ceaglex/VisualTTS_Chem · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 19 206
nyp9rT6pRXo-002\|The question I have for you is, which is more dangerous at 100 degrees C?
nyp9rT6pRXo-003\|Which is more dangerous to come in contact with?
nyp9rT6pRXo-014\|That means as you go from steam back to water, that 44 kilojoules will be released.
nyp9rT6pRXo-015\|So when you come in contact with steam, it can condense back to water and release 44 kilojoules and burn your skin.
nyp9rT6pRXo-016\|And then you have water at 100 degrees C still on your skin.
nyp9rT6pRXo-017\|So steam has 44 extra kilojoules to burn you with over water at 100 degrees C.
nyp9rT6pRXo-018\|So steam is the more dangerous of these combinations.
nyp9rT6pRXo-019\|Don't come in contact with steam over boiling water.
nyp9rT6pRXo-020\|It's more hazardous than the boiling water itself.
YsyMQYr4h_4-000\|When you talk about electromagnetic waves, the waves are properties of an electric and magnetic field.
YsyMQYr4h_4-001\|And they can be very long, like radio waves, or they can be very short like gamma waves.
YsyMQYr4h_4-002\|But there's no sense that we can perceive them.
YsyMQYr4h_4-003\|We can't see them or smell them or touch them or understand the wave behavior.
YsyMQYr4h_4-004\|When we look at ocean waves, it's obvious that there is a wave property.
YsyMQYr4h_4-005\|And we can see their speed and their wavelengths and their frequencies.
YsyMQYr4h_4-006\|But with electromagnetic radiation, you can't.
YsyMQYr4h_4-007\|So it would be nice to be able to demonstrate the wave property in an experiment.
YsyMQYr4h_4-008\|Well, with ocean waves, water waves, it's well-known, when those waves hit obstacles, how they behave.
YsyMQYr4h_4-009\|So it would be neat to arrange an experiment where an electromagnetic wave hits some obstacles and display those same kind of wave characteristics.
YsyMQYr4h_4-010\|So that's what we're going to do.
YsyMQYr4h_4-011\|So consider this.
YsyMQYr4h_4-013\|So I think you understand this.
YsyMQYr4h_4-014\|This is like poking a hole in a pie plate and shining a flashlight through it onto a wall.
YsyMQYr4h_4-015\|You know what you'd see.
YsyMQYr4h_4-016\|You'd see an image of the hole that you poked, and it would be diffuse around the edges, and it would be bright in the center.
YsyMQYr4h_4-017\|That's because the light is diffracting and spreading out around the edges of the hole you poked.
YsyMQYr4h_4-024\|So what you have, though, is the same thing-- a bright spot getting dim at the edges that I've plotted out here.
YsyMQYr4h_4-025\|So this intensity distribution is just like a probability distribution if it were particles.
YsyMQYr4h_4-026\|That is, let's say I shot bullets or BBs or something through a hole.
YsyMQYr4h_4-027\|Some of them would tick off the sides here, and they'd spread out, and they'd end out at the fringes.
YsyMQYr4h_4-028\|But a lot of them would go right through and hit directly across from the hole.
YsyMQYr4h_4-029\|So you'd have a high probability of a particle hitting directly across from the hole and slightly lower probability as you move away from the whole.
YsyMQYr4h_4-032\|So two slits together is where it gets interesting.
YsyMQYr4h_4-033\|When waves interact, that's how we can tell they're waves.
YsyMQYr4h_4-034\|And you probably know this by looking at waves in the bathtub or waves on the beach.
YsyMQYr4h_4-035\|If there's something in the middle, and waves hit them, there's a pattern that's predictable as those waves moves away from the obstacle.
YsyMQYr4h_4-036\|So this is like an obstacle to light waves.
YsyMQYr4h_4-039\|And it turns out, for some wavelengths and for some orientation of the slits, that's what you get.
YsyMQYr4h_4-040\|But if you arrange the slits appropriately, you get a very distinct pattern.
YsyMQYr4h_4-042\|So you see bright spot, dark spot, bright spot, dark spot, bright spot, dark spot alternating away from the center of the slits.
YsyMQYr4h_4-043\|The brightest spot is actually right between the slits.
YsyMQYr4h_4-044\|So that doesn't look like a particle-like property at all.
YsyMQYr4h_4-046\|So this is a property only of waves.
YsyMQYr4h_4-047\|And how can we understand it?
YsyMQYr4h_4-048\|Well, it's actually pretty clear.
YsyMQYr4h_4-049\|If you think about it, a wave has to travel from the slits to the screen.
YsyMQYr4h_4-050\|And if a light has to travel from the slits to the screen-- so here's a wave coming from each slit hitting the center.
YsyMQYr4h_4-051\|Notice that the distance that this wave has to travel and the distance that that wave has to travel will be the same.
YsyMQYr4h_4-054\|Now what about a dim spot up here.
YsyMQYr4h_4-056\|So the one that has the farther path is going to be out of phase, somewhat, with the one that has the shorter path.
YsyMQYr4h_4-057\|So think about that.
YsyMQYr4h_4-058\|One wave travels up, down, up, down, up.
YsyMQYr4h_4-059\|The other one has a longer path up, down, up, down, up, down.
YsyMQYr4h_4-060\|So one arrives in an up phase.
YsyMQYr4h_4-061\|The other arrives in a down phase.
YsyMQYr4h_4-062\|And when you add those two intensities together, what you get is destructive interference.
YsyMQYr4h_4-063\|So the waves add to give zero intensity.
YsyMQYr4h_4-064\|It's actually really cool.
YsyMQYr4h_4-065\|And it's something you can see in the experiments that we'll show you later on.
YsyMQYr4h_4-066\|We'll shine a laser through a slit, and we'll actually show you this pattern of light and dark spots.
YsyMQYr4h_4-067\|This shows us that electromagnetic radiation is actually a wave.
7mSVntGkeSk-000\|When we talk about ideal gases, we're talking about a construct that doesn't actually exist.
7mSVntGkeSk-001\|We're talking about particles that don't interact with each other.
7mSVntGkeSk-002\|And the particles themselves don't have any value.
7mSVntGkeSk-003\|So you theoretically could compress an ideal gas down to zero value.
7mSVntGkeSk-004\|Or you could cool it down to zero volume.
7mSVntGkeSk-005\|In fact, that's how we define the absolute zero in temperature.
7mSVntGkeSk-006\|The zero case for the volume of an ideal gas.
7mSVntGkeSk-007\|But those are limiting conditions and we don't often go there.
7mSVntGkeSk-014\|That is, the compressibility decreases.
7mSVntGkeSk-015\|It gets harder to compress the gas.
7mSVntGkeSk-017\|That is pressure increases become very large for very small decreases in the volume.
7mSVntGkeSk-018\|It's very difficult to compress an ideal gas down near zero volume.
7mSVntGkeSk-019\|What does the temperature is different?
7mSVntGkeSk-020\|Well I can look at different temperatures.
7mSVntGkeSk-021\|Here is higher temperatures for an ideal gas.
7mSVntGkeSk-022\|But ideal gas temperature variation, they still behave the same way.
7mSVntGkeSk-023\|You'll still reach that point where decreasing the volume corresponds to very high increases in the pressure.
7mSVntGkeSk-024\|These are the features of an ideal gas.
sxWKXP-mHsA-000\|There's another kind of stereo isomerism.
sxWKXP-mHsA-006\|Here I have two models where if I placed a mirror plane right here, these molecules represent mirror images.
sxWKXP-mHsA-007\|That is, there's a direct reflection here to here, here to here, here to here, here to here.
sxWKXP-mHsA-008\|So these molecules, mirror images, are they the same?
sxWKXP-mHsA-009\|If I take this molecule, let's bring it over and try to superimpose it on this one, we find out they're not.
sxWKXP-mHsA-010\|Here yellow and yellow match up, but green and purple don't.
sxWKXP-mHsA-011\|These two molecules, though at first glance appear identical, are actually stereoisomers of each other.
sxWKXP-mHsA-012\|They are stereoisomers called and enantiomers.
sxWKXP-mHsA-013\|When I have this kind of non-superimposable mirror image, the isomers are called enantiomers and the molecules are called chiral.
sxWKXP-mHsA-014\|Now chirality is the same property your hands have.
sxWKXP-mHsA-015\|Your hands are mirror images of each other, but they're not superimposable.
sxWKXP-mHsA-016\|I can't make my thumb line up perfectly and get all the fingers to line up.
sxWKXP-mHsA-017\|So my hands have this property.
sxWKXP-mHsA-020\|They're very difficult to distinguish and it often takes a sophisticated spectroscopy experiment to distinguish them.
sxWKXP-mHsA-022\|These are different molecules.
sxWKXP-mHsA-023\|This is important because in nature many of the molecules in your body are chiral.
sxWKXP-mHsA-026\|Here's a carbon with ammonia group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a methyl group attached, and here is its mirror image.
sxWKXP-mHsA-027\|They are different molecules in a very subtle way.
sxWKXP-mHsA-028\|They have just a handedness.
sxWKXP-mHsA-029\|And there's a handedness that predominates in nature.
sxWKXP-mHsA-033\|So this handedness is interesting.

nyp9rT6pRXo-002|The question I have for you is, which is more dangerous at 100 degrees C?

nyp9rT6pRXo-003|Which is more dangerous to come in contact with?

nyp9rT6pRXo-014|That means as you go from steam back to water, that 44 kilojoules will be released.

nyp9rT6pRXo-015|So when you come in contact with steam, it can condense back to water and release 44 kilojoules and burn your skin.

nyp9rT6pRXo-016|And then you have water at 100 degrees C still on your skin.

nyp9rT6pRXo-017|So steam has 44 extra kilojoules to burn you with over water at 100 degrees C.

nyp9rT6pRXo-018|So steam is the more dangerous of these combinations.

nyp9rT6pRXo-019|Don't come in contact with steam over boiling water.

nyp9rT6pRXo-020|It's more hazardous than the boiling water itself.

YsyMQYr4h_4-000|When you talk about electromagnetic waves, the waves are properties of an electric and magnetic field.

YsyMQYr4h_4-001|And they can be very long, like radio waves, or they can be very short like gamma waves.

YsyMQYr4h_4-002|But there's no sense that we can perceive them.

YsyMQYr4h_4-003|We can't see them or smell them or touch them or understand the wave behavior.

YsyMQYr4h_4-004|When we look at ocean waves, it's obvious that there is a wave property.

YsyMQYr4h_4-005|And we can see their speed and their wavelengths and their frequencies.

YsyMQYr4h_4-006|But with electromagnetic radiation, you can't.

YsyMQYr4h_4-007|So it would be nice to be able to demonstrate the wave property in an experiment.

YsyMQYr4h_4-008|Well, with ocean waves, water waves, it's well-known, when those waves hit obstacles, how they behave.

YsyMQYr4h_4-009|So it would be neat to arrange an experiment where an electromagnetic wave hits some obstacles and display those same kind of wave characteristics.

YsyMQYr4h_4-010|So that's what we're going to do.

YsyMQYr4h_4-011|So consider this.

YsyMQYr4h_4-013|So I think you understand this.

YsyMQYr4h_4-014|This is like poking a hole in a pie plate and shining a flashlight through it onto a wall.

YsyMQYr4h_4-015|You know what you'd see.

YsyMQYr4h_4-016|You'd see an image of the hole that you poked, and it would be diffuse around the edges, and it would be bright in the center.

YsyMQYr4h_4-017|That's because the light is diffracting and spreading out around the edges of the hole you poked.

YsyMQYr4h_4-024|So what you have, though, is the same thing-- a bright spot getting dim at the edges that I've plotted out here.

YsyMQYr4h_4-025|So this intensity distribution is just like a probability distribution if it were particles.

YsyMQYr4h_4-026|That is, let's say I shot bullets or BBs or something through a hole.

YsyMQYr4h_4-027|Some of them would tick off the sides here, and they'd spread out, and they'd end out at the fringes.

YsyMQYr4h_4-028|But a lot of them would go right through and hit directly across from the hole.

YsyMQYr4h_4-029|So you'd have a high probability of a particle hitting directly across from the hole and slightly lower probability as you move away from the whole.

YsyMQYr4h_4-032|So two slits together is where it gets interesting.

YsyMQYr4h_4-033|When waves interact, that's how we can tell they're waves.

YsyMQYr4h_4-034|And you probably know this by looking at waves in the bathtub or waves on the beach.

YsyMQYr4h_4-035|If there's something in the middle, and waves hit them, there's a pattern that's predictable as those waves moves away from the obstacle.

YsyMQYr4h_4-036|So this is like an obstacle to light waves.

YsyMQYr4h_4-039|And it turns out, for some wavelengths and for some orientation of the slits, that's what you get.

YsyMQYr4h_4-040|But if you arrange the slits appropriately, you get a very distinct pattern.

YsyMQYr4h_4-042|So you see bright spot, dark spot, bright spot, dark spot, bright spot, dark spot alternating away from the center of the slits.

YsyMQYr4h_4-043|The brightest spot is actually right between the slits.

YsyMQYr4h_4-044|So that doesn't look like a particle-like property at all.

YsyMQYr4h_4-046|So this is a property only of waves.

YsyMQYr4h_4-047|And how can we understand it?

YsyMQYr4h_4-048|Well, it's actually pretty clear.

YsyMQYr4h_4-049|If you think about it, a wave has to travel from the slits to the screen.

YsyMQYr4h_4-050|And if a light has to travel from the slits to the screen-- so here's a wave coming from each slit hitting the center.

YsyMQYr4h_4-051|Notice that the distance that this wave has to travel and the distance that that wave has to travel will be the same.

YsyMQYr4h_4-054|Now what about a dim spot up here.

YsyMQYr4h_4-056|So the one that has the farther path is going to be out of phase, somewhat, with the one that has the shorter path.

YsyMQYr4h_4-057|So think about that.

YsyMQYr4h_4-058|One wave travels up, down, up, down, up.

YsyMQYr4h_4-059|The other one has a longer path up, down, up, down, up, down.

YsyMQYr4h_4-060|So one arrives in an up phase.

YsyMQYr4h_4-061|The other arrives in a down phase.

YsyMQYr4h_4-062|And when you add those two intensities together, what you get is destructive interference.

YsyMQYr4h_4-063|So the waves add to give zero intensity.

YsyMQYr4h_4-064|It's actually really cool.

YsyMQYr4h_4-065|And it's something you can see in the experiments that we'll show you later on.

YsyMQYr4h_4-066|We'll shine a laser through a slit, and we'll actually show you this pattern of light and dark spots.

YsyMQYr4h_4-067|This shows us that electromagnetic radiation is actually a wave.

7mSVntGkeSk-000|When we talk about ideal gases, we're talking about a construct that doesn't actually exist.

7mSVntGkeSk-001|We're talking about particles that don't interact with each other.

7mSVntGkeSk-002|And the particles themselves don't have any value.

7mSVntGkeSk-003|So you theoretically could compress an ideal gas down to zero value.

7mSVntGkeSk-004|Or you could cool it down to zero volume.

7mSVntGkeSk-005|In fact, that's how we define the absolute zero in temperature.

7mSVntGkeSk-006|The zero case for the volume of an ideal gas.

7mSVntGkeSk-007|But those are limiting conditions and we don't often go there.

7mSVntGkeSk-014|That is, the compressibility decreases.

7mSVntGkeSk-015|It gets harder to compress the gas.

7mSVntGkeSk-017|That is pressure increases become very large for very small decreases in the volume.

7mSVntGkeSk-018|It's very difficult to compress an ideal gas down near zero volume.

7mSVntGkeSk-019|What does the temperature is different?

7mSVntGkeSk-020|Well I can look at different temperatures.

7mSVntGkeSk-021|Here is higher temperatures for an ideal gas.

7mSVntGkeSk-022|But ideal gas temperature variation, they still behave the same way.

7mSVntGkeSk-023|You'll still reach that point where decreasing the volume corresponds to very high increases in the pressure.

7mSVntGkeSk-024|These are the features of an ideal gas.

sxWKXP-mHsA-000|There's another kind of stereo isomerism.

sxWKXP-mHsA-006|Here I have two models where if I placed a mirror plane right here, these molecules represent mirror images.

sxWKXP-mHsA-007|That is, there's a direct reflection here to here, here to here, here to here, here to here.

sxWKXP-mHsA-008|So these molecules, mirror images, are they the same?

sxWKXP-mHsA-009|If I take this molecule, let's bring it over and try to superimpose it on this one, we find out they're not.

sxWKXP-mHsA-010|Here yellow and yellow match up, but green and purple don't.

sxWKXP-mHsA-011|These two molecules, though at first glance appear identical, are actually stereoisomers of each other.

sxWKXP-mHsA-012|They are stereoisomers called and enantiomers.

sxWKXP-mHsA-013|When I have this kind of non-superimposable mirror image, the isomers are called enantiomers and the molecules are called chiral.

sxWKXP-mHsA-014|Now chirality is the same property your hands have.

sxWKXP-mHsA-015|Your hands are mirror images of each other, but they're not superimposable.

sxWKXP-mHsA-016|I can't make my thumb line up perfectly and get all the fingers to line up.

sxWKXP-mHsA-017|So my hands have this property.

sxWKXP-mHsA-020|They're very difficult to distinguish and it often takes a sophisticated spectroscopy experiment to distinguish them.

sxWKXP-mHsA-022|These are different molecules.

sxWKXP-mHsA-023|This is important because in nature many of the molecules in your body are chiral.

sxWKXP-mHsA-026|Here's a carbon with ammonia group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a methyl group attached, and here is its mirror image.

sxWKXP-mHsA-027|They are different molecules in a very subtle way.

sxWKXP-mHsA-028|They have just a handedness.

sxWKXP-mHsA-029|And there's a handedness that predominates in nature.

sxWKXP-mHsA-033|So this handedness is interesting.