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in a study of patients with sepsis , velissaris and colleagues showed that high mixed venous blood oxygen saturation ( svo2 ) levels do not exclude fluid responsiveness . svo2 is assumed to reflect the balance between arterial oxygen delivery ( do2 ) and oxygen consumption ( vo2 ) provided arterial blood oxygen satur...	real - time monitoring of mixed venous oxygen blood saturation ( svo2 ) or of central venous oxygen blood saturation is often used during resuscitation of septic shock . however , the meaning of these parameters is far from straightforward . in the present commentary , we emphasize that svo2 - a global marker of ti...
the patients who are admitted to icu may pose an immense diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the intensivist as a high index of suspicion for intoxication is warranted . the profile of patients with acute poisoning and their choice of agents not only depend upon the socioeconomic , religious and cultural status ...	background and aim : there is scarcity of data from the indian subcontinent regarding the profile and outcome of patients presenting with acute poisoning admitted to intensive care units ( icu ) . we undertook this retrospective analysis to assess the course and outcome of such patients admitted in an icu of a tertia...
gastrointestinal tract duplications are uncommon congenital anomalies and found anywhere along the alimentary tract from the mouth to the anus . almost all of the reported cases were detected with respiratory distress manifestation in the early days of life . most eds are found in the distal third of the esophagus ...	esophageal duplication ( ed ) is rarely diagnosed in adults and is usually asymptomatic . especially , ed that is connected to the esophagus through a tubular communication and combined with bronchoesophageal fistula ( bef ) is extremely rare and has never been reported in the english literature . this condition is...
epithelial - mesenchymal interactions play important roles during tooth formation in the jaw . after the crown formation , the inner and outer enamel epithelium joins together and begins to migrate towards the apical area to form the tooth root . hers cells induce dental papilla cells to differentiate into odontobl...	background and objective . the aim of this study was to investigate the behavior of cells from epithelial rest of malassez ( erm ) against stretching force . material and methods . erm - cultured cells were stretched for 1 hour , at the cycle of 18% elongation for 1 second followed by 1-second relaxation . the ...
laryngomalacia is the most common congenital anomaly of the larynx and the commonest cause of stridor of unknown aetiology in infants , and accounts for around 75% of all laryngeal problems in infancy . osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare congenital anomaly of the connective tissues caused by the mutation of collagen t...	sometimes anaesthesiologists come across rare congenital anomalies in their practice . the inherent complications associated with the disorder necessitate tailor - made approaches for providing anaesthesia to even seemingly simple surgical interventions . here , we share our experience of anaesthesia management of ...
due to the occurrence of the industrialization and urbanization without environmental care , toxic elements such as lead ( pb ) , cadmium ( cd ) , and arsenic ( as ) , coming mainly from mining , industrial processes , pesticides , chemical fertilizers , and atmospheric deposition , have become a major source of enviro...	this study is aimed at investigating a suitable method for rice sample preparation as well as validating and applying the method for monitoring the concentration of total arsenic , cadmium , and lead in rice by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( icp - ms ) . various rice sample preparation procedure...
the term , postcardiac arrest syndrome ( pcas ) , describes organ damage from whole - body ischaemia and reperfusion after return of spontaneous circulation ( rosc ) caused by cardiac arrest ( ca ) . mortality rates from pcas1 2 differ by country , region and facility.3 in the west , in - hospital mortality rates a...	objectivefew studies have reported factors that result in a better neurological outcome in patients with postcardiac arrest syndrome ( pcas ) following return of spontaneous circulation ( rosc ) . we investigated the factors affecting neurological outcome in terms of both prehospital care and treatments after arrival...
defects have long been treated with durable dental materials , which all have a limited performance and eventually fail after a period of clinical service . pulp repair requires a sequence of cellular events resembling those involved in soft tissue wound healing . these events include chemotaxis , proliferation of ...	abstractobjectivesthe dentin matrix servers as a reservoir of growth factors , sequestered during dentinogenesis . the aim of this study was to assess the viability and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells in the presence of dentin matrix - derived non - collagenous proteins and two growth factors ; platelet - der...
cardiac resynchronization therapy ( crt ) is an effective therapy in symptomatic , optimally treated heart failure ( hf ) patients with prolonged qrs duration and low ejection fraction ( ef ) . long - term results of crt on exercise tolerance and disease progression , as evaluated by reversal of maladaptive remodelli...	aimsto investigate the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy ( crt ) on survival in heart failure ( hf ) patients with permanent atrial fibrillation ( af ) and the role of atrio - ventricular junction ( avj ) ablation in these patients.methods and resultsdata from 1285 consecutive patients implanted with crt dev...
during rapid maxillary expansion ( rme ) , heavy orthodontic forces are transmitted to the maxilla through the teeth,1 and unfavorable changes may occur in the anchor teeth and their supporting tissues , including buccal crown tipping , root resorption , reduction of buccal bone thickness , and marginal bone loss.2 - 4...	objectiveto evaluate the changes in cortical bone thickness , alveolar bone height , and the incidence of dehiscence and fenestration in the surrounding alveolar bone of posterior teeth after rapid maxillary expansion ( rme ) treatment using cone - beam computed tomography ( cbct).methodsthe cbct records of 20 subjects...
such dislocations are usually caused by sports injuries , epileptic seizures , electrical shock , or electroconvulsive therapy . however , simultaneous bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation is very rare and usually is of traumatic in origin with only few cases described in literature . thorough clinical examination...	shoulder dislocations are the most common major joint dislocations encountered in the emergency departments . bilateral shoulder dislocations are rare and of these , bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations are more prevalent than bilateral anterior shoulder dislocations . bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation i...
traumatic brain injury ( tbi ) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children . many scoring systems have been established to predict the neurological outcomes in children with tbi . clinically , different scoring systems may show different characteristics and various effects in estimating children...	traumatic brain injury is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children . however , it is still challengeable to early predict the outcome of individual patients with severe head injuries . glasgow outcome scale is the most widely used scoring system in evaluating neurological outcome for head injury...
a 46-year - old female patient was admitted with complaints of severe pain and paresthetica in the right anterolateral femoral region , which started a month ago . at the time of admittance , the visual analog scale ( vas ) of the patient was 8 , and she complained of excruciating pain in the right femoral region whe...	meralgia paresthetica is a rarely encountered sensory mononeuropathy characterized by paresthesia , pain or sensory impairment along the distribution of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ( lfcn ) caused by entrapment or compression of the nerve as it crossed the anterior superior iliac spine and runs beneath the ingu...
the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage is reported to be 24% in normal delivery and 6% in cesarean section . typically , postpartum hemorrhage refers to blood loss of 500 ml or more after completion of the third stage of labor . delay in diagnosis and management of postpartum hemorrhage can cause many complications...	introduction : delay in diagnosis of bleeding can be due to underestimation of the actual amount of blood loss during delivery . therefore , this research aimed to compare the efficacy of web - based , simulation - based , and conventional training on the accuracy of visual estimation of postpartum hemorrhage volume.ma...
people with intellectual disability ( i d ) experience significant health inequalities compared with the general population.1,2 for example , patients with i d have higher mortality rates , a shorter life expectancy , and higher levels of unmet health needs.1 previous studies have indicated that individuals with i d ha...	backgroundalthough patients with moderate intellectual disability ( i d ) are known to have higher rates of being overweight and obese than those without i d , there are no current data regarding the relationship between i d and weight gain in epilepsy patients treated with valproic acid ( vpa).patients and methodsthe ...
childhood is considered the structuring period of life , during which such patterns as diet and lifestyle are formed and fixed . although atherosclerotic disease ( ad ) becomes symptomatic later in life , the early identification of predisposing factors and lifestyle modifications can significantly reduce the inciden...	objectivesto correlate cardiovascular risk factors ( e.g. , hypertension , obesity , hypercholesterolemia , hypertriglyceridemia , hyperglycemia , sedentariness ) in childhood and adolescence with the occurrence of cardiovascular disease.sourcesa systematic review of books and selected articles from pubmed , scielo and...
propofol ( 2,6-diisopropylphenol ) , a widely used intravenous ( iv ) anaesthetic , was developed in the 1970s from phenol derivatives . just as propofol is used for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia , it is also often used outside operating theatres for sedation . as propofol has a rapid onset time and ea...	abstract aim : to investigate the efficacy of lornoxicam in the prevention of the pain associated with propofol injection . material and method : approval for this study was granted by the ethics committee of our hospital . using a computer randomisation software , 120 patients undergoing elective surgery were ...
for over 300 years , parkinsonism has been associated with a loss of pigmentation from the human brain . termed neuromelanin ( nm ) to distinguish it from the numerous melanin sources found throughout the body , it is absent at birth and naturally increases throughout a person 's lifetime , accelerating in synthesis an...	the loss of pigmented neurons from the human brain has long been the hallmark of parkinson 's disease ( pd ) . neuromelanin ( nm ) in the pre - synaptic terminal of dopamine neurons is emerging as a primary player in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders including pd . this mini - review discusses the interac...
abl2 ( v - abl abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homologue 2 ) , also known as arg ( abl related gene ) , is a member of the abelson family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases . abl2 and abl1 ( c - abl ) share a high degree of sequence conservation and have a similar domain organization comprising an n - terminal ...	abl2 ( also known as arg ( abl related gene ) ) is closely related to the well - studied abelson kinase cabl . abl2 is involved in human neoplastic diseases and is deregulated in solid tumors . oncogenic gene translocations occur in acute leukemia . so far no structural information for abl2 has been reported . to...
altered sensorium in the postoperative period poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to the treating physician . fat embolism syndrome ( fes ) is an important possibility , especially in the setting of orthopedic surgeries . fes is a serious manifestation of fat embolism that involves petechial rash , deterior...	it is important to consider several differential diagnoses in a patient presenting with altered sensorium following surgery . fat embolism syndrome ( fes ) is a serious condition that needs to be excluded . although criteria for diagnosis of fes are available , all patients may not satisfy them . we discuss a pat...
organisms exposed to different environmental stressors , including temperature changes , trace metals and ultraviolet light , respond by rapidly synthesising a suite of highly conserved proteins called heat shock or stress proteins . under stressful conditions , such as extreme temperature , some proteins lose the...	organisms exposed to environmental stressors respond by rapidly synthesising a suite of highly conserved proteins called heat shock proteins ( hsps ) . environmental stress can also enhance and/or block memory formation , with long - term memory formation requiring gene activation and protein synthesis . thermal st...
a 16-year - old male was referred with features of right hemi - hypertrophy and severe lymphoedema affecting his scrotum and penis . he had previously undergone scrotal reduction surgery at the age of 13 , but had since developed worsening penile oedema . his main concern was that of cosmetic appearance prior to se...	to our knowledge penile lymphoedema secondary to proteus syndrome has not previously been reported . hence we report a case of a 16-year - old male who was referred with features of right hemi - hypertrophy and severe lymphoedema affecting his scrotum and penis . he had previously undergone scrotal reduction surger...
laparoscopic surgery has developed to a standard of care in patients with small ( < 6 cm ) adrenal masses . recently , numerous authors reported on minimally invasive adrenalectomies also in patients with larger tumors , but significant concerns regarding the adequacy of laparoscopic surgery in potentially malignant ...	background : laparoscopic adrenalectomy for tumors larger than 6 cm is currently a matter of controversial discussion because of difficult mobilization from surrounding organs and a possible risk of capsule rupture.materials and methods : data of consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy between 1/1994...
lactoferrin ( lf ) is an iron - binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family that is expressed and secreted by glandular cells , such as milk , saliva , tears , and mucous secretions . it is also found in the neutrophils from which it is released into infected tissues and blood during the inflammatory process . ini...	a double - blinded parallel randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on two groups of colorectal cancer patients to study the therapeutic benefit of orally administered bovine lactoferrin ( blf ) on colorectal cancer patients having age ranges from 20 to 71 years and who received 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin...
intrauterine exposure to diabetes ( 1,2 ) , obesity ( 3 ) , and excessive maternal gestational weight gain ( 4,5 ) are hypothesized to affect fetal growth and development , which is reflected in babies being born small or large for gestational age to women who were obese and/or diabetic during pregnancy . previous st...	objectiveto investigate associations of maternal gestational weight gain and body composition and their impact on offspring body composition and adipocytokine , glucose , and insulin concentrations at age 4 months.research design and methodsthis was a prospective study including 31 mother - infant pairs ( n = 62 ) . ...
synchronization of these brain oscillations is feasible with the application of a novel brain stimulation technique , transcranial alternating current stimulation ( tacs ) , in which alternating current of specified frequency entrains and enhances the brain rhythms to the corresponding frequency . previous studies su...	abnormalities in resting and event - related brain oscillations are known to be associated with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia . transcranial alternating current stimulation ( tacs ) modulates these rhythms across the neuronal circuits and could have a potential therapeutic role in psychiatric disorders . in thi...
the paper entitled ' prolonged treatment with n - acetylcysteine delays liver recovery from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity ' by yang and colleagues , published in the previous issue of critical care , demonstrates that prolonged administration of n - acetylcysteine ( nac ) at 100 mg / kg in acetaminophen ( apap)-induced ...	since the 1970s , n - acetylcysteine ( nac ) has shown proven efficacy as an antidote for acetaminophen ( apap ) poisoning and apap - induced liver failure for early presenters . the current evidence of benefits of nac for late presenters is controversial because of the poor understanding of the mechanism of late tox...
in fact many analytical methods , employing different techniques , are being developed for evaluation of pharmaceutical preparations . vitamins of b group were well separated by rp - hplc . a method for the simultaneous determination of taurine and 10 water - soluble vitamins including vitamin b1 ( thiamine ) , b2 ( ...	a competitive cze method for quality control analysis of multivitamin preparations and veterinary products containing b - group vitamins was developed . vitamins of interest are thiamine hydrochloride ( b1 ) , thiamine monophosphate chloride ( b1a ) , riboflavine ( b2 ) , riboflavine-5monophosphate ( b2a ) , nicotina...
tissue engineering , with significant research inputs over the last decades , has emerged as a potential tool to regenerate damaged and diseased tissues . as one of the key components in tissue engineering approach , growth factors provide chemical cues to stem cells , regulating their biological responses and tissue...	fibroblast growth factors ( fgfs ) that signal through fgf receptors ( fgfrs ) regulate a broad spectrum of biological functions , including cellular proliferation , survival , migration , and differentiation . the fgf signal pathways are the ras / map kinase pathway , pi3 kinase / akt pathway , and plc pathway , amo...
the incidence of intramedullary tumors of the spinal cord is 2 - 4% of all central nervous system tumors . intraspinal dermoid cysts are less than 1% in incidence , commonly seen in extradural location in lumbar area . we report a case of large intramedullary dermoid cyst of the spinal cord associated with a dermal...	intramedullary dermoid cyst is a rare entity . it is usually associated with spinal dysraphism and dermal sinus . our case is an 18-months - old female child who presented with history of fever and mild difficulty in moving left leg . she had a sinus in mid dorsal spine since birth with history of intermittent di...
we also thank sandra hirzberger and alexey shavel for assisting with the powder xrd measurements and chemical syntheses respectively . nm appreciates the financial support provided by german academic exchange service and japan society for the promotion of science .	judicious selection of the amount of surfactant during synthesis enables a drastic increase in the photoluminescence efficiency of aqueous cdte nanocrystals ( ncs ) stabilized by thioglycolic acid ( tga ) . elemental determination of the ncs was undertaken to identify the origin of this effect . the molar ratio of ...
clinically , abdominal obesity is identified by an increase in waist circumference ( wc ) . increased wc it is unclear , however , whether this measure is a correlate of increased risk through its correlation with total abdominal fat ( taf ) or a specific , metabolically unhealthy depot of adipose tissue . many inv...	this study examines intercorrelations among waist circumference ( wc ) , intraperitoneal fat ( ipf ) , and subcutaneous abdominal fat ( saf ) in ethnically diverse dallas heart study consisting of 1538 women and 1212 men ( 50% black ) . correlations between fat depots and triglyceride or homa2-ir , biomarkers of meta...
the national advisory committee on immunizing agents was initially established in 1964 with a mandate to provide advice on immunizing agents to the department of national health and welfare , and to make recommendations on immunizing agents that appeared to warrant special consideration to the dominion council of healt...	vaccines have saved more lives than any other innovation in modern medicine . national immunization committees play a vital role in the development of evidence - based recommendations for the use of vaccines . the present article describes the evolution and work of the national advisory committee on immunization in...
cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide mainly due to their ischemic conditions . moreover , coronary artery disease is the most common reason of heart failure in westernized nations . thus , the continuous search for therapies that are effective in reducing the inciden...	in this study was evaluated the chronic cardiac effects of a formulation developed by including angiotensin(ang)-(17 ) in hydroxypropyl -cyclodextrin ( hpcd ) , in infarcted rats . myocardial infarction ( mi ) was induced by left coronary artery occlusion . hpcd / ang-(17 ) was administered for 60 days ( 76 g / kg...
mycobacterium tuberculosis is an extraordinarily successful human pathogen with the ability to replicate within the normally hostile environment of host macrophages . after being phagocytosed by the macrophage , m. tuberculosis resides in a membrane - bound vacuole , the phagosome , which normally undergoes maturatio...	the mycobacterial cell wall component lipoarabinomannan ( lam ) has been described as one of the key virulence factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis . modification of the terminal arabinan residues of this lipoglycan with mannose caps in m. tuberculosis or with phosphoinositol caps in mycobacterium smegmatis results ...
a 56-year - old man was observed in the emergency room ( er ) 4050 min after the onset of acute de - novo stabbing , pulsating and diffuse headache with subsequent appearance ( within few minutes ) of dysarthria , postural instability with retropulsion , mild objective vertigo and vomiting , acral paresthesias of uppe...	we report the case of a 56-year - old man with acute onset of de - novo stabbing , pulsating and diffuse headache with subsequent appearance ( within few minutes ) of posterior fossa symptoms ( vomiting , postural instability , anisocoria , incoordination , dysarthria , retropulsion ) lasting 912 h. recurrent hyperten...
metastasis is a stage in which cancerous cells spread to the whole body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream . it is extremely harmful and can lead to death . despite the great efforts in the areas of prevention , diagnosis , and treatment of cancer , this disease continues to grow and is still a global kill...	despite the great efforts in the areas of early diagnosis and treatment of cancer , this disease continues to grow and is still a global killer . cancer treatment efficiency is relatively high in the early stages of the disease . therefore , early diagnosis is a key factor in cancer treatment . among the various di...
characterized by a triad of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis , hemoptysis and the presence of anti - glomerular basement membrane ( anti - gbm ) antibodies , goodpasture syndrome is a rare , life - threatening autoimmune disease . the autoantibodies are targeted against the non - collagen domain 1 of the 3 chai...	goodpasture syndrome is a rare , life - threatening autoimmune disease characterized by a triad of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis , a hemorrhagic pulmonary condition and the presence of anti - glomerular basement membrane ( anti - gbm ) antibodies . the antibodies initiate destruction of the kidney glomeruli ...
echinococcal disease in humans is a parasitic tapeworm infection caused by a larval stage ( the metacestode ) of echinococcus species ( echinococcus granulosus , echinococcus multilocularis , echinococcus oligarthus , or echinococcus vogelis ) . the infection can be asymptomatic or severe , causing extensive organ da...	introduction : the hydatid disease most often involves the liver and the lungs . the disease can involve any part of the body except the hair , teeth and nails . primary extrahepatico - pulmonary hydatid cysts are rare and only a few sporadic cases have been reported.materials and methods : two hundred and forty - ...
in this retrospective , single center study , we reviewed charts from 68 patients with ana comprehensive panels . inclusion criteria were patients 18 years old and had an ana cp billing code between may 2015 and october 2015 . variables included age , sex , specialty of the ordering physician , test indication , an...	healthcare providers use antinuclear antibodies ( anas ) to screen and diagnose patients with autoimmune diseases . in the recent years , commercial multiplex ana kits have emerged as a convenient and fast diagnostic method . diagnostic testing should follow sequenced algorithms : initial screen followed by specific ...
we conducted a cross - sectional survey of lprss in lahore ( figure ) , which is the capital of the punjab province in pakistan . in each of 280 lprss , we collected tracheal swab samples from 5 randomly selected chickens and pooled them into 1 composite sample , totaling 280 pooled samples . the samples were chara...	phylogenetic analysis of influenza viruses collected during december 2009february 2010 from chickens in live poultry retail shops in lahore , pakistan , showed influenza a(h9n2 ) lineage polymerase and nonstructural genes generate through inter- and intrasubtypic reassortments . many amino acid signatures observed we...
squamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) is the second most common form of skin cancer after basal cell carcinoma . risks for scc include light - coloured skin , long - term sun exposure ( uv rays ) , old age , exposure to certain chemicals , burns , old scars , some types of the human papilloma virus . saree is the indian ...	skin cancers are rather uncommon malignancies comprising less than 1% of all the cancers in india . saree cancer is a rare type of squamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) . saree and dhoti are traditional male and female costumes respectively , which is unique to the indian subcontinent . constant wear of this clothing t...
methamphetamine ( meth ) is a powerful central nervous system ( cns ) stimulant ( 1 ) , which is widely distributed in the human and rat brain ( 2 ) . although meth -dependent individuals often claimed the cognitive and attention - enhancing effect following drug use ( 3 ) , but meth causes dependence and withdrawal sy...	objective(s):there is controversial evidence about the effect of methamphetamine ( meth ) on spatial memory . we tested the time- dependent effects of meth on spatial short - term ( working ) and long - term ( reference ) memory in meth sensitized and withdrawn rats in the morris water maze.materials and methods : ra...
carcinoma of the prostate is a common condition , with over 21 000 cases and over 10 000 deaths every year in the united kingdom alone . we describe two patients with known carcinoma of the prostate who presented with visual disturbance and papilloedema on examination . the first patient was a 76-year - old gentlem...	carcinoma of the prostate is a common condition and often spreads to bone . we describe the imaging findings in two patients with known carcinoma of the prostate who presented with visual disturbance ( both had papilloedema on examination ) . mri showed occipital bone metastases and superior sagittal sinus thrombos...
acupressure is an alternative medicine methodology that originated in ancient china and is a popular therapy worldwide . acupressure involves application of acute pressure on the acupuncture points to achieve treatment effects that are similar to those of the acupuncture method.13 according to traditional chinese med...	acupressure is an alternative medicine methodology that originated in ancient china . treatment effects are achieved by stimulating acupuncture points using acute pressure . acute pressure block of the sciatic nerve is a newly reported analgesic method based on a current neuroscience concept : stimulation of the peri...
cholera case - patients were identified from updated lists from juba county s 5 cholera treatment centers ( ctcs ) , 2 of which were located in camps for internally displaced persons ( idps ; i.e. , persons who have left their homes but stayed within their country s borders ) . preventive oral cholera vaccination was...	we conducted a case control study to identify risk factors for the 2014 cholera outbreak in juba county , south sudan . illness was associated with traveling or eating away from home ; treating drinking water and receiving oral cholera vaccination were protective . oral cholera vaccination should be used to comple...
benign prostatic hyperplasia ( bph ) is the most common disorder originating in the lower urinary tract in men over the age of 50 . in the last 20 years a number of modern methods of surgical treatment have been developed to treat this common condition . for years the gold standard procedure for treatment of bph ha...	introductionphotoselective laser vaporization of the prostate ( pvp ) is one of the most popular techniques of treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia ( bph ) . the aim of this study was to assess the risk of thermal damage to the external urethral sphincter during pvp at distal part of prostatic urethra.material a...
acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) may occur in a variety of extramedullary ( em ) tissues , with or without bone marrow disease . two well - known em manifestations of aml are granulocytic sarcoma ( gs ) and leukemia cutis . gs , also known as myeloid sarcoma or chloroma , is a rare em tumor of immature myeloid cells....	granulocytic sarcoma ( gs ) is a rare extramedullary manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) . it may also represent blastic transformation of myelodysplastic syndromes or myeloproliferative neoplasms . although usually seen in the context of advanced and poorly controlled disease , it may also present as t...
a 16-year - old previously healthy girl had a fever at the hong kong international airport after her arrival from san francisco , california , usa , on june 11 , 2009 . physical examination showed a temperature of 38.3c , a blood pressure of 117/66 mm hg , a pulse rate of 94 beats / min , and an oxygen saturation of ...	resistance to oseltamivir was observed in influenza a pandemic ( h1n1 ) 2009 virus isolated from an untreated person in hong kong , china . investigations showed a resistant virus with the neuraminidase ( na ) 274y genotype in quasi - species from a nasopharyngeal aspirate . monitoring for the naturally occurring n...
however , this technique imposes the risk of demineralization of enamel adjacent to brackets and requires drying of enamel surface ; which is important in increasing the bond strength of brackets [ 1 , 2 ] . glass ionomer cements ( gics ) were initially introduced to dentistry by wilson and kent and to orthodontics b...	objective : the aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength ( sbs ) of resin modified glass ionomer ( rmgi ) and composite resin for bonding metal and ceramic brackets.materials and methods : eighty - eight human premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were divided into 4 groups ( n=22 ) . in groups 1...
the primary aim of surgical oncology is complete removal of the cancer with clear margins . within breast surgery , the realisation that adequate oncological margins could be obtained without full amputation of the breast was first put forward by keynes in 1937 . with the addition of irradiation of the breast for con...	background . assessment of the ratio between tumour volume and breast volume in therapeutic mammoplasty is paramount . traditionally based on clinical assessment and conventional breast imaging , the role of breast magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) in this context has not been established . methods . data was ...
horse riding , a popular sport , and hobby worldwide is now gaining popularity in malaysia . injuries sustained as a result of horse riding are common because of the nature of the sport . the athlete 's partner is a nonhuman animal rather than a machine or other human teammates . the horse can act unpredictably a...	background : equestrian sport carries with it an implicit risk of injury . despite the frequency of injuries in equestrian sports , there is no published study on injuries of equestrian athletes in malaysia.objective:the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of injuries and its correlates among horseb...
while sex work is global , it is in sub - saharan africa that sex workers are at most risk of human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( aids).1 the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections is very high among sex workers in nigeria.2 early hiv seroprevalence studies am...	backgroundover one - third of sex workers in nigeria are infected with human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) , yet there is a lack of understanding of sex workers own perception of sexual risk - taking . applying the theory of cognitive dissonance , this paper examined the personal hiv risk perception of brothel - bas...
originally , glial cells were considered as a sort of glue that filled the space between neurons , which is largely a passive role . in time , this view changed substantially . in the peripheral nervous system ( pns ) , schwann cells ( scs ) were recognized to regulate a wide variety of ongoing functions of axons ( mir...	schwann cells ( scs ) are the glial component of the peripheral nervous system , with essential roles during development and maintenance of axons , as well as during regenerative processes after nerve injury . scs increase conduction velocities by myelinating axons , regulate synaptic activity at presynaptic nerve te...
the dna region encoding a gene must be accessible to proteins such as transcription factors and rna polymerase . as shown in figure 1 , a nucleosome is composed of a dna sequence wrapped 1.65 times around a histone octamer . if the dna region is wrapped compactly to prevent proteins from binding to the dna , the co...	nucleosomes , which consist of dna wrapped around histone octamers , are dynamic , and their structure , including their location , size , and occupancy , can be transformed . nucleosomes can regulate gene expression by controlling the dna accessibility of proteins . using next - generation sequencing techniques al...
three thermodynamically stable cr forms , cr(0 ) , cr(iii ) , and cr(vi ) , are used commercially and are present in the environment . cr(0 ) is found almost exclusively in its metallic form , most commonly as a component of iron - based alloys such as stainless steel . only cr(vi ) , but not cr(0 ) or cr(iii ) , has...	drinking water supplies in many geographic areas contain chromium in the + 3 and + 6 oxidation states . public health concerns are centered on the presence of hexavalent cr that is classified as a known human carcinogen via inhalation . cr(vi ) has high environmental mobility and can originate from anthropogenic an...
efferocytosis is a carefully orchestrated process by which phagocytes are recruited to sites of cell death , recognize and engulf dying cells , and clear them in an immunologically silent ' manner.dying cells have an active role in their own clearance ; via the production of find - me ' signals to attract phagocytes ...	phagocytic cells of the immune system must constantly survey for , recognize , and efficiently clear the billions of cellular corpses that arise as a result of development , stress , infection , or normal homeostasis . this process , termed efferocytosis , is critical for the prevention of autoimmune and inflammatory...
although neonatal ovarian cysts ( noc ) are increasingly diagnosed with routine antenatal ultrasound screening , their management is still controversial . preserving the ovary is the key aim in the management of these apparently benign lesions . we describe a technique of 2-port laparoscopic - assisted transumbilic...	the occurrence of ovarian cysts in a neonate is common , but the management of the same is contentious . we present a case of a prenatally diagnosed complex ovarian cyst in a neonate , which was successfully treated by a novel laparoscopic technique . the literature was reviewed and the diagnosis , treatment option...
periodic fever , aphthous stomatitis , pharyngitis , and cervical adenitis ( pfapa ) syndrome belongs to the spectrum of autoinflammatory diseases characterized by spontaneous episodes of inflammation which are not accompanied by the usual hallmarks of autoimmunity high - titer autoantibodies or autoreactive t - cel...	background . pfapa syndrome is a chronic disease that is characterized by recurrent episodes of high fever , aphthous stomatitis , pharyngitis , and cervical adenitis . knowledge regarding the etiology of pfapa is limited . objectives . to provide up - to - date information considering etiology of pfapa syndrome ...
the u937/nef - eyfp and u937/eyfp cells and their culture conditions have been described previously ( 17 ) . exosomes were prepared from culture supernatants ( 18 ) and visualized by electron microscopy as described earlier ( 17 ) . exosome quantification was done using bradford reagent ( biorad , usa ) as describe...	introductionthe hiv nef protein is a multifunctional virulence factor that perturbs intracellular membranes and signalling and is secreted into exosomes . while nef - containing exosomes have a distinct proteomic profile , no comprehensive analysis of their mirna cargo has been carried out . since nef functions as a ...
achalasia is a rare disease with an incidence of 1 per 100,000 patients in adults.1 the disease also occurs in children through all age groups however , it is estimated even less frequent in the pediatric population ( 0.11 cases per 100,000 patients2 ) . achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder characterize...	peroral endoscopic myotomy ( poem ) is a new endoscopic treatment for achalasia with very good short - term results in adults . data about poem in pediatric patients are missing . we present the case of a 10-year - old male patient with type i ( classic ) achalasia , successfully treated with poem . the procedure was...
two castrated male cats , aged 8 months old ( case 1 ) and 10 months old ( case 2 ) , showed a history of progressive paraparesis , an over - reaching pelvic limb gait , urinary incontinence and a palpable dermoid fistula . in case 1 , the fistula was connected to the dural sac on the conus medullaris , and the tethe...	case summarytwo castrated male cats , aged 8 months old ( case 1 ) and 10 months old ( case 2 ) , showed a history of progressive paraparesis , an over - reaching pelvic limb gait , urinary incontinence and a palpable dermoid fistula . in case 1 , the fistula was connected to the dural sac on the conus medullaris , and...
it is a complex function resulting from the interaction of several physiological systems , which changes with age . the loss of physiological reserves caused by aging and chronic diseases leads to a frail state . frailty is a significant geriatric syndrome characterized by age - associated severely reduced strength...	objectivethe purpose of this work was to analyze and compare the movement kinematics of sit - to - stand ( sts ) and back - to - sit ( bts ) transfers between frail aged adults and young subjects , as well as to determine the relationship between kinematic changes and functional capacities.methodswe analyzed the timed ...
dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort , burning , itching , foreign body sensation , dryness , pain , photophobia , hyperemia , visual disturbance , and tear film instability , with potential damage to the ocular surface.1 a number of contrib...	dry eye syndrome is a prevalent disease that affects visual acuity , activities of daily living , and quality of life . a number of contributory factors affect the severity of dry eye syndrome , including autoimmune disease , environmental surroundings , contact lens use , hormonal changes , anatomical features , chr...
intestines play a major role in maintaining our health . beyond nutrient and liquid absorption , the intestines serve as a barrier between us , our intestinal microbiome , and foreign organisms / toxins . it is therefore expected that significant morbidity and mortality result from intestinal disorders like those ass...	intestinal cd4 + t cell depletion is rapid and profound during early hiv-1 infection . this leads to a compromised mucosal barrier that prompts chronic systemic inflammation . the preferential loss of intestinal t helper 17 ( th17 ) cells in hiv-1 disease is a driver of the damage within the mucosal barrier and of ...
bacteria of the genus proteus are gram - negative rods belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae ( 1 ) . proteus spp . currently include four named species : proteus mirabilis , p. vulgaris , p. hauseri , and p. penneri , all of which are pathogenic for humans ( 1 ) . a characteristic feature of proteus spp . rods...	backgroundproteus spp . bacilli belong to opportunistic human pathogens , which are primarily responsible for urinary tract and wound infections . an important virulence factor is their ability to form biofilms that greatly reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics in the site of infection.objectivesthe aim of this s...
stroke patients should be medically treated in specially designed facilities , so - called stroke units , because of the high efficacy of the care provided there and recommended by the german stroke society ( dsg ) . in germany , a total of 195 stroke units has been set up so far , enough to provide care for appro...	indroduction . at present , modern telemedicine methods are being introduced , that may contribute to reducing lack of qualified stroke patient care , particularly in less populated regions . with the help of video conferencing systems , a so - called neuromedical teleconsultation is carried out . methods . the s...
breast cancer is the most common form of cancer and a leading cause of death for women in the west , where about one in ten women will develop it during her life . it is obvious that the chance for cure is highest if the breast cancer is identified at an early stage before the tumor has spread . x - ray mammography...	accurately reconstructing the three - dimensional mass shapes in mammographic images is important for classifying the abnormality into malignant or benign . in this paper , a partial volume compensated reconstruction technique for mass shapes is presented . the two - dimensional shapes of the masses are first autom...
hypertension commonly accompanies other cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) risk factors and comorbidities such as obesity , chronic kidney disease , diabetes mellitus ( dm ) , and heart disease . in these high cvd risk patients , early treatment of hypertension to attain blood pressure ( bp ) goals may be particularly impo...	objective . report of prespecified and post hoc subgroup analyses of a randomized , controlled trial comparing telmisartan 80 mg / hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg ( t80/h25 ) combination therapy with t80 monotherapy , according to the presence of cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) risk factors . methods . hypertensive patien...
the crispr / cas system is one of several defense systems that prokaryotes can use to prevent invasion by foreign genetic elements ( for a more detailed description see recent reviews ) . the function and significance of this system was only recently discovered , and it differs from other known defense systems becaus...	prokaryotes have developed several strategies to defend themselves against foreign genetic elements . one of those defense mechanisms is the recently identified crispr / cas system , which is used by approximately half of all bacterial and almost all archaeal organisms . the crispr / cas system differs from the oth...
between 1996 and 2010 , the number of emergency department ( ed ) visits in the united states ( us ) increased by 44% [ 1 , 2 ] . while some patients seek ed care because of convenience , many use emergency services due to lack of access to nonemergency providers . access to timely , ambulatory care services outside ...	background . finding a usual source of care ( usc ) is difficult for certain populations . this analysis determines how insurance type and having a usc affect the settings in which patients seek care . methods . in this cross - sectional study of the 20002011 medical expenditure panel surveys , we assessed the pe...
intrathecal chemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy has been used for both the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of hematologic malignancies in the central nervous system . however , intrathecal chemotherapy has been associated with neurotoxic adverse effects , including myelopathy , encephalopathy , se...	chemotherapy - related myelopathy mimicking subacute combined degeneration ( scd ) has rarely been reported . we encountered a 35-year - old female with sensory ataxia after intrathecal chemotherapy . spinal magnetic resonance imaging showed localized abnormal signal areas in the lateral and dorsal white matter , m...
closure of large left to right cardiac shunts with preexisting significant pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) is usually accompanied by the hazards of post - operative residual pah , pulmonary hypertensive crisis and right ventricular dysfunction . different pulmonary vasodilators have been used to treat high po...	objectivecontrol of residual pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) after closure of left to right shunts in children is still a challenging issue . the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two phosphodiesterase inhibitors in pediatric cardiac surgical patients.methodsa total of 48 postoperative childr...
the double - step paradigm is an established method for evaluating the adaptive plasticity of the sensorimotor system : visual targets are presented in one location first , and are displaced in a consistent fashion shortly thereafter . subjects initially aim their responses toward the first target location and correc...	previous work has documented that the direction of eye and hand movements can be adaptively modified using the double - step paradigm . here we report that both motor systems adapt not only to small direction steps ( 5 gaze angle ) but also to large ones ( 28 gaze angle ) . however , the magnitude of adaptation did...
esophagogastroduodenoscopy ( egd ) has become an important examination for screening and diagnosis of diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract . improved endoscopic screening was accomplished by the incorporation of a thinner caliber endoscope with the capacity to capture high definition images . however , the ...	the feasibility of full - spectrum endoscopy ( fuse ) esophagogastroduodenoscopy ( egd ) , providing a 245-degree field of view with double imagers on the front and left side of the endoscope was evaluated . twenty - one healthy individuals ( 15 male , median age , 35 years ) underwent upper gastrointestinal screenin...
mineral trioxide aggregate ( mta ) is a useful material for vital pulp therapy , such as pulp capping and pulpotomy . in these clinical situations , mta is used in a coronal position ; therefore , the color of mta is considered key to the final esthetic result . in the 1990s , torabinejad et al . introduced gray mt...	objectives : the aim of this study was to evaluate tooth discoloration induced by contact with various calcium silicate - based pulp capping materials in the presence or absence of blood in vitro.materials and methods : eighty bovine samples were divided into six experimental groups and two control groups according to ...
carotid body tumors ( cbt ) are rare chemical receptor tumors which accounts for 0.6% of the head and neck tumors in human . although surgical resection is a reliable therapeutic method for cbt , the procedure is technically challenge for surgeons due to the tumor 's adjacent to great vessels and cranial nerve . we...	carotid body tumors ( cbt ) are rare chemical receptor tumors . we report nine cases of cbt who were diagnosed at our center during 2004 to 2008 with a literature review . of these nine patients , eight underwent complete resection , one received palliative resection due to the malignant nature of the tumor , and t...
according to 2012 data , geir crops were grown on approximately 170 million hectares globally , in 28 countries . as a part of the larger environmental risk assessment ( era ) process , these countries require that developers evaluate the potential for geir crops to have adverse impacts on valued ntos . for regulator...	most regulatory authorities require that developers of genetically engineered insect - resistant ( geir ) crops evaluate the potential for these crops to have adverse impacts on valued non - target organisms ( ntos ) , i.e. , organisms not intended to be controlled by the trait . in many cases , impacts to ntos are ass...
science is rarely tidy . we ultimately seek a unified explanatory framework characterized by elegance and simplicity ; along the way , however , our aesthetic impulses must occasionally be sacrificed to the desire to encompass the largest possible range of phenomena ( i.e. , to fit the data ) . it is often the case t...	this is a review of the physics and cosmology of the cosmological constant . focusing on recent developments , i present a pedagogical overview of cosmology in the presence of a cosmological constant , observational constraints on its magnitude , and the physics of a small ( and potentially nonzero ) vacuum energy .
bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of the disease anthrax , has two major virulence factors , one in the form of exotoxins and the other in the form of unique capsule , which are encoded by the plasmids pxo1 and pxo2 , respectively [ 1 , 2 ] . the capsule is made up of poly - d--glutamic acid , a unique virulen...	bacillus anthracis secretory protein protective antigen ( pa ) is primary candidate for subunit vaccine against anthrax . attempts to obtain large quantity of pa from escherichia coli expression system often result in the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies . therefore , it is always better to produce recombinant...
to explore the integration of health and social care in the uk through policy and clinical guidelines and to examine how partnership working and case management enables policy to be embedded into local practice . the uk department of health policy document ( white paper 2006 ) our health , our care , our say : a new ...	purposeto explore the integration of health and social care in the uk through policy and clinical guidelines and to examine how partnership working and case management enables policy to be embedded into local practice.contextthe uk department of health policy document ( white paper 2006 ) our health , our care , our sa...
as a method , transcranial magnetic stimulation ( tms ) enables direct rhythmic stimulation of the human brain at frequencies that characterize electro- or magnetoencephalographic ( eeg / meg ) signals [ 1 , 2 ] . likewise , the alternative method of transcranial alternating current stimulation ( tacs ) allows stimul...	summarybackgroundneuronal elements underlying perception , cognition , and action exhibit distinct oscillatory phenomena , measured in humans by electro- or magnetoencephalography ( eeg / meg ) . so far , the correlative or causal nature of the link between brain oscillations and functions has remained elusive . a...
intestinal pseudomelanosis is a condition characterized by dark pigmentation of the intestinal mucosa , such as colon , small bowel , and stomach . among intestinal pseudomelanosis , melanosis coli is the most common and a well known condition , which occurs with the laxative use , especially anthraquinone containing...	an accumulation of pigment deposits on mucosa , called melanosis or pseudomelanosis , of the small bowel is observed infrequently during endoscopic examination . we describe 6 cases of small bowel pseudomelanosis ; the possible etiology of which was chronic iron intake . we observed numerous brown spots in duodenum...
hydrocephalus is not a single clinical entity but a complex pathophysiology with disturbed cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) circulation.24 ) normal pressure hydrocephalus ( nph ) is a syndrome that is characterized by gait disturbance , memory impairment and urinary incontinence , and is associated with ventriculomegaly in ...	objectivenormal pressure hydrocephalus ( nph ) is a syndrome characterized by gait disturbance , memory impairment and urinary incontinence . the isotope cisternography ( icg ) became less useful because of low accuracy and complications . we tried to evaluate the safety and value of the icg.methodswe retrospective...
a 1-year - old , female spayed , domestic shorthair , indoor cat on the island of st kitts was diagnosed with platynosomiasis , infection with a feline - specific liver fluke , and treated with praziquantel at the marketed dose for tapeworms ( 5 mg / kg ; actual calculated dose 5.75 mg / kg ) . serial fecal analyses ...	case summarya 1-year - old , female spayed , domestic shorthair , indoor cat on the island of st kitts was diagnosed with platynosomiasis , infection with a feline - specific liver fluke , and treated with praziquantel at the marketed dose for tapeworms ( 5 mg / kg ; actual calculated dose 5.75 mg / kg ) . serial fec...
to achieve the imaging speed and localization precision required to fully characterize the transient mobilities of membrane constituents , we optimized interferometric scattering microscopy for high - speed imaging . the apparatus used here for high - speed iscat imaging is remarkably simple : a linearly po...	the biological functions of the cell membrane are influenced by the mobility of its constituents , which are thought to be strongly affected by nanoscale structure and organization . interactions with the actin cytoskeleton have been proposed as a potential mechanism with the control of mobility imparted th...
preeclampsia is a pregnancy - related hypertensive disorder occurring usually after 20 weeks of gestation . preeclampsia and eclampsia are not distinct disorders but the manifestation of the spectrum of clinical symptoms of the same condition . hypertension and proteinuria are present , and when convulsions occur i...	objectives . review of public health perspectives of preeclampsia in developing countries and implications for health system strengthening . methods . literature from pubmed ( medline ) , ajol , google scholar , and cochrane database were reviewed . results . the prevalence of preeclampsia in developing countri...
x ( re = rare - earth metal , t = transition metal , x = b , si , al , ga , ge , sn ) systems . these compounds are extremely diverse in their structural and physical properties . among them are the following : ( i ) phases that form by stacking of binary cacu5-type fragments and slabs of laves phases with ...	three novel europium platinum borides have been synthesized by arc melting of constituent elements and subsequent annealing . they were characterized by x - ray powder and single - crystal diffraction : eupt4b , ceco4b type , p6/mmm , a = 0.56167(2 ) nm , c = 0.74399(3 ) nm ; eu3pt7b2 , ca3al7cu2 type as an o...
a 53-year - old man presented to the emergency department with a 7-day history of right ear fullness , otalgia , and hearing loss . he had recently been treated with antibiotics for sinusitis at an outside hospital but his symptoms failed to resolve . physical examination demonstrated a mass behind an intact right ...	pleomorphic adenoma , also known as benign mixed tumor , is the most common tumor affecting the parotid gland and can reach massive size ; however , intracranial invasion is rare . recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma after excision is a well - known phenomenon and can present decades after resection of the primary tumo...
many drug patents have recently expired or are scheduled to expire in the near future . in response , many drug manufacturers have expanded their generic drug portfolio , which requires them to conduct clinical trials that demonstrate that their generic equivalents perform similarly to the innovator drug product . re...	drug development is an expensive process that is marked by a high - failure rate . for this reason early stage bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies are essential in determining the fate of new drug products . in this study , we sought to systematically assess the current trends of ongoing and recently completed...
while type 1 diabetes ( t1d ) has not traditionally been associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome , recent studies indicate that the prevalence of patients with t1d that are overweight or obese is as high as 50% , with 8% to 40% meeting the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome . the rising incidence of ob...	background . the utility of bariatric surgery in type 1 diabetes remains controversial . the aim of the present study is to evaluate glycemic control outcomes in obese patients with type 1 diabetes after bariatric surgery . methods . a comprehensive search of electronic databases was completed . inclusion crite...
replacement of maxillary anteriors has always been a challenge for the restoring dentist as the associated problems in smile line determination , establishing anterior guidance and esthetics complicate the treatment plan . the loss of teeth may or may not be associated with a soft or hard tissue defect . local soft...	fixed replacement of maxillary anterior teeth with an associated bony defect has challenged the restoring dentist with problems like weight of the prosthesis thereby leading to weakening of abutment teeth , difficulty in establishing smile line and mechanical stability . this article describes the management of a patie...
after decades of drawbacks , cancer immunotherapy finally started to deliver its promise . as far as radiation and conventional cytostatic drugs mainly achieved its pinnacle in therapeutic efficiency and there is not much space left for their improvement , oncologists see the future of the anticancer treatment mainly...	cancer immunotherapy is a thriving field , but its clinical achievements are modest so far . one of its major hurdles seems to be finding a feasible cancer antigen as a target for immune response . after many years of research , three major criteria for choice of tumor antigens emerged . an antigen should be : ( ...
this study took place in the women s ambulatory health services ( wahs ) clinic at hartford hospital , an inner - city , tertiary care hospital in hartford , conn . in july 2011 , the wahs clinic changed its routine gdm screening from the 50-g , two - step process to the 75-g , one - step process . routine manageme...	in briefscreening for gestational diabetes mellitus is controversial . in their high - risk obstetrical practice , the authors did not find a difference in delivery or neonatal outcomes when using a one - step versus a two - step screening process . they did find lower rates of compliance with screening when using ...
bone formation below the crown of mandibular horizontal incompletely impacted third molar on radiograph is frequently seen in the middle - aged and elderly . tooth germ has a thick lamina dura with a broad space between the crown and the surface of alveolar bone . since bone formation is generally seen accompanying...	bone formation below the crown of mandibular horizontal incompletely impacted third molar is frequently seen in the middle - aged and elderly . the phenomenon shows lamina dura loss without radiolucency and we hypothesized the participation of mature enamel without any influence on the environmental oral status . in ...
the apollo is a new endoscopically guided irrigation aspiration system recently cleared by the us food and drug administration for the evacuation of intraventricular hemorrhage ( figure 1 ) . the apollo system is composed of an aspiration irrigation system , which can be attached via flexible tubing to the apollo w...	introductionthe apollo system ( penumbra inc , alameda , california , usa ) is a low profile irrigation aspiration system designed for the evacuation of intracranial hemorrhage.objectiveto demonstrate the feasibility of using apollo in combination with cone beam ct guidance.methodsparenchymal ( n=1 ) and mixed parench...
the cytokine response to surgery involves inflammation , immune and pituitary hormonal responses , hematopoiesis , and tissue repair . the major cytokine synthesized after surgery is interleukin-6 and this stimulates acute phase protein ( app ) synthesis in the liver . concentrations of apps rise significan...	concentrations of acute phase proteins ( crp : c - reactive protein , albumin ) change during surgery . we investigated the acute phase response to circumcision and the effects of anaesthesia on this response . the children were divided into four groups ; group 1 ( intratracheal general anaesthesia , n = 40...
the social worlds of animals are filled with many different types of interactions , and social experience interacts with organismal stress on many levels . social stressors have proven to be potent across a wide range of species , and their study in rodents has led to greater understanding of the role of stressor typ...	the neurobiology of stress and the neurobiology of social behavior are deeply intertwined . the social environment interacts with stress on almost every front : social interactions can be potent stressors ; they can buffer the response to an external stressor ; and social behavior often changes in response to stressf...
hirayama disease , a rare neurological disease , is characterized by insidious unilateral or bilateral muscular atrophy and weakness of the forearms and hands , without sensory or pyramidal signs . the disease progresses initially , but spontaneous arrest is known to follow several years after the onset , unlike moto...	a 17-year - old male , who gave up his favorite sport cricket and started playing football , presented with one - year history of slowly progressive atrophic weakness of forearms and hands . neurological examination showed weak and wasted arms , forearms and hand but no evidence of pyramidal tract , spinothalmic tract ...
at baseline ( 20022004 ) 122 participants with type 2 diabetes and 56 age- , sex- , and iq - matched control participants were included ; all were between 56 and 80 years of age ( 7,8 ) . exclusion criteria were a psychiatric or neurological disorder ( unrelated to diabetes ) that could influence cognitive functionin...	objectivetype 2 diabetes is associated with a moderate degree of cerebral atrophy and a higher white matter hyperintensity ( wmh ) volume . how these brain - imaging abnormalities evolve over time is unknown . the present study aims to quantify cerebral atrophy and wmh progression over 4 years in type 2 diabetes.re...

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