the reverse. After 1958, English has been used on the reverses, hence the three different names for this currency. Coins used both Arabic and French until independence, then only Arabic.
On 5 December 2005, the selling rate quoted by the Commercial Bank of Syria was 48.4 SYP to the US dollar. A rate of about 50 pounds to one dollar was usual in the early 2000s, but the exchange rate is subject to fluctuations. Since the start of the civil war in 2011, the pound's unofficial exchange rate has deteriorated significantly, falling from 47 SYP = US$1 in March 2011 to 515 SYP in July 2017 and 765 SYP in November 2019. It was 950 SYP on 2 December 2019. while the official rate by the central bank was 434 SYP for 1 USD.
History
During the period when Syria was a part of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted about 400 years, the Ottoman lira was its main currency. Following the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the placing of Syria under a mandate (French occupation), the Egyptian pound was used in the territories under French and British mandates, including Lebanon, Transjordan and Palestine. Upon taking Lebanon and Syria under its separate mandate, the French government sought to replace the Egyptian currency and granted a commercial bank, the Banque de Syrie (a French affiliate of the Ottoman Bank), the authority to issue a currency for territories under its new mandate.
The pound (or livre as it was then known) was introduced in 1919 and was pegged at a value of 20 French francs. As the political status of Lebanon evolved, the Banque de Syrie, which was to act as the official bank for Lebanon and Syria, was renamed the Banque de Syrie et du Grand-Liban (BSL). BSL issued the Lebanese-Syrian currency for 15 years, starting in 1924. Two years before the expiration of the 15-year period, BSL split the Lebanese-Syrian currency into two separate currencies that could still be used interchangeably in either state. In 1939, the bank was renamed the Banque de Syrie et du Liban.
In 1941, the peg to the French franc was replaced by a peg to the British pound of 8.83125 Syrian pounds = 1 British pound, as a consequence of the occupation of Syria by British and Free French forces. This rate was based on the pre-war conversion rate between the franc and sterling. In 1946, following devaluation of the franc, the pound was pegged once again to the franc at a rate of 1 pound = 54.35 francs. In 1947, Syria joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and pegged its currency to the U.S. dollar at 2.19148 pounds = 1 dollar, a rate which was maintained until 1961. The Lebanese and Syrian currencies split in 1948. From 1961, a series of official exchange rates were in operation, alongside a parallel, black market rate which reflected the true market rate for Syrian pounds in Jordan and Lebanon where there was a healthy trade in the Syrian currency. The market was allowed to flourish because everybody, including government and public sector companies, needed it. The black market rate diverged dramatically from the official rate in the 1980s. In July 2017, the currency was pegged to the IMF SDF (Special Drawing Rights).
Syrian Civil War
There was a capital flight to nearby countries, including Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Turkey, as a result of the Syrian Civil War that started in 2011. In addition, Syria has been subject to sanctions imposed by the United States, the European Union and other countries, which shut Syria out of the global financial system. To circumvent the sanctions, Syrians effected foreign transactions through banks in neighbouring countries, especially Lebanon. As a result, the official exchange rate has deteriorated significantly, falling from 47 SYP = US$1 in March 2011 to 515 SYP = US$1 in July 2017.
On 29 November 2019, the exchange rate was 765 SYP = US$1 following the Lebanese protests, a decrease of 30% since the turmoil started a month earlier, as the protests led Lebanese banks to impose tight controls on hard currency withdrawals and transfers abroad, making it hard for Syrians to access funds held by them in those banks. The rate fell to 950 SYP on 2 December 2019, another 25% decrease. On 13 January 2020, the currency deteriorated further, as more than 1000 SYP was traded for US$1 in the black market, despite being valued at 434 SYP = US$1 by the Syrian Central Bank.
Coins
In 1921, cupro-nickel qirsh coins were introduced, followed in 1926 by aluminium bronze 2 and 5 qirsh. In 1929, holed, nickel-brass 1 qirsh and silver 10, 25 and 50 qirsha were introduced. Nickel-brass qirsh were introduced 1935, followed by zinc 1 qirsh and aluminium-bronze 2½ qirsh in 1940. During the Second World War, brass 1 qirsh and aluminium qirsh emergency coins were issued. These pieces were crudely produced and undated.
A new coinage was introduced between 1947 and 1948 in denominations of , 5, 10, 25 and 50 qirsha and 1 pound, with the , 5 and 10 qirush struck in cupro-nickel and the others in silver. Aluminium-bronze replaced cupro-nickel in 1960, with nickel replacing silver in 1968. In 1996, following high inflation, new coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25 pounds, with the 25 pounds a bimetallic coin. In 2003 5, 10, and 25 pound coins were issued, with latent images. On December 26, 2018, the Central Bank of Syria introduced a 50 Syrian pounds coin for general circulation and to also replace the banknote of said denomination.
Banknotes
In 1919, the Banque de Syrie introduced notes for 5, 25 and 50 qirsha, 1 and 5 livres. These were followed, in 1920, by notes for 1 qirsh and 10, 25, 50 and 100 livres. In 1925, the Banque de Syrie et du Grand-Liban began issuing notes and production of denominations below 25 qirsha ceased. Notes below 1 livre were not issued from 1930. In 1939, the issuing body again changed its name, to the Banque de Syrie et du Liban.
Between 1942 and 1944, the government introduced notes for 5, 10, 25 and 50 qirsha. In the early 1950s, undated notes were issued by the Institut d'Emission de Syrie in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 livres, followed by notes dated 1955 for 10 and 25 livres. The Banque Centrale de Syrie took over paper money issuance in 1957, issuing the same denominations as the Institut d'Emission.
In 1958, the French language was removed from banknotes and replaced by English. Notes were issued for 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500 pounds. In 1966, the design of the 25, 50, and 100 pound notes was changed. In 1976 and 1977, the designs changed for all the denominations except the 500-pound note. In 1997 and 1998, a new series of notes was introduced in denominations of 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 pounds, with the lower denominations replaced by coins. In 2009, the 50, 100, and 200 pound notes were changed with an entirely new design.
In 2014 a new 500 pound note has been released, followed by a new 1000 note in 2015. The all-new 2000 pound note was introduced in July 2017.
2010 series
On July 27, 2010, the Central Bank of Syria issued a new series of banknotes dated 2009 in denominations of 50-, 100-, and 200 pounds. The notes were designed by Austrian banknote designer Robert Kalina.
The Central Bank of Syria issued new 500-pound and 1000-pound notes in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The reverse of the new 1000-pound note features an image of a Roman mosaic painting discovered in Deir al-Adas. President Bashar al-Assad was added to the 2000-pound note in 2017.
See also
Economy of Syria
Notes
References
External links
Historical banknotes of Syria
Category:Currencies introduced in 1919
Pound, Syrian
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Q:
What abbreviations, letters, or symbols do we use to denote highly degenerate stars?
We have OBAFGKM to denote the strength of hydrogen lines.
Apparently we added S, N, C, and the W classes when we learned of new kinds of stars.
We use T, L, and Y to denote brown dwarfs.
The D classes refer to electron-degenerate stars (white dwarfs).
I've looked around quite a bit and I haven't seen anything regarding neutron stars and black holes. Does this mean there's no common symbol or abbreviation? What do they use in star catalogs? (I've never found a catalog with stars of all degeneracies in it.)
A:
Neutron stars and black holes do not have assigned spectral types since they do not have a measurable optical/IR spectrum - which is the basis for assigning a spectral type.
There are many classifications for systems containing black holes and neutron stars. They are not related to the letter-based spectral types of "normal" stars or white dwarfs, but more to do with their X-ray, radio or inferred physical properties (e.g low- or high-mass X-ray binary systems).
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Q:
Is it necessary to set scrollview.delegate as self?
I am taking an online iOS course provided by Stanford. In the sample code,
@IBOutlet weak var scrollView: UIScrollView! {
didSet {
scrollView.contentSize = imageView.frame.size
// all three of the next lines of code
// are necessary to make zooming work
scrollView.delegate = self
scrollView.minimumZoomScale = 0.03
scrollView.maximumZoomScale = 1.0
}
}
However, if I remove scrollView.delegate = self, this scroll view still works on the simulator.
My questions:
Is it necessary to set scrollview.delegate as self? Why or why not?
What does self refer to? command + left click locate "did set".
A:
You do not have to set the delegate for scrollView. You only do it if you want to react delegate methods that scrollView calls. For example, if you want to do something when user performs a scroll, you need to set the delegate and implement func scrollViewDidScroll(scrollView: UIScrollView) method. Everytime user scrolls, you will be able to react in this method's body.
Self refers to the class that holds this variable. In this case it will be probably your UIViewController
A:
Define, it still works? I mean if you can move it with touch, yeah it will work.
The reason for
scrollView.delegate = self
is that it allows you to add code which can execute upon scroll began, scroll ended etc. That way you have customization points to alter the behavior or actions of scrollview. Without that little code the delegate code will never get called.
Makes sense?
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Comparison between off-resonance and electron Bernstein waves heating regime in a microwave discharge ion source.
A microwave discharge ion source (MDIS) operating at the Laboratori Nazionali del Sud of INFN, Catania has been used to compare the traditional electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) heating with an innovative mechanisms of plasma ignition based on the electrostatic Bernstein waves (EBW). EBW are obtained via the inner plasma electromagnetic-to-electrostatic wave conversion and they are absorbed by the plasma at cyclotron resonance harmonics. The heating of plasma by means of EBW at particular frequencies enabled us to reach densities much larger than the cutoff ones. Evidences of EBW generation and absorption together with X-ray emissions due to high energy electrons will be shown. A characterization of the discharge heating process in MDISs as a generalization of the ECR heating mechanism by means of ray tracing will be shown in order to highlight the fundamental physical differences between ECR and EBW heating.
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The lefties and black radicals whine about the disproportionate number of black men in prison. Yet the jails are not big enough for all the trigger-happy crazies who are out on the street, like the gang-bangers warring over their corner crack franchises. The social justice types should instead aim their ire at the storefront merchants and dealers who push death in the name of the U.S. Constitution and the National Rifle Association.
No, actually they should aim their ire at the CRIMINALS who use guns in the transmission of their crimes. She speaks about the Constitution as if it were WORTHLESS. The "trigger-happy crazies" and "gang-bangers warring over their corner crack franchises" are NOT just the symptom of a gun problem - they ARE the problem!
While blacks make up about 13 percent of the nation's population, they comprise 49 percent of all murder victims. And the vast majority -- 93 percent -- were killed by African Americans. Most likely wielding firearms.
That's the real statistic there.
The bleeding heart liberal who wrote that ridiculous article(Laura Washington) has an email.
Let's all drop her a few lines and give her an education.
Hispanic criminals--some of whom are illegals, no less--murdering blacks is a textbook example of the problems of multiracial society, as well as proof that those problems don't just impact Whites. Of course, it's no shock that mainstream politicians and commentators will call for the exact wrong response. The only things that would make a difference in stopping such incidents would be immigration enforcement and racial separation. Of course, don't expect to see any editorials admitting that, or any Congressmen calling for it.
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Mmo Game Guide, News, F&Q
Who Is Kalandra In Path Of Exile
Who is Kalandra In PoE? You may find nothing if you searched in the wiki/forum. Unlike poe items, it’s never actually ever mentioned in any of the lore bits as to who Kalandra was. Prior to FoO, I would’ve said that Kalandra was simply a talented thaumaturgist in Atziri’s court, possibly even the maker of her many many mirrors that she kept in the throne room. There’s no evidence for this but is kinda fits.
kalandra’s actually the name for the ‘mirrored’ world, a parallel universe to the one we know. Most trivial things are the same, like generic weapons. Some historically important events changed (why you cant mirror uniques) and some things are ever so slightly different. For example, in Kalandra, the templar wears pants. ONLY wears pants.
I don’t think she would have taken the new name when actually taking the throne but perhaps actually found immortality with (or without) Doryani and when the empire under her fell, she fled until she finished the rituals and turned into what we now encounter her as, an immortal demon queen.
With FoO, we get the twin brothers of Innocence and Sin who are opposites (reflections) of one another. Their mother has never been named, as far as I’ve been able to find, but she is called the “Mother of Two” in the third stained glass window lore. With this in mind, I’ve somewhat swapped my opinion to her being their mother but it’s speculative at best.
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The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for detecting and/or transmitting images. More particularly, the present invention relates to detecting and transmitting images in relation to a cellular telephone.
Image processors typically detect light reflected off of a subject, and convert the detected light to an electrical image. The electrical image is then sampled at a frequency that is the reciprocal of the integration time. In many cases, such a frequency is different from the frequency of light reflected off the subject. In such cases, a modulation of the displayed image can result. Such modulation appears as a flicker and can be very distracting.
To overcome this problem, some image processors allow for manual selection between different integration times that allow a user to reduce the flicker. For example, where an image processor will be used in a 60 Hz and a 50 Hz lighting environment, a manual selection between an integration time associated with either 60 Hz or 50 Hz can be provided. This alleviates some flicker, but requires adjustment from a user. Furthermore, such an approach is limited to reducing flicker in a limited number of pre-determined environments, and thus may not be able to address various flicker situations. This is particularly problematic for mobile devices that are used in ever changing environments.
Further, a limited reservoir of power typically exists for mobile devices. As such, power consuming imaging applications are often incompatible with mobile devices. Various approaches exist to increase the amount of power available to mobile devices, such that the power requirements of an imaging application are not prohibitive. However, such approaches often are both expensive and can result in increased dimensions of a mobile device.
In some cases, light detected by an image processor is detected by a pixel array and a variety of analog processing circuitry. Output from the pixel array representing the amount of detected light is processed by analog circuitry to produce an image which is subsequently converted from the analog domain to the digital domain. The digital image is subsequently provided to a monitor of some sort for viewing.
Testing such an imaging device can include reflecting light off a known image, and determining if the image was properly acquired and/or processed by the imaging device. This method provides an effective approach for testing such devices, however, the method is subject to a number of variables including lighting and image stability which can effect testing of the imaging device. Providing such a test, and controlling for such variables can be costly and time consuming. Further, such an approach tests the imaging device holistically, and is limited in its ability to identify sub-components of the imaging device which may have failed.
Hence, for at least the aforementioned reasons, there exists a need in the art to provide advanced systems, methods and devices for detecting and/or transmitting images.
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1895 United Kingdom general election in Ireland
The 1895 United Kingdom general election in Ireland took place from 13–29 July 1895. The divide between the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation and the pro-Parnellite Irish National League continued, and with only minor variation in seats.
In the overall election result, the Conservative–Liberal Unionist coalition beat the Liberal Party government led by the Earl of Rosebery. Lord Salisbury returned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, having previously served from 1885 to 1886, and again from 1886 to 1892.
Results
See also
History of Ireland (1801–1923)
References
1895
Category:1895 in Ireland
Ireland
Category:July 1895 events
Category:1890s elections in Ireland
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"[TAPPING ON METAL]" "[WHISPERING] Itchy, a few more degrees to the left!" "Now!" "Tap!" "No, no!" "Your other left!" "That's it!" "Keep coming, keep coming!" "You're almost through!" "YOW..." "ITCHY, WHAT IS IT?" "IDGI..." "IDGI..." "HO..." "ARE YOU OK?" "IDGI..." "HOW..." "WELL, DON'T STOP NOW." "HI..." "YEE..." "IDIHOMINEE..." "AH..." "AH..." "CHOO!" "TERRIFIC." "I'M SORRY, BOSS." "I GOT DIRT IN MY NOSE." "DI..." "DI..." "OW..." "YOU GOING TO DO IT AGAIN?" "DOH..." "STAND BACK." "I..." "EEE..." "FEEL..." "ANOTHER..." "EEE..." "EEE..." "AH-CHOO!" "ITCHY, YOU'RE A GENIUS!" "THANKS, BOSS." "I'M GLAD TO SEE YOU." "WHERE ARE YOU?" "[CLANG] OW!" "WHAT WAS THAT?" "ADGA..." "OOH." "IT'S A PIPE." "HERE I AM, CHARLIE." "YOU OK?" "SHH!" "SHH!" "SHH!" "I'M OK." "WHERE ARE YOU?" "AAH!" "NO!" "PUT THAT OUT." "WHAT, ARE YOU TRYING TO KILL ME?" "I'M SO SORRY, BOSS, BUT THE PIPE..." "HERE, LET ME TRY THIS." "I THINK THAT MIGHT BE A WATER MAIN." "NO, CHARLIE." "WATER MAINS ARE GREEN." "THIS IS RED." "YOU'RE COLORBLIND." "YOU'VE ALWAYS BEEN COLORBLIND." "THAT'S TRUE, BUT THIS IS GREEN." "IT'S RED." "RED?" "RED?" "BUSTED WATER MAIN!" "HIT THE LIGHTS!" "CALL COMMAND CENTRAL!" "[RUMBLING]" "OOH!" "LOOK OUT!" "SHINE THE LIGHT OVER THERE!" "NO, OVER THERE!" "AAH!" "ITCHY!" "OH, WHOA!" "WHOA!" "[GUNSHOT]" "LET'S GET OUT OF HERE!" "SORRY, CHARLIE." "I THINK..." "DON'T THINK!" "FROM NOW ON, I'LL THINK!" "[GUNSHOT]" "MY STUFF!" "FORGET THE STUFF!" "I'LL BUY YOU MORE STUFF!" "WAIT!" "MY DRILL!" "[GUNSHOT]" "OH, COME ON!" "OOH!" "ITCHY." "NOT NOW!" "DON'T..." "[GUNSHOT]" "DON'T!" "NOT NOW!" "UH!" "UH!" "I CAN'T HELP IT, CHARLIE." "I ITCH WHEN I'M NERVOUS!" "WELL, DON'T BE NERVOUS." "JUST SCRATCH THIS." "[GUNSHOT]" "IT'S NOT WORTH IT BEING WITH YOU!" "PULL THIS!" "PULL THIS!" "AH, PULL THIS." "YAH!" "WHOA!" "JUST A MINUTE!" "ARE YOU OK?" "COME ON!" "[GUNSHOTS]" "[GUNSHOTS]" "Itchy:" "YOU'RE SUCH A GROUCH!" "Itchy:" "YOU'RE SUCH A GROUCH!" "[FLIES BUZZING]" "[FLIES BUZZING]" "ON YOUR MARKS..." "GET SET..." "[GUNSHOT]" "AND THEY'RE OFF!" "IT'S A SPECTACULAR LINE-UP" "WITH MIGHTY MORRIS TAKING AN EARLY LEAD." "RAT O' WAR IS SECOND BY A HEAD," "AND SECRETARY RAT TRAILS BY A HALF." "WHAT AN AMAZING RACE, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN!" "OUT OF THE TURN, IT'S MIGHTY MORRIS," "WITH RAT O' WAR CHARGING UP FROM BEHIND." "IN THE SECOND TURN," "MIGHTY MORRIS AND RAT O' WAR FIGHT IT OUT" "WHILE SQUAD CAR TRAILS THE PACK." "NOW IT'S RAT O' WAR BY A NOSE." "SECRETARY RAT IS SECOND BY A HEAD," "WITH MIGHTY MORRIS BACK AT THIRD..." "BUT WAIT." "SQUAD CAR IS MAKING HIS MOVE IN THE REAR." "HE TRIES TO THE RIGHT." "HE TRIES TO THE LEFT." "BUT IT'S NO GOOD, FOLKS." "IT'S RAT-EAT-RAT OUT THERE," "AND THEY'RE JUST NOT GONNA LET HIM THROUGH." "BUT WHAT'S THIS?" "SQUAD CAR'S COMING THROUGH THE MIDDLE." "OH!" "HE'S CAUGHT IN A PINCH!" "OH, MY GOSH!" "BUT NOW HE'S CLIMBING OUT," "AND HE'S RIDING ON TOP OF CHEEZEWHIZ!" "AND INTO THE LOOP-THE-LOOP, IT'S SQUAD CAR ON CHEEZEWHIZ" "BRINGING UP THE REAR AS THEY ENTER THE OIL SLICK." "OH!" "OH, MY GOSH!" "LOOK OUT!" "WHAT'S THIS?" "SQUAD CAR PLAYING HOPSCOTCH IN THE BACK STRETCH." "SIXTH!" "FIFTH!" "FOURTH!" "THIRD!" "I DON'T BELIEVE IT!" "INTO THE OBSTACLE, SQUAD CAR TAKES THE LEAD!" "SO IT'S SQUAD CAR BY A LENGTH," "RAT O' WAR SECOND BY A HEAD, CHEEZEWHIZ MOVING INTO THIRD." "BUT WAIT A MINUTE!" "HE'S..." "HE'S..." "HE'S..." "HE'S STUCK!" "SQUAD CAR IS STUCK." "WHAT A NIGHTMARE!" "IT'S SQUAD CAR BY A TAIL." "OH, MY GOSH!" "LOOK OUT!" "WHAT'S THIS?" "[PANTING]" "IT'S SQUAD CAR SPRINGING TO THE FINISH!" "WHAT AN INCREDIBLE RACE!" "SQUAD CAR, RAT RACE'S SHORTEST LONG SHOT," "TAKES THE ROSES IN THE UPSET OF THE WEEK." "WHO WOULD HAVE GUESSED?" "BUT DON'T GO AWAY, FOLKS." "WE'VE GOT MORE ACTION COMING UP." "IF YOU ASK ME," "I THINK THE HOUSE IS RIGGED." "THAT DOES IT FOR ME." "I'M BUSTED." "Announcer:" "THIS WILL BE ONE" "TO TELL YOUR GRAND-PUPPIES ABOUT." "HEE HEE!" "I WIN!" "HEE HEE!" "I WIN!" "HERE YOU GO." "[SNIFFS]" "OOH!" "BAD MEAT!" "WHAT'S THE ODDS ON TERRIBLE TOM?" "TERRIBLE." "WELL, THEN, GIVE ME LARGE MIKE TO WIN." "LARGE MIKE TO WIN!" "NO MARKERS, TAILPIPE." "COME BACK WHEN YOU GOT SOME FOOD." "[PLAYS CALL TO THE POST]" "[PLAYS CALL TO THE POST]" "AND THEY'RE OFF!" "IT'S A RAT-EAT-RAT WORLD OUT THERE" "AS LARGE MIKE TAKES THE LEAD..." "[AROOOoooOOO!" "]" "HI, GUYS!" "WHAT DO YOU KNOW?" "WHAT DO YOU SAY?" "WHAT DO YOU SAY?" "WHAT DO YOU KNOW?" "ITCHY, DO WE DETECT A LOOK OF SURPRISE HERE?" "MAYBE WE SHOULD GO OUT AND COME BACK IN AGAIN." "HA HA HA HA!" "CHARLIE?" "AIN'T YOU SUPPOSED TO BE ON DEATH ROW?" "NO, I AIN'T SUPPOSED TO BE ON DEATH ROW." "I GOT HIM OUT." "♫ THINGS HAVE CHANGED, CHARLIE, SINCE YOU'VE BEEN GONE ♫" "LIFE HASN'T BEEN NO PIECE OF CAKE" "CARFACE AIN'T BEEN TREATIN' US TOO GOOD." "♫ THINGS ARE TOUGH, BUT WE CARRY ON ♫" "♫ COULD YOU SPARE A COUPLE OF BONES ♫" "FOR OLD TIMES' SAKE?" "WHY SETTLE FOR BONES" "WHEN YOU CAN HAVE THE WHOLE BAKE?" "CHARLIE, YOU HIT THE JACKPOT!" "THAT-A BOY, CHARLIE." "I'M PROUD OF YOU." "CHARLIE, TELL THEM!" "♫ OH, YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN ♫" "NO, SIR!" "♫ NO, YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN ♫" "♫ I'VE SEEN THAT'S PAIN AND HURT ♫ RIGHT." "♫ I'VE EATEN DIRT ♫ THAT'S TRUE." "♫ IT'S HARD TO BUY ♫" "♫ BUT EVEN I'VE BEEN JILTED BY A SKIRT ♫" "HE LIES." "♫ LOOK HOW I'M STILL AROUND ♫" "HA HA!" "♫ 'CAUSE YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN ♫" "♫ YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN ♫" "NO, YOU CAN'T." "♫ YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN ♫" "PREACH IT, BROTHER!" "♫ I'VE BEEN BOUGHT AND SOLD ♫" "♫ ♫ HE'S BEEN" "♫ ♫ BUT 10 TO 1," "♫ ♫ WHEN I'M OLD!" "♫" "♫ NOT IN SOME CAGE IN THE CITY POUND ♫" "♫ 'CAUSE YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG ♫" "♫ CAN'T KEEP A GOOD ♫" "♫ I SAY, YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN ♫" "IN HIM'S THE LUCK OF THE IRISH." "THE PRIDE OF THE GERMANS." "EVEN A BIT OF SIAM." "YOU SEE THE CALM OF THE ENGLISH." "THE CHARM OF THE SPANISH." "♫ A PEDIGREE CERTAINLY AIN'T WHAT I AM ♫" "♫ SO CALL ME A MIXED-UP PUP ♫" "YOU'RE A MIXED-UP PUP!" "♫ BUT THE ONLY WAY THIS PUP KNOWS ♫" "♫ IS UP ♫" "OK, BOYS, COME ON." "HELP ME." "LIFT HIM UP." "UP, UP, UP!" "COME ON!" "♫ NO, YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN-OW-WOW-WOW-WOWN ♫" "♫ YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN-WOW-WOW-WOW-WOWN ♫" "BOYS!" "♫ HE'S BEEN FAT AND THIN ♫" "♫ I'VE BEEN OUT, BEEN IN ♫" "♫ HE TRIED A LIFE OF VIRTUE ♫" "♫ BUT PREFER A LIFE OF SIN ♫" "♫ SO TONIGHT, MAN, WE OWN THIS TOWN ♫" "♫ I'VE KNOWN HUNGER, I'VE KNOWN THIRST ♫" "♫ LIVED THE BEST AND SEEN THE WORST ♫" "♫ BUT THE ONLY WAY I KNOW TO FINISH ♫" "♫ ♫ IS TO FINISH FIRST" "♫ ♫ SO WATCH OUT" "[AROOOooo!" "] [AROOOooo!" "]" "[AROOOooo!" "]" "♫ 'CAUSE YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG ♫" "♫ NO, YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG ♫" "♫ SAY, YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN ♫" "[AROOOooo!" "]" "[ARF!" "] [WOOF!" "]" "♫ YOU CAN'T ♫" "♫ KEEP A GOOD DOG ♫" "♫ DOWN ♫" "♫ DOWN ♫" "[WOOF!" "] [WOOF!" "]" "[WOOF!" "] [WOOF!" "]" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "IT'S HIM, BOSS." "I DON'T GET IT." "MR. CARFACE, I KNOW WHAT YOU'RE THINKING," "BUT I DON'T KNOW NOTHIN' ABOUT THIS." "WE SET HIM UP FOR GOOD." "KILLER," "I DO NOT WISH THAT I SHOULD SHARE 50% OF THE BUSINESS WITH MY PARTNER CHARLIE." "YOU WANT THAT I SHOULD GO" "SQUEEZE HIS HEAD WITH THE PLIERS?" "KILLER, THAT IS NO WAY TO TREAT AN OLD FRIEND." "FRIENDS MUST BE HANDLED" "IN A FRIENDLY AND BUSINESSLIKE WAY." "CARFACE!" "CARFACE!" "HA HA HA!" "HEY, CARFACE, YOU DECENT?" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "CHARLIE!" "OH, IS IT REALLY YOU?" "IS IT REALLY ME?" "IS IT REALLY YOU?" "HEY, YOU'VE PUT ON A LITTLE WEIGHT." "I TOLD YOU TO STAY OFF SWEETS." "[TURNS ON RADIO]" "THIS PLACE IS LOOKING OK..." "A LITTLE GAUCHE, BUT OK." "YOU KNOW, PARTNER, I'M PROUD OF YOU," "BUT THE CUSTOMERS AIN'T LAUGHIN'." "[TURNS DOWN VOLUME]" "GAMBLERS ARE NEVER HAPPY, CHARLIE." "YOU KNOW THAT." "YEAH, BUT I'VE BEEN THINKING." "[TURNS UP VOLUME]" "WHAT THIS PLACE NEEDS, BESIDES NEW CURTAINS," "IS SOME CLASS, CULTURE, CHOREOGRAPHY," "AND SOME INFLUENCE OF THE THEATER." "DANCING GIRLS." "WHAT DO YOU SAY?" "[TURNS DOWN VOLUME]" "CHARLIE, TIMES HAS CHANGED." "I'VE CHANGED, YOU'VE CHANGED." "WHAT ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT?" "I HAVEN'T CHANGED." "CHARLIE, YOU DONE TIME." "THAT'S NOT GOOD FOR BUSINESS." "WHAT ARE YOU SAYING?" "YOU ARE A DOG WITH A RECORD." "I WAS FRAMED!" "I KNOW." "YOU'RE LIKE A BROTHER TO ME." "THAT'S WHY..." "WHY..." "WHY WHAT?" "WE NEED TO SPLIT UP THE PARTNERSHIP." "WHAT?" "ARE YOU OUT OF YOUR MIND?" "THEY'LL BE LOOKING FOR YOU," "AND WHAT'S THE FIRST PLACE THEY'RE GONNA LOOK?" "HERE." "HERE!" "I DON'T LIKE IT, CHARLIE," "BUT IT'S FOR OUR OWN GOOD." "DID IT EAT YET?" "YEAH, IT ATE," "BUT HOW COME I GOT TO FEED" "CARFACE'S LITTLE MONSTER?" "Huh!" "Monster!" "COME ON, DOGS, YOU'VE GOT A JOB TO DO." "CARFACE WANTS YOU SHOULD GET RID OF CHARLIE." "CHARLIE?" "OH." "OH!" "OOH!" "AH!" "CHARLIE!" "THEY'RE GOING TO KILL YOU, CHARLIE!" "CHARLIE!" "WE'LL SET YOU UP SOMEWHERES" "WHERE THEY DON'T KNOW YOU." "YEAH?" "GO ON." "50% OF THIS IS YOURS, RIGHT?" "CHARLIE, TAKE IT." "YOU WANT A CUT OF THE STEAKS?" "T-BONES?" "SURE." "PORTERHOUSE." "AND ONE HALF OF THE MIGNONS." "THIS IS SOUNDING BETTER ALL THE TIME." "THEN IT'S A DEAL?" "WELL..." "DEAL." "PUT HER THERE." "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "Carface:" "BOYS, LISTEN UP!" "MY FORMER PARTNER WISHES TO ANNOUNCE" "THAT HE IS GOING INTO BUSINESS FOR HIMSELF." "YOU HEARD THE BOSS." "SHUT UP!" "BOYS, TO THE MARDI GRAS!" "[CHEERING]" "[CHEERING]" "CHARLIE?" "UH, CHARLIE?" "OOH!" "OUCH!" "WATCH THOSE HEELS, LADY." "OUCH!" "WATCH THOSE HEELS, LADY." "Carface:" "AND I AM SURE THAT I SPEAK" "FOR EVERY DOG AMONGST US" "IN WISHING YOU THE BEST OF LUCK" "IN YOUR NEW VENTURE." "AND NOW, AS A TOKEN OF OUR ESTEEM," "WE ARE PRESENTING TO YOU" "THIS LUCKY GOLD WATCH!" "HEH HEH HEH." "HA HA HA!" "TAKES A LICKING AND KEEPS ON TICKING." "♫ ♫ NO, YOU CAN'T" "KILLER." "UH-HUH." "TAKE CHARLIE OUT BACK FOR THE BIG SURPRISE." "SURPRISE?" "WHAT SURPRISE, BOSS?" "THE BIG..." "SURPRISE." "OH, HO HO!" "YOU MEAN..." "THAT SURPRISE?" "OH..." "OH..." "YOU MORON." "♫ ♫ DOGGY... ♫" "HEE HEE HEE!" "YOU'RE THE DOGGONEDEST PAL" "A SWELL COULD EVER HAVE." "HA HA." "I LOVE YOU GUYS." "YOU WANT TO SING WITH ME?" "CHARLIE!" "[SHIP'S FOG HORN BLOWS]" "♫ YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD... ♫" "DO YOU KNOW THIS?" "♫ YOU CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG DOWN ♫" "THIS IS THE MARK." "STAY HERE, AND DON'T PEEK." "♫ ♫ I'VE BEEN FAT AND THIN" "♫ I'VE BEEN OUT, BEEN IN... ♫" "BOSS!" "HA HA HA!" "SHUT UP." "OOH!" "GOOD-BYE, CHARLIE." "HEH HEH HEH!" "BOSS, CAN I HELP YOU PUSH THE CAR?" "PLEASE?" "CHARLIE!" "HA HA HA." "HUH HUH!" "KILLER, SHUT UP!" "♫ ♫ CAN'T KEEP A GOOD DOG ♫" "♫ DOOOoooOOOWN!" "♫" "♫ DOOOoooOOOWN!" "♫" "♫ AHH AHH AHH ♫" "♫ AHH AHH AHH ♫" "[CRASH!" "]" "♫ AHH AHH AHH ♫" "♫ AHH AHH AHH ♫" "♫ AHH ♫" "HUH!" "WHERE AM I?" "THIS IS THE GREAT HALL OF JUDGMENT." "JUDGMENT?" "!" "OH, NOT TO WORRY, CHARLIE." "YOU'LL GO TO HEAVEN." "ALL DOGS GO TO HEAVEN" "BECAUSE, UNLIKE PEOPLE," "DOGS ARE NATURALLY GOOD AND LOYAL AND KIND." "THAT'S TRUE." "♫ WELCOME TO DOING WHATEVER YOU WISH ♫" "THIS IS REALLY A LOVELY PLACE YOU GOT HERE." "♫ EATING WHENEVER YOU PLEASE ♫" "FOLLOW ME... ♫ ♫ TO A CONSTANT" "♫ WE KEEP IT 73 DEGREES ♫" "WE'RE STILL ON FAHRENHEIT HERE." "THAT'S FINE WITH ME." "♫ ♫ WELCOME TO" "OH, BOY." "♫ TO ORDER AND CALM INSTEAD ♫" "AH, GREAT." "♫ WELCOME... ♫" "♫ ♫ TO BEING DEAD ♫" "WHAT?" "YOU MEAN I'M..." "I'M..." "STONE COLD, I'M AFRAID." "I CAN'T BELIEVE IT!" "I'VE BEEN MURDERED!" "I'M HAVING TROUBLE" "FINDING ANY GOODNESS OR LOYALTY HERE," "BUT LET ME SEE." "HE KILLED ME!" "I BEG YOUR PARDON?" "A MISTAKE'S BEEN MADE HERE!" "♫ I DON'T WANT TO DIE ♫" "♫ YOU GOT THE WRONG GUY ♫" "♫ I WAS DOUBLE-CROSSED BY A DIRTY RAT ♫" "♫ ACTUALLY, THIS RAT WAS A DOG ♫" "♫ BUT HIS CAR RAN ME DOWN , I JUST BLEW OUT OF JAIL ♫" "♫ I JUST GOT BACK TO TOWN ♫" "♫ HEY, THIS IS HARD TO EXPLAIN ♫" "♫ MAY I SPEAK TO YOUR SUPERIOR?" "♫" "♫ 'CAUSE I DON'T WANT TO DIE!" "♫" "♫ WELCOME TO DOING WHATEVER YOU WISH ♫" "♫ YOU'VE GOT THE WRONG GUY ♫" "♫ LAUGHING AND SINGING ALL DAY ♫" "LISTEN!" "MY TIME'S NOT UP YET." "OH, IT IS." "THERE'S NO MISTAKE ABOUT THAT." "WE KNOW EVERYTHING." "MURDERED IN THE PRIME OF MY LIFE!" "THAT CARFACE, I'LL KILL HIM." "HEY, THIS MUST BE THE WATCH DEPARTMENT." "YOU MIGHT CALL IT THAT." "SEE, THIS WATCH IS YOUR LIFE..." "AND IT'S STOPPED." "WELL, CAN'T YOU JUST WIND IT UP OR SOMETHING?" "AND SEND YOU BACK?" "OH, NO, NO, NO." "NO ONE'S EVER ALLOWED TO GO BACK." "PUT YOUR PAW RIGHT HERE." "WHAT'S THAT FOR?" "FOR OUR BOOK OF RECORDS." "EVERYTHING ABOUT YOU THAT WAS OR WILL BE" "IS RIGHT HERE." "OH, ISN'T THAT WONDERFUL?" "I LOVE IT HERE." "YOU MEAN THERE'S NO SURPRISES OR ANYTHING?" "OH, NO, NO, NO." "WE KNOW EVERYTHING." "[SARCASTICALLY] THAT'S JUST LOVELY." "THE CLOUDS, THE GRASS, THE AIR." "HEAVEN IS A WONDERFUL PLACE!" "YEAH." "NO SURPRISES, HUH?" "SAY..." "WOULD YOU LIKE TO DANCE?" "YOU MEAN IF I'M WAITING FOR AN INSIDE STRAIGHT UP HERE," "I'D KNOW IN ADVANCE WHETHER I FILLED IT?" "WE KNOW HOW IT ALL TURNS OUT." "YOU MUST HAVE STUDIED DANCING." "YOU HAVE NATURAL RHYTHM, UNUSUAL FOR A WHIPPET." "OH, I'M GETTING DIZZY!" "EVERYTHING IS SO LOVELY HERE..." "SO PLANNED, SO ORDERED." "THAT'S WHAT'S DRIVING ME CRAZY." "♫ I NEED BRAZIL ♫" "♫ THE THROB, THE THRILL ♫" "♫ I'VE NEVER BEEN THERE ♫" "♫ BUT SOMEDAY I WILL ♫" "♫ ADVENTURE AND DANGER ♫" "♫ LOVE FROM A STRANGER ♫" "♫ LET ME BE SURPRISED ♫" "♫ LA DA DA DA DA DA BO BO BO ♫" "♫ OOH, LA LA LA ♫" "♫ TODAY THERE'S SUN ♫" "♫ THEY SAID THERE'D BE SNOW ♫" "♫ WHEN ALL'S SAID AND DONE ♫" "♫ ♫ IT'S FUN NOT TO KNOW ♫" "♫ ♫ WHAT KEEPS MY HEART HUMMING" "♫ ♫ IS GUESSING WHAT'S COMING ♫" "♫ ♫ LET ME BE SURPRISED ♫" "♫ OH, OH ♫" "♫ OH, AIN'T IT GREAT ♫" "♫ AIN'T IT GREAT ♫" "♫ WHEN FATE MAKES YOU WAIT?" "♫" "♫ LA LA LA LA LA LA ♫" "♫ THE WORLD SEEMS MIRTHLESS ♫" "♫ AND YOU FEEL WORTHLESS ♫" "♫ AND SUDDENLY ♫" "♫ THERE'S A BIG B ONE ON YOUR PLATE ♫" "♫ OH, CHARLIE, PLEASE REMEMBER ♫" "♫ DOWN THERE'S A WORLD OF USED CARS ♫" "♫ AND SINGLES BARS ♫" "♫ BROKEN DREAMS ♫" "♫ AND OUT-OF-REACH STARS ♫" "♫ BUT IT ISN'T OVER ♫" "♫ NOT FOR THIS ROVER" "♫ I DON'T LIKE TO STEAL ♫" "♫ AH AH AH ♫" "♫ BUT I DON'T BUY THIS DEAL ♫" "♫ LA LA LA ♫" "♫ IN 'BOUT 3 SECONDS ♫" "♫ SHE'LL HAVE REALIZED ♫" "♫ AH AH AH AHH ♫" "♫ AND SHE'S GONNA BE ♫" "CHARLIE, WHAT ARE YOU DOING?" "CHARLIE, WHAT ARE YOU DOING?" "♫ WAIT TILL YOU SEE ♫" "WHAT'S THAT YOU HAVE BEHIND YOUR BACK?" "♫ SHE'S GONNA BE" "CHARLIE, DON'T WIND THAT WATCH!" "♫ SURPRISED!" "♫" "CHARLIE!" "CHARLIE!" "YOU CAN NEVER COME BACK!" "YOU CAN NEVER COME BACK!" "[ZOOM]" "[SPLASH]" "[SPLASH]" "[COUGHING]" "[CAT SCREECHES]" "[CAT SCREECHES]" "[GASPING]" "[GASPING]" "[TICKING]" "[TICKING]" "I'M ALIVE." "CHARLIE, YOU CAN NEVER COME BACK." "YOU CAN NEVER COME..." "[THUNDER]" "[THUNDER]" "OH!" "OH!" "[WHIMPERING]" "[WHIMPERING]" "CHARLIE." "[CREAK]" "CHARLIE!" "LOOK OUT!" "LOOK OUT!" "CHARLIE!" "NO!" "NO!" "NO!" "ITCHY, IT'S OK." "IT'S OK, LITTLE BUDDY." "IT'S ME." "CHARLIE." "OH, CHARLIE!" "CHARLIE, IT'S YOU!" "I SAW CARFACE, AND HE WAS CHOKING ME." "HE WAS GRABBING MY NECK, AND..." "OH, HI, CHARLIE." "HI." "AARRRGGHH!" "SHH!" "CHARLIE!" "YOU'RE A GHOST!" "CHARLIE!" "YOU'RE A GHOST!" "[RUFF!" "]" "GET BACK!" "GET BACK!" "DON'T HURT ME." "HERE." "TAKE MY NINE-PIECE RATCHET SET." "MY OIL CAN!" "DON'T GO WITHOUT MY ROLLS-ROYCE HOOD ORNAMENT." "I'M NOT DEAD." "PLEASE, I GOT A BAD BACK." "QUIET!" "ITCHY, I'M NOT A GHOST." "I'M NOT DEAD." "NOW, BE QUIET." "I'M GOING TO TAKE MY HAND AWAY FROM YOUR MOUTH," "AND YOU'RE GOING TO BE QUIET, AREN'T YOU?" "HA HA!" "THAT'S MY PAL." "AAHH!" "WILL YOU SHUT UP?" "ITCHY, I'M ALIVE!" "LOOK." "DO GHOSTS HAVE FLEAS?" "NO." "GHOSTS DON'T HAVE FLEAS." "RIGHT." "CHARLIE, CHARLIE, IT'S REALLY YOU." "BUT I SAW THE CAR AND THE RIVER..." "I KNOW." "AND YOUR LIFELESS BODY FLYING THROUGH THE AIR." "ITCHY, WHAT CAN I SAY?" "IT WASN'T MY TIME." "I'M SO HAPPY TO SEE YOU, CHARLIE!" "YOU DON'T KNOW HOW MUCH I MISSED YOU!" "SHUT UP!" "YOU WANT THE WHOLE WORLD TO KNOW I'M BACK?" "YOU THOUGHT I WAS DEAD." "SO WILL CARFACE." "HE TRIED TO KILL ME." "I'LL MAKE HIM PAY!" "WE DON'T WANT TO DO THAT." "WE DO." "I WAS THE BRAINS OF THE OUTFIT." "WHEN I LEFT, HE SHOULD HAVE GONE UNDER." "THAT'S IT, BOSS." "WE'LL GO UNDER." "DEEP, DEEP UNDER." "I DON'T WANT TO GO UNDER." "THE OPERATION GREW." "IT GOT BIGGER." "NOW HE WON'T SHARE." "WE COULD SHARE A NICE LITTLE PLACE" "IN THE HIMALAYAS." "I HATE THE HIMALAYAS." "WAIT." "THEY GOT GAMBLING, RACES." "WELL, THEY EVEN GOT A TOWN CALLED TIBET." "YOU KNOW, TO-BET." "WE COULD NAB LLAMAS, MOUNTAIN GOATS," "OPEN OUR OWN TRACK, BOSS." "HE'S GOT SOMETHING UP HIS SLEEVE." "YEAH, A GUN." "WHEN I FIND OUT WHAT IT IS," "I'M GONNA RUIN HIM." "I'M GONNA MAKE HIM SUFFER..." "SLOW." "HE'LL BE BEGGING FOR MERCY." "I'M BEGGING THAT WE GET OUT OF HERE." "BOSS, CARFACE HAS GOT THUGS," "AND THEY GOT MUSCLES, KNIVES." "AND HE'S GOT A MONSTER IN HIS BASEMENT." "WHAT?" "BOSS, THEY FEED IT!" "MONSTER?" "YEAH, MONSTER!" "I SAID MONSTER!" "MONSTER?" "HMM." "HA HA!" "HMM." "HA HA!" "CHARLIE, I JUST KNOW WE'RE BOTH GOING TO DIE." "Shut up!" "Shut up!" "Now, let me see here." "Now, let me see here." "Stop it!" "Stop it!" "Will you quit that?" "I've had it with your itching." "OH." "Hey, look, look, look, look!" "See...see..." "The monster?" "The monster?" "OK." "NOW LET'S GO HOME." "WHO KNOWS WHAT IT EATS?" "AHH!" "YAH!" "SOMEBODY'S GOT ME..." "I GOT YOU BY THE TAIL!" "WHY DON'T YOU TELL SOMEBODY YOU'RE GOING TO DO THAT?" "IT'S NOT WORTH IT BEING WITH YOU." "YOUR HANDS ARE COLD, TOO." "THERE." "THERE." "NOW, THERE IS YOUR MONSTER." "NOW, THERE IS YOUR MONSTER." "WELL, I'LL BE!" "WELL, I'LL BE!" "[CREAK]" "AHH!" "AHH!" "MR. CARFACE, CAN I GO OUTSIDE TODAY?" "SURE YOU CAN, LITTLE GIRL," "BUT FIRST YOU TALK TO THE RAT." "WELL, IF YOU WANT MY OPINION, BOSS," "I THINK MIGHTY MORRIS IS GOING TO WIN THE RACE." "OH, BOSS!" "THAT CIGAR!" "[COUGHING]" "HI, MR. LONGTAIL." "HOW ARE YOU TODAY?" "[GNAW GNAW]" "FINE, THANK YOU." "WILL YOU BE IN THE RACE TONIGHT?" "[GNAW GNAW]" "A SORE FOOT?" "YOU SHOULDN'T RUN." "[GNAW GNAW]" "AND TWIZZLE HAS A COLD?" "SHE SHOULD DRINK SOUP." "[GNAW GNAW]" "OH, SQUAD CAR HAS THE FLU." "HURRY IT UP." "HURRY IT UP!" "I'm sorry." "SO WHO DO YOU THINK WILL WIN?" "[GNAW GNAW]" "OH, I SEE." "THE SPOTTED GRAY." "KILLER!" "UH-HUH." "SHIFT THE ODDS ON THE SPOTTED GRAY" "AND FEED THE KID." "OH, BOSS, DO I HAVE TO?" "OH, BOY." "WHERE DID YOU BUY THAT THING?" "[COUGHING]" "[COUGHING]" "BUT, MR. CARFACE, YOU SAID I COULD GO OUTSIDE TODAY." "[CLOSES DOOR]" "[CLOSES DOOR]" "[CRYING]" "[CRYING]" "CHARLIE?" "A LITTLE GIRL WHO TALKS TO ANIMALS." "[DING]" "IMAGINE THAT." "BOSS, I THINK WE..." "DON'T." "I'LL DO THE THINKING." "BUT, BOSS!" "POOR CHILD." "WE'LL KIDNAP HER." "KIDNAP?" "UH, RESCUE HER." "BUT, BOSS..." "ITCHY, BUTTON IT UP." "UH, LITTLE GIRL!" "EXCUSE ME." "WE UNDERSTAND YOU'RE BEING HELD HERE AGAINST YOUR WILL." "LET ME INTRODUCE MYSELF." "SIT." "I AM CHARLIE B. BARKIN," "AND THIS IS MY ASSOCIATE, ITCHIFORD "ITCHY" DACHSHUND." "HOW DO YOU DO?" "AND IT STRIKES ME THAT THIS IS NOT THE PLACE FOR YOU." "AM I RIGHT?" "OH, WELL..." "LET US TAKE YOU AWAY FROM ALL THIS." "WHERE ARE YOUR PARENTS?" "I'M AN ORPHAN." "AHH!" "SHE'S AN ORPHAN." "SHE DOESN'T HAVE ANY PARENTS." "THAT SETTLES IT." "YOU'RE GOING TO STAY WITH ITCHY." "WHAT'S YOUR NAME?" "NO, NO, BOSS." "SHE CAN'T STAY WITH ME." "THIS HAS GONE TOO FAR." "I'M GETTIN' OUTTA HERE." "YOU HAVE NO COMPASSION." "UHH!" "STAY WITH ME." "ANNE-MARIE." "HUH?" "YOU ASKED MY NAME." "IT'S ANNE-MARIE." "LISTEN, YOU'D LIKE LIVING WITH ME, WOULDN'T YOU?" "YOU'RE GOING TO LOVE MY PLACE..." "CANOPY BED UNDER THE STARS, OPEN HEARTH, 3 SQUARE MEALS A DAY, RADIO, HEATER, WHITEWALLS." "I LIVE IN A CAB." "LOW MILEAGE, OF COURSE." "HA HA HA HA!" "HM HM HM!" "[PANTING]" "WHAT?" "!" "AAH!" "WHAT DO YOU MEAN SHE IS GONE?" "!" "WELL, YOU SEE, BOSS, I..." "SHUT UP!" "CAN'T YOU JUST..." "I..." "OOF!" "WAH!" "MORONS!" "I'M SURROUNDED BY MORONS!" "I'M SURROUNDED BY MORONS!" "AAH!" "BUT, BOSS, IT WASN'T MY FAULT." "TO BE PERFECTLY HONEST, YOU SEE," "I..." "UH..." "B-B..." "THUNDER WAS ON DUTY." "TAKE IT UP WITH HIM." "THUNDER WAS ON DUTY." "TAKE IT UP WITH HIM." "I LOVE THAT GIRL!" "I WANT HER BACK!" "NOW!" "BOSS, YOU SEE, THE THING OF IT..." "NOW!" "OH HO!" "MM HMM!" "[HORN HONKS]" "OH..." "OH..." "[JAZZ MUSIC PLAYS]" "ROBIN HOOD SAYS TO LITTLE JOHN," "THIS SHERIFF IS A BIMBO." "LET'S KNOCK HIM OFF AND TAKE THE GOLD." "WE'LL GIVE IT TO THE POOR SUCKERS" "WHO GOT TOOK IN THE FIRST PLACE."" "WHERE DO YOU GET THAT STUFF?" "WHAT KIND OF HOOD GIVES DOUGH TO THE POOR" "WITHOUT TAKING HIS CUT?" "I LIKE THIS STORY, MR. ITCHY." "YOU WOULD." "Shut up!" "I'm trying to get the brat to sleep." "THEN WHAT HAPPENS?" "WELL, THEN, UH..." "UH..." "GIVE ME THAT." "ALL THE POOR PEOPLE WAS HAPPY" "'CAUSE THEY WASN'T POOR NOW." "BUT THIS HOOD GUY'S OUT 50%." "SO WHAT?" "HIS DOLL LOVED HIM ALL THE MORE." "WAS SHE PRETTY?" "HA HA!" "SHE WAS TO DIE FOR!" "AH!" "AH!" "BUT THE WHOLE GANG WONDERED," "WOULD MAID MARIAN MARRY HIM?" "AND..." "SHE DID." "HA!" "NOW GO TO SLEEP, HUH?" "MR. ITCHY AND I GOT TO TALK SOME BUSINESS." "BOSS, LET'S GET SOMETHING STRAIGHT ABOUT THE KID." "GOOD NIGHT, MR. ITCHY!" "GOOD NIGHT, KID!" "I DON'T LIKE THIS." "WE'RE READING FAIRY TALES TO A LITTLE TIME BOMB" "LIKE SHE WAS BO PEEP AND..." "OHH!" "WE COULD STASH HER AT THE OLD CHURCH." "HA HA!" "WOULD YOU RELAX?" "CARFACE AIN'T GONNA LOOK FOR HER HERE." "HE THINKS I'M DEAD, REMEMBER?" "NOW, GET SOME SLEEP, PAL." "TOMORROW WE TAKE THIS LITTLE TIME BOMB" "TO THE HORSE TRACK," "AND WE MAKE OURSELVES A FORTUNE!" "HORSIES?" "HA HA HA!" "HORSIES?" "HA HA HA!" "NOW LOOK WHAT YOU'VE DONE!" "8:00." "OK, BOSS, 8:00." "I'LL BE THERE." "OK, BOSS, 8:00." "I'LL BE THERE." "HERE." "NOW GO TO SLEEP, HUH?" "CHARLIE, WOULD YOU PLEASE TUCK ME IN?" "PLEASE?" "HA." "YEAH." "HA." "YEAH." "CHARLIE," "MAY I PLEASE HAVE A GOODNIGHT KISS?" "WHAT?" "OH..." "SURE." "YUCK!" "BLECH!" "YUCK!" "THANK YOU FOR RESCUING ME." "AH." "HA HA." "SURE." "IT WAS..." "IT WAS NOTHING, KID." "IT WAS..." "IT WAS NOTHING, KID." "[SQUEAKING]" "HEY, SQUEAKER, KNOCK IT OFF." "I'M SORRY." "I'M SORRY." "[SNORING]" "[SNORING]" "OHWAHH!" "CHARLIE, YOUR FRONT SEAT HURTS ME." "OH, YEAH?" "AHEM." "ALL RIGHT." "ALL RIGHT." "ALL RIGHT." "DAMES." "THANK YOU, CHARLIE." "UH-HUH." "NOW, UH, GO TO SLEEP, HUH?" "NOW, UH, GO TO SLEEP, HUH?" "DEAR GOD..." "OH, NO!" "THANK YOU SO MUCH" "FOR MY NEW BEST FRIEND CHARLIE." "OH!" "AND THANK YOU FOR SENDING HIM TO RESCUE ME." "PSST!" "HEY!" "GOD BLESS MR. ITCHY..." "YEAH, BLESS ITCHY." "AND GOD BLESS CHARLIE." "AMEN." "OH, AND PLEASE HELP ME FIND A MOMMY AND DADDY." "UH!" "WHOO!" "CHARLIE?" "WHAT?" "DO YOU THINK YOU COULD HELP ME" "FIND A MOMMY AND DADDY?" "KID, I'LL HELP YOU FIND" "THE LOST CITY OF ATLANTIS!" "JUST PLEASE, PLEASE GO TO SLEEP!" "JUST PLEASE, PLEASE GO TO SLEEP!" "CHARLIE?" "WHAT?" "I have to go to the bathroom." "HA HA." "OF COURSE." "HA HA." "OF COURSE." "ANNE-MARIE, CUPCAKE, SWEETHEART." "PLEASE, JUST TALK TO THE HORSIE, HUH?" "TALK TO MR. HORSIE." "BOSS, MAYBE SHE ONLY TALKS TO RATS." "SHE TALKED TO ME, DIDN'T SHE?" "THAT MAKES YOU A RAT!" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "MAYBE HORSES IS TOO STUPID TO TALK." "[NEIGH]" "AHA!" "WHAT DID SHE SAY?" "[GROWLS]" "HEY, LISTEN, TRY THAT AGAIN, YOU," "AND YOU ARE GLUE!" "WHAT DID SHE SAY?" "YOU SOUND JUST LIKE MR. CARFACE." "WHAT?" "HE'S A CRIMINAL." "D-D-D-DID HE READ YOU STORIES?" "DID HE GIVE YOU A COMFORTABLE BED?" "DID HE KISS YOU GOOD NIGHT?" "I RESCUED YOU." "BESIDES, WE'RE GIVING THE MONEY TO THE POOR." "BOSS!" "SHARING IT WITH THE POOR." "LIKE ROBIN HOOD?" "LIKE THE STORY." "JUST LIKE IN THE STORY." "AND ANOTHER THING, IF YOU'RE SERIOUS" "ABOUT THIS MOMMY AND DADDY BUSINESS," "YOU'RE GOING TO NEED DOUGH OF YOUR OWN," "NEW DRESSES, NEW SHOES." "I KNOW THESE THINGS." "NOBODY WANTS A SCRAWNY LITTLE DOLL IN RAGS." "PROMISE YOU'LL HELP ME FIND A MOMMY AND DADDY?" "I PROMISE." "OH, CHARLIE!" "GOOD SHAPE FOR A LITTLE KID." "ISN'T THAT WONDERFUL?" "DON'T PICK ME UP." "PUT ME DOWN." "[GROWLS]" "EXCUSE ME." "COULD YOU TELL ME WHICH ONE OF YOU" "IS GOING TO WIN TODAY'S RACE?" "WE'LL GIVE THE MONEY TO THE POOR" "AND BUY ME A NEW DRESS SO I CAN GET SOME PARENTS." "[NEIGH]" "WHO?" "[WHISPERS]" "OH, HOW NICE." "WELL, WHAT IS IT?" "IT'S THE GRAND CHAWHEE'S BIRTHDAY." "CHEE HAW WHO?" "HUH?" "CHA WHO?" "CHEE." "CHEE HAW." "NO." "CHAWHEE!" "It's his birthday." "WHO DO YOU THINK IS GOING TO WIN?" "HE IS." "[FLIES BUZZ]" "[FLIES BUZZ]" "BUT YOU MUSTN'T TELL." "IT'S A SURPRISE." "I'LL SAY!" "CAN WE TRUST THIS HORSE?" "[NEIGHS LOUDLY]" "OK, OK!" "THE GRAND CHAWHEE, CHOO HAW," "CHAW HEE HEE, HOO HAW BY SURPRISE." "LET'S GO PLACE THE BET." "WITH WHAT DOUGH, BOSS?" "ITCHY!" "ITCHY!" "LET'S SEE HERE." "ALL WE NEED IS A COUPLE OF BUCKS." "A COUPLE OF BUCKS, A COUPLE OF BUCKS." "A COUPLE, A COUPLE..." "MMM!" "YEAH!" "A MOM AND DAD!" "YEAH, RIGHT." "SURE, KID." "NOPE!" "TOO THIN!" "[RUFF RUFF]" "TOO FAT." "HEE HEE HEE!" "OH, LOOK!" "CHARLIE!" "THEY'RE PERFECT!" "YOU KNOW, KID, I THINK YOU'RE RIGHT." "WAIT RIGHT HERE." "ITCHY." "BOSS, A NUMBER 17?" "NO, NO, ITCHY." "A NUMBER 3." "A NUMBER 3?" "THE LAME DOG?" "HA HA HA!" "OH, BOSS!" "[AROO!" "]" "MY FEET IS KILLING ME!" "HEY!" "[AROO!" "AROO!" "]" "[AROO!" "]" "[AROO!" "]" "[AROO!" "]" "OH, HAROLD!" "THE POOR LITTLE THING." "CUTE LITTLE FELLA." "WHAT'S WRONG, BOY?" "ITCHY!" "ITCHY!" "ARE YOU OK?" "OH!" "IS THIS YOUR DOG?" "WELL, KIND OF." "ITCHY, WHAT'S THE MATTER?" "[WHIMPERS]" "[WHIMPERS]" "OH!" "ITCHY!" "BOSS, WHAT DO I DO?" "HAM IT UP MORE." "WE ALMOST GOT IT." "LET ME SEE YOUR PAW." "OH, HE'S OK." "[AROO!" "]" "HEY, I GOT IT!" "LET'S GO!" "[RUFF]" "ITCHY!" "SEEMS TO BE JUST FINE." "WHAT'S YOUR NAME, LITTLE GIRL?" "ANNE-MARIE." "PLEASED TO MEET YOU." "I'M GETTING A NEW DRESS." "THAT'S NICE, DEAR." "WHERE ARE YOUR PARENTS?" "SQUEAKER, LET'S GO." "But I want to talk..." "WE'LL MISS CHAWHEE'S BIRTHDAY." "WE'LL MISS CHAWHEE'S BIRTHDAY." "LAST CALL FOR BETS." "[MUSIC PLAYS]" "[MUSIC PLAYS]" "[IN A LOW VOICE] I WANT TO MAKE A BET." "[IN A LOW VOICE] I WANT TO MAKE A BET." "GRAND CHAWHEE TO WIN." "PASS IT ON." "GRAND CHAWHEE TO WIN." "PASS IT ON." "GRAND CHAWHEE TO WIN." "AYIAHHA!" "OOH!" "OOH!" "WHOA WHOA WHOA!" "AHH!" "CHAWHEE?" "YOU KNOW SOMETHING I DON'T?" "IT'S HIS BIRTHDAY!" "[IN LOW VOICE] I MEAN, IT'S HIS BIRTHDAY." "THANK YOU." "THANK YOU." "[CALL TO THE POST]" "[CALL TO THE POST]" "ARE YOU GETTING ANY OF THAT IN YOUR MOUTH UP THERE?" "OOH!" "IT'S JU..." "OH, COME ON!" "GIVE ME A BREAK!" "YOU SEE ANYTHING UP THERE?" "MOSTLY THE BACK OF THE BUTTONS," "BUT OTHER THAN THAT..." "[BELL RINGS]" "COME ON, CHAWHEE!" "YOU CAN DO IT!" "IT'S YOUR BIRTHDAY!" "I DON'T CARE IF IT'S HIS BAR MITZVAH!" "THAT HORSE IS A GLUE POT!" "SHUT UP!" "PLEASE, CHAWHEE, PLEASE!" "COME ON!" "MOVE YOUR LEGS!" "COME ON!" "MOVE YOUR LEGS!" "YOO-HOO!" "REGINALD!" "EXCUSE ME." "OH!" "HA HA!" "SPLENDID!" "HELLO, STELLA!" "JOLLY GOOD DAY FOR A RACE, WHAT?" "OH, YES, BUT, REGINALD, HONEY," "I DO HATE TO RAIN ON YOUR PARADE," "BUT DID YOU KNOW" "IT'S THE GRAND CHAWHEE'S BIRTHDAY?" "OH, REALLY?" "YOU DON'T..." "OH." "TERRIBLY SORRY." "TERRIBLY SORRY." "[TOOT]" "HA HA HA HA!" "HE DID IT!" "WHOO HOO HOO!" "HE DID IT!" "HA HA!" "NO!" "ANNE-MARIE DID." "HA HA HA!" "HAPPY BIRTHDAY, CHAWHEE!" "HAPPY BIRTHDAY!" "I KNEW YOU COULD DO IT!" "HAPPY BIRTHDAY!" "HA HA HA HA!" "[SMACK]" "[COUGH]" "ARR!" "YUCK!" "ARR!" "YUCK!" "GO!" "GO!" "GO!" "GO!" "HA HA HA HA!" "HEE HEE HEE!" "AHEM!" "AHEM!" "[DOORBELL RINGS]" "[DOORBELL RINGS]" "[WHISTLES]" "[WHISTLES]" "[WHISTLES]" "[AROO!" "]" "[AROO!" "]" "[CRASH]" "[CRASH]" "[DANCE MUSIC PLAYS]" "[DANCE MUSIC PLAYS]" "SMILEY, WHAT DO YOU KNOW?" "WHAT DO YOU SAY?" "THAT'S USING YOUR HEAD." "HA!" "ENJOY!" "HEY, ITCH!" "THE PLACE LOOKS GREAT!" "HA HA HA!" "HEY!" "WHAT IS THIS?" "WHAT ARE YOU DOING?" "I'M LEAVING!" "YOU SAID WE WOULD HELP THE POOR," "AND WE DIDN'T." "YOU PROMISED TO FIND ME PARENTS." "YOU DIDN'T EVEN LOOK." "ALL YOU DO IS GAMBLE." "IT ISN'T RIGHT!" "YOU KNOW SOMETHING, YOU'RE RIGHT." "WHAT A SELFISH, CALLOUS CAD OF A HEEL I'VE BEEN," "BLIND TO THE NEEDS OF OUR SOCIETY'S LONELY UNLOVED." "THANK YOU." "THANK YOU FOR HELPING ME SEE THE LIGHT." "SQUEAKER, WE'RE GOING TO HELP THE POOR." "OH, CHARLIE!" "YUCK!" "BLECH!" "WHAT IS IT WITH YOU AND THIS KID?" "WE GOT A BUSINESS TO RUN." "WE GOT TO KEEP THE LITTLE KID HAPPY, RIGHT?" "BLECH!" "BLAH!" "BLECH!" "BLAH!" "I KNEW WE SHOULD HAVE USED THE PLIERS!" "I KNEW WE SHOULD HAVE USED THE PLIERS!" "CHARLIE'S ALIVE," "AND I KNOW HE'S GOT THE GIRL!" "[COUGH COUGH]" "KILLER, THIS IS STRIKE 2." "YOU'RE OUT." "WAIT, BOSS!" "I GET ONE MORE STRIKE!" "LOWER HIM!" "OH!" "NOTHING PERSONAL, KILLER." "BUSINESS." "UMM!" "UMM!" "IF YOU WANT SOMETHING DONE RIGHT," "YOU GOT TO DO IT YOURSELF." "OOH." "HOW DO I HANDLE CHARLIE?" "KNIVES?" "BOSS!" "POISON?" "CAR DIDN'T WORK." "SOMETHING." "SOMETHING VERY SPECIAL." "BOSS!" "PULL ME UP, PLEASE!" "I GOT A GUN!" "A GUN?" "WHAT KIND OF GUN?" "BOSS, YOU HEAR ME?" "I GOT A GUN!" "STOP, FISHIES!" "STOP!" "I DON'T TASTE THAT GOOD!" "BOSS!" "PULL ME UP!" "I GOT..." "I GOT A..." "I GOT A..." "OW!" "OW!" "A FLASH GORDON THERMO-ATOMIC RAY GUN, BOSS." "A RAY GUN!" "HEH HEH HEH HEH HEH!" "HEH HEH HEH HEH HEH!" "Radio:" "HA HA HA HA HA!" "WHO DOES HIS EVIL DEEDS IN THE SHADOWED DARK OF NIGHT?" "HA HA HA HA HA!" "THE PHANTOM DOES!" "UHH!" "THESE ARE SOME OF THE POOREST PEOPLE" "I KNOW." "THEY'RE BROKER THAN..." "THE 10 COMMANDMENTS." "HEH HEH." "A LITTLE JOKE." "VERY LITTLE." "VERY LITTLE." "[FOOTSTEPS]" "[DOOR CREAKS]" "AAH!" "[WHIMPERING]" "HEY!" "ANYBODY HERE ORDER A PIZZA?" "CHARLIE!" "CHARLIE!" "CHARLIE!" "PIZZA!" "PIZZA!" "PIZZA!" "PIZZA!" "[RUFF RUFF]" "HOLD IT!" "HOLD IT!" "HEY!" "HOLD IT!" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "HOLD IT!" "HOLD IT!" "I WANT YOU..." "I WANT YOU..." "HEY!" "I WANT YOU KIDS TO MEET AVERY, VERY SPECIAL GUEST." "ANNE-MARIE." "PLEASED TO MEET YOU." "PLEASED TO MEET YOU." "[GROWLING]" "[RUFF RUFF]" "[RUFF RUFF]" "HA HA HA HA!" "HELLO, CHARLIE." "HELLO, FLO." "IT WAS NICE OF YOU TO COME BY." "WE DON'T SEE MUCH OF YOU ANYMORE." "YOU KNOW HOW IT IS." "GOT A BUSINESS TO RUN." "YEAH." "I KNOW HOW IT IS." "OH, CHARLIE." "GOSH, HOW THESE LITTLE GUYS LOVE YOU." "[GRRR]" "[GRRR]" "HO!" "HO!" "HEY!" "EASY!" "EASY!" "UNCLE CHARLIE, CAN I HAVE MORE?" "WHATEVER YOU WANT." "HERE." "EAT THE BOX." "WHATEVER YOU WANT." "HERE." "EAT THE BOX." "[RUFF RUFF]" "THAT'S MINE!" "JUST A MINUTE, PIZZA PUP!" "DON'T YOU WANT TO SHARE?" "HEY!" "ALL RIGHT." "IT'S ONLY A PIZZA, FELLAS." "COME ON!" "DO YOU MIND SHARING?" "NOW, COME ON." "DON'T FIGHT!" "I'LL TELL YOU SOMETHING ABOUT SHARING." "♫ ♫ WHAT'S MINE IS YOURS ♫" "♫ WHAT'S YOURS IS MINE ♫ ♫" "♫ THE MORE YOU SHARE ♫" "♫ ♫ THE MORE THE SUN'LL SHINE ♫" "♫ EVERYBODY ♫" "♫ ♫ WHAT'S MINE IS YOURS ♫" "♫ WHAT'S YOUR... ♫ HEY!" "WILL YOU PUT THAT PIZZA..." "STOP IT!" "THIS IS NOT RIGHT." "YOU SHOULDN'T BE FIGHTING." "LISTEN TO UNCLE CHARLIE!" "♫ ♫ WHETHER YOU'RE THE BOSS" "♫ OR SOMEONE'S PET ♫" "♫ THE MORE YOU GIVE ♫" "♫ ♫ THE MORE YOU'RE GONNA GET ♫" "♫ YOU'VE GOT A LITTLE OR A LOT ♫" "♫ YOU'VE GOT TO SHARE 'CAUSE YOU KNOW WHAT... ♫" "I'M PROUD OF YOU!" "♫ EACH OTHER'S ALL THAT WE HAVE GOT ♫" "♫ THE SUN'LL SHINE ♫" "♫ IF ♫" "♫ YOU ♫" "♫ SHARE ALL THE TIME ♫" "♫ WHAT'S MINE IS YOURS ♫" "♫ ♫ YOU'VE GOT" "♫ WHAT'S YOURS IS MINE ♫" "♫ ♫ YOU'VE GOT TO SHARE" "♫ THE MORE YOU SHARE ♫" "♫ ♫ EACH OTHER'S AL" "♫ ♫ THE MORE THE SUN'LL SHINE ♫" "♫ IF ♫" "♫ YOU ♫" "♫ SHARE ALL THE TIME ♫" "♫ ♫ WHETHER YOU'RE THE BOSS" "♫ OR SOMEONE'S PET ♫" "♫ THE MORE YOU GIVE ♫" "♫ ♫ THE MORE YOU'RE GONNA GET ♫" "♫ ♫ MORE THAN YOU HAD ♫" "♫ ♫ THE MORE YOU'RE GONNA GET ♫" "♫ ALL YOUR LIFE ♫" "♫ ♫ THE MORE YOU'RE GONNA GET ♫" "♫ ALL YOUR LIFE ♫" "♫ ♫ THE MORE YOU'RE GONNA GET ♫" "♫ ♫ THE MORE YOU'RE GONNA GET ♫" "HEE HEE!" "[BARKING]" "HEE HEE HEE!" "HEE HEE HEE!" "EH!" "[RUFF RUFF]" "[RUFF RUFF]" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "CHARLIE, WHERE DID YOU GET THIS?" "WELL, I..." "AHEM!" "AHEM!" "I, UH..." "I, UH..." "YOU STOLE IT!" "I WAS GOING TO GIVE IT BACK." "YOU STOLE IT." "HEY, SQUEAKER!" "COME ON!" "COME BACK, KID." "I..." "I..." "I..." "OH, BLAST!" "OH, BLAST!" "♫ ♫ ALL I HAVE IS A PICTURE" "♫ ♫ IF WE WERE TOGETHER ♫" "♫ ♫ IF WE WERE TOGETHER ♫" "♫ LET'S PRETEND THAT YOU'RE FAR AWAY ♫" "♫ ♫ LET'S SAY YOU WRITE TO ME ♫" "♫ AND YOU PROMISE IN YOUR LETTER ♫" "♫ AND YOU PROMISE IN YOUR LETTER ♫" "♫ ♫ THAT YOU'LL COME HOME ♫" "♫ ♫ COME HOME TO MY HEART ♫" "♫ WHEN YOU COME HOME ♫" "♫ ♫ WE'LL NEVER BE APART ♫" "♫ ♫ IF I KEEP DREAMING OF YOU ♫" "♫ ♫ START BELIEVING IT'S TRUE ♫" "♫ SOON YOU'LL COME HOME ♫ ♫" "♫ ♫ SOON YOU'LL COME HOME ♫" "♫ SOON YOU'LL COME HOME TO MY HEART ♫" "♫ SOON YOU'LL COME HOME TO MY HEART ♫" "♫ ♫ SOON YOU'LL COME HOME ♫" "♫ HOME TO MY HEART ♫" "♫ ♫ SOON YOU'LL COME HOME ♫" "♫ HOME TO MY HEART ♫" "♫ IF I BELIEVE ♫" "♫ IF I BELIEVE ♫" "[RUMBLING]" "Angel:" "CHARLIE..." "CHARLIE." "YOU CAN NEVER COME BACK." "YOU CAN NEVER COME..." "YOU CAN NEVER COME..." "[THUNDER]" "[THUNDER]" "[RUMBLING]" "[RUMBLING]" "NO!" "NO!" "AAH!" "AAH!" "WHAAHH!" "WHAAHH!" "AAH!" "AAH!" "AWOOO..." "AAH!" "Evil voice:" "YOU CAN NEVER GO BACK!" "AAH!" "AAH!" "AAH!" "CHARLIE..." "CHARLIE." "CHARLIE." "CHARLIE, WAKE UP!" "CHARLIE, WAKE UP." "UHH!" "UHH!" "UHH!" "AAH!" "[THUD]" "UHH!" "UHH!" "DID YOU HAVE A BAD DREAM?" "WAS IT A MONSTER?" "DID IT BITE?" "OH, BOY." "IT WAS..." "IT WAS ONLY A DREAM." "[SIGHS]" "ANNE-MARIE?" "ANNE-MARIE?" "ANNE-MARIE?" "ANNE-MARIE!" "WHERE IS THAT KID?" "SHE WENT TO 402 MAPLE STREET" "TO SEE THE WALLET FAMILY." "WHAT?" "!" "WHAT?" "Great." "Great." "YOU LIKE WAFFLES?" "OH, YES." "VERY MUCH, THANK YOU." "NO, THANK YOU." "THIS IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL HOUSE I'VE EVER SEEN." "THANK YOU, ANNE-MARIE." "WHERE DO YOU LIVE?" "I LIVE WITH CHARLIE." "HE'S MY DOG." "OH." "BUT WHAT ABOUT YOUR PARENTS?" "I DON'T HAVE ANY PARENTS." "THEN WHERE DO YOU STAY?" "WITH CHARLIE IN THE JUNKYARD." "ANNE-MARIE, YOU SIT RIGHT THERE." "HONEY, COME WITH ME." "HONEY, COME WITH ME." "WE CAN'T LET HER LEAVE HERE" "WITH NOWHERE TO GO." "I KNOW, HONEY." "Charlie:" "HEY!" "HEY!" "Pssst!" "COME HERE." "COME HERE." "Psst!" "OH, CHARLIE," "HAROLD AND KATE ARE REALLY WONDERFUL." "THEY WEREN'T UPSET ABOUT THE WALLET." "THEY GAVE ME REAL WAFFLES WITH BUTTER AND SYRUP." "REALLY?" "THAT'S GREAT." "LOOK, UH, I'M GLAD TO SEE..." "YOU FOUND A HOME FOR YOURSELF." "OH, DO YOU THINK SO?" "SURE, SURE." "IN FACT, UH, I, UH, I JUST CAME OVER" "TO..." "SAY GOOD-BYE." "GOOD-BYE?" "YEAH." "I GUESS YOU WON'T BE" "NEEDING ME ANYMORE." "MAYBE YOU COULD STAY, TOO." "NO, I COULDN'T STAY." "I MEAN, I DON'T WANT TO SPOIL IT FOR YOU." "THEY DON'T WANT A DIRTY OLD DOG LIKE ME" "IN A NICE, CLEAN HOUSE LIKE..." "LIKE THIS." "BUT, CHARLIE..." "DON'T WORRY ABOUT ME." "I..." "I'LL MAKE OUT..." "SOMEHOW." "[COUGHING]" "OH..." "BY THE WAY," "YOU WERE THE BEST FRIEND I..." "I EVER HAD." "[COUGHS]" "[COUGHS]" "ENJOY YOUR WAFFLES." "[COUGHING]" "CHARLIE?" "CHARLIE, WAIT!" "CHARLIE, WAIT!" "ALL RIGHT." "A LITTLE MORE TO THE LEFT." "I DON'T WANT TO HIT THE GIRL." "STEADY." "STEADY." "HOLD IT, HOLD IT." "AND..." "GOOD-BYE, CHARLIE." "GOOD-BYE, CHARLIE." "OH, NO!" "CHARLIE!" "GOT HIM!" "CHARLIE!" "CHARLIE!" "OH, YOU BEAUTIFUL LITTLE TICKER." "COME ON." "WE GOT TO GET OUT OF HERE!" "HE'S GETTING AWAY!" "FIRE!" "FIRE!" "MORONS!" "I'M SURROUNDED BY MORONS!" "AAAH!" "HOW..." "HOW DO YOU S-S-STOP THIS THING?" "HOW..." "HOW DO YOU S-S-STOP THIS THING?" "[PANTING]" "[PANTING]" "YOU OK, SQUEAKER?" "OH, CHARLIE, I THOUGHT THEY SHOT YOU." "SO DID I." "SO DID I." "MR. CARFACE DOESN'T KNOW WHO HE'S DEALING WITH." "I GOT A POWER OF MY OWN," "AND I'M GONNA TAKE CARE OF HIM RIGHT NOW." "AND THERE AIN'T NOTHIN' OR NOBODY THAT'S GONNA STOP ME!" "AND THERE AIN'T NOTHIN' OR NOBODY THAT'S GONNA STOP ME!" "CHARLIE." "WALK..." "WALK SOFTLY." "WALK SOFTLY!" "YEOOOWW!" "AAAAH!" "[SPLASH]" "MY WATCH!" "WHERE'S MY WATCH?" "WHERE ARE WE?" "I DON'T KNOW." "WE GOT TO FIND THAT WATCH." "MAYBE IT'S IN THE WATER." "WHAT?" "!" "NO!" "[COUGHING]" "NO!" "NO!" "LISTEN, LISTEN!" "[TICKING]" "OH, NO!" "NO!" "IT STOPPED!" "NO!" "IT STOPPED!" "GOOD-BYE." "GOOD-BYE, ANNE-MARIE." "GOOD-BYE?" "CHARLIE, WHERE YOU GOING?" "CHARLIE!" "CHARLIE!" "THERE IT IS." "WHAT'S GOING ON HERE?" "GADS, WE'RE HAUNTED." "CHARLIE!" "AAH!" "AAH!" "[CHANTING]" "WHAT DID THEY SAY?" "TELL THEM TO GIVE ME BACK MY WATCH." "Anne-Marie:" "I CAN'T, CHARLIE." "THEY TALK FUNNY." "I DON'T CARE!" "I DON'T CARE!" "GOT IT!" "UH-OH!" "UH-OH!" "OH!" "OH, NO!" "[CHANTING]" "[CHANTING]" "CHARLIE, WHAT'S THAT MOVING IN THE WATER?" "I DON'T KNOW." "I DON'T KNOW." "SQUEAKER!" "WE'RE GOING TO DIE." "OH!" "OH!" "PLEASE!" "MY WATCH!" "PLEASE!" "MY WATCH!" "AHH!" "YOU LOOK LIKE" "A TASTY NEW ORLEANS CANINE GUMBO!" "[COUGHING]" "NO!" "DON'T EAT HIM, PLEASE!" "[COUGHING]" "[GRR]" "[♫ AROOOO ♫]" "AHH!" "HOW CAN YOU EXPECT ME" "TO EAT A VOICE AS SUMPTUOUS AS THIS?" "♫ WHEN I HEAR A DULCET TONE LIKE THAT ♫" "♫ IT GIVES ME A BIG THRILL ♫" "[THUMP]" "♫ ♫ I CAN'T EAT A SINGER ♫" "♫ I NEVER COULD ♫" "♫ I NEVER WILL ♫" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "OH, WHAT DO YOU CALL THAT VOICE, LITTLE FELLA?" "THAT A BARITONE OR A TENOR?" "IT'S, UH..." "I DON'T CARE." "IT'S JUST YOU AND ME." "♫ LET'S MAKE MUSIC TOGETHER ♫" "♫ LET'S MAKE SWEET HARMONY ♫" "♫ OH, LET'S MAKE MUSIC TOGETHER, BABY ♫" "♫ YOU TAKE THE DO, I'LL TAKE THE RE ♫" "♫ YOU'D BETTER HANG ON TO ME ♫" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "♫ WE ARE BIRDS OF A FEATHER ♫" "♫ ♫ LOOKING FOR THE RIGHT KEY ♫" "♫ OH, LET'S MAKE MUSIC TOGETHER, BABY ♫" "♫ 'CAUSE ONLY MUSIC MAKES A MAN FREE ♫" "♫ GONNA MAKE A BEAUTIFUL SONG ♫" "♫ SING ALONG ♫" "♫ GONNA LET THAT NATURAL BEAT ♫" "♫ MOVE YOUR FEET ♫" "♫ WHEN THE MUSIC'S DEEP DOWN IN YOU ♫" "♫ THERE'S NOTHING THAT YOU CAN DO ♫" "♫ BUT BELIEVE ♫" "♫ OH, BELIEVE ♫" "♫ THERE AIN'T NOTHIN' LIKE SINGING ♫" "♫ AND OUR VOICES JUST BLEND ♫" "♫ OH, LET'S MAKE MUSIC TOGETHER, BABY ♫" "Both: ♫ LIFT OUR VOICES TOGETHER, PARTNER ♫" "♫ LET'S MAKE MUSIC FOREVER, BABY ♫" "♫ AND WE'LL ALWAYS BE FRIENDS ♫" "WE'LL BE FRIENDS." "♫ LET'S MAKE MUSIC TOGETHER ♫" "Y ♫ ♫ LET'S MAKE SWEET HARMON" "♫ OH, LET'S MAKE MUSIC TOGETHER, BABY ♫" "Y ♫ ♫ LET'S MAKE SWEET HARMON" "♫ ♫ OH, LET'S MAKE..." "YOU OK, SQUEAKER?" "♫ LET'S MAKE SWEET HARMONY ♫" "♫ LET'S MAKE MUSIC...♫" "CHARLIE, I DON'T FEEL GOOD." "OH, SQUEAKER." "♫ OH, LET'S MAKE MUSIC TOGETHER, BABY ♫" "♫ LET'S MAKE SWEET HARMONY ♫" "HO!" "HO!" "HO!" "♫ LET'S MAKE MUSIC TOGETHER, BABY ♫" "♫ LET'S MAKE SWEET HARMONY ♫" "♫ OHH... ♫" "♫ OHH... ♫" "♫ ♫ A HOM DE DA DE DA HOM ♫" "♫ HOM DE DA DE DA CHA CHA CHA CHA ♫" "♫ CHA CHA TI TA ♫ HAHH!" "HAHH!" "ROCKY!" "RELIEVE JOCKO ON GUARD DUTY." "I NEED SOME HELP IN HERE." "ROCKY!" "ROCKY?" "UM, JOCKO?" "ROCKY." "AAH!" "OH!" "WHERE'S THE GIRL?" "AH, I..." "I DON'T KNOW." "AH, I..." "I DON'T KNOW." "I THINK YOU DO." "WHAT DO YOU THINK, BOYS?" "IF YOU WANT MY OPINION..." "SHUT UP!" "PLEASE, DON'T DO THIS." "UH, CHARLIE." "TO CHARLIE..." "WITH LOVE." "THIS IS A VERY BAD IDEA." "YO!" "CHARLIE!" "[ANNE-MARIE COUGHS AND MOANS]" "Flo:" "SHE'S BURNING UP WITH FEVER, CHARLIE." "SHE COULD HAVE PNEUMONIA." "THINK SHE NEEDS A VET?" "CHARLIE, SHE'S A LITTLE GIRL." "SHE NEEDS A DOCTOR." "DOCTOR." "DOCTOR." "I DON'T KNOW ANY DOCTORS." "BUT I'LL FIND ONE." "Itchy:" "CHARLIE!" "Itchy:" "CHARLIE!" "CHARLIE, YOU HERE?" "HEY!" "BE QUIET!" "SQUEAKER'S SICK AND NEEDS HER SLEEP." "OH, YOU'RE BREAKING MY HEART." "OH, YOU'RE BREAKING MY HEART." "MAYBE I SHOULD GO UPSTAIRS AND KISS HER GOOD NIGHT." "ITCH, WHAT HAPPENED TO YOU?" "WHAT HAPPENED TO ME?" "YOU WANT TO KNOW WHAT HAPPENED TO ME?" "YES." "I'LL TELL YOU WHAT HAPPENED TO ME." "CARFACE HAPPENED TO ME, WITH ABOUT 50 OF HIS THUGS." "OH." "THAT DIRTY RAT." "OH!" "I'M SORRY, ITCH." "I REALLY AM SORRY." "WELL, LOOK WHAT ELSE HAPPENED" "WHILE YOU WERE SIDETRACKED." "SEE THAT?" "THAT'S OUR PLACE." "YOU WERE GOING TO FIX CARFACE." "WELL, HE FIXED US!" "YA SEE, BOSS?" "IT'S GONE TOO FAR." "YOU WANTED REVENGE ON CARFACE," "AND I SAID, "NO." "PLEASE, LET'S GET OUT OF TOWN,"" "BUT I STAYED BECAUSE..." "BECAUSE YOU'RE MY FRIEND." "THEN YOU WANTED TO KIDNAP THE GIRL," "AND I SAID, "THIS IS CRAZY!"" "BUT I HELPED YOU." "AND..." "AND THEN WE GOT TO DRESS THE GIRL" "AND READ HER STORIES." "AND SHE WANTS WE SHOULD FEED THE POOR." "AND THE WHOLE WHILE I'M THINKIN'," ""THIS IS STUPID!" "SHE'S GONNA GET US KILLED!"" "BUT I STAY BECAUSE I'M YOUR FRIEND." "BUT TONIGHT..." "TONIGHT..." "CHARLIE, HE TRIED TO KILL ME!" "HE TRIED TO KILL ME, CHARLIE," "AND YOU WAS OUT GALLIVANTING WITH THIS..." "WITH THIS GIRL!" "I SAY WE SHOULD LOSE THE GIRL," "GET OUT OF TOWN, CHARLIE, YOU AND ME," "THEN CALL IT EVEN." "NOW THE CASINO'S GONE." "WE GOT TO START ALL OVER." "WE NEED THE GIRL MORE THAN EVER." "NO, BOSS!" "YOU'RE CRAZY." "IT'S NOT BUSINESS ANYMORE, IT'S PERSONAL." "AH, COME ON, ITCHY." "SURE, IT'S JUST BUSINESS." "I MEAN..." "YOU'RE IN LOVE WITH THE GIRL." "YOU'VE GONE SOFT." "YOU CARE ABOUT HER." "LOOK, I DON'T CARE ABOUT THE GIRL!" "I TELL HER THINGS NOW AND THEN." "I PRETEND TO BE HER BEST FRIEND," "BUT IT'S BALONEY!" "I THOUGHT I WAS YOUR BEST FRIEND." "YOU ARE MY BEST FRIEND!" "WITH HER IT'S JUST BUSINESS!" "IT'S ALWAYS BEEN BUSINESS." "I'M USING THE GIRL!" "AND WHEN WE'RE DONE WITH HER," "WE'LL DUMP HER IN AN ORPHANAGE!" "IS THAT OK WITH YOU?" "!" "SURE, BOSS." "ANYTHING YOU SAY." "ANYTHING YOU SAY." "OH." "YOU'RE NOT MY FRIEND." "YOU'RE A BAD DOG!" "SQUEAKER!" "AH!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "WHERE ARE YOU GOING?" "ANNE-MARIE!" "WHERE ARE YOU GOING?" "[THUNDER]" "Anne-Marie:" "AAAH!" "CARFACE!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "TAKE THIS TO 402 MAPLE STREET." "SHE HAS FRIENDS THERE." "THEY'LL KNOW WHAT TO DO." "AND HURRY!" "THEY'LL KNOW WHAT TO DO." "AND HURRY!" "[RUFF RUFF]" "[RUFF RUFF]" "WHAT'S AT 402 MAPLE STREET?" "WOULD YA JUST TELL ME WHERE IT IS?" "PLEASE." "CHARLIE'S IN TROUBLE," "AND THERE'S A LITTLE GIRL REAL SICK." "402 MAPLE'S OVER BY THE FIREHOUSE." "THANKS." "WHAT WAS THAT ALL ABOUT?" "[BOW WOW]" "CHARLIE'S IN TROUBLE." "A LITTLE GIRL MAY DIE." "WELL, TARNATION!" "[WOOF WOOF]" "[WOOF WOOF]" "[HOWL]" "[BOW WOW]" "[BOW WOW]" "[HOWL]" "[HOWL]" "Charlie:" "ANNE-MARIE." "Charlie:" "ANNE-MARIE." "ANNE-MARIE." "ANNE-MARIE." "COME ON, SQUEAKER." "WAKE UP!" "I'M GOING TO GET YOU OUT OF HERE." "[COUGHS]" "YOU ARE SICK, AREN'T YOU?" "JUST HOLD ON, KIDDO." "I'M GOING TO TAKE YOU BACK TO THE WALLET FAMILY." "HA HA HA!" "HI, CHARLIE." "ISN'T THIS JUST THE SWEETEST THING?" "IT IS, BOSS." "IT REMINDS ME" "OF WHEN LASSIE RESCUED..." "SHUT UP." "TAKE HIM, BOYS!" "TAKE HIM, BOYS!" "[DOGS BARKING]" "[DOGS BARKING]" "WHAT IS IT, DEAR?" "DOGS." "DOGS." "[BARKING]" "WHERE DID THEY ALL COME FROM?" "HAROLD!" "HAROLD, DO SOMETHING." "HAROLD, DO SOMETHING." "[♫ AROOOO ♫]" "[♫ AROOOO ♫]" "Carface:" "HA HA HA!" "SO YOU SEE, CHARLIE," "THIS STORY HAS A HAPPY ENDING." "I KEEP THE GIRL AND MAKE A FORTUNE," "AND YOU..." "YOU GET TO GO TO HEAVEN." "YOU DON'T WANT TO GO TO HEAVEN, CHARLIE?" "[RUMBLING]" "[RUMBLING]" "ABANDON SHIP!" "LET'S GET OUT OF HERE!" "ABANDON SHIP!" "LET'S GET OUT OF HERE!" "♫ OHH ♫" "♫ TOGETHER ♫" "HA HA HA!" "HA HA HA!" "HUH?" "AH!" "AH!" "[BARKING]" "[BARKING]" "COME ON!" "AAAH!" "AAAH!" "OOH!" "OOH!" "GRR!" "GRR!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "AAAH!" "AAAH!" "GRRR!" "OOW!" "AAAH!" "AAAH!" "AAAH!" "AAAH!" "WHOA HO HA!" "WHAAA!" "WHAAA!" "MMM!" "DELICIOUS!" "AAH!" "AAH!" "AAH!" "AAH!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "ANNE-MARIE!" "[GASPING FOR BREATH]" "[COUGHING]" "[COUGHING]" "YOU CAN MAKE IT!" "YOU CAN MAKE IT, KID!" "YOU CAN MAKE IT, KID!" "OOH!" "OOH!" "[TICKING]" "[TICKING]" "CHARLIE." "CHARLIE." "[COUGHS]" "[SIREN]" "MMM." "MMM." "[GASPS]" "[GASPS]" "OH, SQUEAKER." "I'M SORRY." "I'M SORRY." "I'M SO VERY SORRY." "I'M SO VERY SORRY." "Evil voice:" "CHARLIE." "Evil voice:" "CHARLIE." "[GRRR!" "]" "[GRRR!" "]" "Angel:" "CHARLIE." "Angel:" "CHARLIE." "CHARLIE." "YOU CAN COME HOME NOW." "YOU SAID I..." "CHARLIE, YOU GAVE YOUR LIFE FOR HER." "COME HOME." "WHAT ABOUT ANNE-MARIE?" "SAY GOOD-BYE, CHARLIE." "SAY GOOD-BYE, CHARLIE." "[YAWNS]" "[YAWNS]" "CHARLIE." "YEAH, IT'S ME." "HOW YOU FEELING, KID?" "OK." "HOW ARE YOU?" "WELL..." "I'VE COME TO SAY GOOD-BYE." "WHERE ARE YOU GOING?" "JUST ON A LITTLE TRIP." "LISTEN, SQUEAKER, I WANT YOU TO DO SOMETHING FOR ME." "UH-HUH." "I WANT YOU TO TAKE CARE OF ITCHY," "YA KNOW, JUST WHILE I'M GONE." "YOU'VE GOT A HOME NOW," "AND HE DOESN'T HAVE ANYBODY." "DON'T WORRY, CHARLIE, I WILL." "GREAT." "WELL..." "AHEM!" "GOOD-BYE, LITTLE BUDDY." "OH, CHARLIE, I'LL MISS YOU." "OH, CHARLIE, I'LL MISS YOU." "[SMACK]" "YEAH..." "WELL..." "I'LL MISS YOU, TOO, SQUEAKER." "NOW YOU GO TO SLEEP, HUH?" "CHARLIE, WILL I EVER SEE YOU AGAIN?" "SURE." "SURE YOU WILL, KID." "YOU KNOW, GOOD-BYES AREN'T FOREVER." "THEN GOOD-BYE, CHARLIE." "THEN GOOD-BYE, CHARLIE." "I LOVE YOU." "YEAH." "YEAH." "I LOVE YOU, TOO." "I LOVE YOU, TOO." "CHARLIE, COME HOME." "[ANGELIC MUSIC PLAYING]" "[ANGELIC MUSIC PLAYING]" "Charlie:" "HOLD IT!" "I KNOW WE'RE DEAD UP HERE, BUT SO'S THE MUSIC!" "HEAT IT UP A LITTLE." "HONEY, YOU KNOW IT!" "[PIANO PLAYS]" "THAT'S NICE." "THAT'S NICE." "♫ HALLELUJAH ♫" "AAAH!" "I'LL GET THAT GATOR" "IF IT'S THE LAST THING I DO!" "TOUCH THAT CLOCK," "AND YOU CAN NEVER COME BACK." "SHUT UP!" "I SAID!" "TOUCH THAT CLOCK," "AND YOU CAN NEVER COME BACK!" "HE'LL BE BACK." "HE'LL BE BACK." "♫ EVERYBODY ♫" "♫ COME ON ♫" "♫ COME ON AND JOIN THE SINGING ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH, HALLELUJAH ♫" "♫ NOW WE'RE SINGING ♫" "♫ HEY, BABY ♫" "♫ SING IT, BABY ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH, HALLELUJAH ♫" "♫ NOW THEY'RE COOKING ♫ ♫" "♫ THEY'RE REALLY COOKING ♫" "♫ COOKING, PARTNER ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH, HALLELUJAH ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH, HALLELUJAH ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH, HALLELUJAH ♫" "♫ LET'S MAKE THIS MUSIC LAST FOREVER ♫" "♫ HALLELUJAH ♫" "HA HA HA!" "HONEY, I'M SO GLAD YOU'VE COME TO STAY!" "HONEY, I'M SO GLAD YOU'VE COME TO STAY!" "[APPLAUSE]" "[APPLAUSE]" "♫ NOW I KNOW YOU'RE SAFE HERE IN MY HEART ♫" "♫ YOU WILL ALWAYS BE WITH ME ♫" "♫ WE'LL NEVER BE APART ♫" "♫ NEVER KNEW HOW STRONG MY LOVE COULD BE ♫" "♫ YOU'RE THE ONE I'VE WAITED FOR ♫" "♫ NOW YOU'RE HOME ♫" "♫ I BELIEVE ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES BEYOND OUR LIVES ♫" "♫ I FEEL THOSE TIES GROWING STRONGER ♫" "♫ GROWING STRONGER ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES THE TEARS WE'VE CRIED ♫" "♫ YES, LOVE ♫" "♫ SURVIVES IT ALL ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES IT ALL ♫ ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES IT ALL ♫ ♫" "♫ MMM MMMM ♫ ♫" "♫ MMM MMMM ♫ ♫" "♫ EVEN WHEN WE WANT TO RUN AND HIDE ♫" "♫ LOVE COMES IN ♫ ♫" "♫ TO PULL US THROUGH ♫" "♫ FROM DEEP INSIDE ♫" "♫ OH, THE MAGIC ♫" "♫ THE MAGIC ♫ ♫" "♫ HAS MADE US WHO WE ARE ♫" "♫ WHO WE ARE ♫" "♫ DON'T YOU SEE WE'VE COME SO FAR?" "♫" "♫ TAKE MY HAND ♫" "♫ YOU MADE ME UNDERSTAND ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES BEYOND OUR LIVES ♫" "♫ I FEEL THOSE TIES GROWING STRONGER ♫" "♫ GROWING STRONGER ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES THE TEARS WE'VE CRIED ♫" "♫ YES, LOVE ♫" "♫ YES, LOVE ♫" "♫ SURVIVES IT ALL ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES IT ALL ♫ ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES IT ALL ♫ ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES BEYOND OUR LIVES ♫" "♫ OH, I FEEL THOSE TIES GROWING STRONGER ♫" "♫ GROWING STRONGER ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES THE TEARS WE'VE CRIED ♫" "♫ YES, LOVE ♫" "♫ YES, LOVE ♫" "♫ SURVIVES IT ALL ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES IT ALL ♫ ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES IT ALL ♫ ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES IT ALL ♫ ♫" "♫ LOVE SURVIVES IT ALL ♫ ♫"
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Microprocessors and other integrated circuits include clock distribution networks for routing a clock signal to the circuitry of the microprocessor or other integrated circuits. These clock network are typically formed in a two-dimensional layout and have stringent timing and power requirements. Skew and jitter of the clock network cause clock uncertainty and decrease the timing margins.
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Belkin announced the Linksys EA6900 Wi-Fi router Thursday at the IFA conference in Berlin. It’s the first Linksys-branded product to come out of Belkin since the company bought the Linksys business unit from Cisco last March.
As router manufacturers are wont to do, Belkin also christened the device with a more elaborate second name: The Linksys Smart Wi-Fi AC1900. Why do companies do this? You’d think they’d have a hard enough time getting consumers to remember one name for a product.
Whatever you decide to call it, the latest device from Belkin is a concurrent, dual-band, 3x3 router. That means it can operate two separate networks simultaneously (one based on the new IEEE 802.11ac standard and a second based on the older IEEE 802.11n standard), and that it provides three transmit and three receive spatial streams to support physical data rates of 1.3 Gbps (for 802.11ac clients), and 600 mbps (for 802.11n clients).
The fastest 802.11n routers I'm familiar with top out at 450 mbps (150 mbps per spatial stream), so Belkin is apparently using a new chip that supports 256-QAM modulation to boost that rate to 200 mbps per spatial stream. But a network client must also be capable of handling 256-QAM modulation to achieve that top speed, and that's not common on older hardware. And as is always the case with Wi-Fi, real-world data rates on both bands will likely be much lower.
It’s always exciting to see external, removable antennas on routers.
Too many router manufacturers think about home décor before performance, so they hide the element that has the greatest impact on throughput and range—the router’s antennas—inside the case. I’m happy to see that Belkin allowed its engineers to outfit the EA6900 with external, removable, dipole antennas. Removable (and therefore upgradeable) dipole antennas are among the features that have made the Asus RT-AC66U my long-time favorite (Netgear, as you might have heard, has a very low opinion of it, but that’s another story). I might never upgrade my router’s antennas, but I like knowing that the option is available.
Too many router manufacturers think about home décor before performance.
The EA6900 is outfitted with an 800MHz dual-core processor, and it supports beam-forming technology to help the router and client establish the best wireless connection. (You can get a brief explanation of how beam forming works from this Macworld article.) The new router is outfitted with a four-port gigabit switch, one USB 3.0 port (which would be useful for sharing storage over the network), and one USB 2.0 port. Unfortunately, neither USB port can used to share a printer. The router is Wi-Fi and DLNA certified, and is compatible with both the Windows and Mac operating systems. As with many new routers these days, you won’t need a computer to set the router up. Belkin provides free Android and iOS apps so you can use your tablet or smartphone instead.
Belkin has also launched a new USB Wi-Fi adapter.
Belkin also announced a new 802.11ac wireless USB network adapter, their model number WUSB6300. This device will allow you to upgrade any desktop or notebook PC to 802.11ac speed. The WUSB6300 is a 2x2 adapter, though, so 802.11ac speed is limited to 867 mbps and 802.11n speed is limited to 300 mbps.
The WUSB6300 adapter is available now at an MSRP of $70. The EA6900 will be available in October for $250. (Belkin is currently offering a $20 discount on preorders.)
Update: While waiting for a fact-check from Belkin, I had speculated that the one of the EA6900's USB ports could be used to share a printer over the network. Belkin has since informed me that neither port can directly support a USB printer.
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Like many other multinationals over the past few decades, GlaxoSmithKline came to China for the chance to sell to 1.3 billion new customers in the world's fastest growing drugs market.
The company has invested heavily here, setting up clinical centers and research facilities in Tianjin and Shanghai. The drugmaker boasts that it has spent more than 1 billion yuan on research and development in China.
GlaxoSmithKline now stands accused of orchestrating a massive bribery and corruption scheme that included hundreds of millions of dollars in kickbacks in China. Four of the company's top executives have been detained by police and others have reportedly left the country.
It's not yet clear how much damage the scandal will do to GSK's reputation or bottom line. But the episode underscores the challenges of doing business in China, an enormous, rapidly developing market in which bribes and corruption are often deeply ingrained.
"There are certain industries where corruption is still very common," said Ben Cavender, an associate principal at China Market Research Group. The pharmaceutical industry, he said, is one in which bribery is endemic.
"GSK is not special in terms of what they do," Cavender said. "Most companies in this sector are probably using kickbacks or bribes."
It's not yet clear whether the GlaxoSmithKline allegations are tied to a probe of price setting practices at 60 pharmaceutical companies announced last month by authorities. But there are signs that investigators might soon name and shame more drug companies as part of a larger anti-corruption crackdown.
Wendy Wysong, head of Clifford Chance's anti-corruption practice in Asia Pacific, said Tuesday that her law firm is aware of four other pharmaceutical companies that are being investigated by local anti-corruption authorities.
Wysong declined to name the companies or say whether she represented any of the firms in question.
Related story: Rolls-Royce in China corruption probe
For now, it appears that GSK (GSK) will remain in the hot seat. Chinese authorities allege that the firm's employees used inflated charges at travel agencies to conceal the payment of bribes to doctors, hospitals and government officials.
It is likely that the bribery scheme was designed to encourage the use of GSK products, and to keep prices at artificially high levels.
GSK -- which makes Paxil, Avandia and Wellbutrin -- said Monday it was "deeply concerned and disappointed" by the allegations.
"GSK shares the desire of the Chinese authorities to root out corruption," a spokesperson said. "These allegations are shameful and we regret this has occurred."
Medical workers are thought to be particularly susceptible to bribery in China because their salaries often lag other fields -- even though extensive education is required to enter the profession.
"Doctors are severely underpaid relative to what they do," Cavender said. "They tend to have very low salaries and their compensation levels don't allow them to live a middle class lifestyle."
Related story: China opens investigation into drug prices
The pharmaceutical industry is also a place where the interests of the government clash with private enterprise.
The state finances medical care for many Chinese, making the government one of the drug companies' biggest customers. As a consequence, regulators often work to keep costs low through the implementation of price ceilings.
Lower pharmaceutical prices also helps keep inflation under control, leaving consumers with a little extra purchasing power -- a key factor as China works to encourage more domestic consumption.
After a series of high-profile scandals involving its own members, China's government is getting more serious about bribery. Former President Hu Jintao has even warned that a failure to tackle corruption could be fatal for China.
Cavender said that the GSK investigation is likely part of a much larger trend -- one with consequences for companies that draw the attention of authorities.
"For foreign companies doing business in China, it's going to be really important to keep to the exact letter of the law," he said.
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Sluggerrr has been at every home game since April 5, 1996.
Congratulations to Sluggerrr and the Kansas City Royals!Sluggerrr, the team's official mascot, has been inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame!The announcement came today from the hall of fame in Whiting, Indiana. “I’d like to thank all the Royals fans who helped vote me into the Mascot Hall of Fame, the front-office for supporting my ambitions and everyone involved with the Mascot Hall of Fame for voting me in,” Sluggerrr roared. “I take a lot of pride in being one of the mane attractions at Kauffman Stadium. I’d be lion if I said this wasn’t one of my proudest moments as the official mascot of the Kansas City Royals.”The Royals said Sluggerrr has appeared at every single Royals home game dating back to April 5, 1996.He's only the fourth MLB mascot to be inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame.This year's inductees include the Phillie Phanatic, Mr. Met and Slider of the Cleveland Indians.The Mascot Hall of Fame said Sluggerrr was selected for his "fun and innovative in-game antics, skits and videos, as well as a new school show program in 2017, which focuses on 'Striking Out Bullying' and teamwork skills."
Congratulations to Sluggerrr and the Kansas City Royals!
Sluggerrr, the team's official mascot, has been inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame!
Advertisement Related Content Eric Hosmer, Alex Gordon win Gold Glove Awards
The announcement came today from the hall of fame in Whiting, Indiana.
“I’d like to thank all the Royals fans who helped vote me into the Mascot Hall of Fame, the front-office for supporting my ambitions and everyone involved with the Mascot Hall of Fame for voting me in,” Sluggerrr roared. “I take a lot of pride in being one of the mane attractions at Kauffman Stadium. I’d be lion if I said this wasn’t one of my proudest moments as the official mascot of the Kansas City Royals.”
The Royals said Sluggerrr has appeared at every single Royals home game dating back to April 5, 1996.
He's only the fourth MLB mascot to be inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame.
This year's inductees include the Phillie Phanatic, Mr. Met and Slider of the Cleveland Indians.
The Mascot Hall of Fame said Sluggerrr was selected for his "fun and innovative in-game antics, skits and videos, as well as a new school show program in 2017, which focuses on 'Striking Out Bullying' and teamwork skills."
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This invention relates to a process for the separation of a gas containing hydrocarbons. The applicants claim the benefits under Title 35, United States Code, Section 119(e) of prior U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/045,874 which was filed on May 7, 1997.
Ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane and/or heavier hydrocarbons can be recovered from a variety of gases, such as natural gas, refinery gas, and synthetic gas streams obtained from other hydrocarbon materials such as coal, crude oil, naphtha, oil shale, tar sands, and lignite. Natural gas usually has a major proportion of methane and ethane, i.e., methane and ethane together comprise at least 50 mole percent of the gas. The gas also contains relatively lesser amounts of heavier hydrocarbons such as propane, butanes, pentanes and the like, as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases.
The present invention is generally concerned with the recovery of ethylene, ethane, propylene, propane and heavier hydrocarbons from such gas streams. A typical analysis of a gas stream to be processed in accordance with this invention would be, in approximate mole percent, 67.0% methane, 15.6% ethane and other C.sub.2 components, 7.7% propane and other C.sub.3 components, 1.8% iso-butane, 1.7% normal butane, 1.0% pentanes plus, 2.2% carbon dioxide, with the balance made up of nitrogen. Sulfur containing gases are also sometimes present.
The historically cyclic fluctuations in the prices of both natural gas and its natural gas liquid (NGL) constituents have at times reduced the incremental value of ethane, ethylene, and heavier components as liquid products. This has resulted in a demand for processes that can provide more efficient recoveries of these products, and for processes that can provide efficient recoveries with lower capital investment. Available processes for separating these materials include those based upon cooling and refrigeration of gas, oil absorption, and refrigerated oil absorption. Additionally, cryogenic processes have become popular because of the availability of economical equipment that produces power while simultaneously expanding and extracting heat from the gas being processed. Depending upon the pressure of the gas source, the richness (ethane, ethylene, and heavier hydrocarbons content) of the gas, and the desired end products, each of these processes or a combination thereof may be employed.
The cryogenic expansion process is now generally preferred for natural gas liquids recovery because it provides maximum simplicity with ease of start up, operating flexibility, good efficiency, safety, and good reliability. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,157,904, 4,171,964, 4,278,457, 4,519,824, 4,687,499, 4,854,955, 4,869,740, 4,889,545, 5,275,005, 5,555,748, and 5,568,737 describe relevant processes (although the description of the present invention in some cases is based on different processing conditions than those described in the cited U.S. patents).
In a typical cryogenic expansion recovery process, a feed gas stream under pressure is cooled by heat exchange with other streams of the process and/or external sources of refrigeration such as a propane compression-refrigeration system. As the gas is cooled, liquids may be condensed and collected in one or more separators as high-pressure liquids containing some of the desired C.sub.2 + components. Depending on the richness of the gas and the amount of liquids formed, the high-pressure liquids may be expanded to a lower pressure and fractionated. The vaporization occurring during expansion of the liquids results in further cooling of the stream. Under some conditions, pre-cooling the high pressure liquids prior to the expansion may be desirable in order to further lower the temperature resulting from the expansion. The expanded stream, comprising a mixture of liquid and vapor, is fractionated in a distillation (demethanizer) column. In the column, the expansion cooled stream(s) is (are) distilled to separate residual methane, nitrogen, and other volatile gases as overhead vapor from the desired C.sub.2 components, C.sub.3 components, and heavier hydrocarbon components as bottom liquid product.
If the feed gas is not totally condensed (typically it is not), the vapor remaining from the partial condensation can be split into two or more streams. One portion of the vapor is passed through a work expansion machine or engine, or an expansion valve, to a lower pressure at which additional liquids are condensed as a result of further cooling of the stream. The pressure after expansion is essentially the same as the pressure at which the distillation column is operated. The combined vapor-liquid phases resulting from the expansion are supplied as feed to the column.
The remaining portion of the vapor is cooled to substantial condensation by heat exchange with other process streams, e.g., the cold fractionation tower overhead. Some or all of the high-pressure liquid may be combined with this vapor portion prior to cooling. The resulting cooled stream is then expanded through an appropriate expansion device, such as an expansion valve, to the pressure at which the demethanizer is operated. During expansion, a portion of the liquid will vaporize, resulting in cooling of the total stream. The flash expanded stream is then supplied as top feed to the demethanizer. Typically, the vapor portion of the expanded stream and the demethanizer overhead vapor combine in an upper separator section in the fractionation tower as residual methane product gas. Alternatively, the cooled and expanded stream may be supplied to a separator to provide vapor and liquid streams. The vapor is combined with the tower overhead and the liquid is supplied to the column as a top column feed.
In the ideal operation of such a separation process, the residue gas leaving the process will contain substantially all of the methane in the feed gas with essentially none of the heavier hydrocarbon components and the bottoms fraction leaving the demethanizer will contain substantially all of the heavier hydrocarbon components with essentially no methane or more volatile components. In practice, however, this ideal situation is not obtained for two main reasons. The first reason is that the conventional demethanizer is operated largely as a stripping column. The methane product of the process, therefore, typically comprises vapors leaving the top fractionation stage of the column, together with vapors not subjected to any rectification step.
Considerable losses of C.sub.2 components occur because the top liquid feed contains substantial quantities of C.sub.2 components and heavier hydrocarbon components, resulting in corresponding equilibrium quantities of C.sub.2 components and heavier hydrocarbon components in the vapors leaving the top fractionation stage of the demethanizer. The loss of these desirable components could be significantly reduced if the rising vapors could be brought into contact with a significant quantity of liquid (reflux) capable of absorbing the C.sub.2 components and heavier hydrocarbon components from the vapors.
The second reason that this ideal situation cannot be obtained is that carbon dioxide contained in the feed gas fractionates in the demethanizer and can build up to concentrations of as much as 5% to 10% or more in the tower even when the feed gas contains less than 1% carbon dioxide. At such high concentrations, formation of solid carbon dioxide can occur depending on temperatures, pressures, and the liquid solubility. It is well known that natural gas streams usually contain carbon dioxide, sometimes in substantial amounts. If the carbon dioxide concentration in the feed gas is high enough, it becomes impossible to process the feed gas as desired due to blockage of the process equipment with solid carbon dioxide (unless carbon dioxide removal equipment is added, which would increase capital cost substantially) The present invention provides a means for generating a liquid reflux stream that will improve the recovery efficiency for the desired products while simultaneously substantially mitigating the problem of carbon dioxide icing.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that C.sub.2 recoveries in excess of 95 percent can be obtained. Similarly, in those instances where recovery of C.sub.2 components is not desired, C.sub.3 recoveries in excess of 95% can be maintained. In addition, the present invention makes possible essentially 100 percent separation of methane (or C.sub.2 components) and lighter components from the C.sub.2 components (or C.sub.3 components) and heavier components at reduced energy requirements compared to the prior art while maintaining the same recovery levels and improving the safety factor with respect to the danger of carbon dioxide icing. The present invention, although applicable for leaner gas streams at lower pressures and warmer temperatures, is particularly advantageous when processing richer feed gases at pressures in the range of 600 to 1000 psia or higher under conditions requiring column overhead temperatures of -110.degree. F. or colder.
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The first and perhaps most important difference between the current Ebola outbreak and the the 2009 H1N1 pandemic is that Ebola it is very slow moving. For example, the first case of Ebola is thought to have occurred 307 days ago on December 6th in a two-year old boy. Since that time there have been an estimated 8,032 cases (granted these could be underestimates). If you compare a similar 307-day period for 2009 H1N1, April 12, 2009 to February 12, 2010 CDC estimated that between 42 million and 86 million cases occurred in the US with a mid-level estimate of 59 million people infected. Think about that - 7300 times more cases of H1N1 using the mid-level estimate during the same 307 days.Another difference between influenza and Ebola is the incubation period (time from exposure to symptoms). Generally, the incubation period for influenza is 1-4 days (2-day average). For Ebola symptoms appear 2 to 21 days after exposure with an average of 8 to 10 days.A final difference between Ebola and 2009 H1N1, which seems to be overlooked in discussions of airport screenings and other control measures, is infectivity during the incubation period. Put another way, can you transmit the virus without knowing you are sick? With Ebola, humans are not infectious until they develop symptoms . In comparison, with 2009 H1N1 it's reported "that pre-symptomatic influenza transmission occurred via both contact and respiratory droplet exposure before the earliest clinical sign, fever, developed" in a ferret model. This finding has been confirmed in humans. Interestingly, SARS is not infectious prior to symptom development (see CDC and Zeng et al ), which may explain why we were ultimately able to contain SARS (unlike influenza).To summarize, Ebola is slower moving, has a much longer incubation period (especially compared to the duration of a transcontinental flight), and is not contagious before symptoms develop. What does this mean? It means that if Ebola was as infectious as influenza, millions would have already died - apocalypse. It also means that since Ebola is not transmissible during its long incubation period, it may be possible to quickly isolate patients when symptoms develop. Thus, airport screening on exit or entry could limit transmission and perhaps through early diagnosis allow Ebola infected patients to receive life saving treatment more quickly.A more concrete example: Imagine a person infected yesterday with influenza but still asymptomatic during their two day-incubation period. This person would screen negative overseas and in the US. However, it's highly likely that they are already infectious or will become infectious during their flight. Thus, many other passengers in the airport and plane would take influenza home with them as a vacation souvenir. Screening doesn't work for influenza. This would not be the case with Ebola because they will detect their symptoms as they become infectious and only spread it though blood exposure - something unlikely so early in the infection even on a long transcontinental flight. And think about how many times another person has bled on you even when they were bleeding (i.e. the Ebola condition) versus how many times someone has coughed or sneezed on you when they were coughing and sneezing (the influenza condition). **cough**Airport screening for Ebola symptoms may still be ineffective, but I would like to see a few more mathematical models analyzing the epidemiology of Ebola and the impact of specific screening programs. In the meantime, let's focus our attention and resources on the horrible plight in West Africa.image source: xkcd
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The airway epithelium represents the first line of defense for the lungs against inhaled-pollutants and infectious agents. Injury to the airway epithelium occurs during mechanical ventilation and in inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Movement of air into and out of the lungs during respiration causes wide variations in the distension of airways, and the epithelial cells lining the airways are thus exposed to both circumferential wall strain depending upon changes in airway diameter and longitudinal elongation or compression depending upon the expansion of the lung volume. Although there has been much interest in the function of epithelium in response to injury and in the pathogenesis of asthma and other chronic obstructive diseases, there has not been an investigation of the role of mechanical strain on the function of airway epithelium. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that physiological levels of mechanical strain regulate the rate of wound closure and the synthesis of eicosanoids in airway epithelial cells by mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species. This hypothesis will be investigated by stretching both primary cultures of cat tracheal epithelial cells and human bronchial epithelial cells as well as lines of human bronchial epithelial cells grown on elastic membranes using a novel biaxial strain device. Preliminary results demonstrate that both cyclic mechanical elongation and compression delay wound closure by inhibiting cell spreading and migration. Furthermore, indomethacin inhibits and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) enhances wound closure. Cyclic strain inhibits synthesis of PGE2, and other prostanoids by inactivating the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Preliminary evidence also suggests that COX inactivation is oxidant-mediated. In Specific Aim 1, the mechanisms by which cyclic stretch and compression inhibit wound closure in epithelial monolayers will be determined. Measurements of wound width, cell area, and internuclear distances will indicate cell spreading and migration at the wound edge. In Specific Aim 2, the mechanisms by which cyclic strain regulates the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostanoids will be determined. Western blots of COX-l and COX-2 protein expression and Northern blots of mRNA levels will be used to determine the adaptation response to cyclic strain. In Specific Aim 3, the role of epithelial oxidant/antioxidant balance in the stretch-induced regulation of wound closure and COX inhibition will be examined. Investigation of the mechanisms underlying epithelial repair and injury during cyclic strain may lead to better strategies for the management of patients during mechanical ventilation.
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Monday, July 03, 2017
FAKE NEWS
What is “fake”? When a publicized truth is in reality false;
when a given information is actually but
a lie; when a disseminated fact is but an invention or merely an imagination –
such is something fake. What is “news”?
A publication or disclosure of
something, an announcement of something previously unknown, a disclosure of
this or that unsaid event or unnoted realty, an exposé – this is news. What
is “Fake News” then? A published lie, a fabricated communication,
a disseminated misinformation – such is fake news. In a word, “Fake News” is a downright lie. And all lies are contrary to reason and
ethics, dissonant with good will and morals.
No. This is definitely not merely
a matter of good news but simply the demand of the eminent tripod of “Truth, Justice and Peace”, the absence
of which eventually means social havoc and disunity, dissent and harmony – be this
in the local, the national, or international level. Fake news benefit the fakers to the loss of
people of good will and intention.
So it is that the Office of the CBCP President issued an “Exhortation”
– dated 21 June 2016 - -, a short portion of which reads: “Crucial
decisions – personal and social – depend on accurate grasp of facts. “Alternative facts!’ and ‘fake news’ engender
faulty decisions usually with disastrous long term consequences to persons and
communities. Sadly, we see this
happening today. There are individuals
who have given themselves to the service of writing about what never happened,
concealing what really happened, and distorting what should be presented in a
straightforward manner.” (Par. 3)
The above quoted exhortative call has particular to Social
Media which in more known language comes to fore usually in terms of Instagram,
Twitter and Facebook. While most of
their more serious users register therein their personal thoughts, considered
opinions and individual perceptions in all sincerity and candor, , there are
users thereof who with full will and deliberate intent make use of the Social Media
basically for the purpose of sowing news fabrications and informational
falsehoods for personal reasons and purposes – not really excluding sowing this
or that manipulative statements for individualistic interests or profits of one
kind or another. This is neither that
surprising to know nor that profound to understand.
It is not really a matter of getting all good or receiving all
bad news as if the night and day events in the local, national, or
international are not in fact a marked composite of happy and sad events, an
interchanging admirable and detestable happenings. Rather, it is the question of knowing the
blessing or the curse affecting people
in the local and/or foreign soil.
To publish what is falsehood as the truth and/or what is truth as
falsehood – this is a fatal disservice to what is really right or what is
actually wrong. And while everybody else
wants to know the honest-to-goodness truth for their due appreciation and right
guidance, there are certain individuals who sow what is wrong or false, what is
lie and deception. These are errant and
erratic members of society whose present they harm and whose future they
undermine. News fakers – be gone please!
Oscar Cruz
About The Blogger
Most Reverend Oscar V. Cruz, D.D. is the Archbishop-Emeritus of Lingayen-Dagupan. He is currently the Judicial Vicar of the National Tribunal of Appeals. He is a prolific writer, having published several dozen books mostly on judicial and moral matters. His most recent book is about the Social Doctrines of the Church. He also has a blog where he posts regularly. He is an avid coin collector and dabbles in woodworking art.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for dealing with computer resources, and more particularly to a system and method for resolving conflicts of re-locking resources.
2. General Background
Distributed computer environments, such as computer networks, provide significant advantages to multiple computer clients or users. In particular, distributed environments allow multiple clients to actually share many different computer resources including both hardware and software resources. Sharing software-related resources provides many known benefits, such as the fact that only one such resource needs to be created, updated and maintained, and provides many known disadvantages, such as the fact that if one or more such resources are being used and locked by someone, the resources can not be used while others try to use and re-lock the resources.
Presently, the disadvantage of re-locking software-related resources becomes more and more prominent, and there is still no effective method to resolve the problem. If two or more separate client processes attempt to use the same resources, a potential re-locking situation may occur, where each locks one of the resources but prevents the other(s) from using all the resources. A re-locking situation precludes using success for each of the processes. One solution to this problem involves a server-side utility that monitors using requests and attempts to “remember” whether a using request has been granted to a client process that is now requesting a subsequent resource. Recognizing that a client process is requesting a subsequent resource provides the server the ability to anticipate potential re-locking situations before they occur. Unfortunately, a significant amount of overhead is required to store information related to all previously granted requests for using, and the client that requested the using.
What is needed, therefore, is a system and method for resolving conflicts of re-locking resources, which can anticipate re-locking situations before the re-locking situations occur in a computer, so as to resolve conflicts of re-locking resources of the computer.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to articles of luggage and more particularly to a garment bag that includes a detachable valet case and is mounted on wheels so that the entire article can be easily rolled across a supporting surface.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Garment bags have met with significant acceptance by travelers for many reasons, including their relatively light weight which makes carrying them easier, the ease of which they can be packed with clothes and other items, their flexibility to fit within certain otherwise confining spaces, an ability to carry them into the passenger compartment of commercial passenger aircraft, and others. One of the common disadvantages of garment bags is that it is difficult to confine small items such as shoes and cases for personal toiletry items within the garment bag. Many travelers, as a consequence, leave such smaller items loose in the garment bag or pack them in separate smaller suitcases. However, the necessity to use a separate smaller suitcase makes travelling more difficult because the smaller suitcase must also be carried and accounted for in addition to the garment bag.
Attempts have been made to make garment bags more useful as a single article of luggage. An invention described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,513 entitled "Garment Bag With Improved Packing Capability" which is of common ownership with the present application, describes an improved garment bag in which pocket-like enclosures are provided within the bag in which to pack a small number of relatively small items, such as shoes. Wardrobe luggage cases, which were commonly used many years ago, employed internal compartments in which certain small items could be packed and some of these internal compartments were even removeable after the wardrobe was opened. Wardrobes, however, fell into disfavor and remain in disfavor because they are basically very large, heavy, hard to handle and they have substantially rigid outer shells or walls. Wardrobes are usually more inconvenient for use than the present day large sized hard shelled suitcases.
Modern attempts have been made to attach garment bags and garment bag-like enclosures to small cases, such as small suitcases or attache cases. Usually these attempts involve wrapping the garment bag around the sides and bottom of the small case and attaching the ends of the garment bag at the handle of the small case. Other attempts include folding the garment bag-like enclosure in an accordion-like manner and connecting the garment bag enclosure to one side of the small case.
Until recently, the prior attempts at combining garment bags in small cases have all centered primarily around attempts to make the transportation of the two separate luggage articles more convenient. If any actual improvement in convenience has been obtained by such prior arrangements, the improvements in convenience seem somewhat insignificant since such arrangements do not seem to enjoy significant popularity among travelers. It would not appear that such prior attempts at combining garment bags and small cases have resulted in any significant improvements or advancements in making the luggage article more readily useable in a personal toiletry and clothing housing sense, as compared to that level of convenience which two separate luggage articles would themselves achieve.
Recently, however, significant improvements have been made in integrating the convenience in transportation features and the convenience of use features of a combination garment bag and packing case. U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,368 entitled "Combination Garment Bag and Packing Case Luggage Article", which is also of common ownership with the subject application, describes a garment bag including a conveniently deployable packing case which solves many of the previous shortcomings, but even this combination luggage lacks some desirable features available in other types of luggage such as the ability to roll the article of luggage across a supporting surface.
As a means of transportation, the incorporation of wheels into articles of luggage have met with much success and acceptance by the consuming public but it is difficult to incorporate wheels into garment bags due to the fact that the garment bags are made of flexible material which will not readily retain a consistent somewhat vertical orientation over supporting wheels. An attempt at incorporating wheels into a flexible walled piece of luggage is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,262,780 entitled "Fixture for Converting Luggage for Articulated Movement". As will be appreciated in that disclosure, the wheels are incorporated into end walls of the luggage but the luggage is permitted to articulate relative thereto so that the luggage can actually lean to one side or the other of the walls in which the wheels are mounted. This is felt to be an undesirable arrangement in that the article of luggage would appear to be unstable and easily tipped over which is inconveniencing at the least to the user of the luggage.
It is against this general background that the present invention has evolved.
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Charles Hamilton (MP)
Charles Hamilton (13 November 1704 – 18 September 1786), styled The Honourable from birth, was a British politician.
He was a younger son of James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn. Hamilton matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 4 November 1720. He received his BA in 1723.
Hamilton represented Strabane in the Irish House of Commons between 1727 and 1760. He sat also for Truro in the British House of Commons from 1741 to 1747. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in Mar 1747.
Hamilton's first wife, whose name seems to be unknown, died young, leaving two daughters, Jane and Sarah. He later married Agnes Cockburn of Ayr, Scotland in 1764. She died in 1772, aged 39.
He was the creator of Painshill Park
He died at his house on Lansdown Hill, Bath on 18 September 1786.
References
Category:1704 births
Category:1786 deaths
Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Category:British MPs 1741–1747
Category:Irish MPs 1727–1760
Category:Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Tyrone constituencies
Category:Younger sons of earls
Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
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I Was Punished By My 6th Grade Teacher For Flashing My Panties
--- By Becky Romero ---
I had been caught goofing off with a boy in class after lunch. He had a tennis ball in his book bag and was tossing it up at the ceiling when our teacher left the room for a few minutes. At one point, it bounced away from him and rolled down the aisle towards me. I picked it up and was teasing him with it, pretending I was going to keep it. He started to get mad, demanding it back. So I tossed it to him, plunking him on the head in the process (not on purpose, just a bad throw), just as our teacher walked back through the door.
Ms. Case was a no-nonsense, 60-something witch substituting for our regular 6th grade teacher who was out on maternity leave. My former first grade teacher, Ms. Case had semi-retired a year earlier and now worked in the front office. She was also the de-facto assistant principal at our small private school.
"Oh, no!" I thought to myself. She had seen what I was doing at lunchtime, with one of my girlfriends. We had been swinging our knees wide open back and forth so that a couple of cute boys in 7th grade we liked to flirt with could see the triangle patch of white cotton panties in between our thighs as we sat there. It was a game of us trying to flash them when the momentarily glanced away and them trying to catch us in the act. Eventually, I had gotten perhaps too bold when, with my legs spread, I lifted up the front of my skirt all the way to its waistband, flashing the two boys not only the front of my panties but several inches of flesh above so as well.
When I protested (and lied) that I hadn't done that, she said, "Don't you lie to me, young lady. I saw exactly what you were doing, as well as you, Melanie."
Whispering and low-level giggles could now be heard throughout the classroom.
"Shame on both of you," she continued. "Becky, come up to the front of the class."
A boy sitting near me who I knew from first grade whispered to another boy, "Ha! Ha! Becky's going to get a spanking."
(I had acquired that nickname from the only other time Ms. Case had spanked me - back in first grade)
Stopping at his desk and slapping his arm, I said, "I AM not! And she wouldn't dare anyway!"
Ms. Case overheard that and said, "Oh, really, Becky? You think I wouldn't? You weren't showing any modesty on the playground out there. Maybe a spanking like that will teach you how to act like a young little lady. Same goes for you, Melanie."
After making me sweat it out for a few minutes - at the time I thought for sure I was going to get a spanking - the boy, Wesley, who I had conked on the head spoke up, explaining it was just an accident with the tennis ball.
Miraculously, Ms. Case seemed satisfied by the boy's explanation. However, because of the class disruption we caused, we were both sent to the principal's office to get a punishment slip. Benchings and extra homework would be our sentence, which seemed quite reasonable. Once out into the safety of the hallway and the staircase heading downstairs, I grabbed Wesley and gave him a huge kiss on the mouth. It was my first such kiss. He told me later it had been his, as well. But I was so grateful for what he had done for me, I couldn't resist expressing my appreciation further before we got downstairs. He didn't mind that at all, either.
After five or so minutes we both returned to the classroom, having held hands practically until we got to the doorway. As we each handed Ms. Case our punishment slip to prove we had met with the principal (thankfully, the tennis ball part of the story was all we needed to tell him), I glanced over at my friend Melanie, who was sitting in her desk in the front row. She was sobbing, her face red as a beat. The boys around her were quietly giggling amongst themselves. What had happened? I soon found out firsthand.
Ms. Case called me out into the hallway, some of my classmates overhearing my pleas out there which feel on deaf ears.
When we returned into the classroom, Ms. Case held my panties in her hands and announced to me as well as my whole class, "Becky, since you are not ashamed to let everyone see your panties, this is where they will remain until next Friday."
And with that, she pinned my panties up above the right front corner of the chalkboard, as all but my closest friends erupted into laughter. That's when I noticed that on the other side of the chalkboard pinned up were Melanie's panties. And there was where our panties stayed, on display for all to see for a whole week and to serve as a warning to any other girl in our class who desired to flash her panties.
That would, rightly, provoke a lawsuit nowadays. In this case, I think the punishment was worse than the crime. It's a wonder this harridan didn't put you in the stocks and brand you with a letter F for "Flasher." I doubt the boys who were the recipients of your sweet favors felt at all abused.
Wonderful no girls at my school ever flashed their panties at me except once on the swings . One of my female schoolmates told me what I saw was school outer underwear . Girls wore those so wouldn't be indecent .
I was 17. My all boys' Jesuit high school swim team practiced at a local mens' private athletic club. The rules were that you swam naked. The teacher, a sub for the regular coach, who was a girlfriend of my older cousin, [<br />paddled my bare *** black and blue for getting an erection.
If you were one of the young ladies<br />in my class flashing like you <br />did I would have taken a caning <br />from staff and a thrashing from<br />Mutual schoolmates .You would<br />have been my heroine .
Hi, creativegoth.<br /><br />This happened in 6th grade. My mom wasn't exactly in the habit of checking to see if I still had my panties on when I came home from school. And of course I didn't immediately tell her what happened. She was out of town when my stepdad found out about what happened. Basically she didn't think it was a big deal what I had done, but didn't give me any sympathy over my being embarrassed or for being punished either.<br /><br />When I told her at one point I was afraid Mrs. Case was going to spank me in class in front of everyone, my mom told me that if I did it again I shouldn't be surprised if I did get spanked in class and that I was lucky I wasn't that day. She did make me write a note apologizing to the teacher. Although my mom didn't want my stepdad spanking me and it was a contention when he started to when I was a teenager and though she never spanked me herself, she was not opposed to me getting spanked at school (and I was, in first and second grades).<br /><br />Our private school didn't really have a formal spanking policy, but by that time (1998 - when I was in 6th grade) our teachers and principal had pretty much stopped spanking students over the previous couple years, although the year before the same teacher (she was subbing, she also the asst principal) spanked one of my friends over her panties in front of the class after she repeatedly hit a boy who was bugging her.<br /><br />That the spankings stopped was was lucky for me. Because when I got caught flashing my panties again in 8th grade by the same teacher on the playground, she pointed out to me how my mom had given permission for me to be spanked (after what happened 2 years earlier) and that she (the teacher) thought I needed a good one with my panties down. She said if it were up to her, she'd march me into my classroom after lunch and do just that.<br /><br />She also threatened to call my mom to school, but I begged and pleaded and cried. I don't think it was out of sympathy, but she let me off the hook maybe because school was going to be over in a few weeks. But it didn't stop her from giving me a verbal dressing down, however.
I got paddled in fifth grade when the school nurse came in to give us booster shots in the butt as we exited the shower. When it was my turn, I got an erection after the first shot. Probably because the nurse was very gentle as she swabbed my butt. There wasn't anything I could do about it. A nun pulled me by the ear after the second shot, had me grab my ankles, had someone fetch the paddle and gave me five whacks.
that must of been most embrassing for you to have your panties on display like that for week<br />did you two get spank also<br />an did this boy that save you from a in front class room spanking your bf now
Hi Becky, Kristy here. What a lovely story; just wanted to tell you how much I enjoyed it. Brought back so many memories from my childhood. My sister Lydia and I studied gymnastics at the local youth center, so we had endless opportunities for showing off our undies in the school playground. Every time we learned a new trick, we'd demonstrate it for our friends every lumchtime. Handstands, cartwheels, step-overs, flip-flops - you name it, we did it. Lydia had almost perfect balance, she could walk about on her hands with her dress over her head for an entire minute. You could <i>always</i> be sure there was a bunch of boys surreptitiously watching from a safe distance when we started the show : ) We were rarely (if ever) actually punished for it, most of our teachers didn't consider it a big deal. On a few occasions we were told to go across to the other side of the playground where we couldn't be seen from the street, but that was about it. I once heard a rumor that the sixth-grade boys used to run a betting pool on what color our panties were, but I was never able to confirm that one way or another :D
To remove blouse and bra to stand topless and exposed in front of the boys in class, must have been humiliating for a girl aged 12.<br /><br />I guess, when she is not obeying her orders, her panties were pulled down and she was made to bend for a bare butt caning. all the boys would have seen her naked boobs shaking around.<br /><br />How degrading.. I think, such a punshment should only be administered in case of severe violation.
Hi, rollingdonut,<br /><br />Oh, we knew what we were doing. It was a harmless little game, trying to close our legs before the boys turned back to look. They'd turn around, we'd flash them our panties. They'd turn back around to look, we'd close our legs.<br /><br />But after a while my friend Melanie and I were getting careless and not really caring that the boys were catching us every minute or so. But Mrs. Case had caught me not only doing that, spreading our legs opened and closed, but lifting my skirt all the way up, too.<br /><br />We weren't the only girls who had done this in our class or in others, but we had been caught and she made an example of us. Embarrassing, but it wasn't the end of the world.
reminds me of nuns pulling the boys into the cloakroom to have their ***** spanked. If you were bad, they'd drop your pants and do it over your tighty whities. Don't rememebr any of the GIRLS getting it though.
Hi, Sabrina,<br /><br />I grew up and live in the Midwest. My state prohibited corporal punishment - but only in public schools. It is allowed in private schools, one which I attended. My teacher had spanked me back in 1992, when I was in first grade.<br /><br />My teacher was an old hag who had been teaching since the 1950s and was then in her mid 60's. She was quite set in her ways. She started teaching in the days when they'd bash a girl's knuckles for hiking her skirt up too high. So she didn't think twice about taking my panties off in the hallway and embarrassing me in order to teach me to behave more ladylike.<br /><br />The way she thought of it was simple: since I was showing my panties to the boys on the playground, now everyone can see them. Same for my friend Melanie's. Quite embarrassing, but effective. Ms. Case embarrassed me to teach me a lesson, but I was lucky.<br /><br />At least I wasn't quite as embarrassed as one 12-year old Illinois boy was a few years ago. His teacher, Lisa Lox, made him ***** down to nothing but his underpants in front his whole class just to prove a point to him as part of a history lesson.<br /><br />http://web.archive.org/web/20031030224937/http://www.reviewatlas.com/articles/2003/10/28/news/news3.txt<br /><br />The boy wasn't even misbehaving; it was just part of her ''lesson.'' He was down to nothing but his briefs when he passed out from the anxiety of fearing he'd soon be totally naked in front of several dozen laughing girls and boys.<br /><br />As for me, I have absolutely no doubt that if I were in Lisa Lox's class at that age, 12, I would have felt compelled to obey her orders just as the humiliated boy did, leaving myself standing in front of my whole class in nothing but my panties, or perhaps nothing at all if she so ordered.<br /><br />Or take 6th grade teacher Susana Quiambao. It was reported in the Sun Times that she forced girls in her class who did poorly on exams to remove their blouses and stand topless and exposed in front of their entire class, even with boys present and watching!<br /><br />http://web.archive.org/web/20080511141805/www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2006/03/26/oped/melanie.t..lim.html<br /><br />All I know is that if I had to ***** in front of all my classmates every time I did poorly on a test or homework paper, I might as well simply have gone to school naked each day to begin with.
May I ask, where did you go to school? None of my teachers were allowed to use corporal punishment, and they certainly wouldn't have gotten away with making a girl take off her panties! Much less POST them!!!
Hi, jtotk,<br /><br />Yes, it was quite embarrassing but at least summer wasn't that far off. I had learned to live with teasing by then, but also have had great friends. Their friendship both helped enable me to laugh it off myself yet also protected me from any real mean teasing from other classmates. Couldn't do much about the smirking the boys gave me, but then consider why I was punished.<br /><br />Had I felt isolated with few friends, I'm sure it would have been much worse. But that did cure me from flashing my panties - until 8th grade. lol<br /><br />I was more embarrassed at home over it once my stepdad found out about it a little over a week later. He yelled, insulted and berated me and finally put me over his lap. I thought he was going to spank me but instead he unzipped and pulled off my skirt. That's how he made me stay the rest of the night, with my top on but only my panties on below. Of course, it was hell for me with my two brothers at dinner that night and when I had to stand there clearing the table and doing the dishes.<br /><br />My mom was out of town when my stepdad heard about it. She wasn't happy my stepdad punished me but she sort of laughed it off to me, thinking I was punished at school and that should have been the end of it. So basically she didn't think it was a big deal what I had done, but wasn't going to give me any sympathy over being embarrassed for being punished either.
Hi, sensuouswaves. As I said, I thought it was really just harmless flirting at the time. But the old hag who punished me thought otherwise. OK, yes she caught me going higher than 'sixth floor' (more like ''rooftop level'' - lol), so I suppose it was my own fault for being punished (or more accurately, "getting caught").
Becky,if you'd been in my 6th Grade Class, you'd have been my favorite classmate. I loved the girls who teased the boys. Our prettiest girls used to hike there skirts up their legs slowly, saying: "First floor, second floor, third floor, fourth floor, fifth floor, sixth floor (as they raised their skirts almost to their panties). Then they'd stop before reaching their best assets and say, "Sorry boys, the elevator's broken!"<br /><br />The 6th Grade Boys used to get a thrill from that!
Hi, kakdrukker. To answer your question: shameful. The boy sitting behind me in class kept trying to lift up the back of my skirt whenever I stood up or sat down and when school was over for the day and my friend Melanie and I were walking to go home - well, you can imagine that wasn't a very pleasant experience.
Hi, NudyDude,<br /><br />- blushing - <br /><br />Ms. Case sure got her points across to me. I didn't dare flash my panties again (until 8th grade - lol). But I'm sure she'd have liked to hike my skirt up and redden my bare bottom just for my back-talk alone. We didn't have any sort of official corporal punishment, but I had been spanked a few times back in first and second grade. Although had she done so then when I was 12, that would have been much more humiliating. As it turned out, I suffered that fate anyway at my girlfriend's house about a week later.<br /><br />And yes, we got our panties back at the end of the week. Fortunately, she took them down before school's Open House.
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Q:
Does Dapper work on Mono?
We're thinking about moving over to Mono and I see that Dapper works with MySql. However this is with a ADO.NET provider. Does Mono/Linux have a MySql ADO.NET provider and does that work with Dapper?
Eventually we are planning on moving our current site from MySql to PostgreSql and I'm also wondering the same question, but also interms of PostrgreSql, Mono and Dapper on linux?
A:
I'm using Dapper with the official MySqlConnector on an OpenSuse machine (+ mono) and it works great.
A:
Why not pull down the source and build it? Based on this comment from the Dapper home page:
Will dapper work with my db provider?
Dapper has no DB specific implementation details, it works across all
.net ado providers including sqlite, sqlce, firebird, oracle, MySQL
and SQL Server
...and Mono's ADO.NET implementation, I would think your chances are pretty good that the code will work with little or no modification.
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<?php
//============================================================+
// File name : example_063.php
// Begin : 2010-09-29
// Last Update : 2013-05-14
//
// Description : Example 063 for TCPDF class
// Text stretching and spacing (tracking)
//
// Author: Nicola Asuni
//
// (c) Copyright:
// Nicola Asuni
// Tecnick.com LTD
// www.tecnick.com
// info@tecnick.com
//============================================================+
/**
* Creates an example PDF TEST document using TCPDF
* @package com.tecnick.tcpdf
* @abstract TCPDF - Example: Text stretching and spacing (tracking)
* @author Nicola Asuni
* @since 2010-09-29
*/
// Include the main TCPDF library (search for installation path).
require_once('tcpdf_include.php');
// create new PDF document
$pdf = new TCPDF(PDF_PAGE_ORIENTATION, PDF_UNIT, PDF_PAGE_FORMAT, true, 'UTF-8', false);
// set document information
$pdf->SetCreator(PDF_CREATOR);
$pdf->SetAuthor('Nicola Asuni');
$pdf->SetTitle('TCPDF Example 063');
$pdf->SetSubject('TCPDF Tutorial');
$pdf->SetKeywords('TCPDF, PDF, example, test, guide');
// set default header data
$pdf->SetHeaderData(PDF_HEADER_LOGO, PDF_HEADER_LOGO_WIDTH, PDF_HEADER_TITLE.' 063', PDF_HEADER_STRING);
// set header and footer fonts
$pdf->setHeaderFont(Array(PDF_FONT_NAME_MAIN, '', PDF_FONT_SIZE_MAIN));
$pdf->setFooterFont(Array(PDF_FONT_NAME_DATA, '', PDF_FONT_SIZE_DATA));
// set default monospaced font
$pdf->SetDefaultMonospacedFont(PDF_FONT_MONOSPACED);
// set margins
$pdf->SetMargins(PDF_MARGIN_LEFT, PDF_MARGIN_TOP, PDF_MARGIN_RIGHT);
$pdf->SetHeaderMargin(PDF_MARGIN_HEADER);
$pdf->SetFooterMargin(PDF_MARGIN_FOOTER);
// set auto page breaks
$pdf->SetAutoPageBreak(TRUE, PDF_MARGIN_BOTTOM);
// set image scale factor
$pdf->setImageScale(PDF_IMAGE_SCALE_RATIO);
// set some language-dependent strings (optional)
if (@file_exists(dirname(__FILE__).'/lang/eng.php')) {
require_once(dirname(__FILE__).'/lang/eng.php');
$pdf->setLanguageArray($l);
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------
// set font
$pdf->SetFont('helvetica', 'B', 16);
// add a page
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->Write(0, 'Example of Text Stretching and Spacing (tracking)', '', 0, 'L', true, 0, false, false, 0);
$pdf->Ln(5);
// create several cells to display all cases of stretching and spacing combinations.
$fonts = array('times', 'dejavuserif');
$alignments = array('L' => 'LEFT', 'C' => 'CENTER', 'R' => 'RIGHT', 'J' => 'JUSTIFY');
// Test all cases using direct stretching/spacing methods
foreach ($fonts as $fkey => $font) {
$pdf->SetFont($font, '', 14);
foreach ($alignments as $align_mode => $align_name) {
for ($stretching = 90; $stretching <= 110; $stretching += 10) {
for ($spacing = -0.254; $spacing <= 0.254; $spacing += 0.254) {
$pdf->setFontStretching($stretching);
$pdf->setFontSpacing($spacing);
$txt = $align_name.' | Stretching = '.$stretching.'% | Spacing = '.sprintf('%+.3F', $spacing).'mm';
$pdf->Cell(0, 0, $txt, 1, 1, $align_mode);
}
}
}
$pdf->AddPage();
}
// Test all cases using CSS stretching/spacing properties
foreach ($fonts as $fkey => $font) {
$pdf->SetFont($font, '', 11);
foreach ($alignments as $align_mode => $align_name) {
for ($stretching = 90; $stretching <= 110; $stretching += 10) {
for ($spacing = -0.254; $spacing <= 0.254; $spacing += 0.254) {
$html = '<span style="font-stretch:'.$stretching.'%;letter-spacing:'.$spacing.'mm;"><span style="color:red;">'.$align_name.'</span> | <span style="color:green;">Stretching = '.$stretching.'%</span> | <span style="color:blue;">Spacing = '.sprintf('%+.3F', $spacing).'mm</span><br />Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In sed imperdiet lectus. Phasellus quis velit velit, non condimentum quam. Sed neque urna, ultrices ac volutpat vel, laoreet vitae augue. Sed vel velit erat. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos.</span>';
$pdf->writeHTMLCell(0, 0, '', '', $html, 1, 1, false, true, $align_mode, false);
}
}
if (!(($fkey == 1) AND ($align_mode == 'J'))) {
$pdf->AddPage();
}
}
}
// reset font stretching
$pdf->setFontStretching(100);
// reset font spacing
$pdf->setFontSpacing(0);
// ---------------------------------------------------------
//Close and output PDF document
$pdf->Output('example_063.pdf', 'I');
//============================================================+
// END OF FILE
//============================================================+
|
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"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Clergy knowledge and attitudes concerning faith community nursing: toward a three-dimensional scale.
Research has described faith community nursing practice, including positive aspects and barriers to practice. Barriers to faith community nursing practice must be identified and addressed to facilitate faith community nursing programs. The primary purpose of this study was to pilot test a newly developed instrument to measure knowledge and attitudes concerning faith community nursing. A survey design was used. The sample included clergy in the United Church of Christ (n=34). An investigator developed survey entitled Knowledge, Attitudes, and Opinions Concerning Faith Community Nursing was administered. Psychometric evaluation of the survey included content validity and internal consistency reliability for each of 3 scales. Coefficient alpha was high, ranging from .88 to .95. The results of the survey indicate that clergy, within the selected Christian denomination, generally have adequate knowledge and positive attitudes about faith community nursing. Knowledge scores on one item indicated some uncertainty among clergy about spiritual counseling as a nursing intervention. A major limitation to this study was the small, homogeneous sample. Future research should include further psychometric evaluation of validity and reliability in a larger, diverse sample. The results of this study indicate that, with further testing, the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Opinions Concerning Faith Community Nursing Survey has the potential to expand assessment of barriers to faith community nursing.
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………polish, polish
Whew!
This manicure was hard work. It took some time to accomplish… and that was my goal.
I’m testing out Seche Vite UV topcoat… used alongside the companion mini/portable UV lamp. I wanted a manicure that was tedious, and one that I felt I would really enjoy viewing for the long haul. This fit the bill.
|
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Burning Man 2016, a professional photographer's striking images
Participants attend Burning Man 2016, the largest outdoor arts festival in North America, in the Black Rock desert of Gerlach, Nevada. ("Sidney Erthal works with the Burning Man Project as an archivist, photographer, and translator.")
Participants attend Burning Man 2016, the largest outdoor arts festival in North America, in the Black Rock desert of Gerlach, Nevada. ("Sidney Erthal works with the Burning Man Project as an archivist,
Participants attend Burning Man 2016, the largest outdoor arts festival in North America, in the Black Rock desert of Gerlach, Nevada. ("Sidney Erthal works with the Burning Man Project as an archivist, photographer, and translator.")
Participants attend Burning Man 2016, the largest outdoor arts festival in North America, in the Black Rock desert of Gerlach, Nevada. ("Sidney Erthal works with the Burning Man Project as an archivist,
Over 70,000 participants attended Burning Man 2016, which took place from August 28th till September 5th in the Black Rock desert of Gerlach, Nevada. The theme this year for the largest outdoor arts festival in North America was "Da Vinci's Workshop," which was inspired by the Italian Renaissance of the middle fifteenth and early sixteenth century.
The Brazilian-born Erthal found his way to California to study English. After earning a degree in tourism, he "accidentally" ended up in Sausalito, where he had the opportunity to meet people who introduced him to the art of photography.
|
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But there it was in a Wilton Manors home: a real-life still, a jug of white lightning, and fixin's for producing even more, authorities said. There were even several cases of Mason jars, the traditional repository for illicit booze.
|
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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|
191 P.3d 738 (2008)
221 Or. App. 661
John M. UNO, M.D., P.C., Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
PROVIDENT LIFE & ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, a corporation, Defendant-Respondent.
06CV0163; A133991.
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
Argued and Submitted November 28, 2007.
Decided August 13, 2008.
*739 William A. McDaniel, Coos Bay, argued the cause for appellant. With him on the briefs was Whitty, Littlefield, McDaniel & Bodkin, LLP.
R. Daniel Lindahl argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Robert B. Miller and Bullivant Houser Bailey, PC, Portland.
Before EDMONDS, Presiding Judge, and WOLLHEIM, Judge, and SERCOMBE, Judge.
SERCOMBE, J.
Plaintiff, a disabled physician, appeals a judgment in favor of his insurer, defendant Provident Life & Accident Insurance Company (Provident). Provident issued plaintiff an overhead expense disability insurance policy. Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in interpreting that policy to preclude coverage when plaintiff was not engaged in the practice of medicine. We disagree with the trial court's construction of the policy and reverse the entry of summary judgment in favor of Provident.
Plaintiff is a physician who specializes in the practice of urology. In 1986, plaintiff purchased an overhead expense disability insurance policy from Provident. By the terms of the policy, Provident promised plaintiff to "pay benefits during a Period of Disability for Covered Overhead Expenses which accrue while you are totally disabled after the Elimination Period." The policy defined "Period of Disability" to include a period of "Total Disability (plus any Partial Disability which follows and for which benefits are paid)." "Total Disability" was defined, in turn, to mean
"* * * that due to Injuries or Sickness:
"1. you are not able to perform the substantial and material duties of your occupation; and
"2. you are receiving care by a Physician which is appropriate for the condition causing the disability."
"Partial Disability" means conditions where the insured is unable to perform one or more "substantial and material daily business duties," or unable to do "usual daily business duties for as much time as it would normally take * * * to do them" and is under the appropriate care of a physician.
In July 2004, plaintiff became totally disabled and ceased treating patients. He placed his medical license in retirement status and cancelled his medical malpractice insurance. Plaintiff hoped to recover from his disability, reactivate his medical license, and resume his practice. Accordingly, plaintiff continued to maintain his medical office, employing a part-time employee for the limited purposes of collecting accounts receivable, copying and mailing patient charts, paying bills, and storing financial and patient records.
In April 2005, plaintiff made a claim for benefits under the policy for expenses incurred in maintaining his downsized medical practice. Provident accepted the claim and paid approximately six months of benefits. Thereafter, Provident declined further payments on the basis that plaintiff's overhead expenses were not "covered overhead expenses" as defined by the policy. Plaintiff then brought an action against Provident for breach of contract.
The parties' dispute concerns whether the office expenses were "covered overhead expenses." As defined by the policy, "covered overhead expenses" are "items of expense incurred by you which are usual and customary in the operation of your business or profession. They must be generally accepted as tax deductible business overhead expenses." The trial court concluded that the office expenses did not qualify as "covered overhead expenses" because they were not "incurred * * * in the operation of [plaintiff's] business or profession." To so qualify, the trial court reasoned, plaintiff must be "currently active in the operation of a profession involving the medical practice of urology" in order for the benefits to be payable. *740 Because it concluded that plaintiff was not so engaged, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of Provident.
On appeal, plaintiff contends that "there are more facets to the operation of a urology practice than simply seeing patients," therefore, maintenance of his office for collections, billing, and storing patient files is part of the total operation of the business of his urology practice. Plaintiff adds that any ambiguity in the scope of covered expenses is to be resolved against the insurer. Conversely, Provident contends that plaintiff's business is "practicing medicine" and because plaintiff is "not treating patients, perform[ing] surgery, or conduct[ing] hospital rounds," he is not operating a business or profession for which benefits are owed under the terms of the policy. In Provident's view, plaintiff is essentially operating a collection agency, expenditures for which are not a payable benefit under the insurance policy.
Under the policy, plaintiff is entitled to benefits if he incurred "covered overhead expenses" during a period of "total disability." The parties do not dispute that plaintiff was totally disabled, as defined by the policy, during the period of the claim. Nor do they differ on whether the "items of expenses" herethe employee salaries, office rent and other costs of collecting accounts receivable, patient correspondence, and record keepingare the types of expense that fit within the definition of "covered overhead expense" under the policy. The policy specifically lists "employees' salaries," "rent," and "accounting, billing and collection service fees" as types of qualified overhead expenses. Those are the "items of expense" plaintiff incurred. The policy also lists specific items that are not included in the definition of "covered overhead expenses": certain salaries, additions to inventory, extraordinary expenses, more than proportionately shared overhead, overhead expenses reimbursable under another policy. Those excluded expenses are not the type of "items of expense" plaintiff incurred.[1]
Instead, the parties differ on whether costs associated with continuing plaintiff's business during a period of total disability were "items of expense incurred * * * in the operation of [plaintiff's] business or profession" and therefore were "covered overhead expenses" under the policy. Plaintiff contends that those business continuation expenses are part of the "operation of [plaintiff's] business or profession." Provident argues *741 that plaintiff is not "operating" his business unless he is practicing medicine. However, Provident does not specify the types of expenses that could be incurred after an insured becomes totally disabled and still qualify as "covered overhead expenses" under the policy.
The interpretation of the meaning of "operation of [a] business or profession" is a question of law. Hoffman Construction Co. v. Fred S. James & Co., 313 Or. 464, 469, 836 P.2d 703 (1992). The governing rule of the construction of an insurance agreement is to ascertain the intent of the parties. Totten v. New York Life Ins. Co., 298 Or. 765, 770, 696 P.2d 1082 (1985). That analysis begins with the terms and conditions of the policy. If those terms are not defined in the policy, we look to their plain meaning. Hoffman, 313 Or. at 469-70, 836 P.2d 703. If, after reviewing the plain meaning in context, the term or terms are susceptible to more than one plausible interpretation, the policy will be construed against the drafter. Id.
We conclude that the plain meaning of "operation of [a] business or profession" in the context of the insurance policy includes performing actions to continue plaintiff's business, without regard to whether patients are still being treated. The meaning of "operation" is "1 a * * * a doing or performing esp. of action: * * * b: a doing or performing of a practical work or of something involving practical application of principles or processes often experimentally or as part of a series of actions." Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary 1581 (unabridged ed. 2002) "Business" is defined as "1 a (1) * * * purposeful activity: activity directed toward some end * * * (2): an activity engaged in as normal, logical, or inevitable and usu. extending over a considerable period of time." Id. at 302. Finally, "profession" is defined as "4 a: a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive preparation * * *." Id. at 1811. Under those commonly understood definitions, business continuation activities are an "operation" in the sense that they are the performance of actions and the doing of practical work. The work is a "business" or part of plaintiff's "profession" because it is directed to some purposive end, the continuance of a professional practice, and because the billing and collection efforts continue normal activities that were part of plaintiff's professional practice. Thus, "covered overhead expenses" includes those type of expenses incurred in the continuation of the business or profession of the disabled insured.
The context of the rest of the policy supports an interpretation that "covered overhead expenses" includes business continuation expenses of a disabled insured and not just more immediate expenses. There is no specific exclusion for business continuation expenses. Just as importantly, the policy contemplates the incurring of expenses by a disabled insured over a long period of time. First, the benefits do not start immediately after an insured becomes disabled. The policy provides that benefits are not payable for "Covered Overhead Expenses which accrue during an Elimination Period." An "elimination period" is the time of total disability that must elapse before benefits become payable." (The elimination period in plaintiff's policy was 90 days.) Second, the policy limits the monthly benefit to $10,000 and the maximum benefit to $120,000. It thus contemplates scenarios where benefits would be paid for a period of total disability that lasted a year or longer. Expenses for that length of time are likely to be those incurred to continue a business or profession.
Finally, if an exclusion were intended for expenses incurred while an insured physician was not licensed or covered by malpractice insurance, the policy could have plainly said so. Based on the text of the definition of "covered overhead expenses," the failure to exclude business continuation expenses from that definition, and the context of the remaining portions of the policy, we conclude that the policy required the payment of business continuation expenses as part of "covered overhead expenses."
Nonetheless, Provident relies on Richardson v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 161 Or.App. 615, 984 P.2d 917, rev. den., 329 Or. 553, 994 P.2d 129 (1999), to argue that the policy covers only overhead expenses incurred while "operating a medical practice" in the sense of "examining patients, performing *742 surgeries, or making hospital rounds." However, we do not view Richardson as helpful to Provident's case because Richardson determined only that similar text in an overhead expense disability policy did not cover expenses incurred after a business was sold, expenses that obviously were not business continuation expenses.[2]
In Richardson, the plaintiff, a dentist and sole shareholder of his incorporated dentistry practice, brought an action against his insurer for nonpayment under two business overhead disability insurance policies. The policies provided coverage for regular business expenses "incur[red] in the conduct of your business or profession" in the event the plaintiff became disabled. Id. at 617, 984 P.2d 917 (emphasis added). "Total disability" was defined as "the inability `to perform the major duties of your occupation.'" Id. at 618, 984 P.2d 917.
The plaintiff's health deteriorated to a point where he could no longer practice dentistry, so he sold his stock in the professional corporation to one of his dentist employees and agreed in the stock purchase agreement to pay one year of the overhead expenses of the business. The plaintiff then submitted a notice of disability claim to his insurer. After denial of the claim, plaintiff filed a breach of contract action against the insurer to recover, among other things, the overhead expenses he had agreed to pay on behalf of his business successor. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the insurer on the breach of contract claim, finding that the policy did not cover the plaintiff's claim for business overhead expenses because he was not conducting a business after the sale of his corporation. This court agreed, holding that the plaintiff "did not conduct a business or profession after he sold his stock and, therefore, the policies did not cover his payment of overhead expenses." Id. at 623, 984 P.2d 917 (emphasis added). Notably, we did not decide whether the plaintiff conducted a business or profession after his disability and before he sold his stock, a situation more closely analogous to this case.
The determination of whether the plaintiff in Richardson was due benefits under his policies turned on the fact that he had sold his practice. The court concluded that he could not be "conducting" a business if he was no longer in that business. In contrast to the plaintiff in Richardson, plaintiff here still owns his medical practice and intends to continue it in the future. Thus, Richardson does not alter our conclusion that plaintiff's business continuation expenses were part of "covered overhead expenses" under the policy.
Based on the above, we conclude that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to Provident and in determining that expenses incurred in the operation of plaintiff's business could not include business continuation expenses and must include only those expenses resulting from the treatment of patients. However, our finding of error does not imply any ultimate success in plaintiff's claim. Again, the policy defined "covered overhead expense" as "items of expense incurred by [the insured] which are usual and customary in the operation of [the insured's] business or profession." (Emphasis added.) As we have said, business continuation expenses are categorically the type of expenses that are "incurred * * * in the operation of [a disabled insured's] business or profession." What is less clear is whether the incurring of business continuation expenses by plaintiff for a long period after his disability was "usual and customary" in the practice of urology, given his lack of recovery and the ongoing loss of patients to other physicians. That factual issue was not decided in the summary judgment proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
NOTES
[1] The policy provides:
"Covered Overhead Expense means items of expense incurred by you which are usual and customary in the operation of your business or profession. They must be generally accepted as tax deductible business overhead expenses. They include but are not limited to items such as:
"1. employees' salaries (except as excluded below);
"2. charges for utilities such as electricity, telephone, heat and water;
"3. either a) rent, or b) an equivalent rental cost for space which you occupy in a building you own and which space you use in the operation of your business or profession, consisting of taxes, maintenance and mortgage interest payments plus the greater of scheduled depreciation for tax purposes or scheduled mortgage principal payments;
"4. for furniture, equipment and implements of your business or profession; either a) leasing cost, or b) an equivalent cost consisting of taxes, maintenance and interest payments plus the greater of scheduled depreciation for tax purposes or scheduled principal payments;
"5. laundry, janitorial and maintenance services;
"6. business insurance premiums; and
"7. accounting, billing and collection service fees.
"Covered Overhead Expenses do not include:
"1. salaries, fees, drawing accounts, profits or other remuneration for:
"a. you;
"b. any person sharing your profession or occupation; or
"c. any member of your profession or occupation; or
"d. any person employed to perform your duties;
"2. additions to inventory or the costs of goods or merchandise purchased for sale;
"3. any kind of expense for which you were not liable in the normal course of your business or profession prior to a covered Total Disability;
"4. more than your share of expenses when they are shared with one or more persons; and
"5. overhead expenses which would otherwise be covered were it not for such expenses being reimbursable under another business overhead expense policy or disability policy issued prior to the Effective Date of this policy.
"An expense covering more than one month will be prorated to determine the expense for one month."
[2] Other cases relied on by Provident are not binding on this court and suffer from the same factual difference. See, e.g., Wilson v. Monarch Life Ins. Co., 971 F.2d 312 (9th Cir.1992) (chiropractor did not "conduct" his practice after its sale); Principal Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Toranto, (N.D.Tex.1997) (1997 WL 279751) (mem), on recons in part (N.D.Tex.1997) (1997 WL 361872) (surgeon no longer incurred overhead expenses after the sale of his practice).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
The present invention relates to means for the measurement of torsional or rotational acceleration of a rotating body such as a shaft, and more particularly to the measurement of oscillatory starting and accelerating torques in rotating machines such as synchronous motors.
Synchronous motors are widely used for many types of drives because of their good efficiency and constant speed as well as the ability to provide power factor correction. The use of a synchronous motor, however, presents certain problems in the design of the driven system because of the nature of the starting torque of such motors. A synchronous motor, as such, has no starting torque and these motors are normally started as induction motors. The direct current field excitation is then applied when the speed approaches synchronism so that the motor pulls into step and runs at synchronous speed. Such motors are almost always of salient pole construction and the airgap torque during initial operation as an induction motor is, therefore, pulsating or oscillatory. When starting from standstill, the frequency of oscillation is initially twice the line frequency, and decreses to zero as the motor accelerates and finally pulls into synchronism, when the torque reaches a steady-state value. Thus, during the starting period, a range of frequencies extending from zero to twice the line frequency occurs and any natural resonant frequencies of the load or driven system in this range may be excited during this start-up period leading to undesirable and excessive vibration. The motor starting torque characteristics and the torsional response of the driven system can be analytically determined in many cases, but it is often desirable to make actual measurements of the magnitude and frequency of oscillation of the motor torque during the starting period, so that the design of the driven system can be properly coordinated with the motor characteristics and undesirable resonance and vibration problems avoided.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
And Now They Blame Ferguson On The Jews
This is one of those rare occasions when The Mike Report is speechless. These photos were taken in downtown Seattle earlier this evening in the wake of the Ferguson grand jury verdict. Upset with the verdict in Missouri? Then boycotting Israel makes perfect sense.
The banner was carried by members of the Palestine Solidarity Committee. The same group was associated with protests this Summer in downtown Seattle which featured swastikas and comparisons of Israel to Nazi Germany.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="cp1125"?>
<!--
SkipUnless: __import__('codecs').lookup('cp1125')
Description: \x80 character in cp1125 encoding
Expect: bozo and feed['title'] == u'\u0410'
-->
<feed version="0.3" xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#">
<title>€</title>
</feed
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
In this latest report, Symantec's analysis found that religious sites had more than triple the average number of threats per infected site than pornographic sites; an average of 115 threats had been found on religious sites while an average of 25 had been found on pornographic sites. According to the report, this may be the case because "pornographic website owners already make money from the Internet and, as a result, have a vested interest in keeping their sites malware-free -– it’s not good for repeat business."
LOOK:
In addition, Symantec ranked sites hosting pornographic content at the very bottom of its list of the Internet's most dangerous website categories, many of which seem to describe sites users might visit regularly. Though considering that Symantec found 61 percent of sites hosting malware to be "regular websites" that have been compromised and infected with malicious code, it's not so surprising that some of the top-ranking site categories look familiar.
LOOK:
While religious sites topped Symantec's chart showing the average number of infections per site, these sites are nowhere to be found on the company's list of the most dangerous categories. The Wall Street Journal does point out that there are many more pornographic sites than religious sites on the web, a fact that might have affected these averages. And PCWorld cautions that Internet security reports from companies like Symantec, which sells anti-virus software, should be taken "with a pinch of salt."
Regardless, with malicious attacks increasing dramatically -- Symantec found an 81 percent increase in attacks in the past year alone -- it might be better for users to be safe (and smart) on the web than sorry by avoiding shady-looking sites and being careful with what they click.
What do you think of Symantec's findings? Do you have any tips on how to avoid website malware? Share your thoughts with us in the comments below!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
# balanced-match
Match balanced string pairs, like `{` and `}` or `<b>` and `</b>`. Supports regular expressions as well!
[](http://travis-ci.org/juliangruber/balanced-match)
[](https://www.npmjs.org/package/balanced-match)
[](https://ci.testling.com/juliangruber/balanced-match)
## Example
Get the first matching pair of braces:
```js
var balanced = require('balanced-match');
console.log(balanced('{', '}', 'pre{in{nested}}post'));
console.log(balanced('{', '}', 'pre{first}between{second}post'));
console.log(balanced(/\s+\{\s+/, /\s+\}\s+/, 'pre { in{nest} } post'));
```
The matches are:
```bash
$ node example.js
{ start: 3, end: 14, pre: 'pre', body: 'in{nested}', post: 'post' }
{ start: 3,
end: 9,
pre: 'pre',
body: 'first',
post: 'between{second}post' }
{ start: 3, end: 17, pre: 'pre', body: 'in{nest}', post: 'post' }
```
## API
### var m = balanced(a, b, str)
For the first non-nested matching pair of `a` and `b` in `str`, return an
object with those keys:
* **start** the index of the first match of `a`
* **end** the index of the matching `b`
* **pre** the preamble, `a` and `b` not included
* **body** the match, `a` and `b` not included
* **post** the postscript, `a` and `b` not included
If there's no match, `undefined` will be returned.
If the `str` contains more `a` than `b` / there are unmatched pairs, the first match that was closed will be used. For example, `{{a}` will match `['{', 'a', '']`.
### var r = balanced.range(a, b, str)
For the first non-nested matching pair of `a` and `b` in `str`, return an
array with indexes: `[ <a index>, <b index> ]`.
If there's no match, `undefined` will be returned.
If the `str` contains more `a` than `b` / there are unmatched pairs, the first match that was closed will be used. For example, `{{a}` will match `[ 1, 3 ]`.
## Installation
With [npm](https://npmjs.org) do:
```bash
npm install balanced-match
```
## License
(MIT)
Copyright (c) 2013 Julian Gruber <julian@juliangruber.com>
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Inhibition of glutamine synthetase in rabbit pneumococcal meningitis is associated with neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus.
Apoptosis of dentate granular cells in the hippocampal formation during bacterial meningitis may be mediated by glutamate toxicity. For this reason, we studied the relationship between glutamine synthetase activity and regional neuronal apoptosis in rabbits with experimental pneumococcal meningitis. The duration of meningitis was 24 h, and the treatment was started 16 h after infection. Significant increases of glutamine synthetase protein concentration (P < 0.05) were found in the frontal cortex of rabbits with meningitis (n = 7) and rabbits with meningitis receiving ceftriaxone treatment (n = 12) as compared to the control animals (n = 14). No significant differences were seen in the hippocampal formation. The enzymatic activity of glutamine synthetase also was elevated in the frontal cortex (P < 0.05), but not in the hippocampal formation of rabbits with meningitis. After intravenous administration of L-methionine sulfoximine (specific inhibitor of glutamine synthetase) in rabbits with meningitis treated with ceftriaxone (n = 10), the concentration of neuron-specific enolase in CSF (P = 0.025) and the density of apoptotic neurons in the dentate gyrus quantified with the in-situ tailing reaction (P = 0.043) were higher than in meningitic animals receiving only ceftriaxone (n = 10). In conclusion, the inability of hippocampal glutamine synthetase to metabolize excess amounts of glutamate may contribute to neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampal formation during meningitis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Renal tubular transport and nephrotoxicity of beta lactam antibiotics: structure-activity relationships.
Several of the cephalosporin and carbapenem antibiotics produce acute renal failure when given in large single doses. Antibiotic concentrations in the tubular cell, determined by the net effects of contraluminal secretory transport and subsequent movement across the luminal membrane, make the proximal tubule the sole target of injury, and are important determinants of the nephrotoxic potentials of different beta-lactams in different animal species. At least three molecular mechanisms of injury have been shown with cephaloridine, the most widely studied nephrotoxic beta-lactam: (1) lipid peroxidation, (2) competitive inhibition of mitochondrial carnitine (zwitterionic) transport and fatty acid oxidation, and (3) acylation and inactivation of tubular cell proteins, most thoroughly evaluated with mitochondrial anionic substrate transporters. The first two of these injuries are dependent upon one or both of cephaloridine's side group substituents, which are not present on the other nephrotoxic cephalosporins or carbapenems. It is not surprising, therefore, that only toxicity to mitochondrial anionic substrate carriers has been found in studies of the other beta-lactams. However, the several effects of cephaloridine on the tubular cell indicate a potential for different mechanisms of attack on different molecular targets. Continuing studies of the effects of existing and newly developed beta-lactams are likely to identify further nephrotoxic mechanisms of this complex and rapidly growing group of antimicrobials.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Tag: online purchase
Payments technology company First Atlantic Commerce (FAC) has expanded its online card-processing services across Central America.
The Bermudian-based payment gateway can now offer payment solutions to merchants in Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua through a new integration to a processor in the...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
1
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Len Braund
Leonard Charles Braund (18 October 1875 – 23 December 1955) was a cricketer who played for Surrey, Somerset and England.
Len Braund was an all-rounder, a versatile batsman who could defend or attack according to the needs of the game and a leg break bowler who used variation more than accuracy to take wickets. He was also regarded by contemporaries as the best slip fielder of his time.
Braund played 21 times from 1896 for Surrey before joining Somerset, where he had to qualify for County Championship games by residence. On his Somerset debut, he hit 82 against the 1899 Australians. The following year, he made his Championship debut for Somerset against Middlesex at Lord's, in Andrew Stoddart's last match; but this was also Braund's last match of the season for Somerset, as Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) ruled that he was not properly qualified. To fill in the waiting, he played for W. G. Grace's London County side.
Braund's proper career starts from 1901, and in his first full season he scored more than 1,000 runs and took over 100 wickets. He scored 107 in a remarkable match at Headingley when Somerset, 238 behind Yorkshire on the first innings, put up 630 in the second innings and won the match by 279 runs, Braund taking four wickets as the home team collapsed to 113 all out in the second innings. It was Yorkshire's only defeat of the season, and Somerset repeated that feat in 1902, a closer match won by just 34 runs in which Braund took 15 wickets for 71 runs, including a career-best nine for 41 in the second innings.
In between these two county matches, Braund had become a Test cricketer, selected for the 1901–02 England tour of Australia. He was an instant success in Tests, scoring 58 in his first Test innings and taking seven wickets, including five for 61 in the second innings, as England beat Australia by an innings at Sydney. In the third Test, at Adelaide, he scored an unbeaten 103, and in the series as a whole he led the England team by taking 21 wickets.
Named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1902, Braund played all five matches in The Ashes series that season and was involved in many of the crucial incidents in a very close contest. He caught Clem Hill at Edgbaston off George Herbert Hirst by running from slip round to the leg side. Gilbert Jessop described it as “quite the most brilliant anticipatory effort that I have yet seen”. Australia were all out for 36, their lowest Test total. At Old Trafford, he came in with England at 44 for five wickets and scored 65, putting on 141 with Stanley Jackson; in the same match, he was the bowler off whom Fred Tate missed a skied catch from Joe Darling that enabled Australia to win by three runs.
Braund's second tour to Australia in 1903–04 was also successful. He scored 102 at Sydney while R. E. Foster was scoring his then-record 287, and he took eight wickets for 81 runs in the first innings of the final Test at Melbourne. His third visit to Australia in 1907–08 was less of a success, but in between he had scored a third Test century, making 104 against the 1907 South African team that included the sensational googly bowlers who had brought South Africa its first Test victories over England in 1905–06.
In all, he played 23 Tests, scoring 987 runs and taking 47 wickets. In first-class cricket, Braund did the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in the season three times, in 1901, 1902, and 1903, and in a career that lasted until 1920 he scored 17,801 runs and took 1,114 wickets. In the later part of his career, he lost the ability to spin the ball and became very expensive; by 1910, he played for Somerset largely as a batsman. He took 546 catches in his career.
After retiring, Braund coached at Cambridge University and was a first-class umpire for 18 seasons to 1938, standing in three Test matches between 1926 and 1929.
A convivial man who enjoyed drinking and horse-racing, Braund was beset by ill-health in his later life and had both legs amputated during the Second World War. Despite this, he was a regular attender at Lord's right up to his death, and he was one of the first 26 former professionals to be granted honorary membership of MCC in 1949.
References
Category:1875 births
Category:1955 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Windsor, Berkshire
Category:English cricketers
Category:England Test cricketers
Category:English cricketers of 1890 to 1918
Category:Surrey cricketers
Category:London County cricketers
Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Category:Players cricketers
Category:North v South cricketers
Category:Somerset cricketers
Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Category:English Test cricket umpires
Category:Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Category:West of England cricketers
Category:Players of the South cricketers
Category:C. I. Thornton's XI cricketers
Category:W. G. Grace's XI cricketers
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Novel optineurin mutations in patients with familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Optineurin (OPTN), a causative gene of hereditary primary open-angle glaucoma, has been recently associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with mainly autosomal recessive, but also dominant, traits. To further define the contribution of OPTN gene in ALS, we performed a mutational screening in a large cohort of Italian patients. A group of 274 ALS patients, including 161 familial (FALS) and 113 sporadic (SALS) cases, were screened for OPTN mutations by direct sequencing of its coding sequence. All patients fulfilled the El Escorial criteria for probable or definite ALS and were negative for mutations in SOD1, ANG, TARDBP and FUS/TLS genes. The genetic analysis revealed six novel variants in both FALS and SALS patients, all occurring in an heterozygous state. We identified three missense (c.844A→C p.T282P, c.941A→T p.Q314L, c.1670A→C p.K557T), one nonsense (c.67G→T p.G23X) and two intronic mutations (c.552+1delG, c.1401+4A→G). The intronic c.552+1delG variant determined a splicing defect as demonstrated by mRNA analysis. All mutations were absent in 280 Italian controls and over 6800 worldwide glaucoma patients and controls screened so far. The clinical phenotype of OPTN-mutated patients was heterogeneous for both age of onset and disease duration but characterised by lower-limb onset and prevalence of upper motor neuron signs. In this cohort, OPTN mutations were present both in FALS (2/161), accounting for 1.2% cases, and in SALS patients (4/113), thereby extending the spectrum of OPTN mutations associated with ALS. The study further supports the possible pathological role of optineurin protein in motor neuron disease.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
What is Temple Fade Haircut: 20 Best Temp Fade Haircut for men and Boys
Temp Fade Hairstyles for Men: Keeping a fade haircut is a trend now days for a smarter and cleaner look. The temp fade, also known as the temple fade, is one of the attractive fade styles around town.
The temp fade is a very popular hairstyle among the afro guys but now almost everyone can look at their best with the tem fades. Check out the 20 handpicked temp fade haircuts below:
What is the Temple fade haircut?
The Temple Fade, also commonly known as the Afro Blow Out, Brooklyn Fade or the temple fade is a haircut which has the hair getting disappeared at the lower parts, but with an abrupt transition between the hair lengths.
How do I get the temp fade haircut?
You can ask your barber to get you a temp fade. However, for your knowledge sake you can just have go through the following points:
Firstly cut one inch of hair around the scalp, starting from the hairline.
Make the skin of the sides and back faded, again starting from the hairline.
The fade should be made up to about half an inch in length to one-inch distance at the end.
Taper the hair rapidly up in length by increasing the hair length up to one inch to two inches
The final hair length has to be decided by the person who is getting the haircut.
At times, a temple fade may include the fade being done on the hairline of the forehead as well.
You can even give a regular temp fade any designer look of your choice and can easily get temp fade haircut design.
At last depending upon the texture of your hair and the haircut you have just had, you can use hair gel or hair serum if required.
Temple (Temp) Fade Haircut for Men
Temp fade with short curls:
You only should have short but curly hair to get this temp fade haircut. A sharply shaped thick chinstrap beard would complement your short hair. You are out to rock dude
Temp fade for little boys with twisted hair:
This could be a wonderful curly temp fade for little afro boys. Dense and thick curls will give it the intended look and also will be easy for your child to carry it.
Wavy temp fade:
Not everyone can try this temp fade with waves hairstyle as to wear this hairstyle you must have natural wavy hair. The temp fade created on the wavy hair is a real talent!
Designer temp fade:
There are absolutely no boundaries to your creativity, hence proved with temp fade with design hairstyle. You can also call it as the ‘party in side’ look, as this temp fade haircut design at one side spills it all.
Temp fade with spiky look:
What is the best you can do with your straight hair is to try out a all-round spiky with a temp fade look. You already know it you are going to look awesome!
Temp fade with a stylish pompadour:
White guys with straight hair can even wear a temp fade with a pompadour. This is a perfect style suited for all the occasions, whether formal or informal.
Mohawk temp fade with intense curls:
One needs lot of guts to wear this hairstyle, because ass you wear this temp fade afro haircut all eyes are going to be at you. The temp fade Mohawk hairstyle, however, is quite cool if you don’t care what others have to say!
Low temp fade:
Very dense curls could also be showed off with a low temp fade. Among the afro temp fade with curls hairstyles, this is a great option if you are proud of your curls.
Another low temp fade:
Keeping the curls to the minimum height and maintaining a tem fade is what you can do in this low temp fade haircut for a cleaner look. If you want you can also keep a light beard.
Dreaded temp fade:
Yet another style unique afro temp fade style is with the dreads. The key element to remember while making this style is to keep the dreads to a minimum thickness. Multiple thin dreads will be the attraction of this temp fade cut.
Cool temp fade for golden hair:
Golden hair has its own beauty and so we have a very cool temp fade style for guys with golden hair. You just have to give your hair a little disheveled look for the front hair; the temp fade will keep adding its magic!
Sporty temp fade hairstyle:
For a sporty look you might want to give a shot to this haircut. The hair at your front and sides are made to stand upwards with the help of hair gel while preserving the temp fade look.
Temp fade with a comb over:
There is nothing you cannot club up with a temp fade! Just like this haircut where you get a temp fade while combing over your front hair to the sides.
Temp fade with textured hair:
White guys have another option to go for! A temp fade with beard is all what you need and remember not to keep a light and crisp beard because a thick or dense beard can spoil the look. At the last you only should have a good hair gel to highlight each strand of your hair with perfection.
Temp fade for guys with big forehead:
Even a big forehead cannot stop you to get temp fade! Just keep your hair length to minimum so that it complements with your big forehead, but all together you are sure to look good.
Nappy hair temp fade:
The hair texture of afro people helps them to easily get the nappy temp fade. Here, first the barber gives a regular high temp fade and the curls are rubbed all over with the help of a special nappy sponge to give it a finished look.
Braids with a light temp fade:
Afro guys are known for their liking of keeping long hair. For them this afro temp fade haircut is just the perfect. You can keep multiple braids and with a temp fade.
Temp fade with short blowout:
This is quite different from the other black men temp fade haircuts and it may not suit the afro guys given the texture of their hair. This style goes best with guys with fairer skin and straight hair and who are ok with the short length of the hair. The cut resembles to have spikes all over your head. To get the most out of this haircut use a good quality hair serum that will be helpful in flaunting your blowout.
High flat top and temp fade:
This is the easiest high temp fade haircut. You only have to create a high top with your natural twisted hair up to an inch high or a little more. Sides and back will remain faded.
Superb designer colorful temp fade:
There is almost every possibility to try with a temp fade. One of the best temp fade designs could be this – try out different hues of your choice to color your hair and design the haircut as shown below. Make a flat top and choose any design for yourself. But make sure that you choose an expert for this designer haircut!
The beauty of temp fade haircut styles is that it has something or the other for everyone. Whether you are looking to style your kid or a style for yourself, you will never go disappointed. So pick one of the above temp fade styles and get the ball rolling!
Atozhairstyles is your guide for everything related to trendy & stylish hairstyles. Get your daily updates on what’s hot and what’s not and discover the latest trends in the world of hairstyles & create your own style statement.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Review Sections
Few brands have as firmly established a brand identity as the Lenovo ThinkPad (and the IBM ThinkPad before that). The iconic look and feel of these systems have changed in only subtle ways over the years, maintaining a road-tested list of features, from the solid, chunky keyboards to the jutting top lip of the display lid to the familiar red trackpoint and secondary mouse buttons.
The ThinkPad X machines are small, if not exactly svelte, versions of the bigger ThinkPads found in corporate offices around the world. The current version of the X201 maintains a surprisingly large keyboard, accomplished by literally running the keys to the very edges of the chassis, as well as a 12-inch display and Intel's latest Core i5 processor.
It's about as powerful an ultraportable package as you're likely to find (and a wholly different beast from the other small-but-mighty laptop we've seen recently, the Dell Alienware M11x), but it's also not nearly as portable as most 11- or 12-inch Netbook-style systems. We could see shaving a little mass off by ditching the trackpoint (which requires a large wrist rest to accommodate its double set of mouse buttons), but at the same time, we're happy to shoulder a little more weight in return for the semirugged feel and the peace of mind the construction provides.
Price as reviewed / Starting price
$1,464 / $1,099
Processor
2.53GHz Intel Core i5 M540
Memory
4GB, 1066MHz DDR2
Hard drive
320GB 7,200rpm
Chipset
Intel HM55
Graphics
Intel Media Accelerator HD (integrated)
Operating System
Windows 7 Home Premium (64-bit)
Dimensions (WD)
11.6 x 10.1 inches
Height
1.3 inches
Screen size (diagonal)
12.1 inches
System weight / Weight with AC adapter
3.8 / 4.5 pounds
Category
Ultraportable
If the Lenovo ThinkPad X201 looks familiar, that's exactly the point. Similar to the rest of Lenovo's ThinkPad line, and virtually identical to the last X-series ThinkPad we reviewed, there's a satisfying sameness to the micromanaged (in a good way) design details. Sure, there are occasional tweaks and improvements, but today's ThinkPad retains much of the design DNA of systems from years ago.
Interestingly, however, Lenovo has started to seriously experiment with its standard look and feel, starting with the underrated consumer-targeted IdeaPad series. We've seen new colors, new keyboards, and an overall much flashier look from those systems, and some of those ideas have started to bleed over to the commercial side, with laptops such as the ThinkPad Edge.
This system, however, sticks to the traditional beats. Exactly where in the list of contenders it places is up to individual taste, but Lenovo's chunky tapered-key keyboards are in nearly everyone's top tier of laptop keyboards. The look is positively retro now, with many (including several Lenovo models) switching to flat-topped island-style keyboards. That said, this version of Lenovo's classic keyboard is a dream, with easy to hit keys, large versions of the Shift and other important keys, and absolutely zero flex, under even heavy typing. Our only complaint would be that on this smaller keyboard tray, the red trackpoint button seems bigger than ever, and we occasionally stumbled over it while typing.
The recessed touch pad has a slick, accurate surface and is easy to use, although it seems small compared with the generous keyboard, as if it had to be shrunk down to squeeze in the second row of mouse buttons above it.
One of the reasons ThinkPads are popular with big companies, small businesses, and individual consumers alike is the specialized suite of software and support apps that come with every system. Called ThinkVantage, and handily summoned by a dedicated blue button just above the keyboard, the ThinkVantage interface gives you one-stop access to security and diagnostic tools, plus Lenovo support features. It's a very useful tool, but at the same time, it may be our imagination, but there does seem to be more advertising for Lenovo accessories and services in ThinkVantage than we recall from previous versions.
The 12.1-inch wide-screen LCD display offers a 1,280x800-pixel native resolution, which is standard for many 13- and 14-inch laptops (12-inch models themselves are a relative rarity). It's essentially a 16:10 aspect ratio version of the 1,366x768-pixel displays seen on 16:9 laptops with wider screens.
One of the best reasons for a nonbusiness user to consider a biz-oriented system like this is Lenovo's matte displays--a nice change of pace from the overly glossy screens we usually see (or try to see, through the ever-present glare).
Lenovo ThinkPad X201
Average for category [ultraportable]
Video
VGA out
VGA plus HDMI or DisplayPort
Audio
Stereo speakers, headphone/microphone jacks
Stereo speakers, headphone/microphone jacks
Data
3 USB 2.0, SD card reader
2 USB 2.0, SD card reader
Expansion
ExpressCard/54
None
Networking
Ethernet, modem, 802.11n Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, optional mobile broadband
Ethernet, 802.11n Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, optional mobile broadband
Optical drive
None
None, or DVD burner
Lenovo laptops are typically highly configurable, although they rarely offer much in the way of CPU or GPU choice. Instead, you get a variety of options for RAM, hard drives, networking, and even operating system. Even the ExpressCard slot, nearly extinct among consumer laptops, is here, offering some extra expansion flexibility, as well as an equally rare old-fashioned modem jack--both are more frequently found on business systems than on consumer ones.
Intel's Core i5 CPU, in this case the 2.53GHz Intel Core i5 M540, continues to impress. Especially as it's packed into a 12-inch system (even if it's on the large side of 12-inch models). You're not going to find many laptops at this size that can pack in the same power as a mainstream 15-inch system; the only comparable ultraportable we can think of right now is Sony's Vaio Z116. The end result is a laptop that can handle just about any nongraphics-intensive chore you can throw at it.
Dan Ackerman leads CNET's coverage of laptops, desktops, and Windows tablets, while also writing about games, gadgets, and other topics. A former radio DJ and member of Mensa, he's written about music and technology for more than 15 years, appearing in publications including Spin, Blender, and Men's Journal.
See full bio
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Display more than one image in DataGridView Image Column? Is it possible?
Is it possible to display more than one image in a column in DataGridViewImageColumn? I have only 1 column and need to dynamically display images. This column could display 1 to 3 images, depending on other conditions.
A:
You could draw the two images you want to display onto a third, new image and then display that in the column.
Something like this:
Bitmap Image1 = new Bitmap(10, 10); //replace with your first image
Bitmap Image2 = new Bitmap(10, 10); //replace with your second image
Bitmap ImageToDisplayInColumn = new Bitmap(Image1.Width + Image2.Width, Image1.Height);
using (Graphics graphicsObject = Graphics.FromImage(ImageToDisplayInColumn))
{
graphicsObject.DrawImage(Image1, new Point(0, 0));
graphicsObject.DrawImage(Image2, new Point(Image1.Width, 0));
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Mysql subquery much faster than join
I have the following queries which both return the same result and row count:
select * from (
select UNIX_TIMESTAMP(network_time) * 1000 as epoch_network_datetime,
hbrl.business_rule_id,
display_advertiser_id,
hbrl.campaign_id,
truncate(sum(coalesce(hbrl.ad_spend_network, 0))/100000.0, 2) as demand_ad_spend_network,
sum(coalesce(hbrl.ad_view, 0)) as demand_ad_view,
sum(coalesce(hbrl.ad_click, 0)) as demand_ad_click,
truncate(coalesce(case when sum(hbrl.ad_view) = 0 then 0 else 100*sum(hbrl.ad_click)/sum(hbrl.ad_view) end, 0), 2) as ctr_percent,
truncate(coalesce(case when sum(hbrl.ad_view) = 0 then 0 else sum(hbrl.ad_spend_network)/100.0/sum(hbrl.ad_view) end, 0), 2) as ecpm,
truncate(coalesce(case when sum(hbrl.ad_click) = 0 then 0 else sum(hbrl.ad_spend_network)/100000.0/sum(hbrl.ad_click) end, 0), 2) as ecpc
from hourly_business_rule_level hbrl
where (publisher_network_id = 31534)
and network_time between str_to_date('2017-08-13 17:00:00.000000', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%S.%f') and str_to_date('2017-08-14 16:59:59.999000', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%S.%f')
and (network_time IS NOT NULL and display_advertiser_id > 0)
group by network_time, hbrl.campaign_id, hbrl.business_rule_id
having demand_ad_spend_network > 0
OR demand_ad_view > 0
OR demand_ad_click > 0
OR ctr_percent > 0
OR ecpm > 0
OR ecpc > 0
order by epoch_network_datetime) as atb
left join dim_demand demand on atb.display_advertiser_id = demand.advertiser_dsp_id
and atb.campaign_id = demand.campaign_id
and atb.business_rule_id = demand.business_rule_id
ran explain extended, and these are the results:
+----+-------------+----------------------------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------------------------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1451739 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 1 | PRIMARY | demand | ref | PRIMARY,join_index | PRIMARY | 4 | atb.campaign_id | 1 | 100.00 | Using where |
| 2 | DERIVED | hourly_business_rule_level | ALL | _hourly_business_rule_level_supply_idx,_hourly_business_rule_level_demand_idx | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1494447 | 97.14 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+----------------------------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
and the other is:
select UNIX_TIMESTAMP(network_time) * 1000 as epoch_network_datetime,
hbrl.business_rule_id,
display_advertiser_id,
hbrl.campaign_id,
truncate(sum(coalesce(hbrl.ad_spend_network, 0))/100000.0, 2) as demand_ad_spend_network,
sum(coalesce(hbrl.ad_view, 0)) as demand_ad_view,
sum(coalesce(hbrl.ad_click, 0)) as demand_ad_click,
truncate(coalesce(case when sum(hbrl.ad_view) = 0 then 0 else 100*sum(hbrl.ad_click)/sum(hbrl.ad_view) end, 0), 2) as ctr_percent,
truncate(coalesce(case when sum(hbrl.ad_view) = 0 then 0 else sum(hbrl.ad_spend_network)/100.0/sum(hbrl.ad_view) end, 0), 2) as ecpm,
truncate(coalesce(case when sum(hbrl.ad_click) = 0 then 0 else sum(hbrl.ad_spend_network)/100000.0/sum(hbrl.ad_click) end, 0), 2) as ecpc
from hourly_business_rule_level hbrl
join dim_demand demand on hbrl.display_advertiser_id = demand.advertiser_dsp_id
and hbrl.campaign_id = demand.campaign_id
and hbrl.business_rule_id = demand.business_rule_id
where (publisher_network_id = 31534)
and network_time between str_to_date('2017-08-13 17:00:00.000000', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%S.%f') and str_to_date('2017-08-14 16:59:59.999000', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%S.%f')
and (network_time IS NOT NULL and display_advertiser_id > 0)
group by network_time, hbrl.campaign_id, hbrl.business_rule_id
having demand_ad_spend_network > 0
OR demand_ad_view > 0
OR demand_ad_click > 0
OR ctr_percent > 0
OR ecpm > 0
OR ecpc > 0
order by epoch_network_datetime;
and these are the results for the second query:
+----+-------------+----------------------------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------------------------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | hourly_business_rule_level | ALL | _hourly_business_rule_level_supply_idx,_hourly_business_rule_level_demand_idx | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1494447 | 97.14 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
| 1 | SIMPLE | demand | ref | PRIMARY,join_index | PRIMARY | 4 | my6sense_datawarehouse.hourly_business_rule_level.campaign_id | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+----------------------------+------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+---------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+----------------------------------------------+
the first one takes about 2 seconds while the second one takes over 2 minutes!
why is the second query taking so long?
what am I missing here?
thanks.
A:
Use a subquery whenever the subquery significantly shrinks the number of rows before - ANY JOIN - always to reinforce Rick James Plan B.
To reinforce Rick & Paul's answer which you have already documented. The answers by Rick and Paul deserve Acceptance.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
The invention relates to a device for preheating dry materials according to the preamble of claim 1.
Masses for manufacture of electrodes (anodes, cathodes) for aluminium production by molten electrolyte electrolysis are composed of dry materials--dry materials are mixtures of petrol coke and granulated electrode scrap -, to which pitch is added as a binder directly before shaping. Masses with this composition are also called green masses, the electrodes are formed from them and subsequently baked. In order to admix the binder, the dry material has to be heated, in relation to which the term preheating is used, which takes place in so-called preheaters, into one end of which dry material is conveyed by means of weigh-feeders, the conveyed material is heated in the preheater and from the other end of which the heated dry material is removed in the direction of mixers. As preheaters, heating screws, heating silos and heating drums are known. The invention has a heating silo as subject-matter.
A heating silo--they are termed batch preheaters in the technical terminology--is known, in which the dry material is preheated by electrical resistance heating. In the interior of the preheater several electrodes are provided, arranged one below the other--penetrating the walls of the preheater in an insulated manner--for the initiation and discharge of the current (direct or alternating current) flowing through the dry material and thereby heating it. The known device is polygonal in plan view and is characterised by an inhomogeneous mass flow and irregular heating, which leads to graphitisation of the unremoved mass on the electrodes and burning through of the insulation. These disadvantages are increased by the arrangement of preheaters in installations for manufacturing green masses, so that the arrangements are affected to the extent that the repair of a preheater brings entire manufacturing installations to a standstill.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
/*
Copyright The containerd Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package server
import (
"expvar"
"io"
"net"
"net/http"
"net/http/pprof"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"strings"
"github.com/boltdb/bolt"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/content"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/content/local"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/events/exchange"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/log"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/metadata"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/plugin"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/snapshots"
metrics "github.com/docker/go-metrics"
grpc_prometheus "github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"golang.org/x/net/context"
"google.golang.org/grpc"
)
// New creates and initializes a new containerd server
func New(ctx context.Context, config *Config) (*Server, error) {
switch {
case config.Root == "":
return nil, errors.New("root must be specified")
case config.State == "":
return nil, errors.New("state must be specified")
case config.Root == config.State:
return nil, errors.New("root and state must be different paths")
}
if err := os.MkdirAll(config.Root, 0711); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err := os.MkdirAll(config.State, 0711); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err := apply(ctx, config); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
plugins, err := LoadPlugins(config)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
rpc := grpc.NewServer(
grpc.MaxRecvMsgSize(config.GRPC.MaxRecvMsgSize),
grpc.MaxSendMsgSize(config.GRPC.MaxSendMsgSize),
grpc.UnaryInterceptor(grpc_prometheus.UnaryServerInterceptor),
grpc.StreamInterceptor(grpc_prometheus.StreamServerInterceptor),
)
var (
services []plugin.Service
s = &Server{
rpc: rpc,
events: exchange.NewExchange(),
config: config,
}
initialized = plugin.NewPluginSet()
)
for _, p := range plugins {
id := p.URI()
log.G(ctx).WithField("type", p.Type).Infof("loading plugin %q...", id)
initContext := plugin.NewContext(
ctx,
p,
initialized,
config.Root,
config.State,
)
initContext.Events = s.events
initContext.Address = config.GRPC.Address
// load the plugin specific configuration if it is provided
if p.Config != nil {
pluginConfig, err := config.Decode(p.ID, p.Config)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
initContext.Config = pluginConfig
}
result := p.Init(initContext)
if err := initialized.Add(result); err != nil {
return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "could not add plugin result to plugin set")
}
instance, err := result.Instance()
if err != nil {
if plugin.IsSkipPlugin(err) {
log.G(ctx).WithField("type", p.Type).Infof("skip loading plugin %q...", id)
} else {
log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Warnf("failed to load plugin %s", id)
}
continue
}
// check for grpc services that should be registered with the server
if service, ok := instance.(plugin.Service); ok {
services = append(services, service)
}
s.plugins = append(s.plugins, result)
}
// register services after all plugins have been initialized
for _, service := range services {
if err := service.Register(rpc); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
return s, nil
}
// Server is the containerd main daemon
type Server struct {
rpc *grpc.Server
events *exchange.Exchange
config *Config
plugins []*plugin.Plugin
}
// ServeGRPC provides the containerd grpc APIs on the provided listener
func (s *Server) ServeGRPC(l net.Listener) error {
if s.config.Metrics.GRPCHistogram {
// enable grpc time histograms to measure rpc latencies
grpc_prometheus.EnableHandlingTimeHistogram()
}
// before we start serving the grpc API regster the grpc_prometheus metrics
// handler. This needs to be the last service registered so that it can collect
// metrics for every other service
grpc_prometheus.Register(s.rpc)
return trapClosedConnErr(s.rpc.Serve(l))
}
// ServeMetrics provides a prometheus endpoint for exposing metrics
func (s *Server) ServeMetrics(l net.Listener) error {
m := http.NewServeMux()
m.Handle("/v1/metrics", metrics.Handler())
return trapClosedConnErr(http.Serve(l, m))
}
// ServeDebug provides a debug endpoint
func (s *Server) ServeDebug(l net.Listener) error {
// don't use the default http server mux to make sure nothing gets registered
// that we don't want to expose via containerd
m := http.NewServeMux()
m.Handle("/debug/vars", expvar.Handler())
m.Handle("/debug/pprof/", http.HandlerFunc(pprof.Index))
m.Handle("/debug/pprof/cmdline", http.HandlerFunc(pprof.Cmdline))
m.Handle("/debug/pprof/profile", http.HandlerFunc(pprof.Profile))
m.Handle("/debug/pprof/symbol", http.HandlerFunc(pprof.Symbol))
m.Handle("/debug/pprof/trace", http.HandlerFunc(pprof.Trace))
return trapClosedConnErr(http.Serve(l, m))
}
// Stop the containerd server canceling any open connections
func (s *Server) Stop() {
s.rpc.Stop()
for i := len(s.plugins) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
p := s.plugins[i]
instance, err := p.Instance()
if err != nil {
log.L.WithError(err).WithField("id", p.Registration.ID).
Errorf("could not get plugin instance")
continue
}
closer, ok := instance.(io.Closer)
if !ok {
continue
}
if err := closer.Close(); err != nil {
log.L.WithError(err).WithField("id", p.Registration.ID).
Errorf("failed to close plugin")
}
}
}
// LoadPlugins loads all plugins into containerd and generates an ordered graph
// of all plugins.
func LoadPlugins(config *Config) ([]*plugin.Registration, error) {
// load all plugins into containerd
if err := plugin.Load(filepath.Join(config.Root, "plugins")); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// load additional plugins that don't automatically register themselves
plugin.Register(&plugin.Registration{
Type: plugin.ContentPlugin,
ID: "content",
InitFn: func(ic *plugin.InitContext) (interface{}, error) {
ic.Meta.Exports["root"] = ic.Root
return local.NewStore(ic.Root)
},
})
plugin.Register(&plugin.Registration{
Type: plugin.MetadataPlugin,
ID: "bolt",
Requires: []plugin.Type{
plugin.ContentPlugin,
plugin.SnapshotPlugin,
},
InitFn: func(ic *plugin.InitContext) (interface{}, error) {
if err := os.MkdirAll(ic.Root, 0711); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
cs, err := ic.Get(plugin.ContentPlugin)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
snapshottersRaw, err := ic.GetByType(plugin.SnapshotPlugin)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
snapshotters := make(map[string]snapshots.Snapshotter)
for name, sn := range snapshottersRaw {
sn, err := sn.Instance()
if err != nil {
log.G(ic.Context).WithError(err).
Warnf("could not use snapshotter %v in metadata plugin", name)
continue
}
snapshotters[name] = sn.(snapshots.Snapshotter)
}
path := filepath.Join(ic.Root, "meta.db")
ic.Meta.Exports["path"] = path
db, err := bolt.Open(path, 0644, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
mdb := metadata.NewDB(db, cs.(content.Store), snapshotters)
if err := mdb.Init(ic.Context); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return mdb, nil
},
})
// return the ordered graph for plugins
return plugin.Graph(config.DisabledPlugins), nil
}
func trapClosedConnErr(err error) error {
if err == nil {
return nil
}
if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "use of closed network connection") {
return nil
}
return err
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
and learn how to write more compelling lyrics. Focus Tracks: "Destination: Mother Moon" There is something very StanleyKubrick -esque about this opening piece of music. It is chilling, even when the beat comes in. It beckons you to listen
supernatural. Crazy scary not Diana literally can't look his ammonium. Fast forward seven years and there was the shining StanleyKubrick directed it from Stephen King novel. Maybe one of the best horror movie lines I'm gonna finish your dreams. It
past, cleaning up any credit issues, and establishing a positive joint profile and track record for the future. StanleyKubrick once directed a film entitled "Eyes Wide Shut," but in this case, eyes wide open is the operative way to behave
been believed that Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman 's marriage was on the rocks when they played a troubled couple in StanleyKubrick 's 1999 sexual psycho-drama "Eyes Wide Shut," but in an essay for The Hollywood Reporter , Kidman sets the record
travelers dressed like Don Draper in the were more refined. Delicious food for the If only modern airline food whereas StanleyKubrick imagined it. 2001 a space The only thing Kubrick got right seems to be that in 2012. The food in those foil containers
a lot of pressure all made. I just that the two of them then I knew sex type. I think golf team god that as the Stanleykubrick 's six sites literally brilliant but certainly at that time. I think that was get ten yet Jay expand satellite
Robert Frost and Richard Wilbur ... and filmmaker StanleyKubrick ('The Shining') ... had already been there ..... Numerous academic books and articles have described how StanleyKubrick 's 1980 classic horror film, "The Shining," depicts
maybe I after the fact something might have been. Come from the YouTube clip of that guy that was auditioning for the StanleyKubrick movie and did thing from outsiders. What did you receive that I didn't eighteen to remember his name whoa yeah
And artists down through the centuries have declared play to be essential to the best art. The great filmmaker StanleyKubrick ("2001: A Space Odyssey," "Doctor Strangelove," "A Clockwork Orange") is quoted by one of his co-screenwriters
were supposed to be old stuff. As long ago as 1968, StanleyKubrick showed the astronauts of "2001: A Space Odyssey ..... copying the iPad, because both were really copying StanleyKubrick (see the first page of this story). "They've
complained, refusing to take directions from a woman. Then there's the HAL factor, as in the HAL 9000 computer from StanleyKubrick 's "2001: A Space Odyssey." HAL tried to kill off his human crewmates -- and he did it in the dispassionate
and universally expressed that it's been praised ever since his death as being "for all time." Great filmmakers StanleyKubrick and John Ford, authors Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Mark Twain, Herman Melville and Edgar Allen Poe, artists
tablet. Awfully similar to Apple's iPad their defense at the iPad isn't all that original. They signed in 1968 StanleyKubrick film 2001 a space Odyssey as proof take a Skeptical what's it like living for the better part of a year in such
Apple's iPad , Samsung has channeled the spirit of StanleyKubrick , the director of "2001: A Space Odyssey." Apple ..... true and correct copy of a still image taken from StanleyKubrick 's 1968 film "2001: A Space Odyssey." In a clip
A passing of one of the century's most provocative filmmakers. StanleyKubrick movies were usually profound often masterpieces. And challenging if not a little puzzling at first. He died today a teenager
space and we're seeing earth for the first time. Like what was seen by the human astronauts zooming out into the StanleyKubrick film. 2001 a space Odyssey. One of the things she did in the Arctic just unusual colors none of this were. I'd
For Curtis, "Some Like It Hot" brought more screen opportunities. "He got some great roles afterward -- in StanleyKubrick 's "Spartacus," which would be enough to put him in the pantheon of great stars even if he'd never made another
scene that we should that day. And he would come up with stuff can you. To do a technical. He worked with with StanleyKubrick on the shine and I think that's what I he did like hundreds of it it would. And I said Jack what what was it like
enjoy,” said the Voyeur spokesperson. The inspiration for the club was the film “Eyes Wide Shut,” the 1999 StanleyKubrick film featuring Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman. According to an RNC spokesperson, The $1,946.25 RNC reimbursement
at the beginning of this piece: Dave Bowman was the astronaut-hero of the film "2001: A Space Odyssey." When StanleyKubrick released the film in 1968, the idea of sending astronauts to Mars by the mid-1980s was openly discussed in Washington
the war agency," Tarantino said. "I had the feeling when I was shooting Mike's scene that's how [director Stanley ] Kubrick must have felt when he was directing Peter Sellers [in 'Dr. Strangelove'] ," he added. Despite the impressive
arouses our primal fear of technology acting independently and assuming power. Just as HAL, the on-board computer in StanleyKubrick 's sci-fi classic "2001: A Space Odyssey," assumes control of the spaceship, the Qantas computers made arbitrary
I can't do that," replies Hal. Ever since we've been living and relying on computers we've been fearful. StanleyKubrick 's "2001: A Space Odyssey" grappled with this as early as 1968. And then there was the doomsday threats of Y2k
brought home a collection of Alfred Hitchcock movies. This opened the door for a newfound fascination with the works of StanleyKubrick and the French New Wave. It wasn't a natural start into the acting. "I started auditioning for things and I didn't
Timberline LodgeMount Hood, Ore. In the 1980 film The Shining, based on Stephen King's novel and directed by StanleyKubrick , writer Jack Torrance (played by Jack Nicholson) takes a winter job as caretaker of a Colorado mountain lodge called
Science Monitor in the mid 1970's, to articles in the Washington Post and other papers on the art of filmmaker StanleyKubrick , to writing for the ABCNEWS.com today. A former literature teacher at the American University of Beirut and the
kept a pretty good diary while I was working on film. And twenty years 22 years now after that experience to win the Stanleykubrick 's the diary takes like its own I don't I don't feel like it's. Something that Britain. But it's the voice
comic approach of Tati, whose career output was limited because of funding woes and a painstaking work ethic to rival StanleyKubrick 's. Daniel * * * 1/2, 1983, Paramount/Legend, R, no extras, $15 Among the rarest of "Reds"-type birds
Club. Father and son, week after week, sitting with the works of famous directors, such as Federico Fellini, StanleyKubrick and Francis Ford Coppola. Creating an education by looking for lessons about life. What lesson did Jesse learn from
A Space Odyssey (1968) "Open the pod-bay doors, HAL." Despite being made before the first moon landing, StanleyKubrick and Arthur C Clarke's masterpiece is a strikingly realistic depiction of space travel. It envisions interplanetary
and followers also sprinkled soil into the grave. Music from the 1968 movie 2001, which Clarke wrote with director StanleyKubrick , was played at the funeral and at Clarke's home before the ceremony. Tamara Ekanayake, the daughter of Clarke's
of Sri Lanka at the age of 90. Clarke was best known in popular culture as the author of the story that inspired StanleyKubrick 's 1968 film "2001: A Space Odyssey," but his greatest contribution to technology is creating the conceptual
toward the stars. In 1964, when he was already a prolific science fiction writer, he was approached by the filmmaker StanleyKubrick to write a book and screenplay called "Journey Beyond the Stars." The project took four years, and over time the
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{
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}
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Q:
Fire checkbox event with jQuery Mobile
I am using jQuery 1.8.3 and jQuery Mobile 1.2.0.
I am trying to implement the vertically grouped checkboxes.
I need to detect changes on the checkboxes. An example is available here.
However, it doesn't work on my page (which I don't give because it contains too many dependencies but the code is the same).
Basically, when I click a checkbox, the following message should be displayed in the console:
INPUT
module1
-----
Whereas in my page I've got:
FIELDSET
moduleListTitle
-----
DIV
moduleContainer
-----
DIV
(an empty string)
-----
I've spent hours trying to find why the event is not fired correctly.
Has anyone already faced this problem?
A:
After testing the code live - not on JSfiddle - I have reached the below solution.
Since the items are added dynamically, you should bind the event to $(document) and the handler to 'input:checkbox.module'.
Here is the code, I hope it solves your problem.
$(document).on('change','input:checkbox.module', function(){
console.log(this.tagName);
console.log(this.id);
console.log("-----");
});
trigger.('refresh') is not required here.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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fib: func [n /f][ do f: func [m] [ either m < 2 [m][(f m - 1) + f m - 2]] n]
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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Tag: doing it gets it done
Completing your goals in the first quarter of the year by Jacquie Wise You can be highly motivated, but unless you’re good at organising yourself, you could get stuck in overwhelm and inactivity. Wise Ways Eight D’s of getting things done This is a catchy way to remind yourself that there are no ‘shoulds’ or ‘shouldn’ts’—there are Read more about Completing your goals in the first quarter of the year[…]
Top Time Management Tools – the Eight D’s of Time Management by Jacquie Wise There are times when you have so much to do that there seems to be no end in sight and you feel powerless and you really need some top time management tools. In my book ‘Career Comeback’ I talk about various Read more about Top Time Management Tools[…]
Testimonials
Kelly in response to Understanding Bad Behaviour Blog
"This was a very enlightening article Jacquie and it has helped me understand a different perspective for the person who I cut out of my life for many of the same reasons. Your article provided validation and confirmation that I made the right dec...
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Andrew
With a difficult decision to make that will drastically change the course of my life, neither my head, heart or intuition could provide any answers. I felt I was floating around in an empty vacuum, with no sense of direction or space, and my brain...
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Wonderful tips Jacquie. I printed a copy to keep beside my desk.
'Yes Man' approach - utterly inspiring and refreshing
"I can say that I have never heard anything from you, with which I can disagree. I don't know how you do it. In a world where we are ever critical, and the current paradigm is to say "No" I find your 'Yes Man' approach, utterly inspiring and refre...
Peter
How to become authentic
Hi Jacquie
Printed out 'Will the Real You Please Stand Up - How to Become Authentic) as it was difficult for me to read and 'absorb' from the screen........Just to say a very BIG thank you for a brilliant article. I read everything you plac...
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Jacquie Wise has a wonderful energy and enthusiasm for inspiring people to live their life well. Drawing on a broad range of strategies and knowledge, Jacquie is the consummate life coach. Brava!
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Uplifting Experience
Hi Jacquie,thank you, great course, well polished and honed for maximum effectiveness.
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Discussing manners on the radio
Hi Jacquie, I just wanted to let you know I heard you on the radio speaking about manners recently and thought it went really well. It is an area which is sadly lacking in business and in society in general. Thanks for your contribution...
I love your newsletters
Thank you so much Jacquie for your wonderful newsletters. I love clicking through to the articles each month and I really enjoyed your blog post about George.
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Fast Moving, Concise and Comprehensive
The course was fast moving, concise and comprehensive. The open format of the course allowed questions at any time. Jacqueline is a charming lady, quick witted and professional.
Priceless Hours of Research
She is a very accomplished speaker who has put priceless hours of research into the material and subject. I could not have a better tutor.
One of the Best Speakers
Jacquie Wise is one of the best speakers that I have experienced either at university courses, business seminars for at TAFE courses.
Tremendous Personal Rapport
Jacquie is able to develop tremendous personal rapport with students who lack confidence, through drawing on her own life challenges. She is a great exemplar of all she teaches.
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Balance of Humour and Honesty
I was most impressed by the teacher’s style and approach. I had nothing but admiration for Jacquie Wise – she was able to reach the least confident, and encourage the most timid. It was done with a pleasant balance of humour and honesty.
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Finger on the Pulse
Your courses are imaginative in their concept, and you seem to have your finger on the pulse as far as current trends in the personal development course area is concerned, and this resulted in excellent enrolment figures.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Russia's Vladimir Putin won the backing of Turkey and Iran on Wednesday to host a Syrian peace congress, taking the central role in a major diplomatic push to finally end a civil war all but won by Moscow's ally, President Bashar al-Assad.
Syrian opposition groups, meeting in Saudi Arabia to seek a unified position ahead of peace talks, decided to stick to their demand that Assad leave power, Al Arabiya television reported, following speculation they might soften their stance after their hardline leader quit.
Two days after being visited by Assad in the Black Sea resort of Sochi, President Putin hosted his counterparts Tayyip Erdogan and Hassan Rouhani there.
In a joint statement, the three leaders called on the Syrian government and moderate opposition to "participate constructively" in the planned congress, to be held in the same city on a date they did not specify.
"The congress will look at the key questions on Syria's national agenda," Putin told reporters at the summit, sitting alongside Rouhani and Erdogan. "First of all that is the drawing-up of a framework for the future structure of the state, the adoption of a new constitution, and, on the basis of that, the holding of elections under United Nations supervision."
The U.S. is not walking away
While Putin, Erdogan and Rouhani stood side-by-side and declared victory in Syria, there was one major elephant in the room - the United State's large military presence in Syria. The U.S. has thrown its immense weight behind the Syrian opposition, the Kurds, Saudi Arabia and even Israel in the Syrian conflict and is working hard to check Iranian influence in the Middle East, which includes in Syria.
U.S. Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis renewed U.S. support for a political solution in Syria, but added the U.S. military is going to stay in Syria indefinitely: "we’re not going to just walk away right now."
Defense Department spokesman Eric Pahon doubled down on those comments Monday saying, “We will work with allies to put pressure on the Iranian regime, neutralize its destabilizing influences and constrain its aggressive power projection,’’ Pahon said. “I can’t get into any more detail.’
Mattis’s comments come as a new Defense Department report shows U.S. troops in the Middle East have increased 33% in the last four months and currently stand at 1,723 in Syria - up from 1,251 in June.
A "Syrian Congress"
There was no word from the leaders on who would be invited. The list of invitees has been a sticking point, with Turkey objecting to some Syrian Kurdish groups attending.
Syria's civil war, in its seventh year, has killed hundreds of thousands of people and created the world's worst refugee crisis, driving more than 11 million people from their homes.
All previous efforts to achieve a diplomatic solution have swiftly collapsed, with the opposition demanding Assad leave power, the government insisting he stay on, and neither side able to force the issue by achieving a military victory.
But since Russia joined the war on behalf of Assad in 2015, the balance of power has turned decisively in his government's favour. A year ago, the army forced rebels out of their last urban stronghold, the eastern half of Aleppo.
In recent weeks, the self-proclaimed caliphate of jihadist group Islamic State has collapsed. Government forces now effectively control all of Syria apart from a few shrinking rebel pockets and a swathe in the north held by mainly Kurdish forces backed by the United States.
Still seeking Assad exit
Opposition groups held their meeting on Wednesday at a luxury hotel in Riyadh, two days after the leader of the High Negotiations Committee (HNC) that has represented them at previous peace talks quit abruptly.
HNC chief Riyad Hijab had been known as an uncompromising defender of the position that Assad must have no role in any political transition for Syria, and his resignation had led to speculation the opposition could soften its stance.
However, a draft of the meeting's final statement still included the demand Assad leave office at the start of any transition, Saudi-owned Al Arabiya television reported.
Having helped Assad's government reach the cusp of victory, Putin now appears to be playing the leading role in international efforts to end the war on Assad's terms.
In addition to hosting Assad, Rouhani and Erdogan, the Russian leader has also phoned U.S. President Donald Trump and Saudi King Salman in the past 24 hours.
Iran has long supported Assad.
Saudi Arabia, Iran's arch rival in the Middle East and long a backer of rebel groups in Syria and advocate of the position that Assad must leave, has been the main supporter of the HNC. But after King Salman made an historic visit to Moscow a few months ago, Riyadh appears to have come around to Russia's dominant role in Syria.
Similarly Turkey, traditionally one of the Syrian leader's implacable foes, has increasingly shown willingness to work with Russia to resolve the crisis.
"This summit is aimed at results. I believe critical decisions will be reached," Turkey's Erdogan said in Sochi before his meeting with Putin and Rouhani.
The Syrian government welcomed the final statement from the three-way Iran summit, Syrian state media said on Wednesday, quoting an official source in the Foreign Ministry. It described it as the culmination of Assad's summit with Putin.
The other major power with troops in Syria, the United States, has so far kept its distance. Washington has been arming, training and sending special forces to assist a Kurdish group fighting against Islamic State, angering Turkey which is fighting its own Kurdish insurgency.
Hard discussions
Still, any final settlement that keeps Assad in power will probably require the participation of some kind of opposition delegation willing to negotiate over the demand that he go.
U.N. peace talks mediator Staffan de Mistura, host of the formal peace process in Geneva, told the opposition groups at the Riyadh meeting they needed to have the "hard discussions" necessary to reach a "common line".
"A strong, unified team is a creative partner in Geneva and we need that, one who can actually explore more than one way to arrive to the goals that we need to have," he said.
De Mistura will meet Russia's defence and foreign ministers on Thursday to discuss preparations for a new round of Geneva talks, Russian news agency RIA reported.
Russia said on Tuesday that the resignation of such "radically minded" Syrian opposition figures as HNC chief Hijab would help unite the disparate opposition factions around a more "realistic" platform.
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In many physiological processes, cells migrate by moving through narrow channels defined by the surrounding environment. One example is cancer metastasis, where a cancer cell squeezes through the endothelium to reach the blood stream and eventually forms a secondary tumor elsewhere in the body[@b1][@b2][@b3][@b4]. Over recent years, the study of cancer from a physical sciences point of view has drawn much attention[@b3][@b5][@b6][@b7][@b8][@b9][@b10]: Physical principles are believed to offer an alternative perspective of the disease and may help to optimize treatments[@b11] and detection[@b12]. The model we present in this paper emphasizes the role of the elastic properties of cancer cells and surrounding normal cells on the metastatic potential of the former. Our simulations show that elasticity mismatch *alone* can reproduce features of cancer cell migration observed in experiments.
More precisely, we propose a multiple scale model to study the motility of individual cells in a larger cells-on-substrate assembly that comprises normal and cancer cells. We will focus on the nearly confluent scenario which describes monolayers. Understanding the behavior of cell monolayers is an important biological question that goes beyond the physics of cancer since epithelial tissues, which support the structure of embryos and organs, often have a monolayer structure[@b13]. Examples of cells-on-substrate experiments that are not directly related to cancer include studies of collective behavior[@b14][@b15], wound healing[@b9][@b16][@b17] and colony growth[@b18].
Our work is motivated by recent experiments performed by Lee *et al*.[@b9] which showed that the Young modulus of metastatic human breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) is about *three times smaller* than the one of human breast epithelial cells (MCF10A). In the same study, the authors showed that the motility of a cancer cell embedded in a confluent monolayer of mostly normal cells was much larger than in the case where the layer is made of cancer cells only. This observation was partly attributed to the fact that short speed "bursts" decorate the trajectory of the cancer cell. These bursts typically occur when a cancer cell, highly deformed due to temporary crowding by the neighboring normal cells, rapidly relaxes to a less deformed shape as the cell escapes the crowded configuration. Hence, it was proposed that the elasticity mismatch between cancer cells and normal cells significantly contributes to the observed "bursty" migration behavior and the concomitantly larger motilities of the cancer cells.
In the experiments, the increased motility of the metastatic cancer cells is probably due to many factors where one is the cell mechanical properties. Additional differences between cancer and normal cells include inter cellular adhesions[@b9] and protrusion activity[@b19]. Here, the model parameters will be chosen so that all cells in the monolayer have identical properties except for their elasticity: Cancer cell are softer, normal cells are stiffer. The main results of our simulation studies demonstrate that elasticity mismatch alone is sufficient to trigger bursty migration behavior and significantly increase the motility of the soft cell. Moreover, the simulated migratory behavior of cancer cells in a layer of mostly normal cells is in qualitative agreement with the experiments[@b9].
The model that we use permits the description of very large cell shape deformations. We will show that this point is crucial to accurately describe bursty migration. The effect of deformability of cells and vesicles has recently been studied in other contexts. Many of these studies were based on a beads-and-springs model for the cell shape and focused on red blood cells in capillaries[@b20][@b21], bacteria in biofilms[@b22][@b23] and tissue growth[@b24]. Such models complement recent Potts model studies of cell sorting[@b25] and vertex model dynamical studies[@b26][@b27] of soft tissues.
The phase-field model that we propose is more general than these other approaches. First, it can be easily extended to include more complexity (i.e., cell internal degree of freedom). Second, the inactive part of the dynamics is self-consistently derived from non-equilibrium thermodynamics principles. In that sense, our approach more closely resembles that used in Refs [@b6],[@b7], which focused on tumor growth, and that used in Refs [@b28], [@b29], [@b30], [@b31], [@b32], [@b33], which focused on single cell behavior. Our phase-field model approach is applied to an *assembly* of cells and it retains shape and motion details at the single cell level. Modelling the system behavior down to the single cell level is important to describe the cooperation between normal and cancer cells that leads to the bursty migration behavior and the increased motility of the latter.
The paper is organized as follows. The next section contains the Results. The first subsection gives a brief summary of our cell monolayer model. Simulations results are given in the next two subsections. The second one reports the cell arrangement predicted by our model for monolayers of inactive (non-migrating) cells. These determine the initial conditions for the simulations of motile cells presented in the third subsection. There, the migratory behavior of a tagged cell in monolayers of varying cell mechanical properties is analyzed. Following is the Discussion. It contains a summary of our findings and discusses avenues to be explored. Finally, the Methods section gives extra details on the statics and dynamics aspects of the model and it gives a brief overview of the numerical procedure.
Results
=======
We model monolayers that comprise normal and cancer cells using a phase-field approach similar to the one recently employed by Najem *et al*.[@b30], who studied chemotropism in neural cells, by Löber *et al*.[@b31], who studied cell crawling on soft substrate, and by Larazo *et al*.[@b32][@b33], who studied the shape of red blood cells under flow in small channels. Here, we treat the monolayer as a 2D system. This is a good level of description since the cells dynamics are constrained in a region close to the plane defined by the substrate. In our model, it is assumed that cells do not grow nor divide. The idea is that each cell is described by a "field" which rapidly varies in the region of the cell boundary. Hence, we denote by *ϕ*~*n*~(*x*,*y*; *t*) the field associated with cell *n* where *x*,*y* are the two spatial coordinates and *t* is the time. An example of a cell field is shown in [Fig. 1A](#f1){ref-type="fig"}. The interior of each cell is defined by regions where *ϕ*~*n*~ = 1 while the exterior is defined by regions where *ϕ*~*n*~ = 0. At the cell boundary, *ϕ*~*n*~ interpolates rapidly between 0 and 1. From now on, all monolayer images that we will present only show the boundary of each cell except for a tagged cell that will be highlighted with a color as in [Fig. 1B](#f1){ref-type="fig"}.
Details of the model are presented in the Methods section and in the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. However, a brief overview is given in the next subsection.
Model outline
-------------
The most important advantages of our phase-field monolayer model are: 1) The cell boundary does not have to be tracked explicitly. 2) Extremely large deformations can be described. 3) The mechanical properties and the velocities of each cell can be modeled individually. The latter point is particularly important since one of our goals is to make connections with the experiments of Lee *et al*.[@b9]. Our approach differs from vertex models[@b26][@b27] by allowing all types of cell deformations and any degree of cell coverage. The difference between our phase field model and an equivalent Cells Potts model[@b25] is at the level of the dynamics since the former is the continuum limit of the latter.
The time dependent behavior of the monolayer is described by dynamical equations for the cell fields,
where is the monolayer free energy, **v**~*n*~ is the translational velocity of cell number *n* and *δ* denotes a functional derivative. Note that this equation is written in terms of dimensionless units, which will be used throughout the paper. The relationships between dimensionless and real units are detailed in the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, briefly reviewed at the end of the Methods section. The right-hand side of [Eq. (1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"} describes cell shape dynamics, which are determined by free energy changes. Details of the model free energy are given in the Methods section and in particular, by [Eqs (7](#eq14){ref-type="disp-formula"}) and ([10](#eq19){ref-type="disp-formula"}). The free energy contains several parameters and its minimum determines the prefered state of the system. Briefly, one parameter controls the elastic response of each cell to shape deformation (*γ*~*n*~ in [Eq. (7)](#eq14){ref-type="disp-formula"}). Another controls the preferred radius of the cells (*R* in see [Eq. (7)](#eq14){ref-type="disp-formula"}), which tend to be circular when they are not perturbed by other cells. Also, there is a parameter that controls the energy penalty for overlapping cells (*κ* in [Eq. (10)](#eq19){ref-type="disp-formula"}, which is chosen to be large). Note that the interactions between cells are strictly repulsive.
The velocity of each cell is the sum of two distinct contributions as described in [Eq. (11)](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"}: 1) The inactive part, **v**~*I*~, is due to the interaction force exerted by the other cells. Like the cell shape dynamics, the inactive part of the velocity is determined by free energy changes. 2) The active, or self-propulsion, part of the velocity, **v**~*A*~, is due to the cell engine. The relative strength of the two contributions to the velocity is determined by another parameter (*ξ* in [Eq. (12)](#eq21){ref-type="disp-formula"}) which also controls the maximum cell shape deformation. The active part of the velocity is chosen so that the motion of isolated cells on the substrate is described by a persistent random walk[@b34][@b35] where the characteristic cell speed and the reorientation statistics match the experimental observations[@b9]. Further, we assume that there is a large separation of time scales between the cell shape relaxation (fast) and the cell translation dynamics (slow). This approximation is physical since 1 *μm* deep indentations on cells typically relax within seconds[@b36] and the motile cells we model translate by 1 *μm* within minutes[@b9].
To highlight the role of cell elasticity mismatch, we considered 2 types of cell monolayers assemblies: a single cancer cell in a layer of normal cells (hereafter referred as the "soft-in-normal" case) and normal cells only (hereafter referred as the "all-normal" case). We performed simulations at two packing fractions, *ρ* = 0.85 and 0.9, describing nearly confluent monolayers, where,
where *A*~*B*~ is the area of the simulation box. Overall, we will present a total of 4 simulations, each of which contains *N*~*cell*~ = 72 cells. All model parameters are listed in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"} and explained in details in the Methods section and in the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Our aim is to isolate the effect of the mechanical properties of motile cells on their migratory behavior. Hence, *all parameters will be identical for both types of cells with the exception of the parameter which controls the cell stiffness* (we set *γ*~cancer~/*γ*~normal~ = 0.35, as observed experimentally). That includes the sequence of random numbers which determines the initial positions of the cells and the reorientation events. Hence, in the absence of elasticity mismatch and at the same packing fraction, the soft-in-normal and all-normal simulations would give identical results.
Aging
-----
In the first stage of all simulation, the cells are randomly placed in the simulation box at the appropriate packing fraction. All cells are initially circular with radius *R* given in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}. Any cell whose center is within a distance smaller than *R* to the center of a previously placed cell is randomly re-assigned to a new position. At a given packing fraction, the initial position of the cells for the soft-in-normal and all-normal cases are enforced to be the same. In the initial configuration, the monolayer is far from equilibrium since many cells overlap. Hence, we allow it to relax by numerically propagating [Eq. (1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"} *without* the term that gives rise to self-propulsion, **v**~*n*,*A*~ in [Eq. (11)](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"}. During this "aging" period, the system rearranges to minimize the free energy and the cells act as mutually immiscible "dead" droplets.
[Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"} shows the final configuration of all 4 monolayers after aging and the net displacement of each cells. A tagged cell is highlighted with a black boundary and a colored filling. This cell always starts in the middle of the simulation box. This is the cancer cell in the soft-in-normal simulations. The soft cancer cell is colored in Green and normal cells in Blue. The arrows that report the displacement of the cells during aging are colored in the same way. The length of the arrows is equal to *twice* the cell displacements magnitude. Movies of all 4 aging simulations are given in the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Note that the cell displacements do not seem to correlate with the elasticity, but rather on the initial nearest-neighbor configuration of each cell. This is most easily seen in the [Supplementary Movies](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. All [supplementary movies](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} are available at *http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1439474*. On the other hand, the deformation of the tagged soft cell in the soft-in-normal case is clearly larger than that of the other cells and that of the tagged normal cell in the all-normal case.
The distortion of each cell can be characterized by the length of their interface, or cell perimeter. With the cell field *ϕ*~*n*~ given by Eq. (S2), it is simple to show that the perimeter is proportional to the following measure,
which is equal to 1 for perfectly circular cells. Because the cell area is nearly conserved, the cells can only reduce their interactions energy by deforming their boundaries. The perimeter increases with increasing cell deformation. [Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"} also shows the distribution of *L*~*n*~ values at the end of the 4 aging simulations for all 72 cells. Note that the value of the tagged cell has been singled out and it is indicated by an arrow. Comparing the two rows that correspond to the soft-in-normal and the all-normal cases clearly shows that the soft cell undergoes deformations that are significantly larger than the deformation of the surrounding normal cells. At the end of the all-normal aging simulations, the system is probably close to a metastable state which differs from true equilibrium. In that latter case, the distribution of *L*~*n*~ values in the bottom row of [Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"} (all-normal simulations) would show a single peak since the minimum free energy state of the system has a hexagonal symmetry where all cells have the same perimeter. This equilibrium state may not be attainable, even with long simulation times.
Motile cells
------------
We now present the results obtained for motile cells simulations that correspond to the case where the velocity of each cell is given by [Eq. (11)](#eq20){ref-type="disp-formula"} *including* the self-propulsion term, **v**~*n*,*A*~. The final configurations after aging shown in [Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"} are used as initial conditions for the motile cell simulations. [Figure 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"} summarizes the motile cell simulations and is the main result of our work. It clearly shows that cell elasticity mismatch plays a significant role on the cells dynamics.
Again, we will focus on the tagged cell. The color scheme is the same as before; the Green curves correspond to the soft cancer cell (soft-in-normal case) and the Blue curves correspond to the tagged normal cell (all-normal case). The path traced by the soft cancer cell embedded in the soft-in-normal simulations largely differs from the path traced by its normal cell counterpart in the all-normal simulations. This is shown in the square boxes in [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"}. In particular, the space explored by the soft cancer cell exceeds that of its normal counterparts.
Second, the soft cancer cell undergoes very large deformations (see the time evolution of *L* in [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"}) compared to the tagged normal cell at the same packing fraction. More precisely, in the soft-in-normal case, the perimeter of the soft cell reaches *L* = 1.5 which is 150% that of an undeformed cell. This contrasts the all-normal case where the same cell is normally stiff and its perimeter does not exceed *L* = 1.1.
Third, the instantaneous velocity of the soft cancer cell contains several spikes that correspond to short speed bursts. These are shown in the time evolution of in [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"}. A comparison with the evolution of *L* shows that these bursts occur simultaneously with a rapid decrease of the cell perimeter; as the cell rapidly relaxes to a lower energy, more circular, configuration. Bursts are clearly observed in the bottom part of [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"} (and the corresponding [Supplementary Movie)](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for the soft-in-normal case at the largest packing fraction. Note that, at the two packing fractions considered, the tagged cell does not display any speed bursts in the all-normal case. In this case, increasing the packing fraction simply reduces the mean instantaneous velocity of the normal cell.
These observations qualitatively reproduce many of the experimental features reported by Lee *et al*.[@b9] for confluent monolayers of live cells. Their experimental data is reported in [Fig. 3B](#f3){ref-type="fig"}, with permission. In the experiment, 2 bursts where observed in a 16 hours time window. Converted back to real units (see Sec. 0.3), the simulation results shown in [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"} corresponds to a ≈40 hours time window during which 6--8 instantaneous velocity spikes (bursts) are observed. Of course, a statistically meaningful comparison between the simulation and experimental results cannot be done due to the small number if bursts observed experimentally and theoretically. However, [Fig. 3A,B](#f3){ref-type="fig"} show that the simulations at *ρ* = 0.90 and the experiments are strikingly similar. One crucial point of our work is that the *only* difference between the cases considered, at fixed packing fraction, is in the cell elastic properties. Hence, our results support the hypothesis of Lee *et al*.[@b9] that cell elasticity mismatch *alone* can enhance the motility of the softer cells.
[Fig. 3C](#f3){ref-type="fig"} shows snapshots of the soft-in-normal simulation for *ρ* = 0.85 (top panels) and *ρ* = 0.90 (bottom panels). The snapshots are reported at times labeled by the marks i, ii and iii in [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"}, which respectively corresponds to a time before the soft cancer cell undergoes a speed burst, after the speed burst and at a later time when the soft cell is largely deformed for the *ρ* = 0.90 case. Note that, at any time shown for the lowest packing fraction snapshots, the soft cell does is not largely deformed and many "empty spaces" are seen in the simulation box.
To further investigate the mechanism that leads to bursty migration, we used the soft-in-normal simulation at the largest packing fraction to generate [supplementary movies](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} that show the soft cancer cell, its nearest neighbors and their respective instantaneous velocities. [Figure 3D](#f3){ref-type="fig"} reports three frames; before, during and after the speed burst that occurs right after the time marked by iii in [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"}. The Black arrow in [Fig. 3D](#f3){ref-type="fig"} shows the instantaneous velocity of the cells. It turns Red when the velocity magnitude of the soft cancer cell is larger than the magnitude of the active part alone, which is the speed the soft cell would have if it was isolated. Further, the figure shows that the increase in velocity is in part due to the fact that two neighboring cells effectively pinch the rear part of the cell, which is opposite to its velocity, and thereby increase its forward motion. In fact, the two rear-end cells undergo a T1 topological swap; a processes which has been observed in cell rearrangement in tissues[@b37] and in the relaxation of topological defects in 2D[@b38].
We next analyze in more details the behavior of the tagged cell for the simulations where the effect of the elasticity mismatch is more apparent (for *ρ* = 0.90). Simulations at that packing fraction were run for a much longer time (*t* = 2.0 × 10^6^ which corresponds to ≈200 hours in real time). These longer runs are used to perform a meaningful statistical analysis of the instantaneous velocity of the tagged cell. [Figure 3E](#f3){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the correlation between cell perimeter change and instantaneous velocity. The long simulations are used to bin the perimeter change Δ*L* (between succesive times) according to the instantaneous velocity of the cell, . The figure reports , the average perimeter change in each velocity bin. Hence, negative Δ*L* corresponds to a cell that relaxed by decreasing its perimeter. The tagged normal cell (Blue circles) does not achieve the largest velocities of the tagged cancer cell (Green triangles). More importantly, the largest velocities of the cancer cell correlate with a large decrease in cell perimeter, particularly at , which is the magnitude of the self-propulsion speed.
Further, the long runs were used to calculate probability distributions for the *x* and *y*-components of the instantaneous velocity of the tagged cell in the soft-in-normal and all-normal cases. The results are shown in [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}. The first panel of [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"} shows the probability distribution (scaled such that a Gaussian distribution is a straight line) of the active part of the cell velocity which is the velocity the cell would have if it was alone on the substrate. The curve is the exact result,
where *i* = *x* or *y* and the marks are the numerical results. Note that the distribution of the active part of the velocity is extremely non-Gaussian. However, the second panel in [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"} shows that, for the all-normal case, the self-averaging induced by the interactions with the other cells transform the instantaneous velocity distribution into a Gaussian one, *P*~*G*~(*v*~*i*~) where the standard deviation of the distribution, *σ*~*G*~, is a fitting parameter.
On the other hand, the last panel in [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"} shows that a Gaussian fit (Black line) cannot describe the instantaneous velocity distribution of the soft cancer cell in the soft-in-normal case (see the last panel in [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Note that the simulation data has long tails (i.e., higher probability for large velocities) that are not accounted for by the Gaussian fit. We propose that the soft cancer cell is in one of two regimes. In the first and most probable one, it behaves like a normal cell and its velocity is described by a Gaussian. In the other, the cell undergoes bursty migration and the self-propulsion adds to the Gaussian contribution of the velocity. Mathematically, this is described by
where *ζ* represents the fraction of time that the soft cancer cell is bursty. The right panel of [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"} shows the fit of the data with this 2-regimes model (Red curve) where the standard deviation of *P*~*G*~ was obtained from the all-normal simulations and hence, *ζ* is the only fitting parameter which we found to be *ζ* = 0.038. This implies that the soft cell is in the bursty regime ≈3--4% of the time, in qualitative agreement with [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"}. Note the point near v~*i*~ ≈ 0.015 in [Fig. 3B](#f3){ref-type="fig"} is the only one that is significantly outside of the Gaussian distribution. In fact, this point is due to a single speed burst observed for the tagged normal cell at *ρ* = 0.9. In comparison, the soft tagged cell at the same packing fraction shows about 40 speed bursts.
Of course, other distributions with a longer than Gaussian tail can fit the soft-in-normal data in [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}. In particular, the Student-t distribution[@b39] with *β* = 7 degrees of freedom gives an equally good fit. The Student-t distribution arises when *β* + 1 samples are drawn from a Gaussian distribution of unknown variance. We find it intriguing that the number of degrees of freedom, *β* = 7, that fits our data is very close to the mean coordination number of each cell. We think that this may be due to the fact that the soft cell in the soft-in-normal case only "feels" its immediate nearest neighbors whereas in the all-normal case, all cells feel each other.
The motilities of the tagged cells can be extracted from their trajectories. More precisely, the mean-squared displacement (see [Eq. (14)](#eq28){ref-type="disp-formula"}) of any tagged cell can be used to calculate an effective diffusion coefficient. [Figure 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"} shows the mean-squared displacement of the tagged cell for the long simulations at *ρ* = 0.90 which was computed using a time averaging procedure,
where must be smaller than the total simulation time (). The curves in [Fig. 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"} are smooth, which is due to the fact that the average is performed over a long time interval. The effective diffusion coefficients that are reported in the figure are obtained from the long-time part of the curves in [Fig. 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"}. The tagged soft cancer cell in the soft-in-normal simulation has the larger diffusion coefficient, which is about a factor of 1.5 larger than the one of the tagged normal cell in the all-normal simulation. Also note that the inset of [Fig. 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"} compares the analytical prediction of the mean squared-displacement given by [Eq. (14)](#eq28){ref-type="disp-formula"} with the one calculated from the trajectory that the tagged cell would have if it was alone on the substrate for the same simulation time. The analytical result gives *D*~*eff*~ (isolated) = 5.6 × 10^−14^ *m*^2^/*s* which is about one order of magnitude larger than the effective diffusion coefficient for the tagged soft cancer cell or normal cell in a dense monolayer. The comparison with the numerical calculation shows that the latter gives an effective diffusion coefficient which is about 10% smaller than the analytical prediction. This discrepancy is due to the finite sampling of reorientation events. Note that it is particularly difficult to sample the tail of the exponential distribution that governs the reorientation statistics (see. [Eq. (13)](#eq27){ref-type="disp-formula"}). This issue probably also affects the calculated diffusion coefficients for the tagged cells in monolayers reported in [Fig. 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"} which may in fact have slightly larger values if the simulations were run much longer. However, the important point here is the *relative* values of *D*~*eff*~ for the soft-in-normal and all-normal cases.
Discussion
==========
In this paper, we proposed a multiple scale model to describe cell dynamics in monolayers with any degree of confluence. Results obtained with the model focused on a nearly confluent monolayer comprising of cancer cells and normal cells. Our main goal was to assess the role of cell elasticity mismatch on the migration potential of the cells (i.e., the metastatic potential of the cancer cells), in light of the recent experimental studies of Lee *et al*.[@b9] who observed that human breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) embedded in a monolayer of mostly normal human breast epithelial cells (MCF10A) displayed an increased motility in comparison to the case where they are alone on the substrate. This larger migration potential was partly attributed to the fact that the cancer cells, whose Young modulus is about 3 times smaller compared to the normal cells, can deform their shape easily and squeeze between neighboring normal cells leading to bursty migration. The simulation results obtained with the model treated cancer and normal cells identically, except for their elastic constant. This allowed us to quantify the role of elasticity mismatch *alone*. The most important results that we obtained are: 1) Our minimum energy model shows that the motility (quantified by an effective diffusion coefficient) of a soft cancer cell in a monolayer of normal cells can be 50% larger (see [Fig. 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"}) as the one of a normal cell in the monolayer. 2) The trajectory of the soft cell in a layer of normal cells is decorated by speed bursts, where the velocity significantly deviates from its average value, in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations. 3) The velocity distribution of the soft cell in a layer of normal cells shows longer tails that are inconsistent with a Gaussian distribution. Of course, in our simulations, elasticity mismatch is solely responsible for these effects.
Several speed bursts are shown in the bottom two panels of [Fig. 3A](#f3){ref-type="fig"} (Green curve). We have further observed that most bursts are induced by a T1 topological swap where two normal cells, initially separated by the cancer cell, move toward each other and connect by pinching the rear-end of the cancer cell. This process gives a net push to the cancer cell (see [Fig. 3D](#f3){ref-type="fig"} and the corresponding [Supplementary Movie](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) which rapidly relaxes to a more circular shape. We observed 6--8 bursts in the soft-in-normal simulation at the highest packing fraction (*ρ* = 0.90) over a time scale that correspond to ≈40 hours in real time. Lee *et al*.[@b9] reported 2 bursts over an observation period of 16 hours (see [Fig. 3B](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). Of course, the small number of bursts prevents us to compare the frequency/amplitude of our bursts with the experimental ones in a statistically meaningful way. Nevertheless, the qualitative agreement between the experiments and our simulations at *ρ* = 0.90 is striking. Moreover, our simulations allows us to quantify the correlation between the instantaneous velocity of the tagged cell and the instantaneous change in cell perimeter (see [Fig. 3E](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). A calculation shown in Sec. S6 of the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} further shows that most bursts can be described as short events were the tagged cell moves with the velocity it would have if it was alone on the substrate *plus* an extra contribution that arises from the cell displacement due to the rapid cell shape change (i.e., when a highly deformed tagged cell rapidly relaxes to a more circular shape).
To some degree, our results are sensitive on the choices of the model parameters. In particular, for the lowest packing fraction considered, the soft cancer cell does not show clean speed bursts. This observation seems to suggest that confluence is required for bursty migration. There is much more empty space between cells in the *ρ* = 0.85 simulations compared to the *ρ* = 0.90 (compare the top and bottom rows of [Fig. 3C](#f3){ref-type="fig"} and the [Supplementary Movies](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Further note that *ρ* does not necessarily correspond to the cell packing fraction in the real system. The difference arises from the fact that in the model, the cell is an elastomer defined by a single elastic constant. On the other hand, the elastic restoring force that prevents real cells from migrating through narrow pathways primarily comes from the nucleus since the cytoplasm is much softer[@b40]. Future studies will be performed to quantify the role of packing fraction more precisely. If our results are sensitive to the choice of *model parameters*, they should not be sensitive to the choice of the model. In fact, we believe that our results could have been obtained using a Cell Potts description[@b25].
One important difference between our work and the one of Lee *et al*.[@b9] is the following. Recall that our goal was to isolate the role of cell elasticity. Hence, we set the active, self-propulsion, part of the velocity of all cells to be the same. However, in the experiment, that does not seem to be the case. In fact, the cancer cell appears to move much less by itself than the normal cells[@b9]. Hence, when it is embedded in a layer of normal cells, its motility may primarily be increased because it gets pushed around by the other, more motile cells. In our simulations, the strength of the self-propulsion of the cancer and normal cells is identical. Hence, when any type of cells are brought together in a dense monolayer, to first order, their motility decreases since the cells act as obstacles to each other. In the future, we want to study the effect of active velocity mismatch to understand how a soft cell that is embedded in a layer of normal cells (with a different active velocity magnitude) could cross over from the case where it is more (less) motile in the monolayer in comparison to the case where it is alone on the substrate.
Another difference between our simulation studies and the experiments of Lee *et al*. is that cell-cell adhesion and more importantly, how it varies with cell type, was neglected. In fact, the experiment showed that the magnitude of the bursts is largest when normal cells adhere with each other, but not with the soft cancer cell[@b9]. Cell-cell adhesion can be included in our phase field monolayer model, but this goes beyond the objective of the current work. We are planning to include it in future extensions of the model. Note that in real monolayers, the integrity of a cluster of cells is maintained through cell adhesion. In our model, the cells remain clustered due to the boundary conditions. Hence, our model includes adhesion in its simplest form.
One important advantage of the phase-field description for monolayers of motile cells that we propose is that it scales favorably with the number of fields one may want to add to each cells to include details that we left over for simplicity. A natural example are fields that describe the density of actin and myosin in the cytoplasm or focal adhesions on the cell surface which can generate protrusive forces, contractile forces and strain in the substrate[@b41][@b42]. Such cell internal degrees of freedom have been included in recent 2D models of a single migrating cell[@b28][@b29][@b31]. Including new fields that describe such cell internal processes does not increase the computational effort significantly, as long as they do not require using a finer mesh. Generalizing our model to 3D may also help to understand why motile cells appear to migrate using drastically different mechanisms on 2D substrates compared to the case when they are embedded inside a 3D collagen matrix[@b35][@b44][@b45]. Phase-field models can be extended from 2D to 3D, but the concomitant increase in numerical cost usually requires the use of more sophisticated numerical methods.
Methods
=======
Model free energy
-----------------
We treat each cell as a 2D soft body for which the equilibrium shape minimizes the following free-energy,
where it is understood that, by *ϕ*~*n*~, we mean *ϕ*~*n*~(*x*,*y*; *t*). The form of [Eq. (7)](#eq14){ref-type="disp-formula"} guarantees that the preferred values for the cell fields are *ϕ*~*n*~ = 0 and 1. The length over which *ϕ*~*n*~ varies from 0 to 1, *λ*, corresponds to the width of the boundary of any cell. In the model, non-interacting cells tend to be circular with a radius *R*. Energetic costs associated to changes in cell area are determined by *μ*~*n*~. We next show that *γ*~*n*~ is the parameter that controls the elasticity of the cells.
We calculated the energy cost predicted by the model and that results from a sinusoidal deformation of the cell boundary (see Sec. S1 of the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). For a deformation wavelength equal to 2*πR*/*k*, where *k* is a wavenumber, and an amplitude equal to *ε*, the energetic cost is
where periodicity imposes that *k* is an integer larger than 1 and where we assume that *ε*/*R* ≪ 1. For identical cell sizes, interface widths and deformations, depends on cell type only through *γ*~*n*~. Hence, *γ*~*n*~ is the parameter that controls the cell stiffness. Note that the energy cost due to shape deformation can scale with the wavenumber, *k*, with a different power law if the curvature energy is taken into account[@b46] (in which case it scales like *k*^4^) or if the cell interior is treated as an elastic medium[@b47] (in which case it scales like ). Here, these contributions are neglected since our focus is not on the details of the underlying restoring force.
We now comment on the last term in [Eq. (7)](#eq14){ref-type="disp-formula"} which constrains the area of the cell. In the simulations, *μ*~*n*~ will be chosen to be large enough so that the cells will prefer to deform when they are brought together rather than shrink. It is not crucial that the cell area be exactly conserved in our description of cell monolayers. In reality, it is the cell volume which should be conserved for cells that neither grow nor divide. In our 2D model, the cell area can be interpreted as the area of a 3D cell "projected" onto the substrate. This projected area can deviate from its preferred value as long as the cell thickness above the substrate is simultaneously adjusted such that the overall cell volume remains constant[@b25][@b26].
The free energy given by [Eq. (7)](#eq14){ref-type="disp-formula"} describes each cells individually. The total free energy of the monolayer is,
where
describes the interaction between cells that prevents them from overlapping. Both *ϕ*~*n*~ and *ϕ*~*m*~ are non-zero in a region where cells *n* and *m* overlap and the resulting energy cost is controlled by *κ* (like *μ*~*n*~, *κ* will be chosen sufficiently large so that cells will deform when they are brought together rather than overlap). In terms of *ϕ*, [Eq. (10)](#eq19){ref-type="disp-formula"} is the lowest order term that gives the desired repulsion between cells. More details on the model parameters and their meaning are given in the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Dynamics
--------
The motion of each cell within the monolayer is described by [Eq. (1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The time-dependent cell velocity, **v**~*n*~, is chosen to be spatially uniform for simplicity. Our model fall into the category of "model A" in the classification scheme of Hohenberg and Halperin[@b48] for dynamical critical phenomena, but with an extra convective term. The right-hand-side of [Eq. (1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"} determines how rapidly a deformed cell returns to its circular, equilibrium shape. Such a relaxation time scale can be determined from cell viscosity measurements (for a recent example, see Ref. [@b36]) or can be estimated by equating the shape relaxation rate with the viscous dissipation of the water inside the cell (see Ref. [@b49]).
The velocity of each cell is divided in two parts,
where **v**~*n*,*I*~ and **v**~*n*,*A*~ are the inactive and active (self-propulsion) parts of the velocity of cell *n*, respectively. The inactive part is due to forces exerted on cell *n* by the other cells while the self-propulsion part is due to internal processes that require energy consumption. The constitutive equations for **v**~*n*,*I*~ can be determined from thermodynamic principles. With **v**~*n*,*A*~ = 0, the free energy of the system, which is an assembly of dead deformable droplets, should be a strictly decreasing function of time. In Sec. S2 of the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, we use this condition to show that,
where *ξ* is interpreted as the friction between the cells, the substrate and the surrounding water. Together with [Eq. (1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"}, the last equation guarantees that the monolayer will tend toward thermodynamic equilibrium in the absence of active forces. At this point the cells do not flow, **v**~*n*,*I*~ = 0, and their boundaries do not move, .
Of course, live cells never reach thermodynamic equilibrium. This is taken into account by which is chosen such that the instantaneous velocity of isolated cells has a constant magnitude; . On the other hand, the time dependence of the cell motion is due to the orientation of which we describe as a random process where the time interval between reorientation events, , follows an exponential distribution given by,
where *τ* is the average time between two reorientations. Hence, in our model, an isolated cell moves in a straight line with constant speed between two reorientation events. [Eq. (13)](#eq27){ref-type="disp-formula"} can also be used to calculate the mean-squared displacement of cell *n* when it is isolated on the substrate,
where x~*n*~(*t*) is the center of cell *n* and implies an average over an ensemble of isolated cell trajectories or equivalently, a longer time average over a single isolated cell trajectory as given by [Eq. (6)](#eq11){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The long time behavior of the mean-squared displacement is linear in time and hence, isolated cells can be characterized by an "effective" diffusion coefficient in two dimensions, . Rather than depending on temperature, the effective diffusion coefficient depends on internal processes that require energy consumption and that determine *v*~*A*~ and *τ*.
C. Model Parameters and Numerical Considerations
------------------------------------------------
All model parameters are chosen to be identical for both types of cells with the exception of *γ*~*n*~. The simulation will be performed by propagating [Eq. (1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"} numerically on a uniform mesh. [Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"} summarizes the model parameters used in the simulations. As stated in the Results section, the parameters are obtained from the experiments or by invoking physical approximations. Additional details are given in Sec. S4.
The determination of *ξ* requires further comments. Consider two cells that move toward each other in an "head on collision" manner so that they have a constant and opposite active force parallel to their separation vector, see [Fig. 6](#f6){ref-type="fig"}. As the two cells start interacting/touching, a) they deform and b) they decelerate. Hence, the cells will reach a conformation where the force term due to interactions with the other cells exactly cancels the active force so that **v**~*I*~ + **v**~*A*~ = 0. For increasing *ξ*, cells need to be increasingly deformed for the interaction forces to decrease the velocities. [Figure 6](#f6){ref-type="fig"} reports the total velocity of one cell for the head-on collision just described with *ξ* *=* 1.5 × 10^3^ (as listed in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). The long-time maximum deformation of the cells is in qualitative agreement with the largest cell deformation observed in monolayers. Note that the two cells end up in a metastable configuration from which they can escape at long time due to numerical error build-up.
Fig. 6 has an accompanying [supplementary movie](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Simulations of the monolayer model are performed in a square simulation box of area *A*~*B*~ = *N*~*mesh*~ × *N*~*mesh*~ with *N*~*mesh*~ the number of mesh points along one axis of the box. [Eq. (1)](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"} is integrated on a mesh, periodic boundary conditions are used and additional details of the numerical procedure are given in the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Importantly, our simulation results can be converted back to real units using the following simple arguments. The cells we are modeling have a radius of the order of 10 *μm* and our cells have a radius of 49 mesh points. Hence, the distance between mesh points in our simulations is ≈0.2 *μm*. In the experiment, the average instantaneous velocity of normal cells in a confluent monolayer of mostly normal cells is ≈10 *μm*/*hour* (see [Fig. 3B](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). Alone on the substrate, it should be larger since the motion of any given cell is not blocked by the others. Hence, we assume that *v*~*A*~ = 20 *μm*/*hour* which means that *t* = 1 in our simulations is equivalent to 0.36 *s* in real time.
Additional Information
======================
**How to cite this article**: Palmieri, B. *et al*. Multiple scale model for cell migration in monolayers: Elastic mismatch between cells enhances motility. *Sci. Rep*. **5**, 11745; doi: 10.1038/srep11745 (2015).
Supplementary Material {#S1}
======================
###### Supplementary Information
###### Supplementary Movie S1
###### Supplementary Movie S2
###### Supplementary Movie S3
###### Supplementary Movie S4
###### Supplementary Movie S5
###### Supplementary Movie S6
###### Supplementary Movie S7
###### Supplementary Movie S8
###### Supplementary Movie S9
###### Supplementary Movie S10
We would like to thank Meng-Horng Lee for providing the experimental data shown in [Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"} and are grateful for discussions with Nir Gov, Samuel Safran, Paul François, Paul Wiseman, Cristiano Diaz, Sabrina Leslie, Bojing Jia, Marcia Simons, Miriam Rafailovich, Nigel Goldenfeld, Nikolas Provatas, Ken Elder, Niloufar Faghihi, Anna Mkrtchyan, Yani Yuval and James Sethna. The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies are gratefully acknowledged for funding this research as well as Compute Canada for providing access to the CLUMEQ Supercomputing facility. B.P. furthers thanks Dr. Juan Gallego for helping with numerical issues.
The authors declare no competing financial interests.
**Author Contributions** B.P. developed and implemented the model, wrote the main text and the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and prepared all figures and [Supplementary movies](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. D.W. and M.G. assisted with the model development. Y.B. and M.G. assisted in the analysis of the simulation data, in writing the main text and the [Supplementary Information](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and in the preparation of all figures.
{#f1}
{ref-type="disp-formula"}), after aging. The arrow points toward the tagged cell. The left and right groups of three panels respectively correspond to the packing fractions *ρ* = 0.85 & 0.9 and the top and bottom groups respectively correspond to the soft-in-normal and all-normal cases.](srep11745-f2){#f2}
![Summary of motile cells simulations.\
**(A)** The perimeter and instantaneous velocity, *L* and , of the tagged cell as a function of dimensionless time. Green corresponds to the soft cancer cell (soft-in-normal simulations) and Blue corresponds to its normal counterpart (all-normal simulations). The top (bottom) two panels report the simulation results obtained with *ρ* = 0.85(0.90). The total simulation time corresponds to ≈40 hours when converted back in real time (see the Methods section). The two boxes show the trajectories of the tagged cells at the two packing fractions. **(B)** Experimental results reproduced with permission from Ref. [@b9] for a monolayer that comprises very few cancer cells and mostly normal cells. The value of *L* is calculated from the deformation of the cell nucleus and the total observation time is 16 hours. **(C)** Snapshots of the motile soft-in-normal monolayer simulations at *ρ* = 0.85 (top) and *ρ* = 0.90 (bottom) that correspond to the times indicated by the labels i, ii and iii in part A. **(D)** Three snapshots of the soft-in-normal simulation at *ρ* = 0.90 are shown at times just before, during, and right after the speed burst right after the label iii in part A. Only the soft cancer cell (filled in Green) and its neighbors (Blue boundaries) are shown. The length of the Black arrow on top of each cell is proportional to its instantaneous velocity. When collective effects between cells induce a speed burst to the soft cancer cell (i.e., when its instantaneous velocity is larger than the active part), the arrow is shown in Red. **(E)** Average change in cell perimeter, Δ*L*, between succesive time steps binned according to the cell instantaneous velocity, . Note that part A and D have accompanying [supplementary movies](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.](srep11745-f3){#f3}
{ref-type="disp-formula"}). In the all-normal case, the velocity distribution of the tagged cell is well described by a Gaussian fit (Black line) with standard deviation *σ*~*G*~ = 0.0029. In the soft-in-normal case, the velocity distribution of the soft cancer cell is not well described by a Gaussian fit (Black line) with *σ*~*G*~ = 0.0028. It is better described by the distribution proposed in the main text, [Eq. (5)](#eq10){ref-type="disp-formula"}, which is shown here as the Red curve.](srep11745-f4){#f4}
{ref-type="disp-formula"}.](srep11745-f5){#f5}
![Simulation results for two normal cells that move toward each other with opposite velocities.\
The parameter *ξ* that controls the relative strength of the active force, **v**~*A*~ and the interaction force, **v**~*I*~, is chosen to be *ξ* = 1.5 × 10[@b3]. **(A)** The *x*-component of the dimensionless *total* velocity of the left cell is reported as a function of time. Snapshots of the cells configuration are given at four times. **(B)** At long times, the *y*-component of the inactive part of the velocity deviates away from zero due to small numerical errors. This causes the cells to deviate from their original direction and pass by one another, deforming their shapes in the process.](srep11745-f6){#f6}
###### Numerical values used for the dimensionless model parameters. Normal and Cancer cells only differ in the parameter that controls their stiffness, *γ*~*n*~.
Dimensionless parameter *γ*~*n*~= *λ*= *R*= *κ*= *μ*= *τ*= *v*~*A=*~ *ξ*=
------------------------- ----------- -------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ----------- -------- -------------
numerical value 0.35 1 7 49 10 1 10^4^ 10^−2^ 1.5 × 10^3^
Cell type cancer normal all
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There are plenty of good managers out there. They're efficient, productive, and ensure employees meet objectives. In other words, they get the job done.
Once in a while, however, you'll come across a greatmanager -- one who not only supervises but leads, inspires and connects with their on a higher level. These managers go above and beyond, contributing to their team's success as well as the company's.
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Greatmanagers lead with curiosity, which requires vulnerability. They're OK with not having all of the answers, let alone the "right" answers. Instead, they are masters of asking thoughtful, even provocative, questions of their team that result in fresh connections and solid solutions. Their leadership style reflects a coach's approach: lots of questions, reflection and non-attachment. — Beth Buelow, The Introvert Entrepreneur
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Although a crucial part of management is making sure that your team is getting stuff done, those managers who truly thrive begin to walk the line between manager and leader. Focus on the quality of relationship with your team. Do they believe that you care about them and not just the bottom line? Do they feel supported? Do you provide hope? Do you help develop them? Managers who care lead! — Monique Catoggio, Florida International University
3. Utilize an Employee's Strengths
The best managers understand that individuals possess a unique set of strengths. Strengths are not defined as skills but rather the aspects of what energizes and exhausts you. Some people are thinkers and thrive in areas of critical/strategy thinking; others are relational and thrive using persuasion. The best managers help identify these areas and allow you to work within them. — Cha Tekeli, Chalamode, Inc.
There is a distinct difference between manager and leader by definition. A greatmanager will be both. Taking the time to develop their people will produce a higher level of performance and productivity from their team. It is also a significant boost for the organization, which sees less turnover and improved morale. — Jen Kelchner, Kelchner Advisory
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{
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Free kindergarten to grade 6 math worksheets, organized by grade and topic. Skip counting, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, rounding, fractions and . College Math Homework Help Forums are Out of Date When you enter a college math themes get only tougher and tougher, so even students, who are as brilliant at math as buttons, surf the internet in search of useful forums to get help from their mates.
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Free math learning resources for teachers and students - including games, flashcards, homework helpers, and worksheets. Free Math Worksheets for Grade 2 This is a comprehensive collection of free printable math worksheets for grade 2, organized by topics such as addition, subtraction, mental math, regrouping, place value, clock, money, geometry, and multiplication.
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Acute and persistent protein synthesis inhibition following cerebral reperfusion.
Lack of recovery from protein synthesis inhibition (PSI) closely correlates with neuronal death following brain ischemia and reperfusion. It has therefore been suggested that understanding the mechanisms of PSI will shed light on the mechanisms of selective neuronal death following ischemia and reperfusion. It is now known that the PKR-like ER kinase (PERK)-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) causes translation inhibition at initial reperfusion. Activation of PERK, in turn, indicates endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of the unfolded protein response. However, phosphorylation of eIF2alpha is a transient event and can account for PSI only in the initial hours of reperfusion. Although a number of other regulators of protein synthesis, such as eIF4F, 4EBP-1, eEF-2, and S6 kinase, have been assessed following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, the causes of prolonged PSI have yet to be fully elucidated. The purpose of the present article is to bring together the evidence indicating that, at minimum, postischemic PSI should be conceptualized as consisting of two components: an acute, transient component mediated by unfolded protein response-induced eIF2alpha phosphorylation and a longer term component that correlates with neuronal death. Ischemic tolerance appears to separate the acute and persistent components of reperfusion-induced translation inhibition. Specific models of the relationship among acute PSI, persistent PSI, and neuronal death are presented to clarify issues that have emerged from ongoing work in this area.
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